1
|
Yildirim E, Curtis R, Hwangbo DS. Roles of peripheral clocks: lessons from the fly. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:263-293. [PMID: 34862983 PMCID: PMC8844272 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
To adapt to and anticipate rhythmic changes in the environment such as daily light-dark and temperature cycles, internal timekeeping mechanisms called biological clocks evolved in a diverse set of organisms, from unicellular bacteria to humans. These biological clocks play critical roles in organisms' fitness and survival by temporally aligning physiological and behavioral processes to the external cues. The central clock is located in a small subset of neurons in the brain and drives daily activity rhythms, whereas most peripheral tissues harbor their own clock systems, which generate metabolic and physiological rhythms. Since the discovery of Drosophila melanogaster clock mutants in the early 1970s, the fruit fly has become an extensively studied model organism to investigate the mechanism and functions of circadian clocks. In this review, we primarily focus on D. melanogaster to survey key discoveries and progresses made over the past two decades in our understanding of peripheral clocks. We discuss physiological roles and molecular mechanisms of peripheral clocks in several different peripheral tissues of the fly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachel Curtis
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Dae-Sung Hwangbo
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Han H, Sun D, Cheng J, Yang Y, Xia J, Xie W, Xu B, Wu Q, Wang S, Guo Z, Zhang Y. The Thermoperiod Alters Boper Gene Expression and Thereby Regulates the Eclosion Rhythm of Bradysia odoriphaga (Diptera: Sciaridae). ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 50:1241-1247. [PMID: 34387308 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvab079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In most organisms, various physiological and behavioral functions are expressed rhythmically. Previous studies have shown that thermoperiod is an important factor affecting circadian clock-related genes that regulate insect locomotor activity. Bradysia odoriphaga Yang & Zhang is an underground pest that attacks more than 30 crops but is especially damaging to Chinese chives. In this study, we analyzed the adult eclosion time and period (Boper) gene expression in B. odoriphaga as affected by temperature (cycling vs constant temperature), insect stage, and tissue specific. We found that the eclosion time and expression of the Boper gene changed during the temperature cycle but not under a constant temperature. Silencing of Boper expression significantly decreased the adult eclosion rate and significantly increased adult mortality and malformation. The findings indicate that thermoperiod alters Boper expression and regulates the eclosion rhythm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haolin Han
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Dan Sun
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jiaxu Cheng
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yuting Yang
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jixing Xia
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wen Xie
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Baoyun Xu
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Qingjun Wu
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shaoli Wang
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhaojiang Guo
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Youjun Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Goh GH, Blache D, Mark PJ, Kennington WJ, Maloney SK. Daily temperature cycles prolong lifespan and have sex-specific effects on peripheral clock gene expression in Drosophila melanogaster. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:237805. [PMID: 33758022 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.233213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms optimize health by coordinating the timing of physiological processes to match predictable daily environmental challenges. The circadian rhythm of body temperature is thought to be an important modulator of molecular clocks in peripheral tissues, but how daily temperature cycles affect physiological function is unclear. Here, we examined the effect of constant temperature (Tcon, 25°C) and cycling temperature (Tcyc, 28°C:22°C during light:dark) paradigms on lifespan of Drosophila melanogaster, and the expression of clock genes, heat shock protein 83 (Hsp83), Frost (Fst) and senescence marker protein-30 (smp-30). Male and female D. melanogaster housed at Tcyc had longer median lifespans than those housed at Tcon. Tcyc induced robust Hsp83 rhythms and rescued the age-related decrease in smp-30 expression that was observed in flies at Tcon, potentially indicating an increased capacity to cope with age-related cellular stress. Ageing under Tcon led to a decrease in the amplitude of expression of all clock genes in the bodies of male flies, except for cyc, which was non-rhythmic, and for per and cry in female flies. Strikingly, housing under Tcyc conditions rescued the age-related decrease in amplitude of all clock genes, and generated rhythmicity in cyc expression, in the male flies, but not the female flies. The results suggest that ambient temperature rhythms modulate D. melanogaster lifespan, and that the amplitude of clock gene expression in peripheral body clocks may be a potential link between temperature rhythms and longevity in male D. melanogaster. Longevity due to Tcyc appeared predominantly independent of clock gene amplitude in female D. melanogaster.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grace H Goh
- School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Dominique Blache
- School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Peter J Mark
- School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - W Jason Kennington
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Shane K Maloney
- School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kaniewska MM, Vaněčková H, Doležel D, Kotwica-Rolinska J. Light and Temperature Synchronizes Locomotor Activity in the Linden Bug, Pyrrhocoris apterus. Front Physiol 2020; 11:242. [PMID: 32300305 PMCID: PMC7142227 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Circadian clocks are synchronized with the external environment by light and temperature. The effect of these cues on behavior is well-characterized in Drosophila, however, little is known about synchronization in non-model insect species. Therefore, we explored entrainment of locomotor activity by light and temperature in the linden bug Pyrrhocoris apterus (Heteroptera), an insect species with a strong seasonal response (reproductive diapause), which is triggered by both photoperiod and thermoperiod. Our results show that either light or temperature cycles are strong factors entraining P. apterus locomotor activity. Pyrrhocoris is able to be partially synchronized by cycles with temperature amplitude as small as 3°C and more than 50% of bugs is