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Delgado S, Fernandez-Trujillo MA, Houée G, Silvent J, Liu X, Corre E, Sire JY. Expression of 20 SCPP genes during tooth and bone mineralization in Senegal bichir. Dev Genes Evol 2023; 233:91-106. [PMID: 37410100 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-023-00706-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
The African bichir (Polypterus senegalus) is a living representative of Polypteriformes. P. senegalus possesses teeth composed of dentin covered by an enameloid cap and a layer of collar enamel on the tooth shaft, as in lepisosteids. A thin layer of enamel matrix can also be found covering the cap enameloid after its maturation and during the collar enamel formation. Teleosts fish do not possess enamel; teeth are protected by cap and collar enameloid, and inversely in sarcopterygians, where teeth are only covered by enamel, with the exception of the cap enameloid in teeth of larval urodeles. The presence of enameloid and enamel in the teeth of the same organism is an opportunity to solve the evolutionary history of the presence of enamel/enameloid in basal actinopterygians. In silico analyses of the jaw transcriptome of a juvenile bichir provided twenty SCPP transcripts. They included enamel, dentin, and bone-specific SCPPs known in sarcopterygians and several actinopterygian-specific SCPPs. The expression of these 20 genes was investigated by in situ hybridizations on jaw sections during tooth and dentary bone formation. A spatiotemporal expression patterns were established and compared with previous studies of SCPP gene expression during enamel/enameloid and bone formation. Similarities and differences were highlighted, and several SCPP transcripts were found specifically expressed during tooth or bone formation suggesting either conserved or new functions of these SCPPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Delgado
- Sorbonne Université, MNHN, CNRS, EPHE, Institut Systématique Évolution Biodiversité, ISYEB, Equipe Homologies, 75005, Paris, France.
| | - M A Fernandez-Trujillo
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, UMR 7138, Equipe Evolution et Développement du Squelette, 75005, Paris, France
| | - G Houée
- Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, CR2P (Centre de Recherche en Paléontologie - Paris), UMR 7207, Equipe Formes, Structures et Fonctions, 43 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France
| | - J Silvent
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, UMR 7138, Equipe Evolution et Développement du Squelette, 75005, Paris, France
| | - X Liu
- Sorbonne Université - CNRS, FR2424, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Plateforme ABiMS (Analysis and Bioinformatics for Marine Science), 29680, Roscoff, France
| | - E Corre
- Sorbonne Université - CNRS, FR2424, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Plateforme ABiMS (Analysis and Bioinformatics for Marine Science), 29680, Roscoff, France
| | - J Y Sire
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, UMR 7138, Equipe Evolution et Développement du Squelette, 75005, Paris, France
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Isono K, Takahashi E, Miyoshi I, Tsuneto M, Hikosaka-Kuniishi M, Yamane T, Yamazaki H. Simultaneous Fluorescent Identification of Odontoblasts and Ameloblasts. J Dent Res 2020; 100:532-541. [PMID: 33289448 DOI: 10.1177/0022034520974576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The tooth is mainly composed of dentin and enamel. Identification of dentin-producing odontoblasts and enamel-producing ameloblasts using reporter techniques is useful to study tooth development and regeneration with tissue engineering. Ameloblasts express Amelogenin, Ameloblastin, Enamelin, and Amelotin, whereas odontoblasts express Dentin sialophosphoprotein (Dspp) and Dentin matrix protein1 (Dmp1). Although there are several transgenic lines using promoter elements or bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) to label odontoblasts and ameloblasts, there is a possibility that the expression patterns vary from the endogenous genes. Here, we established 2 lines of mice where tdTomato was knocked into the second exon of X-chromosomal Amelogenin (Amelx), and green fluorescent protein (GFP) was knocked into the second exon of Dspp. tdTomato and GFP were highly expressed on secretory ameloblasts and secretory and fully differentiated odontoblasts, respectively. In addition, DSPP and AMELX were not produced in the dentin matrix and enamel matrix of DsppGFP/GFP and AmelxtdTomato male mice (as representative of AmelxtdTomato/Y hemizygous male mice), respectively. Moreover, micro-computed tomography analysis of AmelxtdTomato male mice revealed a notable reduction in enamel volume but increased dentin mineral density. DsppGFP/GFP mice had reduced dentin mineral density. To identify odontoblasts and ameloblasts from developing tooth, we examined the expression of mesenchymal cell surface molecules CD90, CD166 and epithelial cell surface molecules CD49f, Epcam1 with fluorescence on odontoblasts and ameloblasts in these mice. We found that GFP+ odontoblasts and tdTomato+ ameloblasts in tooth germ from 0.5-d-old DsppGFP/+ mice and AmelxtdTomato male mice were enriched in CD45-/Ter119-/Epcam1-/CD90+/Integrin α4+cell fractions and CD45-/Ter119-/Epcam1+/CD49f+/CD147+ cell fractions, respectively. By using antibodies against mesenchymal and epithelial cell surface molecules and fluorescence, we can easily distinguish odontoblasts from ameloblasts and isolate each cell for further studies. These mice would serve as useful models for tooth development and regeneration as well as provide concurrent observation for the differentiation processes of odontoblasts and ameloblasts in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Isono
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Division of Fundamental Medicine, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - E Takahashi
- Support Unit for Animal Resources Development, Research Resources Division, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - I Miyoshi
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - M Tsuneto
- Division of Regenerative Medicine and Therapeutics, Department of Genetic Medicine and Regenerative Therapeutics, Tottori University Graduate School of Medical Science, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
| | - M Hikosaka-Kuniishi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Division of Fundamental Medicine, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - T Yamane
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Division of Fundamental Medicine, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - H Yamazaki
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Division of Fundamental Medicine, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
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Yamakoshi Y, Simmer JP. Structural features, processing mechanism and gene splice variants of dentin sialophosphoprotein. JAPANESE DENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2018; 54:183-196. [PMID: 30302137 PMCID: PMC6175968 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) plays an important role in the formation of dentin. Understanding its structure and function would provide important insights into the regulation of dentin mineralization. For the past 15 years, we have been studying DSPP-derived proteins isolated from pig dentin. Porcine DSPP is synthesized and secreted by odontoblasts and processed into three proteins, i.e., dentin sialoprotein (DSP), dentin glycoprotein (DGP), and dentin phosphoprotein (DPP), by bone morphogenetic protein 1 and matrix metalloproteinase-20 and -2. DSP is a proteoglycan that forms covalent dimers, DGP is a phosphorylated glycoprotein, and DPP is a highly phosphorylated intrinsically disordered protein with genetic polymorphisms. Furthermore, DPP is not detected in dental pulp. This is possibly due to the existence of two mRNA variants of the DSPP gene: one that encodes the DSP region alone and another that encodes full-length DSPP. The mRNA variant encoding DSP alone is expressed in dental pulp and odontoblasts, but the variant encoding full-length DSPP is predominantly expressed in odontoblasts and barely in dental pulp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Yamakoshi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, 2-1-3 Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-8501, Japan
| | - James P. Simmer
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, 1210 Eisenhower Place, Ann Arbor, 48103, USA
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Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) is critical for cell proliferation and differentiation in dental pulp. Here, we show the dynamic mechanisms of TGF-β in porcine dental pulp, odontoblasts and dentin. The mRNA of latent TGF-β1 and TGF-β3 is predominantly expressed in odontoblasts, whereas the mRNA expression level of latent TGF-β2 is high in dental pulp. TGF-β1 is a major isoform of TGF-β, and latent TGF-β1, synthesized in dental pulp, is primarily activated by matrix metalloproteinase 11 (MMP11). Activated TGF-β1 enhances the mRNA expression levels of MMP20 and full-length dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) in dental pulp cells, coinciding with the induction of odontoblast differentiation. Latent TGF-β1 synthesized in odontoblasts is primarily activated by MMP2 and MMP20 in both odontoblasts and dentin. The activity level of TGF-β1 was reduced in the dentin of MMP20 null mice, although the amount of latent TGF-β1 expression did not change between wild-type and MMP20 null mice. TGF-β1 activity was reduced with the degradation of DSPP-derived proteins that occurs with ageing. We propose that to exert its multiple biological functions, TGF-β1 is involved in a complicated dynamic interaction with matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and/or DSPP-derived proteins present in dental pulp, odontoblasts and dentin.
