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Farmer HF, Byrne JEM, Mussap AJ. The Role of Gender and Sexuality in the Experience, Internalization, and Mental Health Correlates of Sexual Victimization Stigma. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2024:8862605241246798. [PMID: 38624136 DOI: 10.1177/08862605241246798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
The stigma associated with sexual victimization (SV) can add to the psychological burden on survivors. We compared experiences of SV and SV stigma by survivor gender and sexuality and evaluated the relevance of public and internalized sources of this stigma to their psychological functioning. An online survey containing measures of SV type (sexual harassment and assault), public SV stigma, internalized SV stigma (self-blame, self-shame, anticipated-shame), and psychological functioning (depression, anxiety, stress, and post-traumatic stress disorder [PTSD] symptomatology) was completed by 877 women and 211 men aged 18 to 66 years (M = 30.2, SD = 8.06), of whom 73.9% were heterosexual and 26.1% identified as a sexual minority (same-sex-attracted, bisexual, pansexual, or asexual). Sexual harassment and assault were more prevalent in women and sexual minority men. Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) with age and SV frequency as covariates also revealed poorer psychological functioning in sexual minority men, and higher levels of SV stigma in sexual minority women and men. Multigroup path analyses further showed that exposure to public stigma was associated with poorer psychological functioning, that internalized stigma partly mediated these associations, and that the magnitude of the associations (particularly those involving self-shame and anticipated shame) was often greater in men and sexual minorities. The results add to our understanding of the role of gender and sexuality in the experience, internalization, and psychological impact of SV-related stigma on survivors. The results also highlight the need for societal shifts toward acknowledging and validating experiences of SV in men and sexual minorities, alongside women, and the development of intersectionality-informed interventions for SV stigma in survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jamie E M Byrne
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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2
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Exploring the Prevalence of Adverse Childhood Experiences in Secure Children’s Home Admissions. CHILD & YOUTH CARE FORUM 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10566-021-09660-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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3
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Schapansky E, Depraetere J, Keygnaert I, Vandeviver C. Prevalence and Associated Factors of Sexual Victimization: Findings from a National Representative Sample of Belgian Adults Aged 16-69. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:7360. [PMID: 34299811 PMCID: PMC8307212 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18147360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Sexual victimization is a major public health, judicial, and societal concern worldwide. Nationally representative and comparable studies are still lacking. We applied a broad definition of sexual violence, including hands-off and hands-on victimization, and behaviorally specific questions to assess sexual victimization. Lifetime and 12-month prevalence estimates were obtained that are representative of the Belgian general population aged 16 to 69 with regard to sex and age. These estimates indicate that 64% experienced some form of sexual victimization in their lives, and 44% experienced some form of sexual victimization in the past 12 months. Logistic regression analysis revealed significant associations for sex, age, sexual orientation, the number of sexual partners, and the financial situation with sexual victimization. Furthermore, our data show that mental health is significantly worse in persons with a history of prior sexual victimization. Prevalence estimates for all forms of sexual victimization are presented and compared to other national and international studies on sexual victimization. This comparison suggests that prevalence rates may have been underestimated in extant research. The prevalence estimates obtained in this study demonstrate that all sexes and ages are affected by sexual victimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Schapansky
- Department of Criminology, Criminal Law and Social Law, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (E.S.); (J.D.)
| | - Joke Depraetere
- Department of Criminology, Criminal Law and Social Law, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (E.S.); (J.D.)
- Research Foundation—Flanders (FWO), 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ines Keygnaert
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Christophe Vandeviver
- Department of Criminology, Criminal Law and Social Law, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (E.S.); (J.D.)
