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McCormick A, Farmer J, Perlman S, Delatycki M, Wilmot G, Matthews K, Yoon G, Hoyle C, Subramony SH, Zesiewicz T, Lynch DR, McCormack SE. Impact of diabetes in the Friedreich ataxia clinical outcome measures study. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2017; 4:622-631. [PMID: 28904984 PMCID: PMC5590524 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Friedreich ataxia (FA) is a progressive neuromuscular disorder caused by GAA triplet repeat expansions or point mutations in the FXN gene. FA is associated with increased risk of diabetes mellitus (DM). This study assessed the age-specific prevalence of FA-associated DM and its impact on neurologic outcomes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Participants were 811 individuals with FA from 12 international sites in a prospective natural history study (FA Clinical Outcome Measures Study, FACOMS). Physical function was assessed, using validated instruments. Multivariable regression analyses examined the independent association of DM with outcomes. RESULTS Mean age of participants was 30.1 years (SD 15.3, range: 7-82), 50% were female, and 94% were non-Hispanic white. 9% (42/459) of adults and 3% (10/352) of children had DM. Individuals with FA-associated DM were older (P < 0.001), had longer GAA repeat length on the least affected FXN allele (P = 0.037), and more severe FA (P = 0.0001). Of individuals with DM, 65% (34/52) were taking insulin. Even after accounting statistically for both age and GAA repeat length, DM was independently associated with greater FA symptom burden (P = 0.010), reduced capacity to perform activities of daily living (P = 0.021), and a decrease of 0.33 SDs on a composite performance measure (95% CI: -0.56-0.11, P = 0.004); the relative impact of DM was most apparent in younger individuals. CONCLUSIONS DM-associated FA has an independent adverse impact on well-being in affected individuals, particularly at younger ages. In future, evidence-based approaches for identification and management of FA-related DM may improve both health and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley McCormick
- Division of NeurologyChildren's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania19104
| | - Jennifer Farmer
- Division of NeurologyChildren's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania19104
- Department of NeurologyPerelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania19104
- Department of PediatricsPerelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania19104
| | - Susan Perlman
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCalifornia90095
| | - Martin Delatycki
- Department of GeneticsMurdoch Children's Research InstituteVictoriaAustralia
| | - George Wilmot
- Department of NeurologyEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGeorgia30322
| | - Katherine Matthews
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of Iowa Carver College of MedicineIowa CityIowa52242
| | - Grace Yoon
- Clinical and Metabolic GeneticsHospital for Sick ChildrenTorontoCanada
| | - Chad Hoyle
- Department of NeurologyOhio State University College of MedicineColumbusOhio43210
| | - Sub H. Subramony
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of FloridaCollege of MedicineGainesvilleFlorida32610
| | | | - David R. Lynch
- Division of NeurologyChildren's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania19104
- Department of NeurologyPerelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania19104
- Department of PediatricsPerelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania19104
| | - Shana E. McCormack
- Department of PediatricsPerelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania19104
- Division of Endocrinology and DiabetesChildren's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania19104
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Pearson TS, Pons R, Engelstad K, Kane SA, Goldberg ME, De Vivo DC. Paroxysmal eye-head movements in Glut1 deficiency syndrome. Neurology 2017; 88:1666-1673. [PMID: 28341645 PMCID: PMC5405761 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000003867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To describe a characteristic paroxysmal eye–head movement disorder that occurs in infants with Glut1 deficiency syndrome (Glut1 DS). Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical charts of 101 patients with Glut1 DS to obtain clinical data about episodic abnormal eye movements and analyzed video recordings of 18 eye movement episodes from 10 patients. Results: A documented history of paroxysmal abnormal eye movements was found in 32/101 patients (32%), and a detailed description was available in 18 patients, presented here. Episodes started before age 6 months in 15/18 patients (83%), and preceded the onset of seizures in 10/16 patients (63%) who experienced both types of episodes. Eye movement episodes resolved, with or without treatment, by 6 years of age in 7/8 patients with documented long-term course. Episodes were brief (usually <5 minutes). Video analysis revealed that the eye movements were rapid, multidirectional, and often accompanied by a head movement in the same direction. Eye movements were separated by clear intervals of fixation, usually ranging from 200 to 800 ms. The movements were consistent with eye–head gaze saccades. These movements can be distinguished from opsoclonus by the presence of a clear intermovement fixation interval and the association of a same-direction head movement. Conclusions: Paroxysmal eye–head movements, for which we suggest the term aberrant gaze saccades, are an early symptom of Glut1 DS in infancy. Recognition of the episodes will facilitate prompt diagnosis of this treatable neurodevelopmental disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni S Pearson
- From the Colleen Giblin Research Laboratory (K.E., D.C.D.), Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Neurology (T.S.P., R.P.), Department of Ophthalmology, Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute (S.A.K.), Mahoney-Keck Center for Brain and Behavior Research (M.E.G.), Department of Neuroscience (M.E.G.), and the Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, and Ophthalmology (M.E.G.), Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (T.S.P.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Aghia Sofia Hospital, Greece; Kavli Institute for Neuroscience (M.E.G.), Columbia University; and the Division of Neurobiology and Behavior (M.E.G.), New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York.