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da Rosa WLO, Cocco AR, Silva TMD, Mesquita LC, Galarça AD, Silva AFD, Piva E. Current trends and future perspectives of dental pulp capping materials: A systematic review. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2017; 106:1358-1368. [PMID: 28561919 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
To systematically review the literature to analyze the current trends and future perspectives of dental pulp capping materials through an analysis of scientific and technological data. This study is reported in accordance with the PRISMA Statement. Nine databases were screened: PubMed (MedLine), Lilacs, IBECS, BBO, Web of Science, Scopus, SciELO, Google Scholar, and The Cochrane Library. Additionally, the following patent applications were searched online in Questel Orbit (Paris, France), USPTO, EPO, JPO, INPI, and Patentscope databases. A total of 716 papers and 83 patents were included. Calcium hydroxide was the main type of material studied, especially for direct pulp capping, followed by MTA. Patents related to adhesives or resins increased from 1998 e 2008, while in the last years, a major increase was observed in bioactive materials (containing bioactive proteins), materials derived from MTA (calcium silicate, calcium phosphate and calcium aluminate-based cements) and MTA. It was possible to obtain a scientific and technological overview of pulp capping materials. MTA has shown favorable results in vital pulp therapy that seem to surpass the disadvantages of calcium hydroxide. Recent advances in bioactive materials and those derived from MTA have shown promising results that could improve biomaterials used in vital pulp treatments. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 106B: 1358-1368, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wellington L O da Rosa
- DDS, Post-graduate Student, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Alexandra R Cocco
- DDS, Post-graduate Student, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Tiago M da Silva
- Undergraduate Student, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Luana C Mesquita
- Undergraduate Student, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Arthur Dias Galarça
- Undergraduate Student, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Adriana F da Silva
- DDS, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Evandro Piva
- DDS, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
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Abstract
Experimental studies have shown a great potential for periodontal regeneration. The limitations of periodontal regeneration largely depend on the regenerative potential at the root surface. Cellular intrinsic fiber cementum (CIFC), so-called bone-like tissue, may form instead of the desired acellular extrinsic fiber cementum (AEFC), and the interfacial tissue bonding may be weak. The periodontal ligament harbors progenitor cells that can differentiate into periodontal ligament fibroblasts, osteoblasts, and cementoblasts, but their precise location is unknown. It is also not known whether osteoblasts and cementoblasts arise from a common precursor cell line, or whether distinct precursor cell lines exist. Thus, there is limited knowledge about how cell diversity evolves in the space between the developing root and the alveolar bone. This review supports the hypothesis that AEFC is a unique tissue, while CIFC and bone share some similarities. Morphologically, functionally, and biochemically, however, CIFC is distinctly different from any bone type. There are several lines of evidence to propose that cementoblasts that produce both AEFC and CIFC are unique phenotypes that are unrelated to osteoblasts. Cementum attachment protein appears to be cementum-specific, and the expression of two proteoglycans, fibromodulin and lumican, appears to be stronger in CIFC than in bone. A theory is presented that may help explain how cell diversity evolves in the periodontal ligament. It proposes that Hertwig’s epithelial root sheath and cells derived from it play an essential role in the development and maintenance of the periodontium. The role of enamel matrix proteins in cementoblast and osteoblast differentiation and their potential use for tissue engineering are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D D Bosshardt
- Department of Periodontology and Fixed Prosthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Berne, Freiburgstrasse 7, CH-3010 Berne, Switzerland.
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Kawano S, Saito M, Handa K, Morotomi T, Toyono T, Seta Y, Nakamura N, Uchida T, Toyoshima K, Ohishi M, Harada H. Characterization of Dental Epithelial Progenitor Cells Derived from Cervical-loop Epithelium in a Rat Lower Incisor. J Dent Res 2016; 83:129-33. [PMID: 14742650 DOI: 10.1177/154405910408300209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental epithelial progenitor cells differentiate into various cell types during development of tooth germs. To study this mechanism, we produced immortalized dental epithelial progenitor cells derived from the cervical-loop epithelium of a rat lower incisor. The expression patterns of cytokeratin 14, nerve growth factor receptor p75, amelogenin, Notch2, and alkaline phosphatase were examined by immnohistochemistry in both lower and higher cell densities. The patterns of each were compared in the dental epithelium of rat lower incisors. The results demonstrated that these cells could produce ameloblast lineage cells, stratum intermedium cells, stellate reticulum, and outer enamel epithelium. Furthermore, fibroblast growth factor 10 stimulated proliferation of dental progenitor cells and subsequently increased the number of cells expressing alkaline phosphatase. These results suggest that fibroblast growth factor 10 plays a role in coupling mitogenesis of the cervical-loop cells and the production of stratum intermedium cells in rat incisors.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kawano
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Cell Biology, Kyushu Dental College, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu 803-8580, Japan
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Yamamoto R, Oida S, Yamakoshi Y. Dentin Sialophosphoprotein-derived Proteins in the Dental Pulp. J Dent Res 2015; 94:1120-7. [PMID: 25951824 DOI: 10.1177/0022034515585715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP), the most abundant noncollagenous protein in dentin, is critical for proper mineralization of tooth dentin. DSPP is processed by proteases into 3 major domains: dentin sialoprotein (DSP), dentin glycoprotein (DGP), and dentin phosphoprotein (DPP). There are at least 2 mRNA variants expressed from the Dspp gene: one encodes the full-length DSPP protein (DSP+DGP+DPP); the other encodes only DSP. The shorter transcript is generated through the use of a polyadenylation signal within intron 4, immediately following the DSP coding region (DGP and DPP are encoded by exon 5). We fractionated DSPP-derived proteins from the dental pulp of developing porcine incisors using heparin chromatography. DSP was identified, but little DPP could be detected in any fractions. BMP-1 digestion of DSPP-derived proteins extracted from dental pulp did not generate new DPP bands on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (indicating an absence of intact DSPP), although the results suggested another BMP-1 cleavage site within DSP. We further purified DSPP-derived protein by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Its amino acid composition was similar to DSP. Expression of the full-length Dspp mRNA by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis was significantly higher in odontoblasts than in pulp, while expression of the DSP-only mRNA was almost equal in odontoblasts and in the body of the pulp. Expression of the full-length Dspp mRNA was also significantly higher than the expression of DSP-only mRNA in odontoblasts. Both the full-length and the DSP-only Dspp mRNA showed only trace expression in the pulp tip. We conclude that use of the 3' polyadenylation signal in exon 5 predominates in fully differentiated odontoblasts, while both polyadenylation signals are used throughout odontoblast differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Yamamoto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Japan
| | - S Oida
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Y Yamakoshi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Japan
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Ando H, Inage T, Oida S. Amelogenin in Frog Species, Xenopus tropicalis: A Gene Evolutionary Approach. J HARD TISSUE BIOL 2013. [DOI: 10.2485/jhtb.22.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Nel S, Van Heerden MB, Steenkamp G, Van Heerden WFP, Boy SC. Immunohistochemical profile of odontogenic epithelium in developing dog teeth (Canis familiaris). Vet Pathol 2010; 48:276-82. [PMID: 20634416 DOI: 10.1177/0300985810374843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tumors of the jaw bones and oral soft tissue are relatively common lesions in dogs. The aim of this study was to find cell markers to differentiate odontogenic epithelium from nonodontogenic epithelium for future research on the pathogenesis and pathology of odontogenic neoplasms in dogs. Keratin 14 and 19 staining was observed in odontogenic and nonodontogenic epithelium, whereas amelogenin and p75 neurotrophin receptor immunoreactivity was observed in certain odontogenic epithelial cells at various stages of development but not in other epithelial cells. Calretinin staining was observed in the alveolar epithelial cells directly overlying the developing tooth germ in 28 of 39 sections (71.8%), as well as the dental laminae in 30 of 35 sections (85.7%) and Serres rests in 24 of 28 sections (85.7%). Focal positivity was detected in the respiratory mucosa, some hair follicles, and fusion epithelium of the palate, but no calretinin staining was observed in other oral epithelial cells; therefore, calretinin has potential to be utilized as a marker to differentiate odontogenic form nonodontogenic epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nel
- Department of Oral Pathology and Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Oral and Dental Hospital, Bophelo Road, Pretoria, South Africa.