- Research Foundation—Flanders (FWO), 1000 Brussels, Belgium
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Depraetere J, Vandeviver C, Beken TV, Keygnaert I. Big Boys Don't Cry: A Critical Interpretive Synthesis of Male Sexual Victimization. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2020; 21:991-1010. [PMID: 30554559 PMCID: PMC7444022 DOI: 10.1177/1524838018816979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Sexual victimization is typically presented as a gender-based problem involving a female victim and a male offender. Science, policy, and society focus on female victims at the expense of male victims. Male sexual victimization is thus understudied compared with female sexual victimization. By performing a critical interpretive synthesis of research papers, policy documents, and gray literature (N = 67) published in four electronic databases from January 2000 through September 2017, this article establishes the prevalence of male sexual victims and the causes that underlie the underrepresentation of this group in existing research and current policy. The prevalence rates of male sexual victims vary considerably, with up to 65% of men reporting sexual victimization. The underrepresentation of male victims was found to be rooted in prevailing gender roles and accepted sexual scripts in society, together with rape myths and stereotypical rape scripts. The former prescribes men as the dominant and sexually active gender. The latter denies male sexual victimization and frames women as "ideal victims." Combined, these prevailing societal perceptions of men, male sexuality, and sexual victimization prevent men from self-identifying as victims and inhibit them from seeking help to cope with the adverse consequences of sexual victimization. Addressing the gender differences in sexual victimization requires societal and political changes that challenge prevailing stereotypical perceptions of sexual victims. Such changes could result in improved support services for male sexual victims.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joke Depraetere
- Department of Criminology, Criminal Law and Social Law, Institute for International Research on Criminal Policy (IRCP), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Joke Depraetere, Department of Criminology, Criminal Law and Social Law, Institute for International Research on Criminal Policy (IRCP), Campus Aula, Universiteitstraat 4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Christophe Vandeviver
- Department of Criminology, Criminal Law and Social Law, Institute for International Research on Criminal Policy (IRCP), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Vander Beken
- Department of Criminology, Criminal Law and Social Law, Institute for International Research on Criminal Policy (IRCP), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ines Keygnaert
- Department of Uro-Gynecology, International Centre for Reproductive Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Ching THW, Wetterneck CT, Williams MT, Chase T. Sexual Trauma, Cognitive Appraisals, and Sexual Intrusive Thoughts and Their Subtypes: A Moderated Mediation Analysis. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2020; 49:2907-2917. [PMID: 32914249 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-020-01809-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The relationships between sexual trauma, cognitive appraisals, and subtypes of sexual intrusive thoughts have not been adequately examined in the context of obsessive-compulsive concerns. We employed variations of a moderated mediation model to test these relationships, situating sexual trauma as the predictor, sexual intrusive thoughts as the outcome, cognitive appraisals of these thoughts as the mediator, and subtypes of sexual intrusive thoughts as the moderator of the predictor-mediator link. Based on the continuum perspective, 180 individuals (159 females, 21 males) with or without a history of sexual trauma were recruited to complete measures assessing their most distressing sexual intrusion, cognitive appraisals, and severity of sexual intrusive thoughts. The results indicated that individuals with a history of sexual trauma reported more intrusions with sexual harm content, greater distress with sexual intrusions, more dysfunctional appraisals, and more severe sexual intrusions. The trauma-sexual intrusions link was also separately mediated by responsibility and importance/control appraisals (and when combined), with medium-to-large effect sizes, although this model was not moderated by whether intrusions contained sexual harm content or not. These findings shed light on the posttraumatic effects of sexual violence on sexual intrusions, their appraisals, and level of distress and functional impairment associated with sexual intrusive thoughts, with key clinical and research implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence H W Ching
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, 406 Babbidge Road, Unit 1020, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA.
| | | | - Monnica T Williams
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, 406 Babbidge Road, Unit 1020, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Tannah Chase
- The Anxiety Counseling Clinic, New Braunfels, TX, USA
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6
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Perceptions of Dating Behaviors Among Individuals in the General Population with High and Low Autistic Traits. SEXUALITY AND DISABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11195-020-09640-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Chen G, Gueta K. Cognitive Appraisal of Child Abuse Among Israeli Inmates: Does Sex Make a Difference? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OFFENDER THERAPY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2019; 63:2050-2068. [PMID: 30755041 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x19829383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Sex differences in child abuse and neglect (CAN) have long interested researchers due to their adverse impact. Cognitive appraisal of CAN may also affect the negative consequences. The purpose of this study was to assess sex differences in (a) the experience and (b) the cognitive appraisal of CAN among 247 Israeli inmates. The findings indicated that female inmates experienced higher rates of total CAN than male inmates. No significant sex differences were found in physical abuse, emotional neglect, or cognitive appraisal of CAN. However, there were significant sex differences in ranking the significance of different dimensions of cognitive appraisal of CAN. Paternal partner violence was a predictor of CAN and its cognitive appraisal for both sexes; maternal partner violence was a predictor of both among female inmates only. Even when male and female inmates share similar family risk factors, their effects may differ by sex. Possible clinical implications are discussed.