synchronized by 5°C steps. If conflicting zeitgebers are provided, light is the stronger signal. Linden bugs lack light-sensitive (Drosophila-like) cryptochrome. Notably, a high percentage of bugs is rhythmic even in constant light (LL) at intensity ∼400 lux, a condition which induces 100% arrhythmicity in Drosophila. However, the rhythmicity of bugs is still reduced in LL conditions, whereas rhythmicity remains unaffected in constant dark (DD). Interestingly, a similar phenomenon is observed after temperature cycles entrainment. Bugs released to constant thermophase and DD display weak rhythmicity, whereas strong rhythmicity is observed in bugs released to constant cryophase and DD. Our study describes the daily and circadian behavior of the linden bug as a response to photoperiodic and thermoperiodic entraining cues. Although the molecular mechanism of the circadian clock entrainment in the linden bug is virtually unknown, our study contributes to the knowledge of the insect circadian clock features beyond Drosophila research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Maria Kaniewska
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, České Budějovice, Czechia.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Hana Vaněčková
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - David Doležel
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, České Budějovice, Czechia.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Joanna Kotwica-Rolinska
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, České Budějovice, Czechia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhou XR, Shan YM, Tan Y, Zhang ZR, Pang BP. Comparative Analysis of Transcriptome Responses to Cold Stress in Galeruca daurica (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2019; 19:5637494. [PMID: 31752020 PMCID: PMC6871913 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iez109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Galeruca daurica (Joannis) has become a new insect pest in the Inner Mongolia grasslands since 2009, and its larvae and eggs have strong cold tolerance. To get a deeper insight into its molecular mechanisms of cold stress responses, we performed de novo transcriptome assembly for G. daurica by RNA-Seq and compared the transcriptomes of its larvae exposed to five different temperature treatments (-10, -5, 0, 5, and 25°C for 1 h and then recovered at 25°C for 1 h), respectively. Compared with the control (25°C), the numbers of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) decreased from 1,821 to 882, with the temperature declining from 5 to -10°C. Moreover, we obtained 323 coregulated DEGs under different low temperatures. Under four low temperatures (-10, -5, 0, and 5°C), a large number of genes were commonly upregulated during recovery from cold stresses, including those related to cuticle protein, followed by cytochrome P450, clock protein, fatty acid synthase, and fatty acyl-CoA reductase; meanwhile, lots of genes encoding cuticle protein, RNA replication protein, RNA-directed DNA polymerase, and glucose dehydrogenase were commonly downregulated. Our findings provide important clues for further investigations of key genes and molecular mechanisms involved in the adaptation of G. daurica to harsh environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Rong Zhou
- Research Center for Grassland Entomology, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Yan-Min Shan
- Research Center for Grassland Entomology, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Inner Mongolia Grassland Station, Hohhot, China
| | - Yao Tan
- Research Center for Grassland Entomology, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | | | - Bao-Ping Pang
- Research Center for Grassland Entomology, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Corresponding author, e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Preußner M, Heyd F. Temperature‐controlled Rhythmic Gene Expression in Endothermic Mammals: All Diurnal Rhythms are Equal, but Some are Circadian. Bioessays 2018; 40:e1700216. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.201700216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Preußner
- Laboratory of RNA BiochemistryInstitute of Chemistry and BiochemistryFreie Universität Berlin Takustrasse 6Berlin14195Germany
| | - Florian Heyd
- Laboratory of RNA BiochemistryInstitute of Chemistry and BiochemistryFreie Universität Berlin Takustrasse 6Berlin14195Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chen C, Xu M, Anantaprakorn Y, Rosing M, Stanewsky R. nocte Is Required for Integrating Light and Temperature Inputs in Circadian Clock Neurons of Drosophila. Curr Biol 2018; 28:1595-1605.e3. [PMID: 29754901 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Circadian clocks organize biological processes to occur at optimized times of day and thereby contribute to overall fitness. While the regular daily changes of environmental light and temperature synchronize circadian clocks, extreme external conditions can bypass the temporal constraints dictated by the clock. Despite advanced knowledge about how the daily light-dark changes synchronize the clock, relatively little is known with regard to how the daily temperature changes influence daily timing and how temperature and light signals are integrated. In Drosophila, a network of ∼150 brain clock neurons exhibit 24-hr oscillations of clock gene expression to regulate daily activity and sleep. We show here that a temperature input pathway from peripheral sensory organs, which depends on the gene nocte, targets specific subsets of these clock neurons to synchronize molecular and behavioral rhythms to temperature cycles. Strikingly, while nocte1 mutant flies synchronize normally to light-dark cycles at constant temperatures, the combined presence of light-dark and temperature cycles inhibits synchronization. nocte1 flies exhibit altered siesta sleep, suggesting that the sleep-regulating clock neurons are an important target for nocte-dependent temperature input, which dominates a parallel light input into these cells. In conclusion, we reveal a nocte-dependent temperature input pathway to central clock neurons and show that this pathway and its target neurons are important for the integration of sensory light and temperature information in order to temporally regulate activity and sleep during daily light and temperature cycles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenghao Chen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK; Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Min Xu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK; Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Yuto Anantaprakorn
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mechthild Rosing
- Institute for Neuro- and Behavioral Biology, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ralf Stanewsky