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Nakayama Y, Yang L, Mezawa M, Araki S, Li Z, Wang Z, Sasaki Y, Takai H, Nakao S, Fukae M, Ogata Y. Effects of porcine 25 kDa amelogenin and its proteolytic derivatives on bone sialoprotein expression. J Periodontal Res 2010; 45:602-11. [PMID: 20546115 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2010.01272.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Amelogenins are hydrophobic proteins that are the major component of developing enamel. Enamel matrix derivative has been used for periodontal regeneration. Bone sialoprotein is an early phenotypic marker of osteoblast differentiation. In this study, we examined the ability of porcine amelogenins to regulate bone sialoprotein transcription. MATERIAL AND METHODS To determine the molecular basis of the transcriptional regulation of the bone sialoprotein gene by amelogenins, we conducted northern hybridization, transient transfection analyses and gel mobility shift assays using the osteoblast-like ROS 17/2.8 cells. RESULTS Amelogenins (100 ng/mL) up-regulated bone sialoprotein mRNA at 3 h, with maximal mRNA expression occurring at 12 h (25 and 20 kDa) and 6 h (13 and 6 kDa). Amelogenins (100 ng/mL, 12 h) increased luciferase activities in pLUC3 (nucleotides -116 to +60), and 6 kDa amelogenin up-regulated pLUC4 (nucleotides -425 to +60) activity. The tyrosine kinase inhibitor inhibited amelogenin-induced luciferase activities, whereas the protein kinase A inhibitor abolished 25 kDa amelogenin-induced bone sialoprotein transcription. The effects of amelogenins were abrogated by 2-bp mutations in the fibroblast growth factor 2 response element (FRE). Gel-shift assays with radiolabeled FRE, homeodomain-protein binding site (HOX) and transforming growth factor-beta1 activation element (TAE) double-strand oligonucleotides revealed increased binding of nuclear proteins from amelogenin-stimulated ROS 17/2.8 cells at 3 h (25 and 13 kDa) and 6 h (20 and 6 kDa). CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that porcine 25 kDa amelogenin and its proteolytic derivatives stimulate bone sialoprotein transcription by targeting FRE, HOX and TAE in the bone sialoprotein gene promoter, and that full-length amelogenin and amelogenin cleavage products are able to regulate bone sialoprotein transcription via different signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Nakayama
- Department of Periodontology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Matsudo, Chiba, Japan
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Lyngstadaas SP, Wohlfahrt JC, Brookes SJ, Paine ML, Snead ML, Reseland JE. Enamel matrix proteins; old molecules for new applications. Orthod Craniofac Res 2009; 12:243-53. [PMID: 19627527 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-6343.2009.01459.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Emdogain (enamel matrix derivative, EMD) is well recognized in periodontology, where it is used as a local adjunct to periodontal surgery to stimulate regeneration of periodontal tissues lost to periodontal disease. The biological effect of EMD is through stimulation of local growth factor secretion and cytokine expression in the treated tissues, inducing a regenerative process that mimics odontogenesis. The major (>95%) component of EMD is Amelogenins (Amel). No other active components have so far been isolated from EMD, and several studies have shown that purified amelogenins can induce the same effect as the complete EMD. Amelogenins comprise a family of highly conserved extracellular matrix proteins derived from one gene. Amelogenin structure and function is evolutionary well conserved, suggesting a profound role in biomineralization and hard tissue formation. A special feature of amelogenins is that under physiological conditions the proteins self-assembles into nanospheres that constitute an extracellular matrix. In the body, this matrix is slowly digested by specific extracellular proteolytic enzymes (matrix metalloproteinase) in a controlled process, releasing bioactive peptides to the surrounding tissues for weeks after application. Based on clinical and experimental observations in periodontology indicating that amelogenins can have a significant positive influence on wound healing, bone formation and root resorption, several new applications for amelogenins have been suggested. New experiments now confirm that amelogenins have potential for being used also in the fields of endodontics, bone regeneration, implantology, traumatology, and wound care.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Lyngstadaas
- Department of Biomaterials, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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Gruenbaum-Cohen Y, Tucker AS, Haze A, Shilo D, Taylor AL, Shay B, Sharpe PT, Mitsiadis TA, Ornoy A, Blumenfeld A, Deutsch D. Amelogenin in cranio-facial development: the tooth as a model to study the role of amelogenin during embryogenesis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2009; 312B:445-57. [PMID: 19097165 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.21255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The amelogenins comprise 90% of the developing extracellular enamel matrix proteins and play a major role in the biomineralization and structural organization of enamel. Amelogenins were also detected, in smaller amounts, in postnatal calcifying mesenchymal tissues, and in several nonmineralizing tissues including brain. Low molecular mass amelogenin isoforms were suggested to have signaling activity; to produce ectopically chondrogenic and osteogenic-like tissue and to affect mouse tooth germ differentiation in vitro. Recently, some amelogenin isoforms were found to bind to the cell surface receptors; LAMP-1, LAMP-2 and CD63, and subsequently localize to the perinuclear region of the cell. The recombinant amelogenin protein (rHAM(+)) alone brought about regeneration of the tooth supporting tissues: cementum, periodontal ligament and alveolar bone, in the dog model, through recruitment of progenitor cells and mesenchymal stem cells. We show that amelogenin is expressed in various tissues of the developing mouse embryonic cranio-facial complex such as brain, eye, ganglia, peripheral nerve trunks, cartilage and bone, and is already expressed at E10.5 in the brain and eye, long before the initiation of tooth formation. Amelogenin protein expression was detected in the tooth germ (dental lamina) already at E13.5, much earlier than previously reported (E19). Application of amelogenin (rHAM(+)) beads together with DiI, on E13.5 and E14.5 embryonic mandibular mesenchyme and on embryonic tooth germ, revealed recruitment of mesenchymal cells. The present results indicate that amelogenin has an important role in many tissues of the cranio-facial complex during mouse embryonic development and differentiation, and might be a multifunctional protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Gruenbaum-Cohen
- Dental Research Laboratory, Institute of Dental Sciences, Hebrew University, Hadassah, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
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16
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Goldberg M, Six N, Chaussain C, DenBesten P, Veis A, Poliard A. Dentin extracellular matrix molecules implanted into exposed pulps generate reparative dentin: a novel strategy in regenerative dentistry. J Dent Res 2009; 88:396-9. [PMID: 19493881 PMCID: PMC2834224 DOI: 10.1177/0022034509337101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2008] [Revised: 12/14/2008] [Accepted: 12/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M Goldberg
- Laboratoire de Réparation et Remodelage des Tissus Oro-faciaux, EA 2496, Groupe Matrices Extracellulaires et Biominéralisation, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université Paris-Descartes, Montrouge, France.