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Archer J. The reality and evolutionary significance of human psychological sex differences. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2019; 94:1381-1415. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- John Archer
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Central Lancashire Preston Lancashire PR1 2HE U.K
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Donne MD, DeLuca J, Pleskach P, Bromson C, Mosley MP, Perez ET, Mathews SG, Stephenson R, Frye V. Barriers to and Facilitators of Help-Seeking Behavior Among Men Who Experience Sexual Violence. Am J Mens Health 2017; 12:189-201. [PMID: 29161934 PMCID: PMC5818122 DOI: 10.1177/1557988317740665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Research on sexual violence and related support services access has mainly focused on female victims; there is still a remarkable lack of research on men who experience sexual violence. Research demonstrates that people who both self-identify as men and are members of sexual-orientation minority populations are at higher risk of sexual violence. They are also less likely to either report or seek support services related to such experiences. The present study is an exploratory one aimed at filling the gap in the literature and better understanding how men, both straight and gay as well as cisgender and transgender, conceptualize, understand, and seek help related to sexual violence. A sample of 32 men was recruited on-line and participated in either a one-on-one in-depth interview (N = 19) or one of two focus group discussions (N = 13). All interviews and groups were audiotaped, professionally transcribed and coded using NVivo 9 qualitative software. The present analysis focused on barriers to and facilitators of support service access. Emergent and cross-cutting themes were identified and presented, with an emphasis on understanding what factors may prevent disclosure of a sexual violence experience and facilitate seeking support services and/or professional help. Through this analysis, the research team aims to add knowledge to inform the development of tools to increase service access and receipt, for use by both researchers and service professionals. Although this study contributes to the understanding of the issue of men’s experiences of sexual violence, more research with diverse populations is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Delle Donne
- 1 Department of Community Health and Social Medicine, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,2 Department of Clinical Psychology, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA.,3 Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Joseph DeLuca
- 4 Department of Psychology, John Jay College, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pavel Pleskach
- 4 Department of Psychology, John Jay College, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Marcus P Mosley
- 1 Department of Community Health and Social Medicine, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Edward T Perez
- 1 Department of Community Health and Social Medicine, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shibin G Mathews
- 1 Department of Community Health and Social Medicine, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rob Stephenson
- 6 Department of Health Behavior and Biological Sciences, School of Nursing and The Center for Sexuality and Health Disparities, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Victoria Frye
- 1 Department of Community Health and Social Medicine, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Blom H, Högberg U, Olofsson N, Danielsson I. Multiple violence victimisation associated with sexual ill health and sexual risk behaviours in Swedish youth. EUR J CONTRACEP REPR 2015; 21:49-56. [PMID: 26416241 DOI: 10.3109/13625187.2015.1089227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To address the associations between emotional, physical and sexual violence, specifically multiple violence victimisation, and sexual ill health and sexual risk behaviours in youth, as well as possible gender differences. METHODS A cross-sectional population-based survey among sexually experienced youth using a questionnaire with validated questions on emotional, physical, and sexual violence victimisation, sociodemographics, health risk behaviours, and sexual ill health and sexual risk behaviours. Proportions, unadjusted/adjusted odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. RESULTS The participants comprised 1192 female and 1021 male students aged 15 to 22 years. The females had experienced multiple violence (victimisation with two or three types of violence) more often than the males (21% vs. 16%). The associations between multiple violence victimisation and sexual ill health and sexual risk behaviours were consistent for both genders. Experience of/involvement in pregnancy yielded adjusted ORs of 2.4 (95% CI 1.5-3.7) for females and 2.1 (95% CI 1.3-3.4) for males, and early age at first intercourse 2.2 (95% CI 1.6-3.1) for females and 1.9 (95% CI 1.2-3.0) for males. No significantly raised adjusted ORs were found for non-use of contraceptives in young men or young women, or for chlamydia infection in young men. CONCLUSIONS Several types of sexual ill health and sexual risk behaviours are strongly associated with multiple violence victimisation in both genders. This should be taken into consideration when counselling young people and addressing their sexual and reproductive health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Blom
- a Department of Clinical Sciences, Obstetrics and Gynaecology , Umeå University , Umeå , Sweden.,b Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology , Sundsvall, Umeå University , Sweden
| | - Ulf Högberg
- c Department of Women's and Children's Health , Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Niclas Olofsson
