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Jaćević V, Grujić-Milanović J, Milovanović Z, Nežić L, Amidžić L, Vojinović N, Marković B, Dobričić V, Milosavljević P, Nepovimova E, Kuča K. Quantification of oxidative stress markers in the blood sera following subacute administration of different oximes in rats. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 399:111138. [PMID: 38992768 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2024.111138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Oxidative stress status, as a disruption of redox homeostasis, in the blood sera of Wistar rats caused by repeated application of selected acetylcholinesterase reactivators - asoxime, obidoxime, K027, K048, K074, and K075 were evaluated. Throughout this study, each oxime in a dose of 0.1 of LD50/kg im was given 2x/week for 4 weeks. Then, seven days after the last oximes' application, markers of lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde, MDA), and protein oxidation (advanced oxidation protein products, AOPP), as well as the activity of antioxidant enzymes (catalase, CAT, superoxide dismutase, SOD, reduced glutathione, GSH, and oxidized glutathione, GSSG), were determined. Oxidative stress parameters, MDA and AOPP were significantly highest in the K048-, K074- and K075-treated groups (p < 0.001). The activity of CAT was significantly elevated in the obidoxime-treated group (p < 0.05), while treatment with K027, K048, and K074 induced high elevation in SOD levels (p < 0.01, p < 0.001). Interestingly, the activity of GSH in each oxime-treated group was significantly elevated. Unlike, treatment with obidoxime caused elevation in GSSG levels (p < 0.01). As a continuation of our previously published data, these results assure that applied oximes following subacute treatment ameliorated the oxidative status and further adverse systemic toxic effects in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesna Jaćević
- Department for Experimental Toxicology and Pharmacology, National Poison Control Centre, Military Medical Academy, Crnotravska 17, 11040 Belgrade, Serbia; Medical Faculty of the Military Medical Academy, University of Defence, Crnotravska 17, 11040 Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Jelica Grujić-Milanović
- University of Belgrade - Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Department for Cardiovascular Research, Dr Subotića 4, 11 132, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zoran Milovanović
- Special Police Unit, Ministry of Interior, Trebevićka 12/A, 11 030 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Lana Nežić
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, Save Mrkalja 14, 78000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Ljiljana Amidžić
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, Save Mrkalja 14, 78000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina; Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, Save Mrkalja 14, 78000, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Nataša Vojinović
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, Save Mrkalja 14, 78000, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Bojan Marković
- University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11121, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vladimir Dobričić
- University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11121, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Petar Milosavljević
- Veterinary Services Center, Military Health Department, Crnotravska 17, 11040, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kuča
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, 50005, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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2
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Sudittapong B, Taylor CGP, Williams J, Griffiths RJ, Hiscock JR, Ward MD. Coordination-cage binding and catalysed hydrolysis of organophosphorus chemical warfare agent simulants. RSC Adv 2024; 14:26032-26042. [PMID: 39161455 PMCID: PMC11331485 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra04705b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The use of organophosphorus chemical warfare agents still remains an ongoing global threat. Here we investigate the binding of small-molecule organic guests including phosphate esters, sulfonate esters, carbonate esters and a sulfite ester - some of which act as simulants for organophosphorus chemical warfare agents - in the cavity of a water-soluble coordination cage. For several of these guest species, binding constants in the range 102 to 103 M-1 were determined in water/DMSO (98 : 2 v/v) solution, through a combination of fluorescence and 1H NMR spectroscopy, and subsequent fitting of titration data to a 1 : 1 binding isotherm model. For three cage/guest complexes crystallographic structure determinations were possible: in two cases (with guests phenyl methanesulfonate and phenyl propyl carbonate) the guest lies inside the cavity, forming a range of CH⋯O hydrogen-bonding interactions with the cage interior surface involving CH groups on the cationic cage surface that act as H-bond donors and O atoms on the guests that act as H-bond acceptors. In a third case, with the guest 4-nitrophenyl-methanesulfonate, the guest lies in the spaces outside a cage cavity between cages and forms weak CH⋯O interactions with the cage exterior surface: the cavity is occupied by a network of H-bonded water molecules, though this guest does show cavity binding in solution. For the isomeric guests 4-nitrophenyl-methanesulfonate and 4-nitrophenyl methyl sulfite, hydrolysis in water/DMSO (98 : 2 v/v) could be monitored colorimetrically via appearance of the 4-nitrophenolate anion; both showed accelerated hydrolysis rates in the presence of the host cage with second-order rate constants for the catalysed reactions in the range 10-3 to 10-2 M-1 s-1 at pH 9. The typical rate dependence on external pH and the increased reaction rates when chloride ions are present (which can bind inside the cavity and displace other cavity-bound guests) imply that the catalysed reaction actually occurs at the external surface of the cage rather than inside the cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - James Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Rebecca J Griffiths
- School of Chemistry and Forensic Science, University of Kent Canterbury CT2 7NH UK
| | - Jennifer R Hiscock
- School of Chemistry and Forensic Science, University of Kent Canterbury CT2 7NH UK
| | - Michael D Ward
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
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3
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Fan S, Burn PL, Gentle IR, Shaw PE. Effect of Silyl Ether Bulk on Excited-State Intramolecular Proton Transfer-Based Sensing of Extant Hydrogen Fluoride for G-Series Nerve Agent Detection. ACS Sens 2024. [PMID: 39133300 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.4c00341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Luminescence-based sensing provides a method for the rapid detection of nerve agents. Previous approaches have generally focused on sensing materials containing a nucleophilic group that can react with the electrophilic phosphorus atom found in nerve agents. Herein we report an alternative approach for the detection of phosphonofluoridate-based G-series nerve agents that utilizes the fact they contain hydrogen fluoride. We have developed silylated sensing materials based on an excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) reporter compound, 2-[benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl]phenol. Thin films of differently silylated 2-[benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl]phenol were found to react with the hydrogen fluoride found in di-iso-propyl fluorophosphate (DFP), a simulant of sarin (G-series nerve agent), and turn on the ESIPT emission of the reporter compound. The use of the ESIPT emission reduced the impact of background fluorescence and improved the sensitivity of the detection. The effectiveness of the approach was dependent on the stability of the silyl protecting group used, with the least sterically hindered (trimethylsilyl) found to be too unstable to the ambient environment while the most sterically hindered, e.g., tri-iso-propylsilyl and tert-butyldiphenylsilyl were found to be insufficiently reactive to be useful in a real detection scenario. The sensing material composed of the tert-butyl dimethylsilyl protected 2-[benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl]phenol was found to have the best balance between stability under ambient conditions, and reactivity and selectivity to hydrogen fluoride. In a 3 s exposure, it could detect hydrogen fluoride down to a concentration of around 23 ppm in DFP with 99% purity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengqiang Fan
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics (COPE), School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Paul L Burn
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics (COPE), School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Ian R Gentle
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics (COPE), School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Paul E Shaw
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics (COPE), School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
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4
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Puglisi R, Santonocito R, Pappalardo A, Trusso Sfrazzetto G. Smart Sensing of Nerve Agents. Chempluschem 2024; 89:e202400098. [PMID: 38647287 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202400098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The recent international scenario highlights the importance to protect human health and environmental quality from toxic compounds. In this context, organophosphorous (OP) Nerve Agents (NAs) have received particular attention, due to their use in terrorist attacks. Classical instrumental detection techniques are sensitive and selective, but they cannot be used in real field due to the high cost, specialized personnel requested and huge size. For these reasons, the development of practical, easy and fast detection methods (smart methods) is the future of this field. Indeed, starting from initial sensing research, based on optical and/or electrical sensors, today the development and use of smart strategies to detect NAs is the current state of the art. This review summarizes the smart strategies to detect NAs, highlighting some important parameters, such as linearity, limit of detection and selectivity. Furthermore, some critical comments of the future on this field, and in particular, the problems to be solved before a real application of these methods, are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Puglisi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - Rossella Santonocito
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - Andrea Pappalardo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
- INSTM Udr of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Trusso Sfrazzetto
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
- INSTM Udr of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
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Hyun Y, Oh G, Lee J, Jung H, Kim MK, Choi JI. Bayesian predictive modeling for gas purification using breakthrough curves. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 472:134311. [PMID: 38691989 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
This study proposes a predictive model for assessing adsorber performance in gas purification processes, specifically targeting the removal of chemical warfare agents (CWAs) using breakthrough curve analysis. Conventional parameter estimation methods, such as Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis, encounter challenges due to the limited availability of kinetic and equilibrium data for CWAs. To overcome these challenges, we implement a Bayesian parametric inference method, facilitating direct parameter estimation from breakthrough curves. The model's efficacy is confirmed by applying it to H2S purification in a fixed-bed setup, where predicted breakthrough curves aligned closely with previous experimental and numerical studies. Furthermore, the model is applied to sarin with ASZM-TEDA carbon, estimating key parameters that could not be assessed through conventional experimental techniques. The reconstructed breakthrough curves closely match actual measurements, highlighting the model's accuracy and robustness. This study not only enhances filter performance prediction for CWAs but also offers a streamlined approach for evaluating gas purification technologies under limited experimental data conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yesol Hyun
- School of Mathematics and Computing (Computational Science and Engineering), Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Geunwoo Oh
- School of Mathematics and Computing (Computational Science and Engineering), Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeheon Lee
- Chem-Bio Center, Agency for Defense Development, Daejeon 34186, Republic of Korea
| | - Heesoo Jung
- Chem-Bio Center, Agency for Defense Development, Daejeon 34186, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Kun Kim
- Chem-Bio Center, Agency for Defense Development, Daejeon 34186, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jung-Il Choi
- School of Mathematics and Computing (Computational Science and Engineering), Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
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6
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Kaiser J, Gertzen CGW, Bernauer T, Nitsche V, Höfner G, Niessen KV, Seeger T, Paintner FF, Wanner KT, Steinritz D, Worek F, Gohlke H. Identification of ligands binding to MB327-PAM-1, a binding pocket relevant for resensitization of nAChRs. Toxicol Lett 2024; 398:91-104. [PMID: 38768836 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2024.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Desensitization of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) can be induced by overstimulation with acetylcholine (ACh) caused by an insufficient degradation of ACh after poisoning with organophosphorus compounds (OPCs). Currently, there is no generally applicable treatment for OPC poisoning that directly targets the desensitized nAChR. The bispyridinium compound MB327, an allosteric modulator of nAChR, has been shown to act as a resensitizer of nAChRs, indicating that drugs binding directly to nAChRs can have beneficial effects after OPC poisoning. However, MB327 also acts as an inhibitor of nAChRs at higher concentrations and can thus not be used for OPC poisoning treatment. Consequently, novel, more potent resensitizers are required. To successfully design novel ligands, the knowledge of the binding site is of utmost importance. Recently, we performed in silico studies to identify a new potential binding site of MB327, MB327-PAM-1, for which a more affine ligand, UNC0646, has been described. In this work, we performed ligand-based screening approaches to identify novel analogs of UNC0646 to help further understand the structure-affinity relationship of this compound class. Furthermore, we used structure-based screenings and identified compounds representing four new chemotypes binding to MB327-PAM-1. One of these compounds, cycloguanil, is the active metabolite of the antimalaria drug proguanil and shows a higher affinity towards MB327-PAM-1 than MB327. Furthermore, cycloguanil can reestablish the muscle force in soman-inhibited rat muscles. These results can act as a starting point to develop more potent resensitizers of nAChR and to close the gap in the treatment after OPC poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesko Kaiser
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christoph G W Gertzen
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tamara Bernauer
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Valentin Nitsche
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Georg Höfner
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Karin V Niessen
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Seeger
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Munich, Germany
| | - Franz F Paintner
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Klaus T Wanner
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Dirk Steinritz
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Munich, Germany
| | - Franz Worek
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Munich, Germany
| | - Holger Gohlke
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Institute of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-4: Bioinformatics), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany.