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17
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Shinmura Y, Tsuchiya S, Hata KI, Honda MJ. Quiescent epithelial cell rests of Malassez can differentiate into ameloblast-like cells. J Cell Physiol 2008; 217:728-38. [PMID: 18663726 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial cell rests of Malassez (ERM) are quiescent epithelial remnants of Hertwig's epithelial root sheath (HERS) that are involved in the formation of tooth roots. After completion of crown formation, HERS are converted from cervical loop cells, which have the potential to generate enamel for tooth crown formation. Cervical loop cells have the potential to differentiate into ameloblasts. Generally, no new ameloblasts can be generated from HERS, however this study demonstrated that subcultured ERM can differentiate into ameloblast-like cells and generate enamel-like tissues in combination with dental pulp cells at the crown formation stage. Porcine ERM were obtained from periodontal ligament tissue by explant culture and were subcultured with non-serum medium. Thereafter, subcultured ERM were expanded on 3T3-J2 feeder cell layers until the tenth passage. The in vitro mRNA expression pattern of the subcultured ERM after four passages was found to be different from that of enamel organ epithelial cells and oral gingival epithelial cells after the fourth passage using the same expansion technique. When subcultured ERM were combined with subcultured dental pulp cells, ERM expressed cytokeratin14 and amelogenin proteins in vitro. In addition, subcultured ERM combined with primary dental pulp cells seeded onto scaffolds showed enamel-like tissues at 8 weeks post-transplantation. Moreover, positive staining for amelogenin was observed in the enamel-like tissues, indicating the presence of well-developed ameloblasts in the implants. These results suggest that ERM can differentiate into ameloblast-like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Shinmura
- Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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18
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Bosshardt DD. Biological mediators and periodontal regeneration: a review of enamel matrix proteins at the cellular and molecular levels. J Clin Periodontol 2008; 35:87-105. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2008.01264.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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19
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Li Y, Suggs C, Wright JT, Yuan ZA, Aragon M, Fong H, Simmons D, Daly B, Golub EE, Harrison G, Kulkarni AB, Gibson CW. Partial rescue of the amelogenin null dental enamel phenotype. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:15056-62. [PMID: 18390542 PMCID: PMC2397487 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m707992200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2007] [Revised: 03/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The amelogenins are the most abundant secreted proteins in developing dental enamel. Enamel from amelogenin (Amelx) null mice is hypoplastic and disorganized, similar to that observed in X-linked forms of the human enamel defect amelogenesis imperfecta resulting from amelogenin gene mutations. Both transgenic strains that express the most abundant amelogenin (TgM180) have relatively normal enamel, but strains of mice that express a mutated amelogenin (TgP70T), which leads to amelogenesis imperfecta in humans, have heterogeneous enamel structures. When Amelx null (KO) mice were mated with transgenic mice that produce M180 (TgM180), the resultant TgM180KO offspring showed evidence of rescue in enamel thickness, mineral density, and volume in molar teeth. Rescue was not observed in the molars from the TgP70TKO mice. It was concluded that a single amelogenin protein was able to significantly rescue the KO phenotype and that one amino acid change abrogated this function during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Li
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Biochemistry, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6030, the Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of North Carolina, School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, the Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, and the Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Cynthia Suggs
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Biochemistry, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6030, the Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of North Carolina, School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, the Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, and the Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - J. Timothy Wright
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Biochemistry, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6030, the Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of North Carolina, School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, the Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, and the Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Zhi-an Yuan
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Biochemistry, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6030, the Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of North Carolina, School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, the Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, and the Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Melissa Aragon
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Biochemistry, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6030, the Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of North Carolina, School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, the Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, and the Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Hanson Fong
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Biochemistry, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6030, the Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of North Carolina, School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, the Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, and the Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Darrin Simmons
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Biochemistry, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6030, the Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of North Carolina, School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, the Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, and the Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Bill Daly
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Biochemistry, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6030, the Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of North Carolina, School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, the Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, and the Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Ellis E. Golub
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Biochemistry, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6030, the Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of North Carolina, School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, the Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, and the Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Gerald Harrison
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Biochemistry, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6030, the Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of North Carolina, School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, the Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, and the Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Ashok B. Kulkarni
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Biochemistry, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6030, the Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of North Carolina, School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, the Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, and the Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Carolyn W. Gibson
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Biochemistry, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6030, the Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of North Carolina, School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, the Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, and the Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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20
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Ravindranath RMH, Devarajan A, Uchida T. Spatiotemporal expression of ameloblastin isoforms during murine tooth development. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:36370-6. [PMID: 17921454 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m704731200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Ameloblasts synthesize and secrete the enamel matrix proteins (amelogenin, ameloblastin, and enamelin). This investigation examined the profiles of ameloblastin in the ameloblasts and in the enamel matrix during different postnatal (PN) days (days 0-9) of development of mouse molar, using an antibody specific for C-terminal sequence of ameloblastin (Ct; GNKVHQPQVHNAWRF). Ameloblastin is found in three different molecular sizes (37, 55, and 66 kDa) in both ameloblasts and enamel matrix during PN development. In the ameloblasts, the sequence of expression of these fractions varied. The 37-kDa fraction was observed (even before the appearances of mRNA of the proteases, enamelysin and kallikrein-4) on days 0 and 1, persisted until day 3, and was not found thereafter. Other isoforms (55 and 66 kDa) distinctly appeared in ameloblasts after day 1, reached a peak on day 5, and remained thereafter. The Ct-positive granules appeared beaded in the ameloblasts on day 3. In the extracellular matrix, a 37-kDa (but not 66- or 55-kDa) fraction was detected on days 0 and 1 and remained in the matrix throughout the PN days. The larger isoforms (55 and 66 kDa) appeared in the enamel matrix from day 3 onward. On days 0-3, but not later, the 37-kDa isoform co-localizes with amelogenin in Tomes' process and formative enamel, as revealed by laser scan confocal microscopy. Autoradiography confirmed accumulation of 3H-labeled amelogenin trityrosyl motif peptide in the region of Tomes' process and formative enamel from day 0 to 3. These observations suggest that the 37-kDa isoform interacts with amelogenin during early tooth development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeswari M H Ravindranath
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Southern California Los Angeles, California 90033, USA.
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21
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Kawasaki K, Weiss KM. Evolutionary genetics of vertebrate tissue mineralization: the origin and evolution of the secretory calcium-binding phosphoprotein family. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2007; 306:295-316. [PMID: 16358265 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.21088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Three principal mineralized tissues are present in teeth; a highly mineralized surface layer (enamel or enameloid), body dentin, and basal bone. Similar tissues have been identified in the dermal skeleton of Paleozoic jawless vertebrates, suggesting their ancient origin. These dental tissues form on protein matrix and their mineralization is controlled by distinctive proteins. We have shown that many secretory calcium-binding phosphoproteins (SCPPs) are involved in tetrapod tissue mineralization. These SCPPs all originated from the common ancestral gene SPARCL1 (secreted protein, acidic, cysteine-rich like 1) that initially arose from SPARC. The SCPP family also includes a bird eggshell matrix protein, mammalian milk casein, and salivary proteins. The eggshell SCPP plays crucial roles in rigid eggshell production, milk SCPPs in efficient lactation and in the evolution of complex dentition, and salivary SCPPs in maintaining tooth integrity. A comparative analysis of the mammalian, avian, and amphibian genomes revealed a tandem duplication history of the SCPP genes in tetrapods. Although these tetrapod SCPP genes are fewer in teleost genomes, independent parallel duplication has created distinct SCPP genes in this lineage. These teleost SCPPs are also used for enameloid and dentin mineralization, implying essential roles of SCPPs for dental tissue mineralization in osteichthyans. However, the SCPPs used for tetrapod enamel and teleost enameloid, as well as tetrapod dentin and teleost dentin, are all different. Thus, the evolution of vertebrate mineralized tissues seems to be explained by phenogenetic drift: while mineralized tissues are retained during vertebrate evolution, the underlying genetic basis has extensively drifted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Kawasaki
