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Orchowski LM, Merrill JE, Oesterle DW, Barnett NP, Borsari B, Zlotnick C, Haikalis MP, Bekowitz AD. Integrated Alcohol Use and Sexual Assault Prevention Program for College Men Who Engage in Heavy Drinking: Randomized Pilot Study. JMIR Form Res 2023; 7:e47354. [PMID: 37995129 DOI: 10.2196/47354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sexual assault is prevalent on college campuses and most commonly is perpetrated by men. Problematically, there is a dearth of evidence-based prevention programs targeting men as perpetrators of sexual aggression. The Sexual Assault and Alcohol Feedback and Education (SAFE) program is an integrated alcohol and sexual assault prevention intervention for college men who engage in heavy drinking that aims to address sexual aggression proclivity and alcohol use outcomes by incorporating social norms theory, bystander intervention, and motivational interviewing. OBJECTIVE This study aims to examine the initial feasibility-, acceptability-, and efficacy-related outcomes of a randomized pilot trial of an integrated alcohol and sexual assault prevention program for college men who engage in heavy drinking. METHODS This study included 115 college men who engaged in heavy drinking, who were randomly assigned to the SAFE program or a mindfulness-based control condition (MBCC). The feasibility of implementation, adequacy of participant retention, fidelity and competency of program administration, and satisfaction and utility of the intervention were evaluated. The primary outcomes of alcohol use and sexual aggression were evaluated at 2 and 6 months after baseline. The secondary outcomes of perceived peer norms, risks for sexual aggression, and bystander intervention were also assessed. The extent to which the motivational interviewing session with personalized normative feedback facilitated changes in the proximal outcomes of drinking intentions, motivation to change, and self-efficacy was also examined. RESULTS The study procedures resulted in high program completion and retention (>80%), high fidelity to the program manual (>80% of the content included), high competency in program administration, and high ratings of satisfaction and program utility in addressing sexual relationships and alcohol use. Both groups reported declines in the number of drinks per week and number of heavy drinking days. Compared with the MBCC participants, the SAFE participants reported higher motivation to change alcohol use after the program, as well as greater use of alcohol protective behavioral strategies at 6 months. Compared with the MBCC participants, the SAFE participants also reported lower perceived peer engagement in sexual coercion, perceived peer comfort with sexism, and peer drinking norms at 2 and 6 months. However, no group differences were observed in sexual aggression severity, rape myth acceptance, or the labeling of sexual consent. Results regarding bystander intervention intentions were mixed, with the MBCC group showing decreased intentions at 2 months and the SAFE group reporting increased intentions at both 2 and 6 months. CONCLUSIONS The findings provide promising evidence for the feasibility, acceptability, utility, and preliminary efficacy of the SAFE program in reducing alcohol use and positively influencing perceived peer norms and intentions for bystander intervention among college men who drink. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05773027; https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05773027.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay M Orchowski
- Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Brown University/Lifespan Center for Digital Health, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Jennifer E Merrill
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Daniel W Oesterle
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Nancy P Barnett
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Brian Borsari
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health System, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Caron Zlotnick
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Michelle P Haikalis
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Alan D Bekowitz
- Indepedent Researcher and Practitioner, Mount Shasta, CA, United States
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Orchowski LM, Meerhaeghe BM, Lane AR, Kazemi DM, Borsari B, Berry-Cabán CS. The Intersection between Alcohol use and Sexual Activity among Young Adult Male U.S. Service Members. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health 2023; 19:e174501792308080. [PMID: 37916209 PMCID: PMC10507211 DOI: 10.2174/17450179-v19-230809-2023-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Aims The current study explores drinking habits, preferences for alcohol use before sexual activity, and alcohol-related sexual behavior among young adult male active duty service members in the United States. Background Hazardous alcohol use is a significant problem among United States military service members. Whereas the association between alcohol use and sexual assault is well documented in civilian samples, less is known regarding the intersection of alcohol use and sexual activity among soldiers. Objective Descriptive statistics were utilized to summarize drinking habits, preferences for alcohol use before sexual activity, and alcohol-related sexual behavior. Methods A sample of 338 active-duty male service members between the ages of 18 and 24 were recruited from a large military post in the Southeastern United States. Constructs were assessed using self-report surveys. Results Participants reported consuming alcohol, on average, 5.6 times over the prior month. Average alcohol consumption was reported to be 7.8 beverages per drinking occasion. Participants reported engaging in heavy drinking an average of 2.9 times over the past 30 days. On average, service members reported a preference for 1.3 drinks before sexual activity. Furthermore, 75.2% of participants preferred to be sober during sex, and 82.1% preferred to engage in sexual activity with a sober partner. Approximately 14% of the sample reported using alcohol to improve their chances of having sex. Conclusion These findings highlight high rates of alcohol use among soldiers. Nonetheless, young adult male soldiers report a preference for sexual activity while sober. Understanding the co-occurrence of alcohol use and sexual activity has the potential to inform the development of integrated alcohol and sexual assault prevention programs for service members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay M. Orchowski
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior Alpert Medical School of Brown University Staff Psychologist, Rhode Island Hospital, United States
| | - Bryce M Meerhaeghe