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7
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Jiang PY, Yuan L, Liu DX, Yu HL, Bi XJ, Lv Q, Yang Y, Liu CC. Revealing nitrogenous VX metabolites and the whole-molecule VX metabolism in the urine of guinea pigs. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 471:134400. [PMID: 38691927 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
VX, a well-known organophosphorus nerve agent (OPNA), poses a significant threat to public safety if employed by terrorists. Obtaining complete metabolites is critical to unequivocally confirm its alleged use/exposure and elucidate its whole-molecular metabolism. However, the nitrogenous VX metabolites containing 2-diisopropylaminoethyl moiety from urinary excretion remain unknown. Therefore, this study applied a newly developed untargeted workflow platform to discover and identify them using VX-exposed guinea pigs as animal models. 2-(N,N-diisopropylamino)ethanesulfonic acid (DiPSA) was revealed as a novel nitrogenous VX metabolite in urine, and 2-(Diisopropylaminoethyl) methyl sulfide (DAEMS) was confirmed as another in plasma, indicating that VX metabolism differed between urine and plasma. It is the first report of a nitrogenous VX metabolite in urine and a complete elucidation of the VX metabolic pathway. DiPSA was evaluated as an excellent VX exposure biomarker. The whole-molecule VX metabolism in urine was characterized entirely for the first time via the simultaneous quantification of DiPSA and two known P-based biomarkers. About 52.1% and 32.4% of VX were excreted in urine as P-based and nitrogenous biomarkers within 24 h. These findings provide valuable insights into the unambiguous detection of OPNA exposure/intoxication and human and environmental exposure risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Yu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Ling Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Dong-Xin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Hui-Lan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Bi
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Qiao Lv
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Chang-Cai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China.
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8
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Shi R, Zhang L, Ma D, Cao Z. Elucidating the degradation mechanism of the nerve agent A-234 using various detergents: a theoretical investigation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:15292-15300. [PMID: 38767519 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00881b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
A-234 (ethyl N-[1-(diethylamino)ethylidene]phosphoramidofluoridate) is one of the highly toxic Novichok nerve agents, and its efficient degradation is of significant importance. The possible degradation mechanisms of A-234 by H2O, H2O2, NH3, and their combinations have been extensively investigated by using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. According to the initial intermolecular interaction and the proton transfer patterns between the detergent and the substrate A-234, the A-234 degradation reaction is classified into three categories, denoted as A, B, and C. In modes A and B, the degradation of A-234 by H2O2, H2O, and NH3 is initiated by the nucleophilic attack of the O or N atom of the detergent on the P atom of A-234, coupled with the proton transfer from the detergent to the O or N atom of A-234, whereas in mode C, the direct interaction of H2N-H with the F-P bond of A-234 triggers ammonolysis through a one-step mechanism with the formation of H-F and N-P bonds. Perhydrolysis and hydrolysis of A-234 can be remarkably promoted by introducing the auxiliary NH3, and the timely formed hydrogen bond network among detergent, auxiliary, and substrate molecules is responsible for the enhancement of degradation efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongxin Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China.
| | - Lin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China.
| | - Denghui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China.
- School of New Energy, Ningbo University of Technology, Ningbo, 315336, China
| | - Zexing Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China.
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9
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Saya L, Ratandeep, Arya B, Rastogi K, Verma M, Rani S, Sahu PK, Singh MR, Singh WR, Hooda S. Recent advances in sensing toxic nerve agents through DMMP model simulant using diverse nanomaterials-based chemical sensors. Talanta 2024; 272:125785. [PMID: 38394750 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.125785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Recent terrorist assaults have demonstrated the need for the exploration and design of sustainable and stable chemical sensors with quick reaction times combined with great sensitivity. Among several classes of chemical warfare agents, nerve agents have been proven to be the most hazardous. Even short-term exposure to them can result in severe toxic effects. Human beings inadvertently face the after-effects of these chemicals even several years after these chemicals were used. Due to the extreme toxicity and difficulty in handling, dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP), a simulant of nerve agents with much lesser toxicity, is frequently used in laboratories as a substitute. Having a chemical structure almost identical to those of nerve agents, DMMP can mimic the properties of nerve agents. Through this paper, authors have attempted to introduce the evolution of several chemical sensors used to detect DMMP in recent years, including field-effect transistors, chemicapacitors, chemiresistors, and mass-sensitive sensors. A detailed discussion of the role of nanomaterials as chemical sensors in the detection of DMMP has been the main focus of the work through a comprehensive overview of the research on gas sensors that have been reported making use of the properties of a wide range of nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laishram Saya
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara College (University of Delhi), Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi 110021, India; Department of Chemistry, Manipur University, Canchipur, Imphal 795003, Manipur, India; Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Acharya Narendra Dev College (University of Delhi), Govindpuri, Kalkaji, New Delhi, 110019, India.
| | - Ratandeep
- School of Chemical Sciences and Advanced Materials Research Center, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Kamand, Mandi 175075, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Bipasa Arya
- Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Acharya Narendra Dev College (University of Delhi), Govindpuri, Kalkaji, New Delhi, 110019, India
| | - Kanjika Rastogi
- Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Acharya Narendra Dev College (University of Delhi), Govindpuri, Kalkaji, New Delhi, 110019, India
| | - Manisha Verma
- Department of Physics, Acharya Narendra Dev College, (University of Delhi), Govindpuri, Kalkaji, New Delhi, 110019, India
| | - Sanjeeta Rani
- Department of Physics, Acharya Narendra Dev College, (University of Delhi), Govindpuri, Kalkaji, New Delhi, 110019, India
| | - Prasanta Kumar Sahu
- Department of Chemistry, Shivaji College, (University of Delhi), Raja Garden, New Delhi, 110027, India
| | - M Ramananda Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Kirorimal College, (University of Delhi), Delhi, 110007, India
| | - W Rameshwor Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Manipur University, Canchipur, Imphal 795003, Manipur, India.
| | - Sunita Hooda
- Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Acharya Narendra Dev College (University of Delhi), Govindpuri, Kalkaji, New Delhi, 110019, India.
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10
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Song J, Lu H, Liu M, Hu H, Jiang J, Zhang L, Li H. Dopant Enhanced Conjugated Polymer Thin Film for Low-Power, Flexible and Wearable DMMP Sensor. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2308595. [PMID: 38050930 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202308595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated polymer has the potential to be applied on flexible devices as an active layer, but further investigation is still hindered by poor conductivity and mechanical stability. Here, this work demonstrates a dopant-enhanced conductive polymer thin film and its application in dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) sensor. Among five comparable polymers this work employs, poly(bisdodecylthioquaterthiophene) (PQTS12) achieves the highest doping efficiency after doped by FeCl3, with the conductivity increasing by about five orders of magnitude. The changes in Young's modulus are also considered to optimize the conductivity and flexibility of this thin film, and finally the decay of conductivity is only 9.2% after 3000 times of mechanical bending. This work applies this thin film as the active layer of the DMMP gas sensor, which could be operated under 1 mV driving voltage and 28 nW power consumption, with a sustainable durability against bending and compression. In addition, this sensor is provided with alarm capability while exposed to the DMMP atmospheres at different hazard levels. This work expects that this general approach could offer solutions for the fabrication of low-power and flexible gas sensors, and provide guidance for next-generation wearable devices with broader applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Song
- School of microelectronics, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 201800, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 201800, China
| | - Huimin Lu
- School of microelectronics, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 201800, China
| | - Meng Liu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Hong Hu
- School of microelectronics, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 201800, China
| | - Jingyan Jiang
- College of Big data and Internet, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, 518118, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of microelectronics, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 201800, China
| | - Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructures, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
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11
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Tohora N, Ahamed S, Mahato M, Sultana T, Chourasia J, Maiti A, Das SK. Highly specific and sensitive chromo-fluorogenic detection of sarin, tabun, and mustard gas stimulants: a multianalyte recognition approach. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2024; 23:763-780. [PMID: 38519812 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-024-00553-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Nerve agents are the most notorious substances, which can be fatal to an individual because they block the activity of acetylcholinesterase. Fighting against unpredictable terrorist assaults and wars requires the simple and quick detection of chemical warfare agent vapor. In the present contribution, we have introduced a rhodamine-based chemosensor, BDHA, for the detection of nerve gas-mimicking agents diethylchlorophosphate (DCP) and diethylcyanophosphonate (DCNP) and mustard gas-mimicking agent 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES), both in the liquid and vapor phase. Probe BDHA provides the ability for detection by the naked eye in terms of colorimetric and fluorometric changes. It has been revealed that the interaction between nerve agents mimics and probe BDHA facilitates spirolactam ring opening due to the phosphorylation process. Thus, the highly fluorescent and colored species developed while probe BDHA is colorless and non-fluorescent due to the intramolecular spirolactam ring. Moreover, probe BDHA can effectively recognize DCP, DCNP, and CEES in the µM range despite many toxic analytes and could be identified based on the response times and quantum yield values. Inexpensive, easily carried paper strips-based test kits were developed for the quick, on-location solid and vapor phase detection of these mustard gas imitating agents (CEES) and nerve gas mimicking agents (DCP and DCNP) without needing expensive equipment or skilled personnel. More remarkably, the test strips' color and fluorescence can be rapidly restored, exposing them to triethyl amine (TEA) for cyclic use, suggesting a potential application in the real-time identification of chemical warfare agents. To accomplish the on-location application of BDHA, we have experimented with soil samples to find traces of DCP. Therefore, the chromo-fluorogenic probe BDHA is a promising, instantaneous, and on-the-spot monitoring tool for the selective detection of DCP, DCNP, and CEES in the presence of others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najmin Tohora
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, Darjeeling, West Bengal, 734013, India
| | - Sabbir Ahamed
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, Darjeeling, West Bengal, 734013, India
| | - Manas Mahato
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, Darjeeling, West Bengal, 734013, India
| | - Tuhina Sultana
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, Darjeeling, West Bengal, 734013, India
| | - Jyoti Chourasia
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, Darjeeling, West Bengal, 734013, India
| | - Arpita Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, Darjeeling, West Bengal, 734013, India
| | - Sudhir Kumar Das
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, Darjeeling, West Bengal, 734013, India.