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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22
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Delgado S, Couble ML, Magloire H, Sire JY. Cloning, sequencing, and expression of the amelogenin gene in two scincid lizards. J Dent Res 2006; 85:138-43. [PMID: 16434731 DOI: 10.1177/154405910608500205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Our knowledge of the gene coding for amelogenin, the major enamel protein, is mainly based on mammalian sequences. Only two sequences are available in reptiles. To know whether the snake sequence is representative of the amelogenin condition in squamates, we have studied amelogenin in two scincid lizards. Lizard amelogenin possesses numerous conserved residues in the N- and C-terminal regions, but its central region is highly variable, even when compared with the snake sequence. This rapid evolution rate indicates that a single squamate sequence was not representative, and that comparative studies of reptilian amelogenins might be useful to detect the residues which are really important for amelogenin structure and function. Reptilian and mammalian enamel structure is roughly similar, but no data support amelogenin being similarly expressed during amelogenesis. By performing in situ hybridization using a specific probe, we showed that lizard ameloblasts express amelogenin as described during mammalian amelogenesis. However, we have not found amelogenin transcripts in odontoblasts. This indicates that full-length amelogenin is specific to enamel matrix, at least in this lizard.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Delgado
- UMR 7138-Systématique, Adaptation, Evolution, Université Paris 6, 7, quai St-Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
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23
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Deutsch D, Haze-Filderman A, Blumenfeld A, Dafni L, Leiser Y, Shay B, Gruenbaum-Cohen Y, Rosenfeld E, Fermon E, Zimmermann B, Haegewald S, Bernimoulin JP, Taylor AL. Amelogenin, a major structural protein in mineralizing enamel, is also expressed in soft tissues: brain and cells of the hematopoietic system. Eur J Oral Sci 2006; 114 Suppl 1:183-9; discussion 201-2, 381. [PMID: 16674683 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2006.00301.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The amelogenin protein is considered as the major molecular marker of developing and mineralizing ectodermal enamel. It regulates the shape, size, and direction of growth of the enamel mineral crystallite. Recent data suggest other roles for amelogenin beyond regulation of enamel mineral crystal growth. The present study describes our recent discovery of amelogenin expression in soft tissues: in brain and in cells of the hematopoietic system, such as macrophages, megakaryocytes and in some of the hematopoietic stem cells. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) followed by cDNA sequencing revealed, in mouse brain, two amelogenin mRNA isoforms: the full-length amelogenin including exon 4, and the isoform lacking exon 4. Immunohistochemistry revealed amelogenin expression in brain glial cells. Mouse macrophages were found to express the full-length amelogenin sequence lacking exon 4. Confocal microscopy revealed colocalization of amelogenin and CD41 (a megakaryocyte marker), as well as amelogenin and CD34 (a hematopoietic stem cell marker) in some of the bone marrow cells. The expression of amelogenin, a major structural protein of the mineralizing extracellular enamel matrix, also in cells of non-mineralizing soft tissues, suggests that amelogenin is multifunctional. Several different potential functions of amelogenin are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Deutsch
- Dental Research Laboratory, Institute of Dental Sciences, Hebrew University-Hadassah, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel, and Institute of Anatomy, Charité Medical Center, Berlin, Germany.
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Zeichner-David M, Chen LS, Hsu Z, Reyna J, Caton J, Bringas P. Amelogenin and ameloblastin show growth-factor like activity in periodontal ligament cells. Eur J Oral Sci 2006; 114 Suppl 1:244-53; discussion 254-6, 381-2. [PMID: 16674693 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2006.00322.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Enamel proteins, particularly amelogenin, have been associated with other functions in addition to regulating enamel biomineralization. Extracts of enamel proteins are currently being used to regenerate periodontal tissues, and new studies suggest that enamel proteins might have chondrogenic and osteogenic properties. In this study, we wanted to determine the effect, if any, of purified recombinant amelogenin and ameloblastin on the adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation of periodontal ligament cells in vitro. Immortomouse-derived periodontal ligament (PDL) cells were grown under permissive and differentiation conditions in the presence of different concentrations of mouse recombinant amelogenin, recombinant ameloblastin, or both. Cells were collected after 4 h to determine attachment, after 24 h to determine proliferation, and after 7, 14, 21 and 28 d to determine differentiation using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Both amelogenin and ameloblastin had a small, but statistically significant, effect on increasing the cell attachment and proliferation of PDL cells. Both amelogenin and ameloblastin modulated bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) expression, down-regulated the expression of collagen type I, and induced the de novo expression of osteocalcin. Amelogenin also induced the expression of bone sialoprotein. These results suggest that amelogenin, as well as ameloblastin, might have some 'growth factor' activity during periodontium development and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggie Zeichner-David
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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25
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Li Y, Yuan ZA, Aragon MA, Kulkarni AB, Gibson CW. Comparison of body weight and gene expression in amelogenin null and wild-type mice. Eur J Oral Sci 2006; 114 Suppl 1:190-3; discussion 201-2, 381. [PMID: 16674684 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2006.00286.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Amelogenin (AmelX) null mice develop hypomineralized enamel lacking normal prism structure, but are healthy and fertile. Because these mice are smaller than wild-type mice prior to weaning, we undertook a detailed analysis of the weight of mice and analyzed AmelX expression in non-dental tissues. Wild-type mice had a greater average weight each day within the 3-wk period. Using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), products of approximately 200 bp in size were generated from wild-type teeth, brain, eye, and calvariae. DNA sequence analysis of RT-PCR products from calvariae indicated that the small amelogenin leucine-rich amelogenin peptide (LRAP), both with and without exon 4, was expressed. No products were obtained from any of the samples from the AmelX null mice. We also isolated mRNAs that included AmelX exons 8 and 9, and identified a duplication within the murine AmelX gene with 91% homology. Our results add additional support to the hypothesis that amelogenins are multifunctional proteins, with potential roles in non-ameloblasts and in non-mineralizing tissues during development. The smaller size of AmelX null mice could potentially be explained by the lack of LRAP expression in some of these tissues, leading to a delay in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Li
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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26
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Iacob S, Veis A. Identification of temporal and spatial expression patterns of amelogenin isoforms during mouse molar development. Eur J Oral Sci 2006; 114 Suppl 1:194-200; discussion 201-2, 381. [PMID: 16674685 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2006.00287.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Amelogenin synthesis is initiated in a restricted time frame during odontogenesis. Polypeptides translated from several alternatively spliced isoforms of amelogenin mRNA have been identified in ameloblasts and odontoblasts. Recent studies suggest that the isoforms deleting exons 6a, 6b, and 6c produce polypeptides that might exert regulatory functions governing the late stages of ameloblast and odontoblast differentiation. Herein, the spatial and temporal expression of mouse amelogenin mRNA isoforms M194, M180, M73, and M59 have been determined around the perinatal development period using splice form-specific probes. Expression levels and distribution patterns varied with developmental stage and cell location. Amelogenin mRNA expression was most prominent within the enamel organ at boundaries between cell layers, beginning at the newborn stage (PN0.5). Odontoblasts supported the expression of M73 and M59 mRNA from developmental stages PN0.5 to PN1.5 (1 d of age). In contrast, ameloblasts expressed predominantly the M180 mRNA isoform with full exon 6 but devoid of exon 4. In the enamel organ, the stratum intermediun cells supported expression of the full-length isoform, M194, including the full exon 6 and exon 4 sequences, and strikingly, expression of M180 message was inhibited. In conclusion, ameloblasts, odontoblasts, and stratum intermedium cells demonstrate selective alternative splicing patterns of the amelogenin pre-mRNA transcript.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanca Iacob
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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27
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Beniash E, Skobe Z, Bartlett JD. Formation of the dentino-enamel interface in enamelysin (MMP-20)-deficient mouse incisors. Eur J Oral Sci 2006; 114 Suppl 1:24-9; discussion 39-41, 379. [PMID: 16674658 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2006.00293.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An anomalous dentino-enamel junction (DEJ), manifested by delamination of the enamel layer, was reported in enamelysin [matrix metalloproteinase-20 (MMP-20)] knockout (KO) mice. To better understand the possible role of MMP-20 in the formation of the DEJ, we performed transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies of the DEJ at early stages of tooth morphogenesis in KO mice. Our TEM analysis revealed that in the incisors from KO mice the mantle dentin is hypomineralized at the onset of enamel mineralization. At this early stage, TEM revealed no apparent differences in nascent aprismatic enamel between the KO mice and the controls. Hypomineralized mantle dentin was also observed in the incisors from KO mice, as assessed by back-scattered SEM at the secretory and early maturation stages, but not in the late-maturation stage, suggesting that the mineralization of mantle dentin is not completely arrested, but rather postponed. Histological studies indicate that the organic content in the initial enamel layer remains very high throughout amelogenesis. These results imply that MMP-20 is involved in the regulation of mineralization in mantle dentin and demonstrate the complex nature of DEJ formation. They also suggest that the structural and functional properties of the DEJ are determined during the initial mineralization stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elia Beniash
- Department of Biomineralization, The Forsyth Institute, Boston, MA 02115-3799, USA.
