Biocompatibility study of modified injectable hyaluronic acid hydrogel with mannitol/BSA to alveolar bone cells

Self-healing hydrogels for bone defect repair

Severe bone defects can be caused by various factors, such as tumor resection, severe trauma, and infection. However, bone regeneration capacity is limited up to a critical-size defect, and further intervention is required. Currently, the most common clinical method to repair bone defects is bone grafting, where autografts are the "gold standard." However, the disadvantages of autografts, including inflammation, secondary trauma and chronic disease, limit their application. Bone tissue engineering (BTE) is an attractive strategy for repairing bone defects and has been widely researched. In particular, hydrogels with a three-dimensional network can be used as scaffolds for BTE owing to their hydrophilicity, biocompatibility, and large porosity. Self-healing hydrogels respond rapidly, autonomously, and repeatedly to induced damage and can maintain their original properties (i.e., mechanical properties, fluidity, and biocompatibility) following self-healing. This review focuses on self-healing hydrogels and their applications in bone defect repair. Moreover, we discussed the recent progress in this research field. Despite the significant existing research achievements, there are still challenges that need to be addressed to promote clinical research of self-healing hydrogels in bone defect repair and increase the market penetration.

Microfluidic Organ-on-A-chip: A Guide to Biomaterial Choice and Fabrication

Organ-on-A-chip (OoAC) devices are miniaturized, functional, in vitro constructs that aim to recapitulate the in vivo physiology of an organ using different cell types and extracellular matrix, while maintaining the chemical and mechanical properties of the surrounding microenvironments. From an end-point perspective, the success of a microfluidic OoAC relies mainly on the type of biomaterial and the fabrication strategy employed. Certain biomaterials, such as PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane), are preferred over others due to their ease of fabrication and proven success in modelling complex organ systems. However, the inherent nature of human microtissues to respond differently to surrounding stimulations has led to the combination of biomaterials ranging from simple PDMS chips to 3D-printed polymers coated with natural and synthetic materials, including hydrogels. In addition, recent advances in 3D printing and bioprinting techniques have led to the powerful combination of utilizing these materials to develop microfluidic OoAC devices. In this narrative review, we evaluate the different materials used to fabricate microfluidic OoAC devices while outlining their pros and cons in different organ systems. A note on combining the advances made in additive manufacturing (AM) techniques for the microfabrication of these complex systems is also discussed.

Research progress on albumin-based hydrogels: Properties, preparation methods, types and its application for antitumor-drug delivery and tissue engineering

Albumin is derived from blood plasma and is the most abundant protein in blood plasma, which has good mechanical properties, biocompatibility and degradability, so albumin is an ideal biomaterial for biomedical applications, and drug-carriers based on albumin can better reduce the cytotoxicity of drug. Currently, there are numerous reviews summarizing the research progress on drug-loaded albumin molecules or nanoparticles. In comparison, the study of albumin-based hydrogels is a relatively small area of research, and few articles have systematically summarized the research progress of albumin-based hydrogels, especially for drug delivery and tissue engineering. Thus, this review summarizes the functional features and preparation methods of albumin-based hydrogels, different types of albumin-based hydrogels and their applications in antitumor drugs, tissue regeneration engineering, etc. Also, potential directions for future research on albumin-based hydrogels are discussed.

Polysaccharide-Based Nanomedicines Targeting Lung Cancer

A primary illness that accounts for a significant portion of fatalities worldwide is cancer. Among the main malignancies, lung cancer is recognised as the most chronic kind of cancer around the globe. Radiation treatment, surgery, and chemotherapy are some medical procedures used in the traditional care of lung cancer. However, these methods lack selectivity and damage nearby healthy cells. Several polysaccharide-based nanomaterials have been created to transport chemotherapeutics to reduce harmful and adverse side effects and improve response during anti-tumour reactions. To address these drawbacks, a class of naturally occurring polymers called polysaccharides have special physical, chemical, and biological characteristics. They can interact with the immune system to induce a better immunological response. Furthermore, because of the flexibility of their structures, it is possible to create multifunctional nanocomposites with excellent stability and bioavailability for the delivery of medicines to tumour tissues. This study seeks to present new views on the use of polysaccharide-based chemotherapeutics and to highlight current developments in polysaccharide-based nanomedicines for lung cancer.