- Department of Clinical Investigation, Womack Army Medical Center, Fort Bragg, NC, United States
| | - Amber R. Lane
- Department of Clinical Investigation, Womack Army Medical Center, Fort Liberty, NC, United States
| | - Donna M. Kazemi
- College of Nursing, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Brian Borsari
- San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, CA. and the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
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Orchowski LM, Oesterle DW, Haikalis M. What Stops Unwanted Sexual and Social Advances Made by Heavy Drinking College Men? JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP22250-NP22272. [PMID: 35363590 DOI: 10.1177/08862605211072157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Although rates of sexual aggression are high among college men who engage in heavy drinking, little is known regarding how often heavy drinking college men initiate unwanted sexual advances towards women that could lead to a potential sexual assault or the reasons why these advances stop or proceed. The present study describes heavy drinking college men's (N = 210) initiation of unwanted sexual and social advances towards women, as well as outcomes of these interactions, including how often these behaviors continue, and men's perception of what stopped the behavior over a 3-month period. Men indicated whether they were in a situation where a sexual partner noted that she does not want sexual activity to proceed further, initiated unwanted sexual contact, initiated unwanted sexual intercourse, attempted to give a woman alcohol when she did not appear to want to drink, or attempted to take a woman to an isolated location when she did not appear to want to go. These unwanted sexual and social advances most often stopped because of women's verbal resistance (i.e., saying "stop" or "no"), or because men engaged in a discussion regarding the women's limits or choices. Given that none of the unwanted sexual or social advances stopped because of bystander intervention, the present study highlights the importance of raising awareness of the effectiveness of women's resistance tactics and continuing to train bystanders to notice and take action to address risky situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay M Orchowski
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Daniel W Oesterle
- Department of Psychological Sciences, 311308Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Michelle Haikalis
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, 6752Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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Nikparvar F, Stith S, Spencer C, Panaghi L. The Relationship Between Sexual Aggression Victimization and Perpetration and Other Types of IPV Among Iranian Married Individuals. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:6050-6072. [PMID: 30537878 DOI: 10.1177/0886260518815714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the relationship between sexual intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization and perpetration and other types of IPV among married men and women in Tehran, Iran. Data were collected from 116 males and 121 females who reported perpetrating or experiencing IPV at least once in the past year. Four path analyses were conducted to examine the relationships between different types of violence and sexual aggression. The model explained 57% of the variance in men's sexual aggression perpetration and 44% of the variance in women's sexual aggression perpetration. Also, the model explained 58% of the variance in men's and 45% of the variance in women's sexual aggression victimization. Findings of this study emphasize the importance of understanding how one type of violence can be a context for other types of violence.
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Chan E, Catabay CJ, Campbell JC, Rudolph AE, Stockman JK, Tsuyuki K. Feminine gender norms and syndemic harmful drinking, sexual violence, and sexually transmitted infections among Black women at risk for HIV. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021; 221:108566. [PMID: 33581345 PMCID: PMC8026659 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study examined the associations between feminine gender ideologies (i.e., socially constructed attitudes and beliefs of women's appropriate behavior and roles) and the syndemic comorbidities of harmful alcohol use, sexual violence, and sexually transmitted infections (STI), which disproportionately affect Black women. METHODS Black women, aged 18-44 (n = 305) were recruited from STI clinics in Baltimore, MD into a retrospective cohort study. A survey assessed feminine gender ideologies using a measure of hyperfemininity and sexual hyperfemininity (subscale of sexual domains), harmful drinking (AUDIT), lifetime STI (Y/N and count), and syndemic burden (no burden [0-1 morbidity] and syndemic burden [2-3 comorbidities]). Multivariable regression models identified correlates of harmful drinking, STI, and syndemic burden. The analytic sample included (n = 231) women with complete data. RESULTS Nearly half of our sample reported high hyperfemininity and high sexual hyperfemininity, 23% reported harmful drinking, 39% experienced sexual violence as an adult, and 74% reported a lifetime STI. High sexual hyperfemininity (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR] = 1.94, 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 1.00-3.76) and sexual violence (AOR = 2.82, 95%CI: 1.43-5.58) were associated with greater odds of harmful drinking. Experiencing sexual violence in adulthood was associated with an increased count of lifetime STIs (Adjusted Incidence Rate Ratio [AIRR] = 1.33, 95%CI: 1.06-1.68). Syndemic burden affected 41% of our sample. High sexual hyperfemininity was associated with experiencing syndemic burden in unadjusted models (OR = 1.98, 95%CI: 1.16-3.37), but was not significant after controlling for confounders. CONCLUSIONS Interventions to reduce harmful drinking and STIs among Black women in the U.S. should address sexual gender ideologies and sexual violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Chan
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0507, USA
| | - Christina J Catabay
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0507, USA
| | - Jacquelyn C Campbell
- Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing, 525 N Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Abby E Rudolph
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Temple University College of Public Health, 1301 Cecil B Moore Avenue, Ritter Annex 905, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Jamila K Stockman
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0507, USA
| | - Kiyomi Tsuyuki
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0507, USA.