| | - Roser Pons
- From the Colleen Giblin Research Laboratory (K.E., D.C.D.), Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Neurology (T.S.P., R.P.), Department of Ophthalmology, Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute (S.A.K.), Mahoney-Keck Center for Brain and Behavior Research (M.E.G.), Department of Neuroscience (M.E.G.), and the Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, and Ophthalmology (M.E.G.), Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (T.S.P.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Aghia Sofia Hospital, Greece; Kavli Institute for Neuroscience (M.E.G.), Columbia University; and the Division of Neurobiology and Behavior (M.E.G.), New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York.
| | - Kristin Engelstad
- From the Colleen Giblin Research Laboratory (K.E., D.C.D.), Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Neurology (T.S.P., R.P.), Department of Ophthalmology, Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute (S.A.K.), Mahoney-Keck Center for Brain and Behavior Research (M.E.G.), Department of Neuroscience (M.E.G.), and the Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, and Ophthalmology (M.E.G.), Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (T.S.P.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Aghia Sofia Hospital, Greece; Kavli Institute for Neuroscience (M.E.G.), Columbia University; and the Division of Neurobiology and Behavior (M.E.G.), New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York
| | - Steven A Kane
- From the Colleen Giblin Research Laboratory (K.E., D.C.D.), Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Neurology (T.S.P., R.P.), Department of Ophthalmology, Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute (S.A.K.), Mahoney-Keck Center for Brain and Behavior Research (M.E.G.), Department of Neuroscience (M.E.G.), and the Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, and Ophthalmology (M.E.G.), Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (T.S.P.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Aghia Sofia Hospital, Greece; Kavli Institute for Neuroscience (M.E.G.), Columbia University; and the Division of Neurobiology and Behavior (M.E.G.), New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York
| | - Michael E Goldberg
- From the Colleen Giblin Research Laboratory (K.E., D.C.D.), Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Neurology (T.S.P., R.P.), Department of Ophthalmology, Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute (S.A.K.), Mahoney-Keck Center for Brain and Behavior Research (M.E.G.), Department of Neuroscience (M.E.G.), and the Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, and Ophthalmology (M.E.G.), Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (T.S.P.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Aghia Sofia Hospital, Greece; Kavli Institute for Neuroscience (M.E.G.), Columbia University; and the Division of Neurobiology and Behavior (M.E.G.), New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York
| | - Darryl C De Vivo
- From the Colleen Giblin Research Laboratory (K.E., D.C.D.), Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Neurology (T.S.P., R.P.), Department of Ophthalmology, Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute (S.A.K.), Mahoney-Keck Center for Brain and Behavior Research (M.E.G.), Department of Neuroscience (M.E.G.), and the Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, and Ophthalmology (M.E.G.), Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (T.S.P.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; First Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Aghia Sofia Hospital, Greece; Kavli Institute for Neuroscience (M.E.G.), Columbia University; and the Division of Neurobiology and Behavior (M.E.G.), New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York
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Patel J, Mercimek-Mahmutoglu S. Epileptic Encephalopathy in Childhood: A Stepwise Approach for Identification of Underlying Genetic Causes. Indian J Pediatr 2016; 83:1164-74. [PMID: 26821542 DOI: 10.1007/s12098-015-1979-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological disorders in childhood. Epilepsy associated with global developmental delay and cognitive dysfunction is defined as epileptic encephalopathy. Certain inherited metabolic disorders presenting with epileptic encephalopathy can be treated with disease specific diet, vitamin, amino acid or cofactor supplementations. In those disorders, disease specific therapy is successful to achieve good seizure control and improve long-term neurodevelopmental outcome. For this reason, intractable epilepsy with global developmental delay or history of developmental regression warrants detailed metabolic investigations for the possibility of an underlying treatable inherited metabolic disorder, which should be undertaken as first line investigations. An underlying genetic etiology in epileptic encephalopathy has been supported by recent studies such as array comparative genomic hybridization, targeted next generation sequencing panels, whole exome and whole genome sequencing. These studies report a diagnostic yield up to 70%, depending on the applied genetic testing as well as number of patients enrolled. In patients with epileptic encephalopathy, a stepwise approach for diagnostic work-up will help to diagnose treatable inherited metabolic disorders quickly. Application of detailed genetic investigations such as targeted next generation sequencing as second line and whole exome sequencing as third line testing will diagnose underlying genetic disease which will help for genetic counseling as well as guide for prenatal diagnosis. Knowledge of underlying genetic cause will provide novel insights into the pathogenesis of epileptic encephalopathy and pave the ground towards the development of targeted neuroprotective treatment strategies to improve the health outcome of children with epileptic encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaina Patel
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Saadet Mercimek-Mahmutoglu