Interpenetrating Low-Molecular Weight Hyaluronic Acid in Hyaluronic Acid-Based In Situ Hydrogel Scaffold for Periodontal and Oral Wound Applications

Tissues engineering has gained a lot of interest, since this approach has potential to restore lost tooth-supporting structures, which is one of the biggest challenges for periodontal treatment. In this study, we aimed to develop an in situ hydrogel that could conceivably support and promote the regeneration of lost periodontal tissues. The hydrogel was fabricated from methacrylated hyaluronic acid (MeHA). Fragment/short-chain hyaluronic acid (sHA) was incorporated in this hydrogel to encourage the bio-synergistic effects of two different molecular weights of hyaluronic acid. The physical properties of the hydrogel system, including gelation time, mechanical profile, swelling and degrading behavior, etc., were tested to assess the effect of incorporated sHA. Additionally, the biological properties of the hydrogels were performed in both in vitro and in vivo models. The results revealed that sHA slightly interfered with some behaviors of networking systems; however, the overall properties were not significantly changed compared to the base MeHA hydrogel. In addition, all hydrogel formulations were found to be compatible with oral tissues in both in vitro and in vivo models. Therefore, this HA-based hydrogel could be a promising delivery system for low molecular weight macromolecules. Further, this approach could be translated into the clinical applications for dental tissue regeneration.

Cells and material-based strategies for regenerative endodontics

<p class = "Abstract" style = "margin: 0 cm; line-height: 32px; font-size: 12 pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span lang = "EN-US">The carious process leads to inflammation of pulp tissue. Current care options include root canal treatment or apexification. These procedures, however, result in the loss of tooth vitality, sensitivity, and healing. Pulp capping and dental pulp regeneration are continually evolving techniques to regenerate pulp tissue, avoiding necrosis and loss of vitality. Many studies have successfully employed stem/progenitor cell populations, revascularization approaches, scaffolds or material-based strategies for pulp regeneration. Here we outline advantages and disadvantages of different methods and techniques which are currently being used in the field of regenerative endodontics. We also summarize recent findings on efficacious peptide-based materials which target the dental niche.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

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Pulp infection necessitates removal of necrotic, inflamed and infected tissue.

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Materials used clinically are inert (such as gutta percha, mineral trioxide aggregate).

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Recent developments in materials (angiogenic hydrogels, stem cell composites) have tuneable bioactivity.

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Dental pulp regeneration may now be possible through the use of bioactive systems, that guide regeneration.

Injectable niclosamide nanohybrid as an anti-SARS-CoV-2 strategy

COVID-19 is a rapidly evolving emergency, which necessitates scientific community to come up with novel formulations that could find quick relief to the millions affected around the globe. Remdesivir being the only injectable drug by FDA for COVID-19, it initially showed promising results, however, later on failed to retain its claims, hence rejected by the WHO. Therefore, it is important to develop injectable formulation that are effective and affordable. Here in this work, we formulated poly ethylene glycol (PEG) coated bovine serum albumin (BSA) stabilized Niclosamide (NIC) nanoparticles (NPs) (∼BSA-NIC-PEG NPs) as an effective injectable formulation. Here, serum albumin mediated strategy was proposed as an effective strategy to specifically target SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. The in-vitro results showed that the developed readily water dispersible formulation with a particle size <120 nm size were well stable even after 3 weeks. Even though the in-vitro studies showed promising results, the in-vivo pharmaco-kinetic (PK) study in rats demands the need of conducting further experiments to specifically target the SARS-CoV-2 in the virus infected model. We expect that this present formulation would be highly preferred for targeting hypoalbuminemia conditions, which was often reported in elderly COVID-19 patients. Such studies are on the way to summarize its potential applications in the near future.

Surface Treatment of the Dental Implant with Hyaluronic Acid: An Overview of Recent Data

Recently, interest has grown by focusing on the evaluation of a molecule already produced in the human body such as hyaluronic acid (HA), as an application to the surface of the titanium implant. Its osteo-conductive characteristics and positive interaction with the progenitor cells responsible for bone formation, consequently, make it responsible for secondary stability. The aim of this work was to analyze the various surface treatments in titanium implants, demonstrating that the topography and surface chemistry of biomaterials can correlate with the host response; also focusing on the addition of HA to the implant surface and assessing the biological implications during early stages of recovery. Used as a coating, HA acts on the migration, adhesion, proliferation and differentiation of cell precursors on titanium implants by improving the connection between implant and bone. Furthermore, the improvement of the bioactivity of the implant surfaces through HA could therefore facilitate the positioning of the dental prosthesis precisely in the early loading phase, thus satisfying the patients’ requests. It is important to note that all the findings should be supported by further experimental studies in animals as well as humans to evaluate and confirm the use of HA in any field of dentistry.