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Orchowski LM, Gidycz CA, Kraft K. Resisting Unwanted Sexual and Social Advances: Perspectives of College Women and Men. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:NP4049-NP4073. [PMID: 29936893 DOI: 10.1177/0886260518781805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study examines college men's (N = 635) and women's (N = 650) reports of women's resistance against unwanted sexual and social advances. Men completed surveys to assess (a) initiation of unwanted sexual contact with a female partner, (b) initiation of unwanted sexual intercourse with a female partner, (c) sexual situations where a female partner decided she did not want to proceed, (d) encouraging a woman to drink when they were aware that the woman did not want to, and (e) attempting to take a woman to an isolated location against her will. Women completed corresponding questionnaires regarding the receipt of such unwanted advances, the outcome of the situation, and the resistance tactics utilized. Many men (5%-46%) and women (15%-38%) initiated or experienced, respectively, at least one of the five unwanted sexual or social advances. Unwanted sexual and social advances most often stopped as a result of women's verbal and physical resistance. Few advances (0%-8%) stopped as a result of bystander intervention. In addition to decreasing men's likelihood of engaging in unwanted sexual and social advances, these data highlight the importance of educating women on the effectiveness of verbal and physical resistance tactics, and increasing the frequency of prosocial bystander action on college campuses.
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Brush LD, Miller E. Trouble in Paradigm: "Gender Transformative" Programming in Violence Prevention. Violence Against Women 2020; 25:1635-1656. [PMID: 31640536 DOI: 10.1177/1077801219872551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The World Health Organization encourages a "gender transformative" paradigm for preventing violence against women and girls. Gender transformative interventions engage men and boys to reflect critically on-and then to challenge and change-gender-inequitable attitudes and behaviors. To interpret the mixed findings of research evaluating such programs, we review the "social norms" model that informs the paradigm. We bolster the paradigmatic conceptualization of social norms through insights about how exposure to trauma shapes gendered patterns of victimization and perpetration, about gendered violence from research on homophobic bullying, and about transforming local regimes of gender accountability.
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Oesterle DW, Orchowski LM, Moreno O, Berkowitz A. A Qualitative Analysis of Bystander Intervention Among Heavy-Drinking College Men. Violence Against Women 2019; 24:1207-1231. [PMID: 30037315 DOI: 10.1177/1077801218781931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study qualitatively examines how heavy-drinking college men conceptualize bystander intervention. Twelve semi-structured individual interviews were conducted with college men reporting past-month heavy drinking and sexual activity within the past 2 months. NVivo software was used to conduct a thematic analysis. Following the stage model of bystander intervention, men in this sample described situations-predominantly in drinking contexts-when other men made sexual advances toward women who were not interested or who were intoxicated as opportunities for intervention. Men reported relying on women's expression of verbal and nonverbal cues as a sign that a situation was problematic, and warranting intervention. Men reported a desire to protect women from experiencing a sexual assault, or to protect a peer from being accused of rape. Men perceived themselves to be more likely to assume responsibility for intervening when the situation involved someone they knew, especially a female friend. A variety of intervention strategies were also reported. Preliminary support was offered for considering alcohol myopia as a barrier to intervention. The interviews also provided preliminary support for further investigation into the role of alcohol expectancies regarding "liquid courage" and "aggression" as factors that can influence bystander intervention when intoxicated. Implications for future research and the development of tailored sexual assault prevention efforts for heavy-drinking men are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lindsay M Orchowski
- 1 Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA.,2 Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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Brennan CL, Swartout KM, Goodnight BL, Cook SL, Parrott DJ, Thompson MP, Newins AR, Barron SRB, Carvalho J, Leone RM. Evidence for Multiple Classes of Sexually-Violent College Men. PSYCHOLOGY OF VIOLENCE 2019; 9:48-55. [PMID: 31011472 PMCID: PMC6474339 DOI: 10.1037/vio0000179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Research on college sexual violence perpetration suggests there are multiple groups of male perpetrators. It is important to understand the distinctions between perpetrator subgroups to determine appropriate prevention strategies, as multiple strategies may be necessary to address multiple types of perpetrators. However, previous studies on subgroups of sexually-violent college men have relied on theoretically based distinctions, and there is currently no consensus on how to best classify perpetrators based on their sexually violent behaviors. The purpose of the current study was to take a data-driven approach to identifying subgroups of sexually-violent college men to help clarify: 1) the number and size of cohesive subgroups of sexually-violent college men, and 2) the types of behaviors that characterize each group. METHODS 1,982 college men across five universities in the U.S. self-reported their past sexually-violent behaviors, using the Sexual Experiences Survey (SES; Koss et al., 2007). RESULTS Latent class analysis uncovered evidence for three groups: (1) a group unlikely to perpetrate any SV (88.6%); (2) a group likely to perpetrate SV using coercive tactics (verbal coercion or victim intoxication), but unlikely to use physical force (9.8%); and (3) a group likely to perpetrate the full range of SV (1.5%). Although the coercive tactics group was composed of men unlikely to use forceful tactics, it included the majority who attempted or completed rape based on legal definitions. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that there are multiple, distinct perpetrator subgroups and signal the need for multiple prevention approaches, including approaches that address campus social norms.