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28
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Bosshardt DD, Sculean A, Donos N, Lang NP. Pattern of mineralization after regenerative periodontal therapy with enamel matrix proteins. Eur J Oral Sci 2006; 114 Suppl 1:225-31; discussion 254-6, 381-2. [PMID: 16674690 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2006.00300.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A derivative (EMD) of enamel matrix proteins (EMPs) is used for periodontal regeneration because EMPs are believed to induce the formation of acellular extrinsic fiber cementum (AEFC). Other reports, however, indicate that EMPs have osteogenic potential. The aim of this study was to characterize the nature of the tissue that forms on the root surface following application of EMD. Ten human teeth affected by periodontitis and scheduled for extraction were treated with EMD. Four to six weeks later, they were extracted and processed for analysis by light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Immunocytochemistry with antibodies against bone sialoprotein (BSP) and osteopontin (OPN) was performed to determine the mineralization pattern. The newly formed tissues on the root were thick and contained embedded cells. Small mineralization foci were regularly seen, and large organic matrix patches were occasionally seen, but a distinct mineralization front was lacking. While labeling for BSP was always associated with small mineralization foci and large matrix patches, OPN labeling was seen inconsistently. It is concluded that tissues resembling either cellular intrinsic fiber cementum or a type of bone were observed. The mineralization pattern mostly resembled that found in bone, except for a few areas that exhibited a hitherto undescribed mineralization pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter D Bosshardt
- Department of Periodontology and Fixed Prosthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland.
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29
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Massa LF, Bradaschia-Correa V, Arana-Chavez VE. Immunocytochemical Study of Amelogenin Deposition during the Early Odontogenesis of Molars in Alendronate-treated Newborn Rats. J Histochem Cytochem 2006; 54:713-25. [PMID: 16461365 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.5a6853.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Newborn rats were treated with sodium alendronate to study how enamel is formed and the effect of alendronate during early odontogenesis. Ultrastructural analysis combined with high-resolution immunocytochemistry for amelogenin was carried out. Twelve rats were subjected to daily SC injections of sodium alendronate (2.5 mg/kg/day) for 3 days on their dorsal region, whereas three rats were daily injected with saline solution as a control. Molar tooth germs from 3-day-old rats were fixed under microwave irradiation in 0.1% glutaraldehyde + 4% formaldehyde buffered at pH 7.2 with 0.1 M sodium cacodylate. The specimens were left undecalcified, postfixed with osmium tetroxide, dehydrated, and embedded in LR White resin. Ultrathin sections were incubated with a chicken anti-24-kDa rat amelogenin antibody, a secondary antibody, and finally with a protein A-gold complex. Large patches of amelogenin were present over the unmineralized mantle dentin and at early secretory ameloblasts. At more advanced stages, they were also detected at the enamel matrix, as well as in the mineralized dentin, at the periodontoblastic space of the dentinal tubules, and at the predentin. It is likely that the main effect of alendronate at early stages of odontogenesis is the increase of synthesis/secretion of amelogenin, promoting its deposition within the forming dentin and enamel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana F Massa
- Laboratory of Mineralized Tissue Biology, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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30
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Paine ML, Luo W, Wang HJ, Bringas P, Ngan AYW, Miklus VG, Zhu DH, MacDougall M, White SN, Snead ML. Dentin sialoprotein and dentin phosphoprotein overexpression during amelogenesis. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:31991-8. [PMID: 16014627 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m502991200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The gene for dentin sialophosphoprotein produces a single protein that is post-translationally modified to generate two distinct extracellular proteins: dentin sialoprotein and dentin phosphoprotein. In teeth, dentin sialophosphoprotein is expressed primarily by odontoblast cells, but is also transiently expressed by presecretory ameloblasts. Because of this expression profile it appears that dentin sialophosphoprotein contributes to the early events of amelogenesis, and in particular to those events that result in the formation of the dentino-enamel junction and the adjacent "aprismatic" enamel. Using a transgenic animal approach we have extended dentin sialoprotein or dentin phosphoprotein expression throughout the developmental stages of amelogenesis. Overexpression of dentin sialoprotein results in an increased rate of enamel mineralization, however, the enamel morphology is not significantly altered. In wild-type animals, the inclusion of dentin sialoprotein in the forming aprismatic enamel may account for its increased hardness properties, when compared with bulk enamel. In contrast, the overexpression of dentin phosphoprotein creates "pitted" and "chalky" enamel of non-uniform thickness that is more prone to wear. Disruptions to the prismatic enamel structure are also a characteristic of the dentin phosphoprotein overexpressing animals. These data support the previous suggestion that dentin sialoprotein and dentin phosphoprotein have distinct functions related to tooth formation, and that the dentino-enamel junction should be viewed as a unique transition zone between enamel and the underlying dentin. These results support the notion that the dentin proteins expressed by presecretory ameloblasts contribute to the unique properties of the dentino-enamel junction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Paine
- University of Southern California, School of Dentistry, Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA.
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Sasagawa I, Ishiyama M. Fine structural and cytochemical mapping of enamel organ during the enameloid formation stages in gars, Lepisosteus oculatus, Actinopterygii. Arch Oral Biol 2005; 50:373-91. [PMID: 15748691 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2004.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/09/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
During cap enameloid formation in gars (Lepisosteus oculatus), the dental epithelial cells that constitute the enamel organ were observed by means of transmission electron microscopy and enzyme cytochemistry to detect the hydrolytic enzyme activities, alkaline phosphatase (ALPase), acid phosphatase (ACPase), calcium-dependent adenosine triphosphatase (Ca-ATPase) and potassium-dependent p-nitrophenylphosphatase (K-NPPase) (sodium, potassium-activated adenoshine triphosphatase (Na-K-ATPase)). The enameloid formation process in gars was divided into three stages: matrix formation, mineralisation and maturation. The enamel organ consisted of the outer dental epithelial (ODE) cells, stellate reticulum (SR), stratum intermedium (SI) and the inner dental epithelial (IDE) cells during the whole of the cap enameloid formation stages. During the matrix formation stage, many cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum and widely distributed Golgi apparatus, in which the procollagen granules containing cross-striations were often found, were remarkable elements in the IDE cells. During the stage of mineralisation, the IDE cells were tall columnar, and infoldings of distal plasma membrane of the IDE cells became marked. The most developed Golgi apparatus was visible at this stage, and large secretory granules containing fine granular or tubular materials were found in the distal cytoplasm that was close to the infoldings of the distal end. Many lysosomes that were ACPase positive were seen near the Golgi apparatus and in the distal cytoplasm of the IDE cells. ACPase positive granules often contained the cross-striation structure resembling procollagen, suggesting that the procollagen is degenerated in the IDE cells. During the maturation stage, the distal infoldings became unclear, and there were no large granules containing tubular materials, but many ACPase positive lysosomes were still present in the IDE cells. Non-specific ALPase was detected at the plasma membrane of the IDE cells at the mineralisation and maturation stages. K-NPPase was markedly detected at the plasma membrane of the IDE cells at the maturation stage. These results demonstrate that the IDE cells might be mainly involved in the removal of degenerated organic matrix from enameloid during the later formation stages. Strong Ca-ATPase activity was observed at the entire plasma membrane of the stratum intermedium cells, and there was slightly weak activity at the plasma membrane of the IDE cells during the mineralisation and maturation stages, implying that these cells are related to the active Ca transport to the maturing enameloid. It is likely that although the structure of the enamel organ is different, the function, especially at the mineralisation and maturation stages, is similar to other actinopterygians having well-mineralized cap enameloid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Sasagawa
- Department of Anatomy, School of Dentistry at Niigata, The Nippon Dental University, 1-8 Hamaura-cho, Niigata 951-8580, Japan.
