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Nobels A, De Schrijver L, Van Landuyt M, Vandeviver C, Lemmens GMD, Beaulieu M, Keygnaert I. "In the End You Keep Silent": Help-Seeking Behavior Upon Sexual Victimization in Older Adults. J Interpers Violence 2024; 39:2318-2343. [PMID: 38149594 DOI: 10.1177/08862605231220017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Sexual violence is considered a prominent mental health problem. Exposure to sexual victimization during lifetime has been linked to mental health problems in old age. Research in adult victims has shown that they experience many barriers for disclosure and seeking professional help upon sexual victimization. However, information on help-seeking behavior in older victims of sexual violence is non-existent. With this study we aim for a better understanding of help-seeking behavior upon sexual violence in older adults. We used a mixed methods approach with an explanatory sequential design. Data were collected through structured face-to-face interviews with a random sample of 227 sexual violence victims of 70 years and older living in Belgium. Quantitative data were triangulated with qualitative data from 15 in-depth interviews with older victims. We found that up to 60% of older sexual violence victims never disclosed their experiences and 94% never sought professional help. Help-seeking is a complex process comprising several phases, which are affected by strong feelings of shame and self-blame, ageist premises and taboos about sexuality. In the end, most victims choose to cope on their own. Occasional disclosure only happens decades after the sexual violence took place. Older victims do not spontaneously disclose to healthcare workers but expect professionals to initiate the conversation. In conclusion, few older victims disclose or seek professional help upon sexual victimization. Healthcare professionals working with older adults need capacity building through training, screening tools, and care procedures to initiate conversation on sexual violence, and to detect signs, prevent, mitigate and respond to sexual victimization in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Nobels
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, International Center for Reproductive Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Psychiatry, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lotte De Schrijver
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, International Center for Reproductive Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Vlaamse Vereniging van Klinisch Psychologen, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mira Van Landuyt
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, International Center for Reproductive Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christophe Vandeviver
- Department of Criminology, Criminal Law, and Social Law, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Gilbert M D Lemmens
- Department of Psychiatry, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Head and Skin-Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marie Beaulieu
- School of Social Work, Research Chair on Mistreatment of Older Adults and Research Center on Aging, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Ines Keygnaert
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, International Center for Reproductive Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Women's Clinic, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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Goormans I, Verbouw A, Vandeviver C. More Than Just a Scratch: A Scoping Review on Physical and Psychological Consequences of Violence Against Police. Trauma Violence Abuse 2023:15248380231218290. [PMID: 38111212 DOI: 10.1177/15248380231218290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Violence against police is a reality for many officers. Despite growing concerns over the rise in violence against police and the serious individual and societal repercussions associated with it, a comprehensive overview of the psychological and physical consequences of verbal and physical violence against police remains elusive. By performing a scoping review (n = 21) of studies and reports identified via database searches (Web of Science and Google Scholar), reference mining, and purposive sampling, and published between 2010 and 2023, this article is the first of its kind to map psychological and physical consequences of violence against police, as well as the risk and protective factors that respectively increase and decrease adverse consequences. Results indicate that officers experience primary victimization by a range of different adverse consequences, but also deal with secondary victimization. The literature has come to a standstill due to lack of (recent) studies and a lack of diversity on how consequences of violence against police are studied. We argue that this lack of academic attention might be influenced by predominant societal perspectives and officers' perceived victim status, and discuss the implications for police, policymakers, and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabo Goormans
- Research Foundation Flanders, Department of Criminology, Institute for International Research on Criminal Policy, Criminal Law and Social Law, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Christophe Vandeviver