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Scoats R. ‘If there is no homo, there is no trio’: women’s experiences and expectations of MMF threesomes. PSYCHOLOGY & SEXUALITY 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/19419899.2018.1546766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Scoats
- Centre for Social Care, Health and Related Research, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK
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Orchowski LM, Barnett NP, Berkowitz A, Borsari B, Oesterle D, Zlotnick C. Sexual Assault Prevention for Heavy Drinking College Men: Development and Feasibility of an Integrated Approach. Violence Against Women 2018; 24:1369-1396. [PMID: 30078368 PMCID: PMC11077611 DOI: 10.1177/1077801218787928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2024]
Abstract
Despite the prevalence of sexual assault on college campuses, few interventions aimed at decreasing college men's proclivity to perpetrate sexual aggression have been developed and tested. This article details the theoretical framework, content, and piloting of a sexual assault prevention program for college men who engage in heavy drinking, a high-risk group who may be particularly well positioned to intervene as proactive bystanders in drinking environments. In an open trial, male facilitators delivered the three-session Sexual Assault and Alcohol Feedback and Education (SAFE) program to 25 heavy drinking college men. Session 1 was a 90-min review of personalized normative feedback regarding alcohol use, sexual activity, alcohol-related sexual consequences, understanding of consent, and engagement in bystander intervention, delivered individually in a motivational interviewing style. Session 2 was a 2½-hr group-based sexual assault prevention workshop focusing on social norms, empathy, masculinity, consent, and bystander intervention. Session 3 was a 90-min booster group session that reviewed previous topics and included the active practice of bystander intervention skills. Analyses of postsession assessments of utility, therapeutic alliance, and satisfaction and examination of alcohol use and sexual assault-related outcomes from baseline to the 2-month assessment support the preliminary feasibility and acceptability of the SAFE program.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Brian Borsari
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, USA
- University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Pegram SE, Abbey A, Helmers BR, Benbouriche M, Jilani Z, Woerner J. Men Who Sexually Assault Drinking Women: Similarities and Differences With Men Who Sexually Assault Sober Women and Nonperpetrators. Violence Against Women 2018; 24:1327-1348. [PMID: 30078373 DOI: 10.1177/1077801218787927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the attributes of men who sexually assault drinking women as compared with men who sexually assault sober women and nonperpetrators. Findings from a cross-sectional survey of 548 men and a laboratory computer-simulated date completed by a subset ( n = 87) support the hypothesis that both groups of perpetrators would share some common risk factors and differ regarding alcohol beliefs and consumption. Men who had previously assaulted a drinking woman gave their simulated date more alcohol to drink and perceived her as being more disinhibited. These findings demonstrate the power of alcohol expectancies and stereotypes about drinking women.
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Abebe KZ, Jones KA, Culyba AJ, Feliz NB, Anderson H, Torres I, Zelazny S, Bamwine P, Boateng A, Cirba B, Detchon A, Devine D, Feinstein Z, Macak J, Massof M, Miller-Walfish S, Morrow SE, Mulbah P, Mulwa Z, Paglisotti T, Ripper L, Ports KA, Matjasko JL, Garg A, Kato-Wallace J, Pulerwitz J, Miller E. Engendering healthy masculinities to prevent sexual violence: Rationale for and design of the Manhood 2.0 trial. Contemp Clin Trials 2018; 71:18-32. [PMID: 29802967 PMCID: PMC6643273 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2018.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Violence against women and girls is an important global health concern. Numerous health organizations highlight engaging men and boys in preventing violence against women as a potentially impactful public health prevention strategy. Adapted from an international setting for use in the US, "Manhood 2.0" is a "gender transformative" program that involves challenging harmful gender and sexuality norms that foster violence against women while promoting bystander intervention (i.e., giving boys skills to interrupt abusive behaviors they witness among peers) to reduce the perpetration of sexual violence (SV) and adolescent relationship abuse (ARA). Manhood 2.0 is being rigorously evaluated in a community-based cluster-randomized trial in 21 lower resource Pittsburgh neighborhoods with 866 adolescent males ages 13-19. The comparison intervention is a job readiness training program which focuses on the skills needed to prepare youth for entering the workforce, including goal setting, accountability, resume building, and interview preparation. This study will provide urgently needed information about the effectiveness of a gender transformative program, which combines healthy sexuality education, gender norms change, and bystander skills to interrupt peers' disrespectful and harmful behaviors to reduce SV/ARA perpetration among adolescent males. In this manuscript, we outline the rationale for and evaluation design of Manhood 2.0. Clinical Trials #: NCT02427061.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaleab Z Abebe
- Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Meyran Ave., Suite 300, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - Kelley A Jones
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3420 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Alison J Culyba
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3420 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Nayck B Feliz
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3420 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Heather Anderson
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3420 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Irving Torres
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3420 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Sarah Zelazny
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3420 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Patricia Bamwine
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3420 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Adwoa Boateng
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3420 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Benjamin Cirba
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3420 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Autumn Detchon
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3420 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Danielle Devine
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3420 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Zoe Feinstein
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3420 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Justin Macak
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3420 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Michael Massof
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3420 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Summer Miller-Walfish
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3420 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Sarah Elizabeth Morrow
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3420 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Paul Mulbah
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3420 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Zabi Mulwa