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12
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Mahmoudi F, Shahraki M. Computational study of inclusion complexes of V-type nerve agents (VE, VG, VM, VR and VX) with β-cyclodextrin. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:2681-2697. [PMID: 37144740 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2208226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The effective detoxification of organophosphate (OP) nerve agents (OPNAs) is a challenging issue for scientists. The host-guest inclusion complexes of five V-type nerve agents (VE, VG, VM, VR and VX) with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) have been studied by combining quantum mechanical (QM) calculations and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The frontier molecular orbital (FMO) and molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) have been analyzed to describe the reactivity parameters and electronic properties. The obtained results clearly reveal that stable complexes were formed in both vacuum and water media, and the complexation process occurred spontaneously. To understand non-covalent interactions, natural bond orbital (NBO) and quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) have been used. IR and Raman spectra have been calculated to confirm the formation of complexes and also thermodynamic parameters have been investigated. It was demonstrated that in addition to van der Waals interactions, the presence of intermolecular hydrogen bonds enhances the stability of these complexes. Furthermore, MD simulations were carried out to get a better insight into the inclusion process of the above complexes. From MD simulations, all simulated systems reached full equilibration at 1000 ps and the V-agent molecules consistently remained in the β-CD cavity and only had vibrational motion inside the cavity. More importantly, MD simulations support the findings of QM calculations and indicate that hydrogen bonding can help the leaving groups of V-agents to be released and them to be hydrolyzed. All results have shown that the VR agent formed the most stable complex with β-CD molecule than that of other agents.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Mahmoudi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Mehdi Shahraki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran
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13
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Mahato M, Sultana T, Maiti A, Ahamed S, Tohora N, Ghanta S, Das SK. Highly selective and sensitive chromogenic recognition of sarin gas mimicking diethylchlorophosphate. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:1371-1382. [PMID: 38349024 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay02306k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
The high-level toxic effects of organophosphate (OP) nerve agents severely threaten national security and public health. Generating trustworthy, accurate methods for quickly identifying these poisonous chemicals is urgently necessary. In this study, we have presented an azine-based colorimetric sensor (HBD) for the highly sensitive and selective identification of poisonous sarin gas surrogate diethylchlorophosphate (DCP). Our introduced sensor shows a purple color in contact with DCP, which is fully reversible upon the addition of triethylamine (TEA). The detection limit of our sensor for the toxic nerve agent mimic DCP is in the μM range. We have fabricated a test kit to verify the capability of HBD for on-the-spot identification of DCP to execute its practical use. To prove that HBD is an effective chemosensor, dip-stick investigation was conducted to detect DCP in the vaporous stage in the presence of different OPs, inorganic phosphates (IPs), and many other deadly analytes. A cellphone-based display method was also undertaken for on-the-spot recognition and measurement of DCP in isolated regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manas Mahato
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, Darjeeling, West Bengal 734013, India.
| | - Tuhina Sultana
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, Darjeeling, West Bengal 734013, India.
| | - Arpita Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, Darjeeling, West Bengal 734013, India.
| | - Sabbir Ahamed
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, Darjeeling, West Bengal 734013, India.
| | - Najmin Tohora
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, Darjeeling, West Bengal 734013, India.
| | - Susanta Ghanta
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Agartala, Barjala, Jirania, Tripura 799046, India
| | - Sudhir Kumar Das
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, Darjeeling, West Bengal 734013, India.
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14
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Shah EJ, Grunwald WC, Garrett TL, Brown TL, Cool DR. Sarin-Induced Neuroinflammation in Mouse Brain Is Attenuated by the Caspase Inhibitor Q-VD-OPh. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2024; 388:367-375. [PMID: 37918856 PMCID: PMC10801781 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.123.001820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Organophosphates cause hyperstimulation of the central nervous system, leading to extended seizures, convulsions, and brain damage. Sarin is a highly toxic organophosphate nerve agent that has been employed in several terrorist attacks. The prolonged toxicity of sarin may be enhanced by the neuroinflammatory response initiated by the inflammasome, caspase involvement, and generation/release of proinflammatory cytokines. Since neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation are prevalent in sarin-exposed animals, we were interested in evaluating the capacity of quinolyl-valyl-O-methylaspartyl-[-2,6-difluorophenoxy]-methyl ketone (Q-VD-OPh), a pan caspase inhibitor to attenuate neuroinflammation following sarin exposure. To test this hypothesis, sarin-exposed C57BL/6 mice were treated with Q-VD-OPh or negative control quinolyl-valyl-O-methylglutamyl-[-2,6-difluorophenoxy]-methyl ketone, sacrificed at 2- and 14-day time points, followed by removal of the amygdala and hippocampus. A Bio-Rad 23-Plex cytokine analysis was completed on each tissue. The results suggest that exposure to sarin induced a dramatic increase in interleukin-1β and 6 other cytokines and a decrease in 2 of the 23 cytokines at 2 days in the amygdala compared with controls. Q-VD-OPh attenuated these changes at the 2-day time point. At 14 days, six of these cytokines were still significantly different from controls. Hippocampus was less affected at both time points. Diazepam, a neuroprotective drug against nerve agents, caused an increase in several cytokines but did not have a synergistic effect with Q-VD-OPh. Treatment of sarin exposure with apoptosis inhibitors appears to be a worthwhile approach for further testing as a comprehensive counteragent against organophosphate exposure. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: A pan inhibitor of caspases (Q-VD-OPh) was proposed as a potential antidote for sarin-induced neuroinflammation by reducing the level of inflammation via inflammasome caspase inhibition. Q-VD-OPh added at 30 minutes post-sarin exposure attenuated the inflammatory response of a number of cytokines and chemokines in the amygdala and hippocampus, two brain regions sensitive to organophosphate exposure. Apoptotic marker reduction at 2 and 14 days further supports further testing of inhibitors of apoptosis as a means to lessen extended organophosphate toxicity in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekta J Shah
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology (E.J.S., W.C.G, T.L.G., D.R.C) and Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Physiology (T.L.G., T.L.B.), Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio
| | - William C Grunwald
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology (E.J.S., W.C.G, T.L.G., D.R.C) and Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Physiology (T.L.G., T.L.B.), Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio
| | - Teresa L Garrett
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology (E.J.S., W.C.G, T.L.G., D.R.C) and Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Physiology (T.L.G., T.L.B.), Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio
| | - Thomas L Brown
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology (E.J.S., W.C.G, T.L.G., D.R.C) and Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Physiology (T.L.G., T.L.B.), Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio
| | - David R Cool
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology (E.J.S., W.C.G, T.L.G., D.R.C) and Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Physiology (T.L.G., T.L.B.), Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio
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15
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Qu G, Zhao Y, Zhang Q, Wu J, Li X, Yang Y, Liu S. Magnetic mesoporous Fe 3O 4@ nSiO 2@ mSiO 2 nanoparticles for high-throughput mass spectrometry detection of hydrolyzed products of organophosphorus nerve agents. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:301-313. [PMID: 38115807 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay01785k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Rapid and accurate detection of hydrolyzed products of organophosphorus nerve agents (OPNAs) is an important method to effectively confirm the use of these agents. OPNAs are rapidly hydrolyzed to the methyl phosphonates (MPs) in the environment, which can be used as environmental traceability marker for OPNAs. Herein, magnetic mesoporous materials combined with real-time in situ mass spectrometry (MS) were used to achieve high-throughput detection of MPs. Novel magnetic mesoporous nanoparticles Fe3O4@nSiO2@mSiO2 were synthesized via co-condensation of tetraethyl orthosilicate and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) on the surface of nonporous silica-coated Fe3O4 under alkaline conditions. CTAB templates were removed by the reflux of ethanol (0.0375 mM ammonium nitrate) to form mesoporous SiO2, which has a large specific surface area of 549 m2 g-1 and an excellent magnetization strength of 59.6 emu g-1. A quick, cost-effective, rugged, and safe magnetic preparation method, magnetic QuEChERS, was established with magnetic mesoporous nanoparticles (Fe3O4@nSiO2@mSiO2) as adsorption materials for direct analysis in real-time and tandem MS (DART-MS/MS) of MPs in environmental samples. The method exhibits good linearity (R2 > 0.992) in the range of 20.0-4.00 μg mL-1, the limits of detection were <5.00 ng mL-1, the limits of quantification were <20.0 ng mL-1, and the extraction recoveries were 70.2-98.1%, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) in the range of 1.97-10.6%. Additionally, using this method, analysis of 70 environmental samples could be completed within 20 min. Then, the M-QuEChERS-DART-MS/MS method was applied to the 52nd Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) environmental spiked samples analysis, where the accuracy was 95.2-116%, and the RSD was 1.16-7.83%. The results demonstrated that Fe3O4@nSiO2@mSiO2 based on the QuEChERS method can quickly and efficiently remove the matrix of environmental samples and when coupled with the DART-MS/MS can achieve high-throughput determination of MPs in environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Qu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, P. R. China.
| | - Yuxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, P. R. China.
| | - Qiaoli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, P. R. China.
| | - Jina Wu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaosen Li
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, P. R. China.
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, P. R. China.
| | - Shilei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, P. R. China.