- Department of Criminology, Criminal Law, and Social Law, Institute for International Research on Criminal Policy, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Depraetere J, Vander Beken T, Keygnaert I, Vandeviver C. Exploring Sociodemographic and Mental Health Differences Among Constructed Male Victim Severity Profiles. J Interpers Violence 2023:8862605231173432. [PMID: 37226716 DOI: 10.1177/08862605231173432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Stigmas and taboos surrounding male sexual violence, stating that men cannot be sexually victimized and would not experience many adverse effects as a result, continue to shroud the issue of male sexual victimization (SV). Male victims, therefore, remain under-recognized in research, policy, and treatment provisions. Furthermore, knowledge regarding male SV is severely compromised by studying male victims in convenience samples with a focus on hands-on forms of sexual violence. Finally, severity of SV is often described using a one-dimensional approach based on presumed severity leading to an oversimplified image. This study addresses these various gaps in scientific research by constructing severity profiles of male SV based on self-reported consequences, prevalence, and co-occurrence of SV. A total of 1,078 male victims were selected from a Belgian nationally representative sample collected between October 2019 and January 2021. Profiles are constructed using latent class analysis. Sociodemographic differences across the profiles are examined through multinomial regression analysis. Finally, differences in current mental health problems across the profiles are assessed. Four distinct male victim profiles are identified: (a) low severity-low victimization (58.3%), (b) medium severity-hands-off victimization (21.4%), (c) medium severity-poly-victimization (13.3%), and (d) high severity-poly-victimization (7.0%). Group comparisons show how male victims in the high-severity class report significantly higher rates of mental health problems such as depression, anxiety, and suicide and/or self-harm. Significant differences in class membership were found for age, occupational status, relationship status, sexual orientation, and financial status. This study provides new insights in the patterns of male SV and highlights the presence of poly-victimization among male victims. Additionally, we point out how the so-called minor forms of SV (i.e., hands-off SV) can have a large effect on male victims. The study ends with suggestions for care and future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joke Depraetere
- Ghent University, Belgium
- Research Foundation-Flanders (FWO), Brussels, Belgium
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De Schrijver L, Nobels A, Harb J, Nisen L, Roelens K, Vander Beken T, Vandeviver C, Keygnaert I. Victimization of Applicants for International Protection Residing in Belgium: Sexual Violence and Help-Seeking Behavior. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:12889. [PMID: 36232187 PMCID: PMC9566446 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sexual violence (SV) literature on applicants for international protection (AIPs) shows that they are at high risk of victimization. The study objectives are to provide an exploratory overview of the occurrence of SV in AIPs in Belgium and their help-seeking behavior (HSB). This overview is crucial to develop prevention strategies and care paths focusing on providing adequate care to AIP SV victims in Belgium. METHODS Quantitative data from structured interviews with AIPs (n = 62) triangulated with qualitative data from in-depth interviews with AIP SV victims (n = 11) served to explore the nature and impact of SV in AIPs in Belgium and their HSB. RESULTS A total of 83.9% of respondents have experienced SV. A total of 61.3% were victimized within the past year. Victimization seems more gender-balanced than in the general population. AIPs link SV to their legal status and their associated vulnerable situation. HSB upon SV was very limited in this sample. Help-seeking barriers interfering with the decision-making process to consult (in)formal resources were identified. CONCLUSIONS AIPs in Belgium are at high risk of SV. Despite the impact of SV on AIPs' lives, HSB upon SV is rare. The provision of age-appropriate sexual education and development of policies that will reduce help-seeking barriers is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotte De Schrijver
- International Centre for Reproductive Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Anne Nobels
- International Centre for Reproductive Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Psychiatry, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jonathan Harb
- International Centre for Reproductive Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Laurent Nisen
- CARE-ESPRIst, Études et Évaluations, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Kristien Roelens
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Vander Beken
- Department of Criminology, Criminal Law and Social Law, Institute for International Research on Criminal Policy, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christophe Vandeviver
- Department of Criminology, Criminal Law and Social Law, Institute for International Research on Criminal Policy, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Research Foundation—Flanders (FWO), 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ines Keygnaert