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3420 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Taylor Paglisotti
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3420 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Lisa Ripper
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3420 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Katie A Ports
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Jennifer L Matjasko
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Aapta Garg
- Promundo-US, 1367 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Suite #310, Washington, DC 20036, USA
| | - Jane Kato-Wallace
- Promundo-US, 1367 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Suite #310, Washington, DC 20036, USA
| | - Julie Pulerwitz
- Population Council, 4301 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Suite 280, Washington, DC 20008, USA
| | - Elizabeth Miller
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3420 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Salazar LF, Swartout KM, Swahn MH, Bellis AL, Carney J, Vagi KJ, Lokey C. Precollege Sexual Violence Perpetration and Associated Risk and Protective Factors Among Male College Freshmen in Georgia. J Adolesc Health 2018; 62:S51-S57. [PMID: 29455718 PMCID: PMC5858555 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Sexual violence (SV) perpetration on college campuses is a serious and prevalent public health issue in the U.S. In response, incoming male freshmen are mandated to receive SV prevention programming. To provide a more effective response, however, we need to understand the SV behaviors of male freshmen before they arrive on campus and the associated factors that contribute to risk and that afford protection, areas that have received limited attention. METHODS Male freshmen (N = 1,133) across 30 selected 4-year colleges and universities throughout the state of Georgia were recruited for a longitudinal study on SV perpetration. Levels of precollege SV as well as a range of covariates were assessed at baseline. Self-reported SV perpetrators were compared with nonperpetrators on demographic and hypothesized covariates deemed either risk or protective; then risk and protective models were analyzed using binary logistic regression. RESULTS Weighted analyses revealed that 19.3% self-reported perpetrating SV before college. Before starting college, young men who reported more sexual media consumption, heavy episodic drinking, hypermasculine beliefs, and peers who endorsed SV were more likely to have a history of SV perpetration at college matriculation. Alternatively, men with more knowledge of effective sexual consent and stronger family functioning were less likely to arrive to college with an SV perpetration history. CONCLUSIONS A significant proportion of incoming male freshmen have perpetrated SV previously. Colleges and universities need to assess incoming freshmen for risk behaviors and negative beliefs and to offer both primary and secondary preventions to more effectively reduce further perpetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura F Salazar
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia.
| | - Kevin M Swartout
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Monica H Swahn
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Jhetari Carney
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Kevin J Vagi
- Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Colby Lokey
- Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Tomaszewska P, Krahé B. Predictors of Sexual Aggression Victimization and Perpetration Among Polish University Students: A Longitudinal Study. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2018; 47:493-505. [PMID: 27543105 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-016-0823-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
This two-wave study investigated predictors of sexual aggression victimization and perpetration in a convenience sample of 318 Polish university students (214 women), considering males and females from the perspective of both victims and perpetrators. At T1, we assessed participants' risky sexual scripts (defined as cognitive representations of consensual sexual interactions containing elements related to sexual aggression), risky sexual behavior, pornography use, religiosity, sexual self-esteem, and attitudes toward sexual coercion. These variables were used to predict sexual aggression perpetration and victimization reports obtained 12 months later (T2) for two time windows: (a) since the age of 15 until a year ago and (b) in the past year. As expected, risky sexual scripts were linked to risky sexual behavior and indirectly increased the likelihood of victimization in both time windows. Lower sexual self-esteem predicted sexual victimization since age 15, but not in the past 12 months. Pornography use and religiosity indirectly predicted victimization via risky scripts and behavior. Attitudes toward sexual coercion were a prospective predictor of sexual aggression perpetration. The results extend the international literature on sexual aggression and have implications for sexual education and sexual aggression prevention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbara Krahé
- Department of Psychology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
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Jaime MCD, McCauley HL, Tancredi DJ, Nettiksimmons J, Decker MR, Silverman JG, O'Connor B, Stetkevich N, Miller E. Athletic coaches as violence prevention advocates. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2015; 30:1090-1111. [PMID: 25015237 DOI: 10.1177/0886260514539847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Adolescent relationship abuse (ARA) is a significant public health problem. Coaching Boys Into Men (CBIM) is an evidence-based ARA prevention program that trains coaches to deliver violence prevention messages to male athletes. Assessing acceptability and impact of CBIM on coaches may inform prevention efforts that involve these important adults in health promotion among youth. As part of a two-armed cluster-randomized controlled trial of CBIM in 16 high schools in Northern California, coaches completed baseline and postseason surveys (n = 176) to assess their attitudes and confidence delivering the program. Coaches in the intervention arm also participated in interviews (n = 36) that explored program acceptability, feasibility, and impact. Relative to controls, intervention coaches showed increases in confidence intervening when witnessing abusive behaviors among their athletes, greater bystander intervention, and greater frequency of violence-related discussions with athletes and other coaches. Coaches reported the program was easy to implement and valuable for their athletes. Findings illustrate the value of exploring attitudinal and behavioral changes among ARA prevention implementers, and suggest that coaches can gain confidence and enact behaviors to discourage ARA among male athletes. Coaches found the program to be feasible and valuable, which suggests potential for long-term uptake and sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Catrina D Jaime
- Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA, USA
| | - Heather L McCauley
- Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Michele R Decker
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | - Elizabeth Miller
- Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA, USA