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X8, Canada. .,Genetics and Genome Biology Program, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Sage JM, Cura AJ, Lloyd KP, Carruthers A. Caffeine inhibits glucose transport by binding at the GLUT1 nucleotide-binding site. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2015; 308:C827-34. [PMID: 25715702 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00001.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) is the primary glucose transport protein of the cardiovascular system and astroglia. A recent study proposes that caffeine uncompetitive inhibition of GLUT1 results from interactions at an exofacial GLUT1 site. Intracellular ATP is also an uncompetitive GLUT1 inhibitor and shares structural similarities with caffeine, suggesting that caffeine acts at the previously characterized endofacial GLUT1 nucleotide-binding site. We tested this by confirming that caffeine uncompetitively inhibits GLUT1-mediated 3-O-methylglucose uptake in human erythrocytes [Vmax and Km for transport are reduced fourfold; Ki(app) = 3.5 mM caffeine]. ATP and AMP antagonize caffeine inhibition of 3-O-methylglucose uptake in erythrocyte ghosts by increasing Ki(app) for caffeine inhibition of transport from 0.9 ± 0.3 mM in the absence of intracellular nucleotides to 2.6 ± 0.6 and 2.4 ± 0.5 mM in the presence of 5 mM intracellular ATP or AMP, respectively. Extracellular ATP has no effect on sugar uptake or its inhibition by caffeine. Caffeine and ATP displace the fluorescent ATP derivative, trinitrophenyl-ATP, from the GLUT1 nucleotide-binding site, but d-glucose and the transport inhibitor cytochalasin B do not. Caffeine, but not ATP, inhibits cytochalasin B binding to GLUT1. Like ATP, caffeine renders the GLUT1 carboxy-terminus less accessible to peptide-directed antibodies, but cytochalasin B and d-glucose do not. These results suggest that the caffeine-binding site bridges two nonoverlapping GLUT1 endofacial sites-the regulatory, nucleotide-binding site and the cytochalasin B-binding site. Caffeine binding to GLUT1 mimics the action of ATP but not cytochalasin B on sugar transport. Molecular docking studies support this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay M Sage
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts; and
| | - Anthony J Cura
- Diabetes Center For Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Kenneth P Lloyd
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts; and
| | - Anthony Carruthers
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts; and
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Carruthers A, DeZutter J, Ganguly A, Devaskar SU. Will the original glucose transporter isoform please stand up! Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2009; 297:E836-48. [PMID: 19690067 PMCID: PMC2763785 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00496.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Monosaccharides enter cells by slow translipid bilayer diffusion by rapid, protein-mediated, cation-dependent cotransport and by rapid, protein-mediated equilibrative transport. This review addresses protein-mediated, equilibrative glucose transport catalyzed by GLUT1, the first equilibrative glucose transporter to be identified, purified, and cloned. GLUT1 is a polytopic, membrane-spanning protein that is one of 13 members of the human equilibrative glucose transport protein family. We review GLUT1 catalytic and ligand-binding properties and interpret these behaviors in the context of several putative mechanisms for protein-mediated transport. We conclude that no single model satisfactorily explains GLUT1 behavior. We then review GLUT1 topology, subunit architecture, and oligomeric structure and examine a new model for sugar transport that combines structural and kinetic analyses to satisfactorily reproduce GLUT1 behavior in human erythrocytes. We next review GLUT1 cell biology and the transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of GLUT1 expression in the context of development and in response to glucose perturbations and hypoxia in blood-tissue barriers. Emphasis is placed on transgenic GLUT1 overexpression and null mutant model systems, the latter serving as surrogates for the human GLUT1 deficiency syndrome. Finally, we review the role of GLUT1 in the absence or deficiency of a related isoform, GLUT3, toward establishing the physiological significance of coordination between these two isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Carruthers
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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Harris-Love MO, Siegel KL, Paul SM, Benson K. Rehabilitation management of Friedreich ataxia: lower extremity force-control variability and gait performance. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2004; 18:117-24. [PMID: 15228808 DOI: 10.1177/0888439004267241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We describe the rehabilitation management during a 12-month period of a 14-year-old female with Friedreich ataxia. Interventions included task-oriented bimanual reaching activities, functional strengthening, and gait training using a walker featuring tension-controlled wheels and a reverse-braking system. Her physical status was assessed with the Nine-Hole Peg Test, single limb stance time, manual muscle testing, self-reported falls, isometric force control testing, and 3-dimensional gait analysis in a motion-capture laboratory. Although measures of the patient's Nine-Hole Peg Test, single limb stance time, and manual muscle testing reflected minimal changes, her gait speed decreased by 69.4%. However, the force-control targeting of her dominant knee extensors showed a 43.7% increase in force variability that was concomitant with her decline in gait performance. The decrement of her initial gait speed was reduced to 42.9% on replacing the wheeled walker with the U-Step Walking Stabilizer at the end of the intervention period. Although the patient's gait remained significantly impaired, extended use of the U-Step Walking Stabilizer modestly improved her gait performance, and her rate of falls decreased from 10 to 3 per month. Our observations suggest that use of force-control testing as proxy measures of ataxia and tension-controlled gait aids show promise in the management of Friedreich ataxia and merit further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael O Harris-Love
- Physical Therapy Section, Rehabilitation Medicine Department, Warren G. Magnuson Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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