- d Department of Public Health and Research , Sundsvall, Umeå University , Sweden
| | - Ingela Danielsson
- a Department of Clinical Sciences, Obstetrics and Gynaecology , Umeå University , Umeå , Sweden.,d Department of Public Health and Research , Sundsvall, Umeå University , Sweden
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Asscher JJ, Van der Put CE, Stams GJJM. Gender Differences in the Impact of Abuse and Neglect Victimization on Adolescent Offending Behavior. JOURNAL OF FAMILY VIOLENCE 2015; 30:215-225. [PMID: 25663744 PMCID: PMC4315896 DOI: 10.1007/s10896-014-9668-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The present study examines gender differences in the association between abuse and neglect during childhood, and sexual and violent offending in juvenile delinquents. Female juvenile delinquents were more frequently victim of sexual and physical abuse and had a history of neglect and maltreatment than male juvenile offenders. Male juvenile offenders committed more sexual offenses and felony offenses against persons. Female juvenile offenders reported higher levels of having committed misdemeanor offenses against persons and violence that were not included in criminal history. A history of sexual abuse was related to sexual offending, while a history of physical abuse was related to violent offending. The relationships between victimization and offending were stronger in male juvenile offenders than in female juvenile offenders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica J. Asscher
- Forensic Child and Youth Care Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 127, POBox 15776, 1001 NG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Claudia E. Van der Put
- Forensic Child and Youth Care Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 127, POBox 15776, 1001 NG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Geert Jan J. M. Stams
- Forensic Child and Youth Care Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 127, POBox 15776, 1001 NG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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de Visser RO, Badcock PB, Rissel C, Richters J, Smith AMA, Grulich AE, Simpson JM. Experiences of sexual coercion in a representative sample of adults: the Second Australian Study of Health and Relationships. Sex Health 2014; 11:472-80. [PMID: 25377000 DOI: 10.1071/sh14103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Background It is important to have current reliable estimates of the prevalence, correlates and consequences of sexual coercion among a representative sample of Australian adults and to identify changes over time in prevalence and consequences. METHODS Computer-assisted telephone interviews were completed by a representative sample of 20094 Australian men and women aged 16-69 years. The participation rate among eligible people was 66.2%. RESULTS Sexual coercion (i.e. being forced or frightened into sexual activity) was reported by 4.2% of men and 22.4% of women. Sexual coercion when aged ≤16 years was reported by 2.0% of men and 11.5% of women. Correlates of sexual coercion were similar for men and women. Those who had been coerced reported greater psychosocial distress, were more likely to smoke, were more anxious about sex and more likely to have acquired a sexually transmissible infection. Few people had talked to others about their experiences of sexual coercion and fewer had talked to a professional. There were no significant differences between the First and Second Australian Study of Health and Relationships in whether men or women had experienced coercion, talked to anyone about this or talked to a counsellor or psychologist. CONCLUSION Sexual coercion has detrimental effects on various aspects of people's lives. It usually occurs at the ages at which people become sexually active. There is a need to reduce the incidence of sexual coercion, better identify experiences of sexual coercion, and provide accessible services to minimise the detrimental effects of sexual coercion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul B Badcock
- Australian Research Centre in Sex, Health and Society, La Trobe University, 215 Franklin Street, Melbourne, Vic. 3000, Australia
| | - Chris Rissel
- Sydney School of Public Health, Charles Perkins Centre (D17), University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Juliet Richters
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Anthony M A Smith
- Australian Research Centre in Sex, Health and Society, La Trobe University, 215 Franklin Street, Melbourne, Vic. 3000, Australia
| | - Andrew E Grulich
- The Kirby Institute, Wallace Wurth Building, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Judy M Simpson
- Sydney School of Public Health, Edward Ford Building (A27), University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Kuyper L, de Wit J, Smolenski D, Adam P, Woertman L, van Berlo W. Gender differences in patterns of experienced sexual coercion and associated vulnerability factors among young people in the Netherlands. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2013; 28:3149-3170. [PMID: 23711989 DOI: 10.1177/0886260513488689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The development of effective policies and programs to prevent sexual coercion among young people requires thorough understanding of the diversity of coercive sexual experiences, patterns in such types of experiences, and similarities and differences between subgroups, especially by gender, in patterns of coercive sexual experiences and associations with potential vulnerability factors. The present online self-report study assessed a wide range of coercive sexual experiences and potential vulnerability factors among a sociodemographically diverse sample of 1,319 young people (16-25 years old) in The Netherlands. Findings confirm that sexual coercion comprises a diversity of experiences, with rates differing substantially across types of coercion. Latent class analysis revealed distinct patterns of coercive sexual experiences for young women and young men. Among young men, three patterns of experiences were found: no coercive sexual experiences, experience with verbal pressure, and experience with verbal pressure as well as coercion related to alcohol intoxication. Among young women, four patterns of coercive experiences were identified. In addition to the three patterns observed among young men, a fourth pattern encompassed experiences with verbal pressure as well as the use of force or violence. Higher numbers of sexual partners, lower levels of sexual refusal skills, and higher levels of token resistance were consistently associated with increased vulnerability. Findings illustrate the importance of communication skills and suggest that sexual communication training should be an integral part of sexuality education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisette Kuyper
- The Netherlands Institute for Social Research, The Hague, the Netherlands
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Factors associated with self-report of sexual violence against men and women with mental disorders in Brazil. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2012; 47:1567-79. [PMID: 22179284 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-011-0463-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Patients with mental illness (PMI) are more vulnerable to sexual violence (SV). This study aimed at assessing factors associated with SV against PMI, stratified by gender in Brazil. METHODS Cross-sectional multicenter study with a national sample of 2,475 PMI randomly selected from 26 psychiatric services. Odds ratios were estimated with 95% confidence interval using logistic regression. RESULTS A high prevalence of lifetime SV against PMI was observed (19.8%) and it was higher among women (26.6%) than men (12.5%). Among women, episodes of SV were more often caused by intimate partners and in the domestic environment, and among men, by strangers and in the streets. Among women, the following variables were independently associated (p < 0.01) with SV: younger age, living alone, history of homelessness, previous psychiatric hospitalization, lifetime STD diagnosis, early debut of sexual intercourse, irregular condom use, receiving/offering money for sex, and psychiatric diagnosis. Among men, younger age, previous and earlier psychiatric hospitalization, lifetime illegal drug use, receiving/offering money for sex, and psychiatric diagnosis were independently associated with SV. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of SV in the studied population was high, especially among women. Women have more behavior factors associated with SV and they need protection, especially those in isolation and socially deprived. However, men also suffer SV, usually more often during childhood than adulthood and special attention should be given to lifetime illegal drug use and earlier psychiatric hospitalization. Preventive actions beyond mental health are important, such as social and economic actions to improve the living conditions of PMI.
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Sørensen J, Kruse M, Gudex C, Helweg-Larsen K, Brønnum-Hansen H. Physical violence and health-related quality of life: Danish cross-sectional analyses. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2012; 10:113. [PMID: 22985063 PMCID: PMC3493347 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7525-10-113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between experienced physical violence and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) by comparing self-reported health status for individuals with and without experience of physical violence. Our hypothesis was that individuals exposed to violence would experience worse HRQoL than non-exposed individuals. We tested whether men and women and different age groups experience similar reductions in HRQoL, and the extent to which such differences might be associated with social circumstances and lifestyle conditions. Finally, we explored the HRQoL consequences of exposure to violence in a longer time perspective. Methods We used data from self-completed questionnaires in two Danish nationally representative, cross-sectional health interview surveys. Exposure to violence was indicated through specific survey questions (Straus’ conflict tactics scale) enquiring about different types of violence during the last 12 months. Health status of respondents was elicited by the EQ-5D and SF-36 questionnaires. The health status profiles were converted to health score indexes using the Danish algorithm for EQ-5D and the revised Brazier algorithm for SF-6D. Differences in score indexes between the exposed and non-exposed individuals were explored separately for men and women using ordinary least square regression with four age categories as explanatory variables. Results In the 2000 and 2005 surveys, respectively, 4.9% and 5.7% of respondents indicated that they had been exposed to physical violence within the last 12 months. Exposure to violence was more prevalent in the younger age groups and more prevalent for men than women. Respondents exposed to violence had lower score indexes on both the EQ-5D and the SF-6D compared with the non-exposed. Respondents who reported exposure to violence in both 2000 and 2005 reported lower HRQoL than individuals who only reported exposure in one of the surveys. Conclusions The results of this study provide evidence for an association between exposure to physical violence and reduction in health-related quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Sørensen
- Centre for Applied Health Services Research and Technology Assessment, University of Southern Denmark, J,B, Winsløws Vej 9B, 5000, Odense, Denmark.