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Miller E, Das M, Verma R, O'Connor B, Ghosh S, Jaime MCD, McCauley HL. Exploring the potential for changing gender norms among cricket coaches and athletes in India. Violence Against Women 2014; 21:188-205. [PMID: 25540256 DOI: 10.1177/1077801214564688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study explored gender norms with cricket coaches and athletes in India to adapt a coach-delivered gender violence prevention program from the United States for the urban Indian context. Interviews and focus groups conducted among coaches and adolescent cricketers highlight the extent to which coaches and athletes articulate prevailing inequitable notions about gender and recognition of the power coaches wield. Adapting a violence prevention program that emphasizes gender norms change may be feasible with Indian cricket coaches but is likely to require attention to defining gender equity and challenging cultural assumptions with coaches prior to implementing the program with athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Madhumita Das
- International Center for Research on Women, New Delhi, India
| | - Ravi Verma
- International Center for Research on Women, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Sancheeta Ghosh
- International Center for Research on Women, New Delhi, India
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Untied AS, Orchowski LM, Lazar V. College men's and women's respective perceptions of risk to perpetrate or experience sexual assault: the role of alcohol use and expectancies. Violence Against Women 2014; 19:903-23. [PMID: 23955932 DOI: 10.1177/1077801213498216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The present study examines alcohol use, expectancies (i.e., beliefs about the outcomes of alcohol consumption), and college men's (n = 127) and women's (n = 191) respective perceptions of risk to perpetrate/experience sexual violence. Interactions between alcohol consumption and expectancies were examined. Alcohol expectancies regarding assertiveness increased women's perceived risk for sexual intercourse via alcohol/drugs. Among women reporting high alcohol use, global expectancies were positively associated with perceived risk for sexual intercourse via alcohol/drugs. Furthermore, among women reporting low alcohol use, expectancies regarding assertiveness were positively associated with perceived risk for coerced sexual contact. Implications are discussed.
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Krahé B, Berger A. Men and women as perpetrators and victims of sexual aggression in heterosexual and same-sex encounters: a study of first-year college students in Germany. Aggress Behav 2013; 39:391-404. [PMID: 23629691 DOI: 10.1002/ab.21482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the prevalence of sexual aggression and victimization in a large convenience sample of N = 2,149 first-year college students from different universities in Germany. Participants were asked about both victimization by, and perpetration of, sexual aggression since the age of 14. Both same-sex and heterosexual victim-perpetrator constellations were examined. Prevalence rates were established for different victim-perpetrator relationships (partners, acquaintances, strangers) and for incidents involving alcohol consumption by one or both partners. The overall perpetration rate was 13.2%, for men and 7.6% for women. The overall victimization rate was 35.9% for women and 19.4% for men. A disparity between victimization and perpetration reports was found for both men and women. Perpetration and victimization rates were highest among participants who had sexual contacts with both opposite-sex and same-sex partners. Sexual aggression and victimization rates were higher between current or former partners and acquaintances than between strangers. Alcohol consumption by one or both partners was involved in almost 75% of all victimization and almost 70% of all perpetration incidents. The findings portray a comprehensive picture of the scale of sexual aggression and victimization in college students with different sexual lifestyles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Krahé
- Department of Psychology; University of Potsdam; Potsdam; Germany
| | - Anja Berger
- Department of Psychology; University of Potsdam; Potsdam; Germany
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McCauley HL, Tancredi DJ, Silverman JG, Decker MR, Austin SB, McCormick MC, Virata MC, Miller E. Gender-equitable attitudes, bystander behavior, and recent abuse perpetration against heterosexual dating partners of male high school athletes. Am J Public Health 2013; 103:1882-7. [PMID: 23947324 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2013.301443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We assessed the relationship between gender attitudes, identified as a critical component of violence prevention, and abuse toward dating partners among adolescent male athletes. METHODS Our sample comprised 1699 athletes from 16 high schools in northern California who were surveyed between December 2009 and October 2010 in the larger Coaching Boys Into Men trial. We used logistic regression to assess the association between gender-equitable attitudes, bystander behavior, and recent abuse incidents. RESULTS Athletes with more gender-equitable attitudes and greater intention to intervene were less likely (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.36; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.28, 0.46; and AOR = 0.60; 95% CI = 0.48, 0.75, respectively) and athletes who engaged in negative bystander behavior were more likely (AOR = 1.22, 95% CI = 1.10, 1.35) to perpetrate abuse against their female dating partners. CONCLUSIONS Despite the shift among bystander intervention programs toward gender neutrality, our findings suggest a strong association between gender attitudes and dating violence. Programs designed for adolescents should include discussion of gender attitudes and target bystander behavior, because these components may operate on related but distinct pathways to reduce abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L McCauley
- Heather L. McCauley, Maria Catrina Virata, and Elizabeth Miller are with the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Division of Adolescent Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA. Daniel J. Tancredi is with the Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Davis School of Medicine. Jay G. Silverman is with the Division of Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine. Michele R. Decker is with the Department of Population, Family, and Reproductive Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD. S. Bryn Austin and Marie C. McCormick are with the Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
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Miller E, Tancredi DJ, McCauley HL, Decker MR, Virata MCD, Anderson HA, O'Connor B, Silverman JG. One-year follow-up of a coach-delivered dating violence prevention program: a cluster randomized controlled trial. Am J Prev Med 2013; 45:108-112. [PMID: 23790995 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2013.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perpetration of physical, sexual, and psychological abuse is prevalent in adolescent relationships. One strategy for reducing such violence is to increase the likelihood that youth will intervene when they see peers engaging in disrespectful and abusive behaviors. PURPOSE This 12-month follow-up of a cluster RCT examined the longer-term effectiveness of Coaching Boys Into Men, a dating violence prevention program targeting high school male athletes. DESIGN This cluster RCT was conducted from 2009 to 2011. The unit of randomization was the school, and the unit of analysis was the athlete. Data were analyzed in 2012. SETTING/PARTICIPANTS Participants were male athletes in Grades 9-11 (N=1513) participating in athletics in 16 high schools. INTERVENTION The intervention consisted of training athletic coaches to integrate violence prevention messages into coaching activities through brief, weekly, scripted discussions with athletes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Primary outcomes were intentions to intervene, recognition of abusive behaviors, and gender-equitable attitudes. Secondary outcomes included bystander behaviors and abuse perpetration. Intervention effects were expressed as adjusted mean between-arm differences in changes in outcomes over time, estimated via regression models for clustered, longitudinal data. RESULTS Perpetration of dating violence in the past 3 months was less prevalent among intervention athletes relative to control athletes, resulting in an estimated intervention effect of -0.15 (95% CI=-0.27, -0.03). Intervention athletes also reported lower levels of negative bystander behaviors (i.e., laughing and going along with peers' abusive behaviors) compared to controls (-0.41, 95% CI=-0.72, -0.10). No differences were observed in intentions to intervene (0.04, 95% CI=-0.07, 0.16); gender-equitable attitudes (-0.04, 95% CI=-0.11, 0.04); recognition of abusive behaviors (-0.03, 95% CI=-0.15, 0.09); or positive bystander behaviors (0.04, 95% CI=-0.11, 0.19). CONCLUSIONS This school athletics-based dating violence prevention program is a promising approach to reduce perpetration and negative bystander behaviors that condone dating violence among male athletes. TRIAL REGISTRATION This study is registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov NCTO1367704.