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16
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Fan S, Loch AS, Vongsanga K, Dennison GH, Burn PL, Gentle IR, Shaw PE. Differentiating Between V- and G-Series Nerve Agent and Simulant Vapours Using Fluorescent Film Responses. SMALL METHODS 2023:e2301048. [PMID: 37932024 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202301048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
In-field rapid and reliable identification of nerve agents is critical for the protection of Defence and National Security personnel as well as communities. Fluorescence-based detectors can be portable and provide rapid detection of chemical threats. However, most current approaches cannot differentiate between dilute vapors of nerve agent classes and are susceptible to false positives due to the presence of common acids. Here a fluorescence-based method is shown for rapid differentiation between the V-series and phosphonofluoridate G-series nerve agents and avoids false positives due to common acids. Differentiation is achieved through harnessing two different mechanisms. Detection of the V-series is achieved using photoinduced hole transfer whereby the fluorescence of the sensing material is quenched in the presence of the V-series agent. The G-series is detected using a turn-on mechanism in which a silylated excited state intramolecular proton transfer sensing molecule is selectively deprotected by hydrogen fluoride, which is typically found as a contaminant and/or breakdown product in G-series agents such as sarin. The strategy provided discrimination between classes, as the sensor for the G-series agent class is insensitive to the V-series agent, and vice versa, and neither responded to common acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengqiang Fan
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics (COPE), School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Alex S Loch
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics (COPE), School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Kylie Vongsanga
- CBRN Defence Branch, Sensors and Effectors Division, Defence Science and Technology Group, Fishermans Bend, VIC, 3207, Australia
| | - Genevieve H Dennison
- CBRN Defence Branch, Sensors and Effectors Division, Defence Science and Technology Group, Fishermans Bend, VIC, 3207, Australia
- Electro Optic Sensing and Electromagnetic Warfare, Sensors and Effectors Division, Defence Science and Technology Group, Edinburgh, SA, 5111, Australia
| | - Paul L Burn
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics (COPE), School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Ian R Gentle
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics (COPE), School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Paul E Shaw
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics (COPE), School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
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17
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Jaćević V, Dumanović J, Grujić-Milanović J, Milovanović Z, Amidžić L, Vojinović N, Nežić L, Marković B, Dobričić V, Milosavljević P, Nepovimova E, Kuča K. Oxidative stress status assessment of rats' brains injury following subacute exposure to K-oximes. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 383:110658. [PMID: 37572873 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress status and morphological injuries in the brain of Wistar rats induced by repeated application of selected acetylcholinesterase reactivators - asoxime, obidoxime, K027, K048, K074, and K075 were evaluated. Each oxime in a dose of 0.1 of LD50/kg im was given 2x/week for 4 weeks. Markers of lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde, MDA), and protein oxidation (advanced oxidation protein products, AOPP), as well as the activity of antioxidant enzymes (catalase, CAT, superoxide dismutase, SOD, glutathione reductase, GR, and glutathione peroxidase, GPx), were estimated in the brain tissue homogenates on day 35 of the study. Brain alterations were carefully quantified by semiquantitative grading scales - brain damage score (BDS). Oxidative stress parameters, MDA and AOPP were significantly highest in the asoxime-, obidoxime- and K075-treated groups (p < 0.001). The activity of SOD and CAT was significantly elevated in the obidoxime-, K048-, and K075-treated groups (p < 0.001). Besides, GR was markedly decreased in the obidoxime- and K074-treated groups (p < 0.01), while treatment with K048, K074 and K075 induced extremely high elevation in GPx levels (p < 0.001). In the same groups of rats, brain alterations associated with polymorphonuclear cell infiltrate were significantly more severe than those observed in animals receiving only asoxime or K027 (p < 0.001). The presented results confirmed that treatment with different oximes significantly improved the oxidative status and attenuated signs of inflammation in rats' brains. Presented results, together with our previously published data can help to predict likely adverse systemic toxic effects, and target organ systems, which are crucial for establishing risk categories, as well as in dose selection of K-oximes as drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesna Jaćević
- Department for Experimental Toxicology and Pharmacology, National Poison Control Centre, Military Medical Academy, Crnotravska 17, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia; Medical Faculty of the Military Medical Academy, University of Defence, Crnotravska 17, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Jelena Dumanović
- Medical Faculty of the Military Medical Academy, University of Defence, Crnotravska 17, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia; University of Belgrade - Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry Studenski trg 16, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelica Grujić-Milanović
- University of Belgrade - Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Department for Cardiovascular Research, Dr Subotića 4, 11 000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zoran Milovanović
- Special Police Unit, Ministry of Interior, Trebevićka 12/A, 11 030, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ljiljana Amidžić
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, Save Mrkalja 14, 78000, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina; Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, Save Mrkalja 14, 78000, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Nataša Vojinović
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, Save Mrkalja 14, 78000, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Lana Nežić
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, Save Mrkalja 14, 78000, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Bojan Marković
- University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vladimir Dobričić
- University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Petar Milosavljević
- Veterinary Services Center, Military Health Department, Crnotravska 17, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kuča
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, 50005, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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18
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Dorrat JC, Young RJ, Taylor CGP, Tipping MB, Blok AJ, Turner DR, McKay AI, Ovenden S, Ward MD, Dennison GH, Tuck KL. The preservation of sarin and O, O'-diisopropyl fluorophosphate inside coordination cage hosts. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:11802-11814. [PMID: 37272072 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt01378b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The host-guest chemistry of O,O'-diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP), a phosphonofluoridate G-series chemical warfare agent simulant, was investigated in the presence of a number of octanuclear cubic coordination cage hosts. The aim was to demonstrate cage-catalysed hydrolysis of DFP at near neutral pH: however, two octanuclear coordination cages, HPEG (containing water-solubilising PEG groups) and HW (containing water-solubilising hydroxymethyl groups), were actually found to increase the lifetime of DFP in aqueous buffer solution (pH 8.7). Crystallographic analysis of DFP with a structurally related host cage revealed that DFP binds to windows in the cage surface, not in the internal cavity. The phosphorus-fluorine bond is directed into the cavity rather than towards the external environment, with the cage/DFP association protecting DFP from hydrolysis. Initial studies with the chemical warfare agent (CWA) sarin (GB) with HPEG cage in a buffered solution also showed a drastically reduced rate of hydrolysis for sarin when bound in the host cage. The ability of these cages to inhibit hydrolysis of these P-F bond containing organophosphorus guests, by encapsulation, may have applications in forensic sample preservation and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack C Dorrat
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia.
| | - Rosemary J Young
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia.
| | | | - Max B Tipping
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Andrew J Blok
- CBRN Defence Branch, Sensors and Effectors Division, Defence Science and Technology Group, Fishermans Bend, VIC, 3207, Australia
| | - David R Turner
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia.
| | - Alasdair I McKay
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia.
| | - Simon Ovenden
- CBRN Defence Branch, Sensors and Effectors Division, Defence Science and Technology Group, Fishermans Bend, VIC, 3207, Australia
| | - Michael D Ward
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Genevieve H Dennison
- CBRN Defence Branch, Sensors and Effectors Division, Defence Science and Technology Group, Fishermans Bend, VIC, 3207, Australia
- Weapon Seekers and Tactical Sensors Branch, Sensors and Effectors Division, Defence Science and Technology Group, Edinburgh, SA, 5111, Australia.
| | - Kellie L Tuck
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia.
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19
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Liu CC, Liang LH, Yan L, Chen B, Liu XJ, Yang Y, Liu SL, Xi HL. Generic detection of organophosphorus nerve agent adducts to butyrylcholinesterase in plasma using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry combined with an improved procainamide-gel separation and pepsin digestion method. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1697:463990. [PMID: 37075496 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.463990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus nerve agent (OPNA) adducts to butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) can be applied to confirm exposure in humans. A sensitive method for generic detection of G- and V-series OPNA adducts to BChE in plasma was developed by combining an improved procainamide-gel separation (PGS) and pepsin digestion protocol with ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Residual matrix interferences from prior PGS purification of OPNA-BChE adducts from plasma were found to be a critical cause of significantly reduced UHPLC-MS/MS detection sensitivity. In our developed on-column PGS approach, the matrix interference was successfully removed by adding an appropriate concentration of NaCl to the washing buffer, and it could capture ≥92.5% of the BChE in plasma. The lower pH value and the longer digestion time in all previous pepsin digestion methods were found to be a key accelerated aging factor of several adducts such as tabun (GA)-, cyclohexylsarin (GF)-, and soman (GD)-BChE nonapeptide adducts, making them difficult to detect. The aging event of several OPNA-BChE nonapeptide adducts was so successfully addressed that the formic acid level in enzymatic buffer and digestion time were lowered to 0.05% (pH 2.67) and 0.5 h, respectively, and the post-digestion reaction was immediately terminated. The improved condition parameters were optimal for pepsin digestion of all types of OPNA-BChE adducts into their individual unaged nonapeptide adducts with the highest yields, expanding the applicability of the method. The method had a nearly one-fold decrease in sample preparation time through the reduction of digestion time and removal of ultrafiltration procedure after digestion. The limit of identification (LOI) were determined respectively as 0.13 ng mL-1, 0.28 ng mL-1, 0.50 ng mL-1, 0.41 ng mL-1 and 0.91 ng mL-1 for VX-, sarin (GB)-, GA-, GF-, and GD-exposed human plasma, being low exposure value compared to previously documented approaches. The approach was utilized to fully characterize the adducted (aged and unaged) BChE levels of five OPNAs in a series of their individual exposed concentration (1.00-400 nM) of plasma sample, and successfully detect OPNA exposure from all unknown plasma samples from OPCW's second and third biomedical proficiency tests. The OPNA-BChE adducts, their aged adducts, and unadducted BChE from OPNA-exposed plasma can simultaneously be measured using the method. The study provides a recommended diagnostic tool for generic verification of any OPNA exposure with high confidence by detecting its corresponding BChE adduct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Cai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Long-Hui Liang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Long Yan
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Bo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Xiu-Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Shi-Lei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China.
| | - Hai-Ling Xi
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China.
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20
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Shih TM. A novel genetically modified mouse seizure model for evaluating anticonvulsive and neuroprotective efficacy of an A 1 adenosine receptor agonist following soman intoxication. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2023; 464:116437. [PMID: 36849019 PMCID: PMC10228141 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2023.116437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
Recently a novel humanized mouse strain has been successfully generated, in which serum carboxylesterase (CES) knock out (KO) mice (Es1-/-) were further genetically modified by knocking in (KI), or adding, the gene that encodes the human form of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). The resulting human AChE KI and serum CES KO (or KIKO) mouse strain should not only exhibit organophosphorus nerve agent (NA) intoxication in a manner more similar to humans, but also display AChE-specific treatment responses more closely mimicking those of humans to facilitate data translation to pre-clinic trials. In this study, we utilized the KIKO mouse to develop a seizure model for NA medical countermeasure investigation, and then applied it to evaluate the anticonvulsant and neuroprotectant (A/N) efficacy of a specific A1 adenosine receptor (A1AR) agonist, N-bicyclo-(2.2.1)hept-2-yl-5'-chloro-5'-deoxyadenosine (ENBA), which has been shown in a rat seizure model to be a potent A/N compound. Male mice surgically implanted with cortical electroencephalographic (EEG) electrodes a week earlier were pretreated with HI-6 and challenged with various doses (26 to 47 μg/kg, SC) of soman (GD) to determine a minimum effective dose (MED) that induced sustained status epilepticus (SSE) activity in 100% of animals while causing minimum lethality at 24 h. The GD dose selected was then used to investigate the MED doses of ENBA when given either immediately following SSE initiation (similar to wartime military first aid application) or at 15 min after ongoing SSE seizure activity (applicable to civilian chemical attack emergency triage). The selected GD dose of 33 μg/kg (1.4 x LD50) generated SSE in 100% of KIKO mice and produced only 30% mortality. ENBA at a dose as little as 10 mg/kg, IP, caused isoelectric EEG activity within minutes after administration in naïve un-exposed KIKO mice. The MED doses of ENBA to terminate GD-induced SSE activity were determined to be 10 and 15 mg/kg when treatment was given at the time of SSE onset and when seizure activity was ongoing for 15 min, respectively. These doses were much lower than in the non-genetically modified rat model, which required an ENBA dose of 60 mg/kg to terminate SSE in 100% GD-exposed rats. At MED doses, all mice survived for 24 h, and no neuropathology was observed when the SSE was stopped. The findings confirmed that ENBA is a potent A/N for both immediate and delayed (i.e., dual purposed) therapy to victims of NA exposure and serves as a promising neuroprotective antidotal and adjunctive medical countermeasure candidate for pre-clinical research and development for human application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Ming Shih
- Neuroscience Department, Medical Toxicology Research Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen, Proving Ground, MD 21010-5400, USA..