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Gradus JL, Qin P, Lincoln AK, Miller M, Lawler E, Sørensen HT, Lash TL. Sexual Victimization and Completed Suicide Among Danish Female Adults. Violence Against Women 2012; 18:552-61. [DOI: 10.1177/1077801212453141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although sexual victimization has been associated with suicidal behaviors, its association with completed suicide has not been examined. We investigated this association among Danish women using longitudinal data and a conservative definition of victimization. This population-based case-control study included 476 suicide cases and 12,010 matched controls. Seven cases (1.5%) and 5 controls (0.04%) experienced sexual victimization that was reported to the police and resulted in a conviction. Sexual victimization was associated with a 14-fold increased rate of suicide, controlling for confounders and matching (95% CI: [3.4, 59]). Completed suicide is an important potential outcome of sexual victimization, warranting further examination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Matthew Miller
- Harvard University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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de Haas S, van Berlo W, Bakker F, Vanwesenbeeck I. Prevalence and characteristics of sexual violence in the Netherlands, the risk of revictimization and pregnancy: results from a national population survey. VIOLENCE AND VICTIMS 2012; 27:592-608. [PMID: 22978077 DOI: 10.1891/0886-6708.27.4.592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Prevalence figures on sexual violence among a representative sample of both men and women were not yet available for the Netherlands. The aim of this study, therefore, was to investigate the prevalence of sexual violence in the Netherlands and to add these figures to the international body of knowledge. Experiences of sexual violence during lifetime, before the age of 16 and in the year before the start of the study were measured. In addition, types of sexual violence were examined, as were the characteristics of the perpetrators. Lastly, revictimization and pregnancy as a result of rape experiences among the victims were investigated. Data were generated from a population survey on sexual health. The sample consisted of more than 6,000 men and women between the age of 15 and 70 years old. Prevalence rates as high as 21% for men and 56% for women were found. Fifty percent of the female victims and 30% of the male victims of child sexual abuse had experienced adult victimization. Of the female rape victims, 7% became pregnant as a consequence of rape. In the Netherlands, as elsewhere, the prevention of sexual violence should be prioritized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stans de Haas
- Rutgers, The Dutch Expert Centre on Sexuality, Utrecht, The Netherlands..
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Elklit A, Shevlin M. Family structure as a risk factor for women's sexual victimization: a study using the Danish registry system. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2010; 39:1375-1379. [PMID: 19816763 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-009-9555-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2008] [Revised: 04/21/2009] [Accepted: 08/17/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This study estimated the risk of sexual victimization associated with different family structures. Based on the Danish Civil Registration System, all female visitors to the Centre for Rape Victims (CRV) at the University Hospital in Aarhus, during a two-year period (January 2005 to December 2006) were identified (N = 214) along with a control group (N = 4,343) that was matched by age and residential location. The family structure in the preceding year was used as a predictor variable in a logistic regression model. Results indicted that, compared to those who were married with children at home, being single with children at home significantly increased the likelihood of having visited the CRV. This is consistent with the research literature that has shown that single women with children are at risk for disadvantage on a range of socioeconomic and psychological factors as well as at risk for interpersonal violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ask Elklit
- Department of Psychology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Priebe G, Hansson K, Svedin CG. Sexual abuse and associations with psychosocial aspects of health. A population-based study with Swedish adolescents. Nord J Psychiatry 2010; 64:40-8. [PMID: 19883194 DOI: 10.3109/08039480903265769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few population-based Nordic studies with adolescents investigate the associations between sexual abuse (SA) and psychosocial health. AIM Associations between adolescents' self-reported experiences of SA different severity and aspects of psychosocial health such as emotional and behavioral problems, sense of coherence and self-esteem were investigated. METHODS A school-based study with 1107 Swedish high school seniors was conducted. The students completed the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), the Sense of Coherence Scale (SOC), I think I am and a self-report survey that included questions about SA, socio-demographic variables and family variables. RESULTS SA was related to more emotional and behavioral problems, weaker SOC and lower self-esteem when compared with non-abuse. There was also a dose-response effect insofar as more severe abuse was related to poorer psychosocial health. When adjusted for socio-demographic and family-related variables, the associations between penetrating SA and most of the health variables weakened or disappeared. SOC was associated with penetrating SA even after adjustment. CONCLUSIONS This population-based study suggests that SA should not be regarded as an isolated factor in relation to psychosocial health as the associations at a group level may be smaller than expected. Among a number of covariates, family variables such as parental bonding showed to be especially important. Sense of Coherence may be of special interest in further research and clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela Priebe
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, IKVL, Lund University, Sweden.
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