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh/University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
| | - Daniel J Tancredi
- Department of Pediatrics, UC Davis School of Medicine and Center for Healthcare Policy and Research, Sacramento
| | - Heather L McCauley
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh/University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Michele R Decker
- Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Maria Catrina D Virata
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh/University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Heather A Anderson
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh/University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Jay G Silverman
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
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Orchowski LM, Untied AS, Gidycz CA. Factors associated with college women's labeling of sexual victimization. VIOLENCE AND VICTIMS 2013; 28:940-958. [PMID: 24547673 DOI: 10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-12-00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Despite high rates of sexual assault among college women, most victims do not label the experience as sexual assault or rape. Prior research examining labeling of sexual victimization has focused on women's characterization of rape experiences as either not victimization or victimization. This study extends prior research by exploring factors associated with labeling various forms of sexual victimization as "not victimization," a "serious miscommunication," or a "sexual assault, date rape, rape, or crime." A sample of 1,060 college women reported on their experiences of sexual victimization since the age of 14 years. Women who reported experiences of prior sexual victimization (n = 371) indicated their level of acquaintance with the assailant, assault disclosure, substance use at time of assault, attributions of self- and perpetrator-blame for the assault, and labeling of the experience. Most women who reported experiences of sexual victimization did not self-identify as victims, and 38% labeled sexual victimization as a serious miscommunication. Greater acquaintance with the perpetrator, higher behavioral self-blame, and victim substance use at the time of the assault were associated with labeling sexual assault experiences as a serious miscommunication. Implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay M Orchowski
- Brown University Medical School, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI 02904, USA.
| | - Amy S Untied
- Xavier University, Department of Psychology, USA
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23
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Miller E, Tancredi DJ, McCauley HL, Decker MR, Virata MCD, Anderson HA, Stetkevich N, Brown EW, Moideen F, Silverman JG. "Coaching boys into men": a cluster-randomized controlled trial of a dating violence prevention program. J Adolesc Health 2012; 51:431-8. [PMID: 23084163 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Revised: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Dating violence (DV)--physical, sexual, and psychological aggression in adolescent romantic relationships--is prevalent among youth. Despite broad calls for primary prevention, few programs with demonstrated effectiveness exist. This cluster-randomized trial examined the effectiveness of a DV perpetration prevention program targeting coaches and high school male athletes. METHODS The unit of randomization was the high school (16 schools), and the unit of analysis was the athlete (N = 2,006 students). Primary outcomes were intentions to intervene, recognition of abusive behaviors, and gender-equitable attitudes. Secondary outcomes explored bystander behaviors and abuse perpetration. Regression models for clustered, longitudinal data assessed between-arm differences in over-time changes in mean levels of continuous outcomes in 1,798 athletes followed up at 3 months. RESULTS Intervention athletes' changes in intentions to intervene were positive compared with control subjects, resulting in an estimated intervention effect of .12 (95% CI: .003, .24). Intervention athletes also reported higher levels of positive bystander intervention behavior than control subjects (.25, 95% CI: .13, .38). Changes in gender-equitable attitudes, recognition of abusive behaviors, and DV perpetration were not significant. Secondary analyses estimated intervention impacts according to intensity of program implementation. Compared with control subjects, athletes exposed to full-intensity implementation of the intervention demonstrated improvements in intentions to intervene (.16, 95% CI: .04, .27), recognition of abusive behaviors (.13, 95% CI: .003, .25), and positive bystander intervention (.28, 95% CI: .14, .41). CONCLUSION This cluster-randomized controlled trial supports the effectiveness of a school athletics-based prevention program as one promising strategy to reduce DV perpetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Miller
- Division of Adolescent Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh/University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
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Das M, Ghosh S, Verma R, O'Connor B, Fewer S, Virata MC, Miller E. Gender attitudes and violence among urban adolescent boys in India. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADOLESCENCE AND YOUTH 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/02673843.2012.716762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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Orchowski LM, Creech SK, Reddy MK, Capezza NM, Ratcliff T. College women's perceived risk to experience sexual victimization: a prospective analysis. VIOLENCE AND VICTIMS 2012; 27:194-214. [PMID: 22594216 DOI: 10.1891/0886-6708.27.2.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This study implemented a prospective design to explore college women's perceived risk to experience sexual victimization over a 2-month interim (N = 143). Compared to women without such histories, women with a history of unwanted sexual contact via arguments/ pressure, or a history of unwanted sexual intercourse via administration of alcohol/drugs reported higher perceived risk to subsequently experience these forms of victimization. Compared to women who were not victimized, women who subsequently experienced unwanted sexual intercourse via administration of alcohol/drugs or arguments/pressure reported higher levels of risk to experience these forms of victimization. Controlling for victimization history, higher levels of risk to experience sexual intercourse over the interim via arguments predicted this form of victimization over the follow-up. Implications are discussed.