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21
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Costa LMO, Reis IS, Fernandes C, Marques MM, Resende JALC, Krenske EH, Schenk G, Gahan LR, Horn A. Synthesis, characterization and computational investigation of the phosphatase activity of a dinuclear Zinc(II) complex containing a new heptadentate asymmetric ligand. J Inorg Biochem 2023; 239:112064. [PMID: 36410306 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.112064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of a new asymmetric heptadentate ligand based on the 1,3-diaminopropan-2-ol backbone. The ligand 3-[[3-(bis-pyridin-2-ylmethyl-amino)-2-hydroxy-propyl]-(2-carbamoyl-ethyl)-amino]-propionamide (HL1) contains two amide and two pyridine groups attached to the 1,3-diaminopropan-2-ol core. Reaction between HL1 and Zn(ClO4)2.6H2O resulted in the formation of the dinuclear [Zn2(L1)(μ-OAc)](ClO4)2 complex, characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction, 1H, 13C and 15N NMR, ESI-(+)-MS, CHN elemental analysis as well as infrared spectroscopy. The phosphatase activity of the complex was studied in the pH range 6-11 employing pyridinium bis(2,4-dinitrophenyl)phosphate (py(BDNPP)) as substrate. The complex exhibited activity dependent on the pH, presenting an asymmetric bell shape profile with the highest activity at pH 9; at high pH ligand exchange is rate-limiting. The hydrolysis of BDNPP- at pH 9 displayed behavior characteristic of Michaelis-Menten kinetics, with kcat = 5.06 × 10-3 min-1 and Km = 5.7 ± 1.0 mM. DFT calculations map out plausible reaction pathways and identify a terminal, Zn(II)-bound hydroxide as likely nucleophile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luel M O Costa
- Laboratório de Ciências Químicas, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Iago S Reis
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Christiane Fernandes
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Marcelo M Marques
- Colégio Universitário Geraldo Reis, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ 24210-200, Brazil
| | - Jackson A L C Resende
- Instituto de Ciências Exatas e da Terra, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Pontal do Araguaia, MT, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth H Krenske
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Gerhard Schenk
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; Sustainable Minerals Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, 4072; Australian Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Lawrence R Gahan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Adolfo Horn
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88040-900, Brazil.
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22
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Kaiser J, Gertzen CG, Bernauer T, Höfner G, Niessen KV, Seeger T, Paintner FF, Wanner KT, Worek F, Thiermann H, Gohlke H. A novel binding site in the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor for MB327 can explain its allosteric modulation relevant for organophosphorus-poisoning treatment. Toxicol Lett 2022; 373:160-171. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2022.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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23
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Alley KR, Gavenda-Eaton TR, Prieto-Centurion D. Photo-thermal catalytic degradation of organophosphate simulant over Cu, Co, and Fe on titania. CATAL COMMUN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2021.106369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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24
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Sawyer TW, Wang Y, Villanueva M, Song Y, Hennes G. Acute and long-term effects of VX in rat brain cell aggregate culture. Toxicol In Vitro 2022; 78:105256. [PMID: 34653647 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2021.105256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The contact poison VX (O-ethyl S-(2-diisopropylaminoethyl) methylphosphonothioate) is a chemical warfare agent that is one of the most toxic organophosphorus compounds known. Its primary mechanism of toxic action is through the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and resultant respiratory paralysis. The majority of work on VX has thus concentrated on its potent anticholinesterase activity and acute toxicity, with few studies investigating potential long-term effects. In this report we describe the effects of VX in aggregating rat brain cell cultures out to 28 days post-exposure. Cholinesterase activity was rapidly inhibited (60 min IC50 = 0.73 +/- 0.27 nM), but recovered towards baseline values over the next four weeks. Apoptotic cell death, as measured using caspase-3 activity was evident only at 100 μM concentrations. Cell type specific enzymatic markers (glutamine synthase, choline acetyltransferase and 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase) showed no significant changes. Total Akt levels were unchanged, while an increased phosphorylation of this protein was noted only at the highest VX concentration on the first day post-exposure. In contrast, significant and delayed (28 days post-exposure) decreases were noted in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels, a protein whose reduced levels are known to contribute to neurodegenerative disorders. These observations may indicate that the long-term effects noted in some survivors of nerve agent intoxication may be due to VX-induced declines in brain VEGF levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Sawyer
- Defence Research & Development Canada, Suffield Research Centre, Box 4000, Medicine Hat, Alberta T1A 8K6, Canada.
| | - Yushan Wang
- Defence Research & Development Canada, Suffield Research Centre, Box 4000, Medicine Hat, Alberta T1A 8K6, Canada
| | - Mercy Villanueva
- Defence Research & Development Canada, Suffield Research Centre, Box 4000, Medicine Hat, Alberta T1A 8K6, Canada
| | - Yanfeng Song
- Defence Research & Development Canada, Suffield Research Centre, Box 4000, Medicine Hat, Alberta T1A 8K6, Canada
| | - Grant Hennes
- Defence Research & Development Canada, Suffield Research Centre, Box 4000, Medicine Hat, Alberta T1A 8K6, Canada
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25
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Lv Q, Yu HL, Yang Y, Meng FH, Dai XD, Jiang PY, Liu CC. Screening of monoclonal antibodies against specific phosphonylation sites and analysis of serum samples exposed to soman and VX using an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:2713-2724. [PMID: 35083511 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-03914-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphorus nerve agents (OPNAs) covalently bind to tyrosine 411 of human serum albumin (HSA) and the formed adducts are stable biomarkers of OPNA exposure. The detection of these adducts has been limited to mass spectrometry techniques combined with protein digestion. Here, we developed indirect competitive ELISA (icELISA) methods to verify OPNA exposure by the detection of OPNA-phosphonylated adducts at tyrosine 411 residue (OPNA-HSA adducts), in which monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against phosphonylation sites at tyrosine 411 were introduced. The two mAbs were prepared by the fourth generation of rabbit mAb technology using the phosphonylated peptides of LVRY(GD or VX)TKKVPQC as the haptens. These mAbs were screened using our developed competitive ELISA method and then selected based on their individual affinity and selectivity. As a result, we obtained two mAbs that recognized the HSA Tyr 411 adduct of GD (mAb-5G2) or VX (mAb-12B9), respectively. They shared the highest affinity exhibiting a Kd value of about 10-6 mol/L of the OPNA exposure concentration. They also had remarkable selectivity, which could especially recognize their individual OPNA-HSA adducts in a native state but did not recognize other OPNA-HSAs and unadducted HSAs. Especially for mAb-12B9, it could clearly distinguish VX-HSA and GB-HSA between which there was only one alkyl difference in their phosphonyl portion of the adducted sites. The two mAbs were then used to build the icELISA method for analysis of the serum samples exposed to OPNA. It was found that the detectable lowest GD- and VX-exposed concentrations in serum samples were respectively 1.0 × 10-6 mol/L and 10.0 × 10-6 mol/L. This study provides one novel approach and strategy for the retrospective detection of OPNA exposure, and the two mAbs have great potential to be extended for point-of-care testing of OPNA intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Lv
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute of Chemical Defence, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Hui-Lan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China.
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute of Chemical Defence, Beijing, 102205, China.
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute of Chemical Defence, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Fan-Hua Meng
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Xian-Dong Dai
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Pei-Yu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute of Chemical Defence, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Chang-Cai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China.
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute of Chemical Defence, Beijing, 102205, China.
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26
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Huang J, Shu J, Yang B, Guo Y, Zhang Z, Jiang K, Li Z. Ultrasensitive detection of trace chemical warfare agent-related compounds by thermal desorption associative ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Talanta 2021; 235:122788. [PMID: 34517646 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A thermal desorption associative ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer was developed for ultrasensitive detection of semi-volatile chemical warfare agents (CWAs). The excited-state CH2Cl2-induced associative ionization method presented a soft ionization characterization and an excellent sensitivity towards CWAs. The detection sensitivities of the investigated nine CWA-related substances were 2.56 × 105-5.01 × 106 counts ng-1 in a detection cycle (30 s or 100 s). The corresponding 3σ limits of detection (LODs) were 0.08-3.90 pg. Compared with the best-documented LODs via the dielectric barrier discharge ionization (DBDI) and secondary electrospray ionization (SESI), the obtained LODs of the investigated compounds were improved by 2-76 times. Additionally, the measured sensitivity of 2-Chloroethyl ethyl, a proxy for mustard gas, is 550 counts pptv-1, which exceeds the DBDI and SESI's corresponding values (4.4 counts pptv-1 and 6.5 counts pptv-1) nearly by two orders of magnitude. A field application simulation was conducted by putting a strip of PTFE film contaminated with the CWA-related agent into the thermal desorption unit. The simulation showed that the sensitivities of the instrument via swipe surveying could achieve 2.19 × 105 to 5.23 × 106 counts ng-1. The experimental results demonstrate that the excited-state CH2Cl2-induced associative ionization is an ultrasensitive ionization method for CWAs and reveal a prospect for improving the detection of CWA species future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jinian Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Bo Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Yedong Guo
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zuojian Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Kui Jiang
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhen Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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27
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Lyu Y, Morillas-Becerril L, Mancin F, Scrimin P. Hydrolytic cleavage of nerve agent simulants by gold nanozymes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 415:125644. [PMID: 33773245 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Although banned by the Chemical Weapons Convention, organophosphorus nerve agents are still available and have been used in regional wars, terroristic attacks or for other crtaiminal purposes. Their degradation is of primary importance for the severe toxicity of these compounds. Here we report that gold nanoparticles passivated with thiolated molecules bearing 1,3,7-triazacyclononane and 1,3,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane ligands efficiently hydrolyze nerve agents simulants p-nitrophenyl diphenyl phosphate and methylparaoxon as transition metal complexes at 25 °C and pH 8 with half-lives of the order of a few minutes. Mechanistically, these catalysts show an enzyme-like behavior, hence they constitute an example of nanozymes. The catalytic site appears to involve a single metal ion and its recognition of the substrates is driven mostly by hydrophobic interactions. The ease of preparation and the mild conditions at which they operate, make these nanozymes appealing catalysts for the detoxification after contamination with organophosphorus nerve agents, particularly those poorly soluble in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanchao Lyu
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | | | - Fabrizio Mancin
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Paolo Scrimin
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy.