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK; Institute for Neuro- and Behavioral Biology, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Huang HJ, Xue J, Zhuo JC, Cheng RL, Xu HJ, Zhang CX. Comparative analysis of the transcriptional responses to low and high temperatures in three rice planthopper species. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:2726-2737. [PMID: 28214356 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens, BPH), white-backed planthopper (Sogatella furcifera, WBPH) and small brown planthopper (Laodelphax striatellus, SBPH) are important rice pests in Asia. These three species differ in thermal tolerance and exhibit quite different migration and overwintering strategies. To understand the underlying mechanisms, we sequenced and compared the transcriptome of the three species under different temperature treatments. We found that metabolism-, exoskeleton- and chemosensory-related genes were modulated. In high temperature (37 °C), heat shock protein (HSP) genes were the most co-regulated; other genes related with fatty acid metabolism, amino acid metabolism and transportation were also differentially expressed. In low temperature (5 °C), the differences in gene expression of the genes for fatty acid synthesis, transport proteins and cytochrome P450 might explain why SBPH can overwinter in high latitudes, while BPH and WBPH cannot. In addition, other genes related with moulting, and membrane lipid composition might also play roles in resistance to low and high temperatures. Our study illustrates the common responses and different tolerance mechanisms of three rice planthoppers in coping with temperature change, and provides a potential strategy for pest management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Jian Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jian Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ji-Chong Zhuo
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ruo-Lin Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Hai-Jun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Chuan-Xi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Short CA, Meuti ME, Zhang Q, Denlinger DL. Entrainment of eclosion and preliminary ontogeny of circadian clock gene expression in the flesh fly, Sarcophaga crassipalpis. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 93-94:28-35. [PMID: 27530303 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Timing of circadian activities is controlled by rhythmic expression of clock genes in pacemaker neurons in the insect brain. Circadian behavior and clock gene expression can entrain to both thermoperiod and photoperiod but the availability of such cues, the organization of the brain, and the need for circadian behavior change dramatically during the course of insect metamorphosis. We asked whether photoperiod or thermoperiod entrains the clock during pupal and pharate adult stages by exposing flies to different combinations of thermoperiod and photoperiod and observing the effect on the timing of adult eclosion. This study used qRT-PCR to examine how entrainment and expression of circadian clock genes change during the course of development in the flesh fly, Sarcophaga crassipalpis. Thermoperiod entrains expression of period and controls the timing of adult eclosion, suggesting that the clock gene period may be upstream of the eclosion pathway. Rhythmic clock gene expression is evident in larvae, appears to cease during the early pharate adult stage, and resumes again by the time of adult eclosion. Our results indicate that both patterns of clock gene expression and the cues to which the clock entrains are dynamic and respond to different environmental signals at different developmental stages in S. crassipalpis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clancy A Short
- Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Megan E Meuti
- Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Qirui Zhang
- Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - David L Denlinger
- Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
López-Olmeda JF. Nonphotic entrainment in fish. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2016; 203:133-143. [PMID: 27642096 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Organisms that live on the Earth are subjected to environmental variables that display cyclic variations, such as light, temperature and tides. Since these cyclic changes in the environment are constant and predictable, they have affected biological evolution through selecting the occurrence of biological rhythms in the physiology of all living organisms, from prokaryotes to mammals. Biological clocks confer organisms an adaptive advantage as they can synchronize their behavioral and physiological processes to occur at a given moment of time when effectiveness and success would be greater and/or the cost and risk for organisms would be lower. Among environmental synchronizers, light has been mostly widely studied to date. However, other environmental signals play an important role in biological rhythms, especially in aquatic animals like fish. This review focuses on current knowledge about the role of nonphotic synchronizers (temperature, food and tidal cycles) on biological rhythms in fish, and on the entrainment of the fish circadian system to these synchronizers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jose F López-Olmeda
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Miyazaki Y, Watari Y, Tanaka K, Goto SG. Temperature cycle amplitude alters the adult eclosion time and expression pattern of the circadian clock gene period in the onion fly. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 86:54-59. [PMID: 26776097 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Soil temperature cycles are considered to play an important role in the entrainment of circadian clocks of underground insects. However, because of the low conductivity of soil, temperature cycles are gradually dampened and the phase of the temperature cycle is delayed with increasing soil depth. The onion fly, Delia antiqua, pupates at various soil depths, and its eclosion is timed by a circadian clock. This fly is able to compensate for the depth-dependent phase delay of temperature change by advancing the eclosion time with decreasing amplitude of the temperature cycle. Therefore, pupae can eclose at the appropriate time irrespective of their location at any depth. However, the mechanism that regulates eclosion time in response to temperature amplitude is still unknown. To understand whether this mechanism involves the circadian clock or further downstream physiological processes, we examined the expression patterns of period (per), a circadian clock gene, of D. antiqua under temperature cycles that were square wave cycles of 12-h warm phase (W) and 12-h cool phase (C) with the temperature difference of 8 °C (WC 29:21 °C) and 1 °C (WC 25.5:24.5 °C). The phase of oscillation in per expression was found to commence 3.5h earlier under WC 25.5:24.5 °C as compared to WC 29:21 °C. This difference was in close agreement with the eclosion time difference between the two temperature cycles, suggesting that the mechanism that responds to the temperature amplitude involves the circadian clock.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Miyazaki
- Faculty of Clinical Education, Ashiya University, Hyogo 659-8511, Japan.