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Muñoz LC, Khan R, Cordwell L. Sexually coercive tactics used by university students: a clear role for primary psychopathy. J Pers Disord 2011; 25:28-40. [PMID: 21309621 DOI: 10.1521/pedi.2011.25.1.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Current research suggests that people with psychopathic traits engage in sexual coercion as an alternative mating strategy. Research overlooks the relation between psychopathic traits and coercive behavior in male and female samples that engage in dating quite frequently. Male and female university students reported on their current relationship styles and their use of minor and severe sexually coercive tactics. Results indicate that primary psychopathy (using the Levenson's SRPS), but not secondary psychopathy, predicts the use of all measures of sexual coercion for both females and males, although males were more likely to exploit an intoxicated partner than females. Additionally, females with high levels of primary psychopathy were more likely to use physical forms of coercion. The findings show that the primary psychopathy features (callousness, charm, and selfishness) predict a shortterm mating strategy that focuses on gaining sex through minor forms of coercion and manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luna C Muñoz
- School of Psychology, Darwin Bldg, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, Lancashire, UK.
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Krahé B. Sexuelle Aggression und Opfererfahrung unter Jugendlichen und jungen Erwachsenen. PSYCHOLOGISCHE RUNDSCHAU 2009. [DOI: 10.1026/0033-3042.60.3.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung. Die internationale Forschungsliteratur belegt, dass unfreiwillige sexuelle Interaktionen unter Jugendlichen und jungen Erwachsenen weit verbreitet sind. Ausgehend von einer kurzen Bestandsaufnahme dieser Literatur stellt der Beitrag zwei eigene Studien zum Verbreitungsgrad und zu Risikofaktoren sexuell aggressiven Täterhandelns und sexueller Viktimisierung vor. Neben der traditionellen Konstellation männlicher Täter und weiblicher Opfer werden sexuelle Aggression von Frauen gegenüber Männern sowie sexuelle Viktimisierung von Männern durch Frauen betrachtet. Bezogen auf Risikofaktoren für Täterhandeln und Vulnerabilitätsfaktoren für Opfererfahrungen liegt der Schwerpunkt auf der Betrachtung biografischer Variablen (z.B. kindliche Missbrauchserfahrungen) sowie aktualgenetischer Faktoren (z.B. mehrdeutige Kommunikation sexueller Absichten), wobei der Verankerung von Risikoelementen sexueller Aggression in „sexuellen Skripts”, d.h. Verhaltensdrehbüchern für freiwillige sexuelle Interaktionen, besondere Bedeutung beigemessen wird. Abschließend werden die Implikationen der Befunde für die Entwicklung von Präventionsmaßnahmen diskutiert.
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Parkhill MR, Abbey A. DOES ALCOHOL CONTRIBUTE TO THE CONFLUENCE MODEL OF SEXUAL ASSAULT PERPETRATION? JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2008; 27:529-554. [PMID: 26405374 DOI: 10.1521/jscp.2008.27.6.529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The confluence model of sexual assault provides a useful theoretical integration of factors that influence men's likelihood of committing sexual assault (Malamuth, Sockloskie, Koss, & Tanaka, 1991). This study replicates and extends the confluence model by including alcohol at multiple levels. Participants' usual alcohol consumption and alcohol consumption in sexual situations were included as predictor variables. The number of sexually aggressive acts that participants committed after consuming alcohol and the number of sexually aggressive acts participants committed when sober were separately calculated so that the predictors of each could be distinguished. Participants were 356 men who completed a survey that included measures that assessed the key components of the confluence model. Results of path analyses indicated that the expanded model fit the data well, with both general and situational measures of alcohol use predicting frequency of sexual assault when drinking alcohol. These findings highlight the importance of developing universal and targeted prevention programs for young men.
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