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28
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Alley KR, Cunneen QC, Prieto-Centurion D. Neutralization of organophosphate over highly dispersed Fe, Cu, and Co on silica. CATAL COMMUN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2021.106319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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29
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Lee J, Ka D, Jung H, Cho K, Jin Y, Kim M. UiO-66-NH 2 and Zeolite-Templated Carbon Composites for the Degradation and Adsorption of Nerve Agents. Molecules 2021; 26:3837. [PMID: 34201878 PMCID: PMC8270328 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26133837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Composites of metal-organic frameworks and carbon materials have been suggested to be effective materials for the decomposition of chemical warfare agents. In this study, we synthesized UiO-66-NH2/zeolite-templated carbon (ZTC) composites for the adsorption and decomposition of the nerve agents sarin and soman. UiO-66-NH2/ZTC composites with good dispersion were prepared via a solvothermal method. Characterization studies showed that the composites had higher specific surface areas than pristine UiO-66-NH2, with broad pore size distributions centered at 1-2 nm. Owing to their porous nature, the UiO-66-NH2/ZTC composites could adsorb more water at 80% relative humidity. Among the UiO-66-NH2/ZTC composites, U0.8Z0.2 showed the best degradation performance. Characterization and gas adsorption studies revealed that beta-ZTC in U0.8Z0.2 provided additional adsorption and degradation sites for nerve agents. Among the investigated materials, including the pristine materials, U0.8Z0.2 also exhibited the best protection performance against the nerve agents. These results demonstrate that U0.8Z0.2 has the optimal composition for exploiting the degradation performance of pristine UiO-66-NH2 and the adsorption performance of pristine beta-ZTC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Youngho Jin
- Agency for Defense Development, P.O. Box 35, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34186, Korea; (J.L.); (D.K.); (H.J.); (K.C.)
| | - Minkun Kim
- Agency for Defense Development, P.O. Box 35, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34186, Korea; (J.L.); (D.K.); (H.J.); (K.C.)
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30
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Abdelrahman MS, Khattab TA, Kamel S. Hydrazone‐Based Supramolecular Organogel for Selective Chromogenic Detection of Organophosphorus Nerve Agent Mimic. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202004850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meram S. Abdelrahman
- Dyeing Printing and Auxiliaries Department National Research Centre Cairo 12622 Egypt
| | - Tawfik A. Khattab
- Dyeing Printing and Auxiliaries Department National Research Centre Cairo 12622 Egypt
| | - Samir Kamel
- Chemical Industries Research Division National Research Centre Cairo 12622 Egypt
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31
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Gomes MAGB, Fernandes C, Gahan LR, Schenk G, Horn A. Recent Advances in Heterogeneous Catalytic Systems Containing Metal Ions for Phosphate Ester Hydrolysis. Chemistry 2021; 27:877-887. [PMID: 32659052 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphates are a class of organic compounds that are important for living organisms, forming the building blocks for DNA, RNA, and some essential cofactors. Furthermore, non-natural organophosphates are widely used in industrial applications, including as pesticides; in laundry detergents; and, unfortunately, as chemical weapons agents. In some cases, the natural degradation of organophosphates can take thousands of years; this longevity creates problems associated with handling and the storage of waste generated by such phosphate esters, in particular. Efforts to develop new catalysts for the cleavage of phosphate esters have progressed in recent decades, mainly in the area of homogeneous catalysis. In contrast, the development of heterogeneous catalysts for the hydrolysis of organophosphates has not been as prominent. Herein, examples of heterogeneous systems are described and the importance of the development of heterogeneous catalysts applicable to organophosphate hydrolysis is highlighted, shedding light on recent advances related to different solid matrices that have been employed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christiane Fernandes
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Lawrence R Gahan
- School of Chemistry and Microbial Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Gerhard Schenk
- School of Chemistry and Microbial Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Adolfo Horn
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
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32
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Gangemi CMA, Rimkaite U, Pappalardo A, Trusso Sfrazzetto G. Light-up photoluminescence sensing of a nerve agent simulant by a bis-porphyrin–salen–UO 2 complex. RSC Adv 2021; 11:13047-13050. [PMID: 35423859 PMCID: PMC8697308 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra01397a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A luminescent bis-porphyrin–salen–UO2 complex, showing a significant fluorescence light-up response upon reacting with DMMP (a simulant of nerve agents), is reported. The fluorescence change of this complex by excitation at 365 nm can be clearly observed with the naked eye, and this complex was successfully employed to construct a test paper to detect nerve agents. The exposure of a nerve agent simulant to a fluorogenic sensor results in a significant increase in fluorescence response, allowing the construction of a paper test for the naked-eye detection of DMMP.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ugne Rimkaite
- Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences
- University of Vilnius
- Vilnius
- Lithuania
| | - Andrea Pappalardo
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- University of Catania
- Catania
- Italy
- INSTM Udr of Catania
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33
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Wu WH, Wang X, Zong L, Li D, Xiao YH, Sui SH, Li J, Liu M, Chen GY, Luo T, Liu M, Wang XM, Jiang ZG. A Fluorogenic and Chromogenic Probe Distinguishes Fluoride Anions and Thiols: Implications for Discrimination of Fluoride-Containing G Series and Sulfur-Containing V Series Nerve Agents. J Fluoresc 2021; 31:141-149. [PMID: 33145674 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-020-02644-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A coumarin-based probe, FP2, was designed for the differential detection of fluoride anions and thiols, i.e., the corresponding nucleophilic substitution products from fluorine-containing G agents and sulfur-containing V agents, thus having the potential to discriminate between these two nerve agents. FP2 with two functional reaction groups, α, β-unsaturated ketone and silyl groups, can react selectively with fluoride anions and thiols at the μM level respectively. Intriguingly, in the THF solution, FP2 reacts with the fluoride anion but not with the thiol, whereas in the EtOH/HEPES solution, FP2 reacts with the thiol but not with the fluoride anion. As a result, FP2 can produce different fluorophores in the two detection solutions, thus displaying significant fluorescence changes. In addition, the FP2 detection system can show a significant color change from colorless to yellow within seconds when detecting fluoride anions in THF detection solutions, and from yellow to light blue when detecting thiols in EtOH/HEPES solutions, which will facilitate visual detection by emergency responders at the scene of an incident involving a nerve agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hui Wu
- Institute of Chemical Defence, Beijing, 102205, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xin Wang
- Institute of Chemical Defence, Beijing, 102205, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Zong
- Institute of Chemical Defence, Beijing, 102205, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Li
- Institute of Chemical Defence, Beijing, 102205, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Hua Xiao
- Institute of Chemical Defence, Beijing, 102205, People's Republic of China
| | - Shao-Hui Sui
- Institute of Chemical Defence, Beijing, 102205, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Li
- Institute of Chemical Defence, Beijing, 102205, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Liu
- Institute of Chemical Defence, Beijing, 102205, People's Republic of China
| | - Gao-Yun Chen
- Institute of Chemical Defence, Beijing, 102205, People's Republic of China
| | - Teng Luo
- Institute of Chemical Defence, Beijing, 102205, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Liu
- Institute of Chemical Defence, Beijing, 102205, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Ming Wang
- Institute of Chemical Defence, Beijing, 102205, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Gang Jiang
- Institute of Chemical Defence, Beijing, 102205, People's Republic of China.
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34
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Hrvat NM, Kovarik Z. Counteracting poisoning with chemical warfare nerve agents. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2020; 71:266-284. [PMID: 33410774 PMCID: PMC7968514 DOI: 10.2478/aiht-2020-71-3459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphylation of the pivotal enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) by nerve agents (NAs) leads to irreversible inhibition of the enzyme and accumulation of neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which induces cholinergic crisis, that is, overstimulation of muscarinic and nicotinic membrane receptors in the central and peripheral nervous system. In severe cases, subsequent desensitisation of the receptors results in hypoxia, vasodepression, and respiratory arrest, followed by death. Prompt action is therefore critical to improve the chances of victim's survival and recovery. Standard therapy of NA poisoning generally involves administration of anticholinergic atropine and an oxime reactivator of phosphylated AChE. Anticholinesterase compounds or NA bioscavengers can also be applied to preserve native AChE from inhibition. With this review of 70 years of research we aim to present current and potential approaches to counteracting NA poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zrinka Kovarik
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
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35
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Tuccitto N, Spitaleri L, Li Destri G, Pappalardo A, Gulino A, Trusso Sfrazzetto G. Supramolecular Sensing of a Chemical Warfare Agents Simulant by Functionalized Carbon Nanoparticles. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25235731. [PMID: 33291853 PMCID: PMC7730470 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Real-time sensing of chemical warfare agents by optical sensors is today a crucial target to prevent terroristic attacks by chemical weapons. Here the synthesis, characterization and detection properties of a new sensor, based on covalently functionalized carbon nanoparticles, are reported. This nanosensor exploits noncovalent interactions, in particular hydrogen bonds, to detect DMMP, a simulant of nerve agents. The nanostructure of the sensor combined with the supramolecular sensing approach leads to high binding constant affinity, high selectivity and the possibility to reuse the sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nunzio Tuccitto
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (L.S.); (G.L.D.); (A.P.); (A.G.)
- Laboratory for Molecular Surfaces and Nanotechnology–CSGI, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
- Correspondence: (N.T.); (G.T.S.); Tel.: +39-0957385201 (G.T.S.)
| | - Luca Spitaleri
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (L.S.); (G.L.D.); (A.P.); (A.G.)
- National Interuniversity Consortium for Materials Science and Technology (I.N.S.T.M.) Research Unit of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Giovanni Li Destri
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (L.S.); (G.L.D.); (A.P.); (A.G.)
- Laboratory for Molecular Surfaces and Nanotechnology–CSGI, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Andrea Pappalardo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (L.S.); (G.L.D.); (A.P.); (A.G.)
- National Interuniversity Consortium for Materials Science and Technology (I.N.S.T.M.) Research Unit of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Antonino Gulino
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (L.S.); (G.L.D.); (A.P.); (A.G.)
- National Interuniversity Consortium for Materials Science and Technology (I.N.S.T.M.) Research Unit of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Trusso Sfrazzetto
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (L.S.); (G.L.D.); (A.P.); (A.G.)
- National Interuniversity Consortium for Materials Science and Technology (I.N.S.T.M.) Research Unit of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
- Correspondence: (N.T.); (G.T.S.); Tel.: +39-0957385201 (G.T.S.)
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36
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Pappalardo A, Gangemi CM, Toscano RM, Sfrazzetto GT. A New Fluorescent Salen-uranyl Sensor for the Sub-ppm Detection of Chemical Warfare Agents. CURR ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272824999200930150313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Real-time sensing of Chemical Warfare Agents (CWAs) is today a crucial topic to
prevent the lethal effects of a terroristic chemical attack. For this reason, the development of
efficient, selective, sensitive and reversible sensoristic devices, able to detect by optical response
ppm levels of these compounds, is strongly required. Here, the synthesis of a new fluorescent
sensor based on a salen-uranyl scaffold, functionalized with two bodipy moieties, and
its application for the detection of sub-ppm levels of CWAs is reported. Detection properties
were evaluated by fluorescence measurements and selectivity tests demonstrated the strong
affinity for CWAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Pappalardo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Universita degli Studi di Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95100 Catania, Italy
| | - Chiara M.A. Gangemi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Universita degli Studi di Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95100 Catania, Italy
| | - Rosa Maria Toscano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Universita degli Studi di Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95100 Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Trusso Sfrazzetto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Universita degli Studi di Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95100 Catania, Italy
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37
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Facile Fabric Detoxification Treatment Method Using Microwave and Polyethyleneimine Against Nerve Gas Agents. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12122861. [PMID: 33265928 PMCID: PMC7759827 DOI: 10.3390/polym12122861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Generally, detoxification fabrics are defined as fabrics that remove or inhibit the production of toxic compounds, especially chemical warfare agents such as nerve gas agents. They are usually prepared using a complicated and time-consuming method. This study suggests a facile treatment method for preparing detoxification fabrics against nerve gas agents using polyethyleneimine and microwave curing. The detoxification properties of polyethyleneimine and microwave-treated polypropylene nonwoven fabric were evaluated using diisopropylfluoro-phosphate, which is a nerve agent simulant. The treated polypropylene fabric decontaminated 53.6% of diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) in 2 h at 32 °C, and the half-life of DFP on the surface of the treated fabric was 122 min. The result indicates that the treated fabric can act as a basic organocatalyst for the DFP hydrolysis and has a shorter half-life owing to the large number of amine groups. Therefore, the facile treatment method has the potential for use in the preparation of detoxification fabrics.