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Tompkins K, Alvares K, George A, Veis A. Two related low molecular mass polypeptide isoforms of amelogenin have distinct activities in mouse tooth germ differentiation in vitro. J Bone Miner Res 2005; 20:341-9. [PMID: 15647828 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.041107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2004] [Revised: 07/19/2004] [Accepted: 08/31/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Embryonic mouse tooth germs were cultured in vitro in the presence of two related amelogenin isoforms to determine their effects on tooth development. Our results show that these individual proteins have specific but quite different effects on epithelial-derived ameloblasts versus mesenchymal-derived odontoblasts. INTRODUCTION Amelogenins, the main protein components of enamel matrix, have been shown to have signaling activity. Amelogenin isoforms differing only by the presence or exclusion of exon 4, designated [A+4] (composed of exons 2, 3, 4, 5, 6d, and 7) and [A-4] (composed of exons 2, 3, 5, 6d, and 7), showed similar, but different, effects both in vitro and in vivo on postnatal teeth. MATERIALS AND METHODS Lower first molar tooth germs of E15/16 CD1 mice were microdissected and cultured in vitro in a semisolid media containing either 20% FBS, 2% FBS, or 2% FBS with either 1.5 nM [A+4], [A-4], or both for 6 days. Tooth germs were analyzed by H&E staining and immunohistochemistry for collagen I, dentin matrix protein 2, and DAPI nuclear staining. RESULTS Teeth cultured in media containing 20% FBS showed normal development with polarized ameloblasts, and odontoblasts producing dentin matrix, and DMP2 expression in odontoblasts and pre-ameloblasts. Culture in 2% FBS media resulted in no ameloblast polarization and modest odontoblast differentiation with scant dentin matrix. Tooth germs cultured with [A+4] in 2% FBS media had well-polarized odontoblasts with robust dentin production and concomitant ameloblast polarization. DMP2 expression was equal to or greater than seen in the 20% FBS culture condition. In cultures with [A-4] in 2% FBS media, odontoblast polarization and dentin production was reduced compared with [A+4]. However, the pre-ameloblast layer was disorganized, with no ameloblast polarization occurring along the dentin surface. DMP2 expression was reduced in the odontoblasts compared with the 20% FBS and [A+4] conditions and was almost completely abrogated in the pre-ameloblasts. CONCLUSION These data show different signaling activities of these closely related amelogenin isoforms on tooth development. Here we make the novel observation that [A-4] has an inhibitory effect on ameloblast development, whereas [A+4] strongly stimulates odontoblast development. We show for the first time that specific amelogenin isoforms have effects on embryonic tooth development in vitro and also hypothesize that DMP2 may play a role in the terminal differentiation of both ameloblasts and odontoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Tompkins
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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Nagano T, Oida S, Ando H, Gomi K, Arai T, Fukae M. Relative levels of mRNA encoding enamel proteins in enamel organ epithelia and odontoblasts. J Dent Res 2004; 82:982-6. [PMID: 14630899 DOI: 10.1177/154405910308201209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Amelogenin, enamelin, sheathlin (ameloblastin/ amelin), enamelysin (MMP-20), and KLK4 (EMSP-1) are the major structural proteins and proteinases in developing tooth enamel. Recently, odontoblasts were reported to express amelogenin, the most abundant enamel protein. In this study, we hypothesized that odontoblasts express all enamel proteins and proteases, and we measured their relative mRNA levels in enamel organ epithelia and odontoblasts associated with porcine secretory- and maturation-stage enamel by RT-PCR, using a LightCycler instrument. The results showed that amelogenin mRNA in secretory-stage EOE is 320-fold higher than in odontoblasts beneath secretory-stage enamel, and over 20,000-fold higher than in odontoblasts under maturation-stage enamel. Similar results were obtained for enamelin and sheathlin. Enamelysin mRNA levels were equivalent in these two tissues, while KLK4 mRNA was higher in odontoblasts than in secretory-stage EOE. These results support the conclusion that odontoblasts are involved in the formation of the enamel layer adjacent to enamel-dentin junction.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nagano
- Department of Periodontics and Endodontics, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, Yokohama, Japan.
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Bosshardt DD, Nanci A. Hertwig's epithelial root sheath, enamel matrix proteins, and initiation of cementogenesis in porcine teeth. J Clin Periodontol 2004; 31:184-92. [PMID: 15016022 DOI: 10.1111/j.0303-6979.2004.00473.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to analyze the association between Hertwig's epithelial root sheath (HERS) cells, enamel matrix proteins (EMPs), and cementogenesis. MATERIAL AND METHODS Porcine teeth were examined at the beginning of root formation by light and transmission electron microscopy. Colloidal gold immunocytochemistry was used to analyze the protein expression of amelogenin and ameloblastin. RESULTS Before and during disintegration of HERS, its cells displayed the cytologic features of protein synthesis and secretion. While some cells assumed an ameloblast-like phenotype, others extended their territory away from the root surface. A collagenous matrix filled the widening intercellular spaces, and tonofilaments and desmosomes were still present in cells featuring the morphologic characteristics of cementoblasts. Labeling for amelogenin was observed but ameloblastin was not immunodetected. Labeling was associated with organic matrix deposits that were sporadically and randomly distributed both along the root surface and away from it among the dissipated epithelial cells. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that HERS' cells occasionally assume a lingering ameloblastic activity at the beginning of root formation in the pig. While the results do not support the hypothesis of a causal relationship between EMPs and cementogenesis, they lend support to the concept of an epithelial origin of cementoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter D Bosshardt
- Department of Periodontology and Fixed Prosthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland.