| | - Yasuhiko Watari
- Faculty of Clinical Education, Ashiya University, Hyogo 659-8511, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiro Tanaka
- General Education Division, Miyagi Gakuin Women's University, Miyagi 981-8557, Japan.
| | - Shin G Goto
- Department of Biology and Geosciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka 558-8585, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Goda T, Sharp B, Wijnen H. Temperature-dependent resetting of the molecular circadian oscillator in Drosophila. Proc Biol Sci 2015; 281:rspb.2014.1714. [PMID: 25165772 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.1714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian clocks responsible for daily time keeping in a wide range of organisms synchronize to daily temperature cycles via pathways that remain poorly understood. To address this problem from the perspective of the molecular oscillator, we monitored temperature-dependent resetting of four of its core components in the fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster: the transcripts and proteins for the clock genes period (per) and timeless (tim). The molecular circadian cycle in adult heads exhibited parallel responses to temperature-mediated resetting at the levels of per transcript, tim transcript and TIM protein. Early phase adjustment specific to per transcript rhythms was explained by clock-independent temperature-driven transcription of per. The cold-induced expression of Drosophila per contrasts with the previously reported heat-induced regulation of mammalian Period 2. An altered and more readily re-entrainable temperature-synchronized circadian oscillator that featured temperature-driven per transcript rhythms and phase-shifted TIM and PER protein rhythms was found for flies of the 'Tim 4' genotype, which lacked daily tim transcript oscillations but maintained post-transcriptional temperature entrainment of tim expression. The accelerated molecular and behavioural temperature entrainment observed for Tim 4 flies indicates that clock-controlled tim expression constrains the rate of temperature cycle-mediated circadian resetting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tadahiro Goda
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4328, USA
| | - Brandi Sharp
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4328, USA
| | - Herman Wijnen
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4328, USA Centre for Biological Sciences and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Maguire SE, Sehgal A. Heating and cooling the Drosophila melanogaster clock. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2015; 7:71-75. [PMID: 26120562 PMCID: PMC4480787 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Most biological phenomena are under control of a circuit known as the 'molecular circadian clock.' Over the past forty years of research in Drosophila melanogaster, studies have made significant advances in our understanding of the molecular timing mechanism of this circuit, which is determined by a core inhibitory feedback loop. While the timing mechanism of the molecular circadian clock is endogenous, it is well established that exogenous cues such as light and temperature modulate its timing. In the following article, we summarize our current understanding of how temperature interacts with the molecular circadian clock in adult Drosophila.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Maguire
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104; USA
| | - Amita Sehgal
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104; USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Chevy Chase, Maryland, 20815; USA
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104; USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Takekata H, Numata H, Shiga S, Goto SG. Silencing the circadian clock gene Clock using RNAi reveals dissociation of the circatidal clock from the circadian clock in the mangrove cricket. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 68:16-22. [PMID: 24995838 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2014.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 06/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Whether a clock that generates a circatidal rhythm shares the same elements as the circadian clock is not fully understood. The mangrove cricket, Apteronemobius asahinai, shows simultaneously two endogenous rhythms in its locomotor activity; the circatidal rhythm generates active and inactive phases, and the circadian rhythm modifies activity levels by suppressing the activity during subjective day. In the present study, we silenced Clock (Clk), a master gene of the circadian clock, in A. asahinai using RNAi to investigate the link between the circatidal and circadian clocks. The abundance of Clk mRNA in the crickets injected with double-stranded RNA of Clk (dsClk) was reduced to a half of that in control crickets. dsClk injection also reduced mRNA abundance of another circadian clock gene period (per) and weakened diel oscillation in per mRNA expression. Examination of the locomotor rhythms under constant conditions revealed that the circadian modification was disrupted after silencing Clk expression, but the circatidal rhythm remained unaffected. There were no significant changes in the free-running period of the circatidal rhythm between the controls and the crickets injected with dsClk. Our results reveal that Clk is essential for the circadian clock, but is not required for the circatidal clock. From these results we propose that the circatidal rhythm of A. asahinai is driven by a clock, the molecular components of which are distinct from that of the circadian clock.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Takekata
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan.