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38
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Xu Y, Wang H, Li X, Zeng X, Du Z, Cao J, Jiang W. Metal-organic framework for the extraction and detection of pesticides from food commodities. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 20:1009-1035. [PMID: 33443797 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pesticide residues in food matrices, threatening the survival and development of humanity, is one of the critical challenges worldwide. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) possess excellent properties, which include excellent adsorption capacity, tailorable shape and size, hierarchical structure, numerous surface-active sites, high specific surface areas, high chemical stabilities, and ease of modification and functionalization. These promising properties render MOFs as advantageous porous materials for the extraction and detection of pesticides in food samples. This review is based on a brief introduction of MOFs and highlights recent advances in pesticide extraction and detection through MOFs. Furthermore, the challenges and prospects in this field are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Hui Wang
- Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiangxin Li
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiangquan Zeng
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Zhenjiao Du
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jiankang Cao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Weibo Jiang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
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39
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Koenig JA, Acon Chen C, Shih TM. Development of a Larval Zebrafish Model for Acute Organophosphorus Nerve Agent and Pesticide Exposure and Therapeutic Evaluation. TOXICS 2020; 8:toxics8040106. [PMID: 33213094 PMCID: PMC7712847 DOI: 10.3390/toxics8040106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus compound exposure remains a present threat through agricultural accidents, warfare, or terrorist activity. The primary mechanism of organophosphorus toxicity is through inhibition of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, with current emergency treatment including anticholinergics, benzodiazepines, and oxime reactivators. However, a need for more effective and broadly acting countermeasures remains. This study aimed to develop larval zebrafish as a high-throughput model for evaluating novel therapeutics against acute organophosphorus exposure. Larval zebrafish at six days post-fertilization were exposed to acute concentrations of seven organophosphorus compounds and treated with one of three oximes. Lethality studies indicated similar relative toxicity to that seen in the established rodent model, with chemical warfare agents proving more lethal than organophosphorus pesticides. Additionally, the organophosphorus-specific response for oxime reactivation of acetylcholinesterase was comparable to what has been previously reported. Behavioral studies measuring the visual motor response demonstrated greater efficacy for centrally acting oxime compounds than for those that are contained to the peripheral tissue. Overall, these results support the use of this larval zebrafish model as a high-throughput screening platform for evaluating novel treatments following acute organophosphorus exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tsung-Ming Shih
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-410-436-3414; Fax: +1-410-436-2690
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40
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Izquierdo PG, O'Connor V, Green AC, Holden-Dye L, Tattersall JEH. C. elegans pharyngeal pumping provides a whole organism bio-assay to investigate anti-cholinesterase intoxication and antidotes. Neurotoxicology 2020; 82:50-62. [PMID: 33176172 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2020.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by either organophosphates or carbamates causes anti-cholinesterase poisoning. This arises through a wide range of neurotoxic effects triggered by the overstimulation of the cholinergic receptors at synapses and neuromuscular junctions. Without intervention, this poisoning can lead to profound toxic effects, including death, and the incomplete efficacy of the current treatments, particularly for oxime-insensitive agents, provokes the need to find better antidotes. Here we show how the non-parasitic nematode Caenorhabditis elegans offers an excellent tool for investigating the acetylcholinesterase intoxication. The C. elegans neuromuscular junctions show a high degree of molecular and functional conservation with the cholinergic transmission that operates in the autonomic, central and neuromuscular synapses in mammals. In fact, the anti-cholinesterase intoxication of the worm's body wall neuromuscular junction has been unprecedented in understanding molecular determinants of cholinergic function in nematodes and other organisms. We extend the use of the model organism's feeding behaviour as a tool to investigate carbamate and organophosphate mode of action. We show that inhibition of the cholinergic-dependent rhythmic pumping of the pharyngeal muscle correlates with the inhibition of the acetylcholinesterase activity caused by aldicarb, paraoxons and DFP exposure. Further, this bio-assay allows one to address oxime dependent reversal of cholinesterase inhibition in the context of whole organism recovery. Interestingly, the recovery of the pharyngeal function after such anti-cholinesterase poisoning represents a sensitive and easily quantifiable phenotype that is indicative of the spontaneous recovery or irreversible modification of the worm acetylcholinesterase after inhibition. These observations highlight the pharynx of C. elegans as a new tractable approach to explore anti-cholinesterase intoxication and recovery with the potential to resolve critical genetic determinants of these neurotoxins' mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia G Izquierdo
- Biological Sciences, Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.
| | - Vincent O'Connor
- Biological Sciences, Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - A Christopher Green
- Dstl, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Lindy Holden-Dye
- Biological Sciences, Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - John E H Tattersall
- Dstl, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom
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41
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Liu CC, Liang LH, Yang Y, Yu HL, Yan L, Li XS, Chen B, Liu SL, Xi HL. Direct Acetonitrile-Assisted Trypsin Digestion Method Combined with LC-MS/MS-Targeted Peptide Analysis for Unambiguous Identification of Intact Ricin. J Proteome Res 2020; 20:369-380. [PMID: 33108200 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ricin is a type II ribosome-inactivating protein toxin consisting of A and B chains linked by one interchain disulfide bond. Because of its high toxicity depending on both chains together, confirming the presence of both A and B chains of intact ricin is required during the investigation of the illegal production and application. Here, we report a novel and sensitive acetonitrile (ACN)-assisted trypsin digestion method for unambiguous identification of intact ricin by simultaneous detection of its marker peptides from A and B chains. Marker peptides were generated with a simple procedure by direct cleaving the native ricin at 45 °C for 4 h using Promega modified sequencing grade trypsin under the assistance of 10% ACN, and then directly analyzed by ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. The type of trypsin was found to be one critical factor for cleavage of intact ricin based on a significant difference in the yields of specific peptides generated while using various types of trypsin. A low content of ACN in enzymatic buffer significantly reduced the digestion time from overnight to 4 h. There was commonly a better MS response of marker peptides when using the developed ACN-assisted trypsin digestion method than methanol-assisted trypsin digestion within the same 4 h. Totally, seven specific peptides with high sensitivity and specificity including three in the A-chain (TA7, TA11, and TA10) and four in the B-chain (TB6, TB14-ss-TB16, TB20, and TB18) were obtained as good marker peptides for unambiguous identification of intact ricin. The lowest concentration of native ricin for unambiguous identification was 20 ng/mL, in which three marker peptides from both the A-chain and B-chain could be measured with a minimum of three ion transitions. Combined with affinity enrichment, the developed approach was successfully applied for the measurement of intact ricin from the complicated matrix samples of the second, third, and fourth biotoxin exercises organized by the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW). This study has provided a recommended detection method combined with one novel ACN-assisted trypsin digestion with MS for forensic unambiguous confirmation of trace ricin intact with high confidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Cai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China.,Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute of Chemical Defence, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Long-Hui Liang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China.,Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute of Chemical Defence, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Hui-Lan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China.,Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute of Chemical Defence, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Long Yan
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China.,Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute of Chemical Defence, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Xiao-Sen Li
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China.,Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute of Chemical Defence, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Bo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Shi-Lei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China.,Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute of Chemical Defence, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Hai-Ling Xi
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
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42
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Rosenberg Y, Saxena A. Acetylcholinesterase inhibition resulting from exposure to inhaled OP can be prevented by pretreatment with BChE in both macaques and minipigs. Neuropharmacology 2020; 174:108150. [PMID: 32442543 PMCID: PMC7365266 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
More frequent and widespread nerve agent attacks highlight the need for efficacious pre- and post-exposure organophosphate (OP) counter-measures to protect military and civilian populations. Because of critical targeting of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the CNS by OPs, a pre-treatment candidate for preventing/reducing poisoning will be a broadly acting molecule that scavenges OPs in blood before they reach their physiological targets. Prophylactic human butyrylcholinesterase (HuBChE), the leading pretreatment candidate, has been shown to protect against multiple LD50's of nerve agents in rodents, macaques, and minipigs. This review describes the development of a HuBChE bioscavenger pretreatment from early proof-of-concept studies to pre-clinical studies with the native injectable enzyme and the development of aerosolized forms of recombinant enzyme, which can be delivered by inhalation nebulizer devices, to effect protection against inhaled OP nerve agents and insecticides. Early animal studies utilized parenteral exposure. However, lungs are the portal of entry for most volatile OP vapors and represent the major means of OP intoxication. In this regard, pretreat-ment with 7.5 mg/kg of HuBChE by IM injection protected minipigs against lethal sarin vapor and prevented AChE inhibition in the blood. This is similar to the five-day protection in macaques by an aerosolized rHuBChE using a nebulizer against aerosolized paraoxon (estimated to be an 8 mg/kg estimated human dose). Importantly, lethal inhaled doses of OP may be smaller relative to the same dose delivered by injection, thus reducing the protective HuBChE dose, while a combination of HuBChE and post-exposure oxime may prolong protection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashima Saxena
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA
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43
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Weihui W, Shaohui S, Jian L, Liang Z, Dan L, Yanhua X, Lianyuan W, Haiyan Z, Yonglin S, Zhigang J. A fluorescent probe bearing two reactive groups discriminates between fluoride-containing G series and sulfur-containing V series nerve agents. Analyst 2020; 145:5425-5429. [PMID: 32627771 DOI: 10.1039/d0an00878h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we present an approach to design a fluorescent molecule for detection and discrimination of fluoride-containing G series and sulfur-containing V series nerve agents. FP1 bearing two reactive groups can react with fluorides and thiols from the two types of nerve agents and generate different products with obvious and diverse fluorescences, which will be helpful when dealing with terrorist crises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Weihui
- Institute of Chemical Defence, Beijing, 102205, China.