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Chen E, Yuan ZA, Wright JT, Hong SP, Li Y, Collier PM, Hall B, D'Angelo M, Decker S, Piddington R, Abrams WR, Kulkarni AB, Gibson CW. The small bovine amelogenin LRAP fails to rescue the amelogenin null phenotype. Calcif Tissue Int 2003; 73:487-95. [PMID: 12958690 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-002-0036-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2002] [Accepted: 03/17/2003] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Amelogenins are the most abundant secreted proteins in developing dental enamel. These evolutionarily-conserved proteins have important roles in enamel mineral formation, as mutations within the amelogenin gene coding region lead to defects in enamel thickness or mineral structure. Because of extensive alternative splicing of the primary RNA transcript and proteolytic processing of the secreted proteins, it has been difficult to assign functions to individual amelogenins. To address the function of one of the amelogenins, we have created a transgenic mouse that expresses bovine leucine-rich amelogenin peptide (LRAP) in the enamel-secreting ameloblast cells of the dental organ. Our strategy was to breed this transgenic mouse with the recently generated amelogenin knockout mouse, which makes none of the amelogenin proteins and has a severe hypoplastic and disorganized enamel phenotype. It was found that LRAP does not rescue the enamel defect in amelogenin null mice, and enamel remains hypoplastic and disorganized in the presence of this small amelogenin. In addition, LRAP overexpression in the transgenic mouse (wildtype background) leads to pitting in the enamel surface, which may result from excess protein production or altered protein processing due to minor differences between the amino acid compositions of murine and bovine LRAP. Since introduction of bovine LRAP into the amelogenin null mouse does not restore normal enamel structure, it is concluded that other amelogenin proteins are essential for normal appearance and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Chen
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, 240 S. 40th St., Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Hatakeyama J, Sreenath T, Hatakeyama Y, Thyagarajan T, Shum L, Gibson CW, Wright JT, Kulkarni AB. The receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand-mediated osteoclastogenic pathway is elevated in amelogenin-null mice. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:35743-8. [PMID: 12851394 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m306284200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Amelogenins, major components of developing enamel, are predominantly involved in the formation of tooth enamel. Although amelogenins are also implicated in cementogenesis, their precise spatial expression pattern and molecular role are not clearly understood. Here, we report for the first time the expression of two alternate splice forms of amelogenins, M180 and the leucine-rich amelogenin peptide (LRAP), in the periodontal region of mouse tooth roots. Lack of M180 and LRAP mRNA expression correlated with cementum defects observed in the amelogenin-null mice. The cementum defects were characterized by an increased presence of multinucleated cells, osteoclasts, and cementicles. These defects were associated with an increased expression of the receptor activator of the nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL), a critical regulator of osteoclastogenesis. These findings indicate that the amelogenin splice variants, M180 and LRAP, are critical in preventing abnormal resorption of cementum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Hatakeyama
- Functional Genomics Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Yamakoshi Y, Hu JCC, Liu S, Zhang C, Oida S, Fukae M, Simmer JP. Characterization of porcine dentin sialoprotein (DSP) and dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) cDNA clones. Eur J Oral Sci 2003; 111:60-7. [PMID: 12558809 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0722.2003.00009.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) is a chimeric glycoprotein with dentin sialoprotein (DSP) on its N-terminus and dentin phosphoprotein (DPP) on its C-terminus. We have constructed and screened a unidirectional cDNA library derived from the pulp organ of developing pig teeth, and isolated cDNA clones encoding DSP-only, as well as two DSPP clones with alternative sequences in their 3' coding regions. The DSP-only transcript has an open reading frame of 386 codons, and is generated through the use of a polyadenylation signal within intron 4, immediately following the DSP coding region. the use of this polyadenylation signal deletes the DPP coding region and places a TGA translation termination signal as the fourth codon following the exon 4-encoded segment. The DSPP cDNAs contain open reading frames of 593 and 600 codons. Northern blots hybridized to radiolabeled DSP probes showed bands at 1.4, 2.5, 4.4, and 4.8 kb. Cloning and characterization of reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction products confirmed the existence of mRNA encoding pDSP386, pDSPP593, and pDSPP600in vivo, but also suggested that DNA sequence redundancies in the DSPP coding region make it prone to cloning artifacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Yamakoshi
- University of Michigan Dental Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA
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Bosshardt DD, Nanci A. Immunocytochemical characterization of ectopic enamel deposits and cementicles in human teeth. Eur J Oral Sci 2003; 111:51-9. [PMID: 12558808 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0722.2003.00015.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Despite the relative frequency and clinical relevance of radicular enamel deposits and cementicles, their etiology and nature are unknown. The purpose of the present study was therefore to evaluate the presence and distribution of mineralization-associated non-collagenous matrix proteins (NCPs) in various types of root-associated ectopic mineralizations. Human teeth were processed for embedding in epoxy or acrylic resins. Tissue sections were incubated with antibodies to amelogenins (AMEL), bone sialoprotein (BSP), and osteopontin (OPN). Radicular enamel deposits contained residual organic matrix that labeled for AMEL. In contrast, BSP and OPN were not detected in the residual enamel matrix, they were found in the cementum deposited on its surface as well as in collagen-free cementicle-like structures in the adjacent periodontal ligament. True cementicles consisted of a collagenous matrix intermixed with a non-collagenous ground substance. Labeling for BSP and OPN was mainly associated with the interfibrillar ground substance. No immunoreactivity for AMEL was detected in cementicles. These data indicate that ectopic enamel deposits on the root retain a high amount of AMEL, whereas cementicles contain BSP and OPN, two NCPs typically found in bone and cementum. These NCPs may, like in their normal tissue counterparts, play a role in the mineralization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter D Bosshardt
- Department of Periodontology and Fixed Prosthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland.
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Diekwisch TGH, Berman BJ, Anderton X, Gurinsky B, Ortega AJ, Satchell PG, Williams M, Arumugham C, Luan X, McIntosh JE, Yamane A, Carlson DS, Sire JY, Shuler CF. Membranes, minerals, and proteins of developing vertebrate enamel. Microsc Res Tech 2002; 59:373-95. [PMID: 12430167 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.10218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Developing tooth enamel is formed as organized mineral in a specialized protein matrix. In order to analyze patterns of enamel mineralization and enamel protein expression in species representative of the main extant vertebrate lineages, we investigated developing teeth in a chondrichthyan, the horn shark, a teleost, the guppy, a urodele amphibian, the Mexican axolotl, an anuran amphibian, the leopard frog, two lepidosauria, a gecko and an iguana, and two mammals, a marsupial, the South American short-tailed gray opossum, and the house mouse. Electron microscopic analysis documented the presence of a distinct basal lamina in all species investigated. Subsequent stages of enamel biomineralization featured highly organized long and parallel enamel crystals in mammals, lepidosaurians, the frog, and the shark, while amorphous mineral deposits and/or randomly oriented crystals were observed in the guppy and the axolotl. In situ hybridization using a full-length mouse probe for amelogenin mRNA resulted in amelogenin specific signals in mouse, opossum, gecko, frog, axolotl, and shark. Using immunohistochemistry, amelogenin and tuftelin enamel proteins were detected in the enamel organ of many species investigated, but tuftelin epitopes were also found in other tissues. The anti-M179 antibody, however, did not react with the guppy and axolotl enameloid matrix. We conclude that basic features of vertebrate enamel/enameloid formation such as the presence of enamel proteins or the mineral deposition along the dentin-enamel junction were highly conserved in vertebrates. There were also differences in terms of enamel protein distribution and mineral organization between the vertebrates lineages. Our findings indicated a correlation between the presence of amelogenins and the presence of long and parallel hydroxyapatite crystals in tetrapods and shark.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G H Diekwisch
- Allan G. Brodie Laboratory for Craniofacial Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Fukae M, Tanabe T, Nagano T, Ando H, Yamakoshi Y, Yamada M, Simmer JP, Oida S. Odontoblasts enhance the maturation of enamel crystals by secreting EMSP1 at the enamel-dentin junction. J Dent Res 2002; 81:668-72. [PMID: 12351663 DOI: 10.1177/154405910208101003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The temporal expression patterns and activity distributions of enamelysin and EMSP1, which are the major proteinases in immature enamel, were characterized. Extracellular matrix fractions from developing porcine incisors, individually comprised of predentin, dentin, and four secretory-stage enamel samples, including the highly mineralized enamel (HME) at the enamel-dentin junction (EDJ), were isolated, and their resident proteinases were identified by zymography. Soft-tissue fractions, which included cells from the extension site of enamel formation (ESEF), secretory- and maturation-stage ameloblasts, and odontoblasts, were characterized histologically and by RT-PCR for their expression of enamelysin and EMSP1. A significant finding was that EMSP1, expressed by odontoblasts, concentrates in the HME, but is not detected in predentin or dentin. We conclude that odontoblasts deposit EMSP1 via their cell processes into the deepest enamel layer, which facilitates the hardening of this layer and contributes significantly to the functional properties of the EDJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fukae
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, 2-1-3 Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-8501, Japan.
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Iwata T, Morotome Y, Tanabe T, Fukae M, Ishikawa I, Oida S. Noggin blocks osteoinductive activity of porcine enamel extracts. J Dent Res 2002; 81:387-91. [PMID: 12097429 DOI: 10.1177/0810387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Enamel extracts induce biomineralization such as osteogenesis and cementogenesis, but the molecular component responsible for this activity remains uncertain. We fractionated enamel extracts from developing pig teeth and isolated the osteoinductive fraction. Proteins from pig enamel scrapings were extracted under alkaline conditions (pH 10.8) and fractionated with the use of a Sephadex G-100 (size exclusion) column. The ability of each fraction to enhance alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was assayed in ST2 cells, a mouse bone marrow stromal cell line. The osteoinductive fraction of enamel extracts (OFE) was found in fractions 44 and 45, which induced ST2 cells to express the phenotype of bone-forming osteoblasts, and to form mineralized nodules. Furthermore, the ALP activity of ST2 cells exposed to OFE was reduced by noggin, an antagonist of BMPs, and OFE reacted with BMP-2/4 antibody in dot-blot analysis. These results indicate that OFE contains BMPs that contribute to the induction of biomineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Iwata
- Section of Periodontology, Department of Hard Tissue Engineering, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan.
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