- International Centre for Reproductive Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Fomenko E, De Schrijver L, Vandeviver C, Keygnaert I. Locked up at home: a cross-sectional study into the effects of COVID-19 lockdowns on domestic violence in households with children in Belgium. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:1719. [PMID: 36088357 PMCID: PMC9463669 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-14135-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Policymakers worldwide took measures to limit the spread of the COVID-19-virus. While these sanitary measures were necessary to fight the spread of the virus, several experts warned for a significant impact on mental health and a potential increase in domestic violence. To study the impact of the COVID-19 measures in Belgium, and the factors influencing the occurrence of domestic violence, we set up the study on relationships, stress, and aggression. In this study, we evaluate the prevalence of domestic violence victimization during the COVID-19 lockdown in Belgian children aged zero to seventeen years and the associations of the parents’ financial status, relationships, mental health, and previous victimization to the child’s victimization. Methods A stepwise forward binary logistic regression was used to analyse the association between multiple risk factors of domestic violence and victimization of the respondent’s child. The respondent being an assailant, the respondent’s age, and the age of the children in the household were added as moderators. Results In this model an association with domestic child abuse was found for the age of the respondent, the household’s size, the presence of children between zero and five years in the household, the perceived stress level of the respondent, and victimization of the respondent during the first wave of the sanitary measures, as well as victimization before the COVID-19 pandemic. None of the interacting effects were found to be significant. Conclusion It is advisable to make extra efforts to improve well-being when maintaining sanitary measures by providing appropriate assistance and helping households struggling with increased or acute stress to install positive coping strategies - especially in larger households with children between six and 17 years. Besides, our findings draw attention to the clustering of risk of child and adult violence exposure in lockdown situations as well as to the potential cumulative impact of exposure to violence across the lifespan and across generations. It is key to invest in training healthcare workers and staff at schools to screen for and assess risks of domestic violence development and ongoing or past occurrence in order to detect, refer and follow-up on families at risk.
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De Schrijver L, Cismaru Inescu A, Hahaut B, Vandeviver C, Nisen L, Keygnaert I. Research in Hard-to-Reach Populations: Challenges and Strategies for Conducting Sexual Violence Studies in Applicants for International Protection Beyond the European General Data Protection Regulation. Int J Health Policy Manag 2022; 11:1934-1941. [PMID: 34664494 PMCID: PMC9808247 DOI: 10.34172/ijhpm.2021.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conducting research in hard-to-reach populations such as applicants for international protection (AIPs) brings along a number of research challenges. This is especially true for sexual violence (SV) research. METHODS We developed a study design with the intent to reach AIPs in a randomized and anonymous manner including potential illiterate respondents as well, while avoiding as much bias as possible. However, this method was developed just before the entry into force of the new European General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), upon which important new research challenges emerged. RESULTS This paper describes the original study design developed to estimate SV prevalence in AIPs in Belgium. We discuss the impact of the GDPR on the recruitment strategy applied to conduct a survey on SV in a randomly selected sample of AIPs, the adapted approach to conduct the study beyond GDPR and lessons learned for future research on sensitive topics in hard-to-reach populations such as AIPs. CONCLUSION To achieve reliable prevalence numbers and provide high-quality data on SV in AIPs while respecting the GDPR regulations, studies will require an approach that has become significantly more time consuming and resource-intensive to implement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotte De Schrijver
- International Centre for Reproductive Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Bastien Hahaut
- CARE-ESPRIst, Études et évaluations, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Christophe Vandeviver
- Institute for International Research on Criminal Policy, Department of Criminology, Criminal Law and Social Law, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Research Foundation—Flanders (FWO), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laurent Nisen
- CARE-ESPRIst, Études et évaluations, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Ines Keygnaert