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44
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Mendonca ML, Ray D, Cramer CJ, Snurr RQ. Exploring the Effects of Node Topology, Connectivity, and Metal Identity on the Binding of Nerve Agents and Their Hydrolysis Products in Metal-Organic Frameworks. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:35657-35675. [PMID: 32627522 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c08417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) built from hexanuclear M(IV) oxide cluster nodes are effective catalysts for nerve agent hydrolysis, where the properties of the active sites on the nodes can strongly influence the reaction energetics. The connectivity and metal identity of these M6 nodes can be easily tuned, offering extensive opportunities for computational screening to predict promising new materials. Thus, we used density functional theory (DFT) to examine the effects of node topology, connectivity, and metal identity on the binding energies of multiple nerve agents and their corresponding hydrolysis products. By computing an optimization metric based on the relative binding strengths of key hydrolysis reaction species (water, agent, and bidentate-bound products), we predicted optimal M6 nodes for hydrolyzing specific nerve agent and simulant molecules, where our results are in qualitative agreement with observed experimental trends. This analysis highlighted the notion that no single metal or node topology is optimal for all possible organophosphates, suggesting that MOFs should be selected based on the agent of interest. Using the large amount of data generated from our DFT calculations, we then derived quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models to help explain the complex trends observed in the binding energies. Through linear regression, we identified the most important descriptors for describing the binding of nerve agents and their hydrolysis products to M6 nodes. These results suggested that both molecular and node properties, including both structural and chemical features, collectively contribute to the binding energetics. By performing a thorough statistical analysis, we showed that our QSAR models are capable of making quantitatively accurate binding energy predictions for nerve agents and their hydrolysis products in a wide variety of M(IV)-MOFs. The insights gained herein can be used to guide future experiments for the synthesis of MOFs with enhanced catalytic activity for organophosphate hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Mendonca
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Debmalya Ray
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street Southeast, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Christopher J Cramer
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street Southeast, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Randall Q Snurr
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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45
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Abstract
Nerve agents (NAs) are a group of highly toxic organophosphorus compounds developed before World War II. They are related to organophosphorus pesticides, although they have much higher human acute toxicity than commonly used pesticides. After the detection of the presence of NAs, the critical step is the fast decontamination of the environment in order to avoid the lethal effect of these organophosphorus compounds on exposed humans. This review collects the catalytic degradation reactions of NAs, in particular focusing our attention on chemical hydrolysis. These reactions are catalyzed by different catalyst categories (metal-based, polymeric, heterogeneous, enzymatic and MOFs), all of them described in this review.
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Kranawetvogl T, Steinritz D, Thiermann H, John H. A novel high‐performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector method for the simultaneous quantification of the enzyme‐reactivating oximes obidoxime, pralidoxime, and HI‐6 in human plasma. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:938-947. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Kranawetvogl
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology Munich Germany
- Walther‐Straub‐Institut, Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität Munich Germany
| | - Dirk Steinritz
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology Munich Germany
- Walther‐Straub‐Institut, Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität Munich Germany
| | - Horst Thiermann
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology Munich Germany
| | - Harald John
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology Munich Germany
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Fan S, Zhang G, Dennison GH, FitzGerald N, Burn PL, Gentle IR, Shaw PE. Challenges in Fluorescence Detection of Chemical Warfare Agent Vapors Using Solid-State Films. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1905785. [PMID: 31692155 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201905785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus (OP)-based nerve agents are extremely toxic and potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and recent attacks involving nerve agents highlight the need for fast detection and intervention. Fluorescence-based detection, where the sensing material undergoes a chemical reaction with the agent causing a measurable change in the luminescence, is one method for sensing and identifying nerve agents. Most studies use the simulants diethylchlorophosphate and di-iso-propylfluorophosphate to evaluate the performance of sensors due to their reduced toxicity relative to OP nerve agents. While detection of nerve agent simulants in solution is relatively widely reported, there are fewer reports on vapor detection using solid-state sensors. Herein, progress in organic semiconductor sensing materials developed for solid-state detection of OP-based nerve agent vapors is reviewed. The effect of acid impurities arising from the hydrolysis of simulants and nerve agents on the efficacy and selectivity of the reported sensing materials is also discussed. Indeed, in some cases it is unclear whether it is the simulant that is detected or the acid hydrolysis products. Finally, it is highlighted that while analyte diffusion into the sensing film is critical in the design of fast, responsive sensing systems, it is an area that is currently not well studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengqiang Fan
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Guanran Zhang
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Genevieve H Dennison
- Land Division, Defence Science and Technology Group, Fishermans Bend, Victoria, 3207, Australia
| | - Nicholas FitzGerald
- Land Division, Defence Science and Technology Group, Fishermans Bend, Victoria, 3207, Australia
| | - Paul L Burn
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Ian R Gentle
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Paul E Shaw
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
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Combined Pre- and Posttreatment of Paraoxon Exposure. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25071521. [PMID: 32230733 PMCID: PMC7180863 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Organophosphates (OPCs), useful agents as pesticides, also represent a serious health hazard. Standard therapy with atropine and established oxime-type enzyme reactivators is unsatisfactory. Experimental data indicate that superior therapeutic results can be obtained when reversible cholinesterase inhibitors are administered before OPC exposure. Comparing the protective efficacy of five such cholinesterase inhibitors (physostigmine, pyridostigmine, ranitidine, tacrine, or K-27), we observed best protection for the experimental oxime K-27. The present study was undertaken in order to determine if additional administration of K-27 immediately after OPC (paraoxon) exposure can improve the outcome. METHODS Therapeutic efficacy was assessed in rats by determining the relative risk of death (RR) by Cox survival analysis over a period of 48 h. Animals that received only pretreatment and paraoxon were compared with those that had received pretreatment and paraoxon followed by K-27 immediately after paraoxon exposure. RESULTS Best protection from paraoxon-induced mortality was observed after pretreatment with physostigmine (RR = 0.30) and K-27 (RR = 0.34). Both substances were significantly more efficacious than tacrine (RR = 0.67), ranitidine (RR = 0.72), and pyridostigmine (RR = 0.76), which were less efficacious but still significantly reduced the RR compared to the no-treatment group (paraoxon only). Additional administration of K-27 immediately after paraoxon exposure (posttreatment) did not further reduce mortality. Statistical analysis between pretreatment before paraoxon exposure alone and pretreatment plus K-27 posttreatment did not show any significant difference for any of the pretreatment regimens. CONCLUSIONS Best outcome is achieved if physostigmine or K-27 are administered prophylactically before exposure to sublethal paraoxon dosages. Therapeutic outcome is not further improved by additional oxime therapy immediately thereafter.
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Cavalcante SFDA, Simas ABC, Barcellos MC, de Oliveira VGM, Sousa RB, Cabral PADM, Kuča K, França TCC. Acetylcholinesterase: The "Hub" for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Chemical Weapons Convention. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E414. [PMID: 32155996 PMCID: PMC7175162 DOI: 10.3390/biom10030414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This article describes acetylcholinesterase (AChE), an enzyme involved in parasympathetic neurotransmission, its activity, and how its inhibition can be pharmacologically useful for treating dementia, caused by Alzheimer's disease, or as a warfare method due to the action of nerve agents. The chemical concepts related to the irreversible inhibition of AChE, its reactivation, and aging are discussed, along with a relationship to the current international legislation on chemical weapons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir F. de A. Cavalcante
- Institute of Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Defense (IDQBRN), Brazilian Army Technological Center (CTEx), Avenida das Américas 28705, Rio de Janeiro 23020-470, Brazil; (M.C.B.); (V.G.M.d.O.); (R.B.S.); (P.A.d.M.C.)
- Walter Mors Institute of Research on Natural Products (IPPN), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), CCS, Bloco H, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Rokitanskeho 62, 50003 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Alessandro B. C. Simas
- Walter Mors Institute of Research on Natural Products (IPPN), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), CCS, Bloco H, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Marcos C. Barcellos
- Institute of Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Defense (IDQBRN), Brazilian Army Technological Center (CTEx), Avenida das Américas 28705, Rio de Janeiro 23020-470, Brazil; (M.C.B.); (V.G.M.d.O.); (R.B.S.); (P.A.d.M.C.)
| | - Victor G. M. de Oliveira
- Institute of Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Defense (IDQBRN), Brazilian Army Technological Center (CTEx), Avenida das Américas 28705, Rio de Janeiro 23020-470, Brazil; (M.C.B.); (V.G.M.d.O.); (R.B.S.); (P.A.d.M.C.)
| | - Roberto B. Sousa
- Institute of Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Defense (IDQBRN), Brazilian Army Technological Center (CTEx), Avenida das Américas 28705, Rio de Janeiro 23020-470, Brazil; (M.C.B.); (V.G.M.d.O.); (R.B.S.); (P.A.d.M.C.)
| | - Paulo A. de M. Cabral
- Institute of Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Defense (IDQBRN), Brazilian Army Technological Center (CTEx), Avenida das Américas 28705, Rio de Janeiro 23020-470, Brazil; (M.C.B.); (V.G.M.d.O.); (R.B.S.); (P.A.d.M.C.)
| | - Kamil Kuča
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Rokitanskeho 62, 50003 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Tanos C. C. França
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Rokitanskeho 62, 50003 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Molecular Modelling Applied to Chemical and Biological Defense (LMACBD), Military Institute of Engineering (IME), Praça General Tibúrcio 80, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil
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Annisa TN, Jung SH, Gupta M, Bae JY, Park JM, Lee HI. A Reusable Polymeric Film for the Alternating Colorimetric Detection of a Nerve Agent Mimic and Ammonia Vapor with Sub-Parts-per-Million Sensitivity. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:11055-11062. [PMID: 32046484 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Thin polymeric films were developed for the vapor-phase sequential colorimetric detection of a nerve agent mimic and ammonia with high sensitivity. N-(4-Benzoylphenyl)acrylamide (BPAm), N,N-dimethylacrylamide (DMA), and (E)-2-(methyl(4-(pyridine-4yldiazenyl)phenyl)amino)ethyl acrylate (MPDEA, M1) were copolymerized via free radical polymerization (FRP) to yield p(BPAm-co-DMA-co-MPDEA), hereafter referred to as P1. P1 exhibits selective sensing properties toward diethyl chlorophosphate (DCP), a nerve agent mimic, in pure aqueous media. Upon the addition of DCP, the pyridine groups of P1 were quaternized with DCP, accompanied by a color change from yellow to pink due to the enhancement of the intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) effect. In situ generated quaternized P1, hereafter referred to as P2, after DCP sensing was used to selectively detect ammonia via dequaternization in an aqueous medium. Ammonia detection was indicated by a color change in the solution from pink back to yellow. A surface-immobilized P1 film was prepared and employed for the vapor-phase detection of DCP, demonstrating that an amount of as low as 2 ppm was detectable. Ammonia vapor was also successfully detected by the P2 film via the ammonia-triggered removal of the quaternized phosphates. Alternating exposure of the film to DCP and ammonia resulted in the corresponding color changes, thereby demonstrating the reversibility of the system. The reusability of the polymeric film for detecting DCP and ammonia in the vapor phase was confirmed by performing four sequential colorimetric detection cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiara Nur Annisa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 680-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo-Hyun Jung
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 680-749, Republic of Korea
- Center for green fine chemicals, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Ulsan 44412, Republic of Korea
| | - Moumita Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 680-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Ja Young Bae
- Center for green fine chemicals, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Ulsan 44412, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Mok Park
- Center for green fine chemicals, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Ulsan 44412, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Il Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 680-749, Republic of Korea
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