| | | | - Sakiko Shiga
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Shin G Goto
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Prabhakaran PM, Sheeba V. Simulating natural light and temperature cycles in the laboratory reveals differential effects on activity/rest rhythm of four Drosophilids. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2014; 200:849-62. [PMID: 25048564 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-014-0927-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies under semi-natural conditions have revealed various unique features of activity/rest rhythms in Drosophilids that differ from those under standard laboratory conditions. An additional afternoon peak (A-peak) has been reported for Drosophila melanogaster and another species D. malerkotliana while D. ananassae exhibited mostly unimodal diurnal activity. To tease apart the role of light and temperature in mediating these species-specific behaviours of four Drosophilid species D. melanogaster, D. malerkotliana, D. ananassae, and Zaprionus indianus we simulated gradual natural light and/or temperature cycles conditions in laboratory. The pattern observed under semi-natural conditions could be reproduced in the laboratory for all the species under a variety of simulated conditions. D. melanogaster and D. malerkotliana showed similar patterns where as D. ananassae consistently exhibited predominant morning activity under almost all regimes. Z. indianus showed clearly rhythmic activity mostly when temperature cycles were provided. We find that gradually changing light intensities reaching a sufficiently high peak value can elicit A-peak in D. melanogaster, D. malerkotliana, and D. ananassae even at mild ambient temperature. Furthermore, we show that high mid-day temperature could induce A-peak in all species even under constant light conditions suggesting that this A-peak is likely to be a stress response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priya M Prabhakaran
- Behavioural Neurogenetics Laboratory, Evolutionary and Organismal Biology Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, PB # 6436, Jakkur Post, Bangalore, 560064, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Prabhakaran PM, Sheeba V. Temperature sensitivity of circadian clocks is conserved across Drosophila species melanogaster, malerkotliana and ananassae. Chronobiol Int 2014; 31:1008-16. [PMID: 25051431 DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2014.941471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Light and temperature are the major environmental cycles that can synchronize circadian rhythms in a variety of organisms. Previously, we have shown that under light/dark cycles of various photoperiods, the Drosophila species ananassae exhibits unimodal activity pattern with a prominent morning activity peak in contrast with Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila malerkotliana, which show bimodal activity pattern with morning and evening activity peaks. Here we report that circadian clocks controlling activity/rest rhythm of these two less-studied species D. malerkotliana and D. ananassae can be synchronized by temperature cycles and that even under temperature cycles D. ananassae exhibits only a pronounced morning (thermophase onset) activity peak. Although D. melanogaster and D. ananassae exhibit differences in the phase of activity/rest rhythm under temperature cycles, circadian clocks of both show similar sensitivity to warm temperature pulses. Circadian period of activity/rest rhythm of D. ananassae differs from the other two species at some moderate-range temperatures; however, in conditions that are more extreme, circadian clocks of D. melanogaster, D. malerkotliana and D. ananassae appear to be largely temperature compensated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priya M Prabhakaran
- Behavioural Neurogenetics Laboratory, Evolutionary and Organismal Biology Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research , Bangalore, Karnataka , India
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Menegazzi P, Vanin S, Yoshii T, Rieger D, Hermann C, Dusik V, Kyriacou CP, Helfrich-Förster C, Costa R. Drosophila clock neurons under natural conditions. J Biol Rhythms 2013; 28:3-14. [PMID: 23382587 DOI: 10.1177/0748730412471303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The circadian clock modulates the adaptive daily patterns of physiology and behavior and adjusts these rhythms to seasonal changes. Recent studies of seasonal locomotor activity patterns of wild-type and clock mutant fruit flies in quasi-natural conditions have revealed that these behavioral patterns differ considerably from those observed under standard laboratory conditions. To unravel the molecular features accompanying seasonal adaptation of the clock, we investigated Drosophila's neuronal expression of the canonical clock proteins PERIOD (PER) and TIMELESS (TIM) in nature. We find that the profile of PER dramatically changes in different seasons, whereas that of TIM remains more constant. Unexpectedly, we find that PER and TIM oscillations are decoupled in summer conditions. Moreover, irrespective of season, PER and TIM always peak earlier in the dorsal neurons than in the lateral neurons, suggesting a more rapid molecular oscillation in these cells. We successfully reproduced most of our results under simulated natural conditions in the laboratory and show that although photoperiod is the most important zeitgeber for the molecular clock, the flies' activity pattern is more strongly affected by temperature. Our results are among the first to systematically compare laboratory and natural studies of Drosophila rhythms.
Collapse
|
18
|
Bywalez W, Menegazzi P, Rieger D, Schmid B, Helfrich-Förster C, Yoshii T. The Dual-Oscillator System ofDrosophila melanogasterUnder Natural-Like Temperature Cycles. Chronobiol Int 2012; 29:395-407. [DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2012.668505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
19
|
Unexpected features of Drosophila circadian behavioural rhythms under natural conditions. Nature 2012; 484:371-5. [DOI: 10.1038/nature10991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
20
|
Xu L, Liang H, Niu Y, Wang Y, Sima Y, Xu S. Differential expression of the Bombyx mori diapause-termination timer gene Ea4 in diapause-inducing temperature and photoperiod. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 79:182-194. [PMID: 22392803 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Diapause in Bombyx mori eggs is induced by temperature and photoperiod at the stage of embryonic development in the maternal generation. In those diapause eggs, Esterase-A4 is suggested to serve as a diapause-termination timer (TIME-EA4), because its ATPase activity shows an interval-timer elevation after acid treatment or chilling of eggs to break diapause. To clarify whether the timed ATPase activity of TIME-EA4 is related to its gene (Ea4) expression, we analyzed Ea4 mRNA of eggs in diapause-inducing environmental conditions. Reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) analysis showed that the level of Ea4 mRNA was lower in 15DD than in 25LL (P < 0.01) or in 20LD (P < 0.01) but did not oscillate when photoperiod and temperature periodically oscillated (P > 0.05). Furthermore, expressed sequence tag profile and gene microarray analysis demonstrated that Ea4 showed stage-specific and tissue-specific expression during postembryonic stages, high Ea4 mRNA in the spinning and eclosion stages, and in integument and head, but low in gonads of fifth-instar day-3 larvae. Then we analyzed the relationship between TIME-EA4 ATPase activities and Ea4 gene expression. The ATPase activities in diapause eggs laid by the resultant adults transiently elevated after treatments to break diapause, that is, at 1.5 h after common-acid treatment and day 13 after chilling at 5°C. However, these elevations of enzyme activities were not accompanied by any increases in Ea4 mRNA levels. In conclusion, the termination of the Bombyx embryonic diapause is related to TIME-EA4 but not to its gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Xu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Department of Applied Biology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kim EY, Jeong EH, Park S, Jeong HJ, Edery I, Cho JW. A role for O-GlcNAcylation in setting circadian clock speed. Genes Dev 2012; 26:490-502. [PMID: 22327476 DOI: 10.1101/gad.182378.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications of one or more central "clock" proteins, most notably time-of-day-dependent changes in phosphorylation, are critical for setting the pace of circadian (≅24 h) clocks. In animals, PERIOD (PER) proteins are the key state variable regulating circadian clock speed and undergo daily changes in abundance and cytoplasmic-nuclear distribution that are partly driven by a complex phosphorylation program. Here, we identify O-GlcNAcylation (O-GlcNAc) as a critical post-translational modification in circadian regulation that also contributes to setting clock speed. Knockdown or overexpression of Drosophila O-GlcNAc transferase (ogt) in clock cells either shortens or lengthens circadian behavioral rhythms, respectively. The Drosophila PERIOD protein (dPER) is a direct target of OGT and undergoes daily changes in O-GlcNAcylation, a modification that is mainly observed during the first half of the night, when dPER is predominantly located in the cytoplasm. Intriguingly, the timing of when dPER translocates from the cytoplasm to the nucleus is advanced or delayed in flies, wherein ogt expression is reduced or increased, respectively. Our results suggest that O-GlcNAcylation of dPER contributes to setting the correct pace of the clock by delaying the timing of dPER nuclear entry. In addition, OGT stabilizes dPER, suggesting that O-GlcNAcylation has multiple roles in circadian timing systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eun Young Kim
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Institute for Medical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Wonchon-dong, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, Korea.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Yoshii T, Rieger D, Helfrich-Förster C. Two clocks in the brain. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2012; 199:59-82. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-59427-3.00027-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
23
|
Özkaya Ö, Rosato E. The Circadian Clock of the Fly: A Neurogenetics Journey Through Time. GENE-ENVIRONMENT INTERPLAY 2012; 77:79-123. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-387687-4.00004-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
24
|
Ito C, Goto SG, Tomioka K, Numata H. Temperature entrainment of the circadian cuticle deposition rhythm in Drosophila melanogaster. J Biol Rhythms 2011; 26:14-23. [PMID: 21252362 DOI: 10.1177/0748730410391640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The cuticle deposition rhythm, which is observed in the apodeme of the furca in the thorax, is controlled by a peripheral circadian clock in the epidermal cells and entrained to light-dark (LD) cycles via CRYPTOCHROME (CRY) in Drosophila melanogaster. In the present study, we examined the effects of temperature (TC) cycles and the combination of LD and TC cycles on entrainment of the cuticle deposition rhythm. The rhythm was entrained to TC cycles, whose period was 28 h. In T = 21 and 24 h, the rhythm was entrained to TC cycles in some individuals. CRY is not necessary for temperature entrainment of the cuticle deposition rhythm because the rhythm in cry(b) (lacking functional CRY) was entrained to TC cycles. Temperature entrainment of the rhythm was achieved even when the thoraxes or furcae were cultured in vitro, suggesting that the mechanism for temperature entrainment is independent of the central clock in the brain and the site of the thermoreception resides in the epidermal cells. When LD and TC cycles with different periods were applied, the rhythm was entrained to LD cycles with a slight influence of TC cycles. Thus, the LD cycle is a stronger zeitgeber than the TC cycle. The variance of the number of the cuticle layers decreased in the flies kept under LD and TC cycles with the same period in which the thermophase coincided with the photophase. Therefore, we conclude that LD and TC cycles synergistically entrain the rhythm. Synergistic effects of LD and TC cycles on entrainment were also observed even when the thoraxes were cultured in vitro, suggesting that the light and temperature information is integrated within the peripheral circadian system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Ito
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Two distinct modes of PERIOD recruitment onto dCLOCK reveal a novel role for TIMELESS in circadian transcription. J Neurosci 2010; 30:14458-69. [PMID: 20980603 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2366-10.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Negative transcriptional feedback loops are a core feature of eukaryotic circadian clocks and are based on rhythmic interactions between clock-specific repressors and transcription factors. In Drosophila, the repression of dCLOCK (dCLK)-CYCLE (CYC) transcriptional activity by dPERIOD (dPER) is critical for driving circadian gene expression. Although growing lines of evidence indicate that circadian repressors such as dPER function, at least partly, as molecular bridges that facilitate timely interactions between other regulatory factors and core clock transcription factors, how dPER interacts with dCLK-CYC to promote repression is not known. Here, we identified a small conserved region on dPER required for binding to dCLK, termed CBD (for dCLK binding domain). In the absence of the CBD, dPER is unable to stably associate with dCLK and inhibit the transcriptional activity of dCLK-CYC in a simplified cell culture system. CBD is situated in close proximity to a region that interacts with other regulatory factors such as the DOUBLETIME kinase, suggesting that complex architectural constraints need to be met to assemble repressor complexes. Surprisingly, when dPER missing the CBD (dPER(ΔCBD)) was evaluated in flies the clock mechanism was operational, albeit with longer periods. Intriguingly, the interaction between dPER(ΔCBD) and dCLK is TIM-dependent and modulated by light, revealing a novel and unanticipated in vivo role for TIM in circadian transcription. Finally, dPER(ΔCBD) does not provoke the daily hyperphosphorylation of dCLK, indicating that direct interactions between dPER and dCLK are necessary for the dCLK phosphorylation program but are not required for other aspects of dCLK regulation.
Collapse
|
26
|
Tomioka K, Matsumoto A. A comparative view of insect circadian clock systems. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:1397-406. [PMID: 20035363 PMCID: PMC11115600 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-009-0232-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2009] [Revised: 12/08/2009] [Accepted: 12/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies revealed that the neuronal network controlling overt rhythms shows striking similarity in various insect orders. The pigment-dispersing factor seems commonly involved in regulating locomotor activity. However, there are considerable variations in the molecular oscillatory mechanism, and input and output pathways among insects. In Drosophila, autoregulatory negative feedback loops that consist of clock genes, such as period and timeless are believed to create 24-h rhythmicity. Although similar clock genes have been found in some insects, the behavior of their product proteins shows considerable differences from that of Drosophila. In other insects, mammalian-type cryptochrome (cry2) seems to work as a transcriptional repressor in the feedback loop. For photic entrainment, Drosophila type cryptochrome (cry1) plays the major role in Drosophila while the compound eyes are the major photoreceptor in others. Further comparative study will be necessary to understand how this variety of clock mechanisms derived from an ancestral one.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Tomioka
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Sehadova H, Glaser FT, Gentile C, Simoni A, Giesecke A, Albert JT, Stanewsky R. Temperature entrainment of Drosophila's circadian clock involves the gene nocte and signaling from peripheral sensory tissues to the brain. Neuron 2009; 64:251-66. [PMID: 19874792 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2009.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2009] [Revised: 08/20/2009] [Accepted: 08/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Circadian clocks are synchronized by the natural day/night and temperature cycles. Our previous work demonstrated that synchronization by temperature is a tissue autonomous process, similar to synchronization by light. We show here that this is indeed the case, with the important exception of the brain. Using luciferase imaging we demonstrate that brain clock neurons depend on signals from peripheral tissues in order to be synchronized by temperature. Reducing the function of the gene nocte in chordotonal organs changes their structure and function and dramatically interferes with temperature synchronization of behavioral activity. Other mutants known to affect the function of these sensory organs also interfere with temperature synchronization, demonstrating the importance of nocte in this process and identifying the chordotonal organs as relevant sensory structures. Our work reveals surprising and important mechanistic differences between light- and temperature-synchronization and advances our understanding of how clock resetting is accomplished in nature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hana Sehadova
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary College, University of London, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Selective entrainment of the Drosophila circadian clock to daily gradients in environmental temperature. BMC Biol 2009; 7:49. [PMID: 19671128 PMCID: PMC2745372 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7007-7-49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2009] [Accepted: 08/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Circadian clocks are internal daily time keeping mechanisms that allow organisms to anticipate daily changes in their environment and to organize their behavior and physiology in a coherent schedule. Although circadian clocks use temperature compensation mechanisms to maintain the same pace over a range of temperatures, they are also capable of synchronizing to daily temperature cycles. This study identifies key properties of this process. Results Gradually ramping daily temperature cycles are shown here to synchronize behavioral and molecular daily rhythms in Drosophila with a remarkable efficiency. Entrainment to daily temperature gradients of amplitudes as low as 4°C persisted even in the context of environmental profiles that also included continuous gradual increases or decreases in absolute temperature. To determine which elements of daily temperature gradients acted as the key determinants of circadian activity phase, comparative analyses of daily temperature gradients with different wave forms were performed. The phases of ascending and descending temperature acted together as key determinants of entrained circadian phase. In addition, circadian phase was found to be modulated by the relative temperature of release into free running conditions. Release at or close to the trough temperature of entrainment consistently resulted in phase advances. Re-entrainment to daily temperature gradients after large phase shifts occurred relatively slowly and required several cycles, allowing flies to selectively respond to periodic rather than anecdotal signals. The temperature-entrained phase relationship between clock gene expression rhythms and locomotor activity rhythms strongly resembled that previously observed for light entrainment. Moreover, daily temperature gradient and light/dark entrainment reinforced each other if the phases of ascending and descending temperature were in their natural alignment with the light and dark phases, respectively. Conclusion The present study systematically examined the entrainment of clock-controlled behavior to daily environmental temperature gradients. As a result, a number of key properties of circadian temperature entrainment were identified. Collectively, these properties represent a circadian temperature entrainment mechanism that is optimized in its ability to detect the time-of-day information encoded in natural environmental temperature profiles. The molecular events synchronized to the daily phases of ascending and descending temperature are expected to play an important role in the mechanism of circadian entrainment to daily temperature cycles.
Collapse
|
29
|
A role for blind DN2 clock neurons in temperature entrainment of the Drosophila larval brain. J Neurosci 2009; 29:8312-20. [PMID: 19571122 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0279-08.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian clocks synchronize to the solar day by sensing the diurnal changes in light and temperature. In adult Drosophila, the brain clock that controls rest-activity rhythms relies on neurons showing Period oscillations. Nine of these neurons are present in each larval brain hemisphere. They can receive light inputs through Cryptochrome (CRY) and the visual system, but temperature input pathways are unknown. Here, we investigate how the larval clock network responds to light and temperature. We focused on the CRY-negative dorsal neurons (DN2s), in which light-dark (LD) cycles set molecular oscillations almost in antiphase to all other clock neurons. We first showed that the phasing of the DN2s in LD depends on the pigment-dispersing factor (PDF) neuropeptide in four lateral neurons (LNs), and on the PDF receptor in the DN2s. In the absence of PDF signaling, these cells appear blind, but still synchronize to temperature cycles. Period oscillations in the DN2s were stronger in thermocycles than in LD, but with a very similar phase. Conversely, the oscillations of LNs were weaker in thermocycles than in LD, and were phase-shifted in synchrony with the DN2s, whereas the phase of the three other clock neurons was advanced by a few hours. In the absence of any other functional clock neurons, the PDF-positive LNs were entrained by LD cycles but not by temperature cycles. Our results show that the larval clock neurons respond very differently to light and temperature, and strongly suggest that the CRY-negative DN2s play a prominent role in the temperature entrainment of the network.
Collapse
|
30
|
López‐Olmeda JF, Sánchez‐Vázquez FJ. Zebrafish Temperature Selection and Synchronization of Locomotor Activity Circadian Rhythm to Ahemeral Cycles of Light and Temperature. Chronobiol Int 2009; 26:200-18. [DOI: 10.1080/07420520902765928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
31
|
Inan O, Etemadi M, Sanchez M, Marcu O, Bhattacharya S, Kovacs G. A Miniaturized Video System for Monitoring the Locomotor Activity of WalkingDrosophila Melanogasterin Space and Terrestrial Settings. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2009; 56:522-4. [DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2008.2006018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
32
|
Glaser FT, Stanewsky R. Synchronization of the Drosophila circadian clock by temperature cycles. COLD SPRING HARBOR SYMPOSIA ON QUANTITATIVE BIOLOGY 2008; 72:233-42. [PMID: 18419280 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.2007.72.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The natural light/dark and temperature cycles are considered to be the most prominent factors that synchronize circadian clocks with the environment. Understanding the principles of temperature entrainment significantly lags behind our current knowledge of light entrainment in any organism subject to circadian research. Nevertheless, several effects of temperature on circadian clocks are well understood, and similarities as well as differences to the light-entrainment pathways start to emerge. This chapter provides an overview of the temperature effects on the Drosophila circadian clock with special emphasis on synchronization by temperature cycles. As in other organisms, such temperature cycles can serve as powerful time cues to synchronize the clock. Mutants that specifically interfere with aspects of temperature entrainment have been isolated and will likely help to reveal the underlying mechanisms. These mechanisms involve transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of clock genes. For synchronization of fly behavior by temperature cycles, the generation of a whole organism or systemic signal seems to be required, even though individual fly tissues can be synchronized under isolated culture conditions. If true, the requirement for such a signal would reveal a fundamental difference to the light-entrainment mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F T Glaser
- Institute of Zoology, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Fan JY, Muskus MJ, Price JL. Entrainment of the Drosophila circadian clock: more heat than light. SCIENCE'S STKE : SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION KNOWLEDGE ENVIRONMENT 2007; 2007:pe65. [PMID: 18029913 DOI: 10.1126/stke.4132007pe65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are produced by a biological clock that is synchronized (or entrained) by cycles of light and temperature. In Drosophila, light triggers the interaction of the photoreceptor cryptochrome (CRY) with the circadian clock protein timeless (TIM). The absence of this interaction in cryb mutants eliminates this entrainment mechanism. The abundance of TIM and period (PER) oscillate throughout the day, and they form a complex that moves to the nucleus to rhythmically repress transcription of the per and tim genes. Because the CRY:TIM interaction triggers rapid degradation of TIM, the phase of these molecular oscillations is reset by light, which thereby entrains the circadian clock. A study now shows that heat pulses trigger an association between CRY and PER:TIM, which suggests that CRY:PER:TIM also contributes to entrainment by temperature. In wild-type flies, CRY:PER:TIM formation requires high temperatures and is only triggered by heat pulses in the early night, but in per(L) mutants, which exhibit a temperature-sensitive lengthening of circadian periods, CRY:PER(L:)TIM formation is triggered by lower temperatures and throughout the night. Because CRY:PER:TIM is formed under the same conditions that entrain circadian behavior, formation of the complex is likely to mediate entrainment by heat pulses. Whereas per(L )flies exhibit longer periods at higher temperatures, per(L);cry(b) flies exhibit similar periods at different temperatures, which suggests that an altered interaction between CRY and PER(L):TIM contributes to a lack of temperature compensation. Future work should determine how the interaction between CRY and PER:TIM entrains rhythms to temperature and affects temperature compensation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Yuan Fan
- Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|