- International Centre for Reproductive Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Nobels A, Cismaru-Inescu A, Nisen L, Hahaut B, Lemmens GMD, Vandeviver C, Keygnaert I. Challenges in Conducting Sexual Health and Violence Research in Older Adults Beyond the General Data Protection Regulation: A Belgian Case Study. J Interpers Violence 2022; 37:NP14695-NP14715. [PMID: 33966514 DOI: 10.1177/08862605211015256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Because of a growing older population, the sexual health (SH) of older adults, including sexual violence (SV), is becoming an increasingly important public health concern. Yet, reliable SV prevalence rates and risk factors are lacking, due to methodological shortcomings in current studies. SV research involves challenges regarding safety and disclosure, especially in older adults. In this paper, we reflect on the methods used in a sexual health and violence (SH&V) study in older adults balancing between privacy rules imposed by the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and ethical and safety guidelines.To ensure the acceptability of the questionnaire, it was tested in a two-phase pilot study. To maximize SV disclosure, the questionnaire built up gradually towards the more sensitive SV modules. Interviewers were trained to approach participants in a non-judgmental manner. Due to GDPR, our data collection method was changed from a random sampling via the National Register to a cluster random probability sampling with a random walk finding approach.Older adults were willing to discuss SH&V during a structured face-to-face interview with trained interviewers. Following strict safety guidelines, no major incidents were reported. The cluster random probability sampling with random walk finding approach provided an adequate sampling frame, but was inefficient and time-consuming.Doing research on SH&V in older adults is feasible but requires a substantial investment of time and the challenges involved may incur greater costs. In order to guarantee further research on sensitive topics in older adults, we recommend that an interdisciplinary expert group consisting of researchers, donors, and policymakers investigates how GDPR and public health research in hard-to-reach populations can be better matched.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Nobels
- International Centre for Reproductive Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Adina Cismaru-Inescu
- CARE-ESPRIst, Études et évaluations, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Psychology of Aging Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Laurent Nisen
- CARE-ESPRIst, Études et évaluations, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Bastien Hahaut
- CARE-ESPRIst, Études et évaluations, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Gilbert M D Lemmens
- Department of Psychiatry, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Head and Skin - Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Christophe Vandeviver
- Department of Criminology, Criminal Law and Social Law, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Research Foundation-Flanders (FWO), Brussels, Belgium
- Christophe Vandeviver and Ines Keygnaert are joint last authors
| | - Ines Keygnaert
- International Centre for Reproductive Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Christophe Vandeviver and Ines Keygnaert are joint last authors
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Cismaru-Inescu A, Hahaut B, Adam S, Nobels A, Beaulieu M, Vandeviver C, Keygnaert I, Nisen L. Sexual Activity and Physical Tenderness in Older Adults: Prevalence and Associated Characteristics From a Belgian Study. J Sex Med 2022; 19:569-580. [PMID: 35236640 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2022.01.516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the World Health Organization calling for sexuality to be recognized as an aspect of well-being, no studies have explored sexual activity and physical tenderness in older adults aged ≥ 75 years in Belgium or those aged ≥ 85 years worldwide. AIM To assess the prevalence and predictors of sexual activity and physical tenderness in a sample of older adults. METHODS Using data from a Belgian cross-sectional study on sexual violence (UN-MENAMAIS), information on sexual activity, physical tenderness, and associated characteristics was collected during structured face-to-face interviews with older adults living in the community, assisted living facilities, or nursing homes. Cluster random probability sampling with a random route-finding approach was used to select the participants. OUTCOMES Current sexual activity and physical tenderness in the previous 12 months, sociodemographic characteristics, chronological age, subjective age, number of sexual partners, sexual satisfaction, attitudes toward sexuality in later life, quality of life, and lifetime sexual victimisation. RESULTS Among the 511 participants included, 50.3% were in a relationship, mainly living with their partner; 31.3% indicated they were sexually active; and 47.3% of sexually inactive participants reported having experienced forms of physical tenderness in the previous 12 months. Sexual activity was associated with the presence of a partner, satisfaction with sexual life, permissive attitudes regarding sexuality in later life, a younger age, and a lack of disability. Physical tenderness was associated with the presence of a partner, community residency, and permissive attitudes regarding sexuality in later life. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Raising awareness among the general population, healthcare professionals, and older adults about sexuality in later life could contribute to ending this taboo and should therefore be a priority for society. STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS Our study fills a gap in the literature regarding sexual activity and physical tenderness in older adults aged ≥ 70 years, including respondents aged up to 99 years. Additionally, we explored different forms of sexual expression beyond intercourse, and face-to-face interviews contributed to the quality of the collected data. The main limitation of this study was the sample size, although the findings were similar to recent statistical indicators in Belgium. CONCLUSION One in 3 older adults aged ≥ 70 years living in Belgium are sexually active. These findings provide an opportunity to inform the general public and older adults about later life sexuality and to educate healthcare professionals about aging sexuality to increase discussions and avoid assumptions of asexuality in later life. Cismaru-Inescu A, Hahaut B, Adam S et al. Sexual Activity and Physical Tenderness in Older Adults: Prevalence and Associated Characteristics From a Belgian Study. J Sex Med 2022;19:569-580.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adina Cismaru-Inescu
- CARE-ESPRIst, Studies and Evaluations, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium; Psychology of Aging Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Bastien Hahaut
- CARE-ESPRIst, Studies and Evaluations, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Stéphane Adam
- Psychology of Aging Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Anne Nobels
- International Centre for Reproductive Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marie Beaulieu
- School of Social Work and Research Centre on Aging, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Christophe Vandeviver
- Department of Criminology, Criminal Law and Social Law, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Research Foundation Flanders (FWO), Belgium
| | - Ines Keygnaert
- International Centre for Reproductive Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Laurent Nisen
- CARE-ESPRIst, Studies and Evaluations, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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Nobels A, Lemmens G, Thibau L, Beaulieu M, Vandeviver C, Keygnaert I. "Time Does Not Heal All Wounds": Sexual Victimisation Is Associated with Depression, Anxiety, and PTSD in Old Age. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:ijerph19052803. [PMID: 35270496 PMCID: PMC8910002 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19052803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Sexual violence (SV) has an important impact on mental health. Childhood sexual abuse is linked to internalising disorders in later life. In older adults, SV occurs more often than previously believed. Moreover, health care workers lack the skills to address SV in later life. Studies researching the mental health impact of lifetime SV, i.e., SV during childhood, adulthood, and old age, are lacking. Between July 2019 and March 2020, 513 older adults living in Belgium participated in structured face-to-face-interviews. Selection occurred via a cluster random probability sampling with a random walk finding approach. Depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress syndrome (PTSD) were measured using validated scales. Participants were asked about suicide attempts and self-harm during their lifetime and in the past 12 months. SV was measured using behaviourally specific questions based on a broad SV definition. We found rates for depression, anxiety, and PTSD of 27%, 26%, and 6% respectively, while 2% had attempted suicide, and 1% reported self-harm in the past 12 months. Over 44% experienced lifetime SV and 8% in the past 12 months. Lifetime SV was linked to depression (p = 0.001), anxiety (p = 0.001), and PTSD in participants with a chronic illness/disability (p = 0.002) or no/lower education (p < 0.001). We found no link between lifetime SV and suicide attempts or self-harm in the past 12 months. In conclusion, lifetime SV is linked to mental health problems in late life. Tailored mental health care for older SV victims is necessary. Therefore, capacity building of professionals and development of clinical guidelines and care procedures are important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Nobels
- International Centre for Reproductive Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
- Department of Psychiatry, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
- Correspondence: (A.N.); (I.K.)
| | - Gilbert Lemmens
- Department of Psychiatry, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
- Department of Head and Skin–Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lisa Thibau
- International Centre for Reproductive Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Marie Beaulieu
- School of Social Work, Research Chair on Mistreatment of Older Adults and Research Centre on Aging, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada;
| | - Christophe Vandeviver
- Department of Criminology, Criminal Law and Social Law, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Ines Keygnaert
- International Centre for Reproductive Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
- Correspondence: (A.N.); (I.K.)
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Nobels A, Cismaru-Inescu A, Nisen L, Hahaut B, Beaulieu M, Lemmens G, Adam S, Schapansky E, Vandeviver C, Keygnaert I. Correction to: Sexual violence in older adults: a Belgian prevalence study. BMC Geriatr 2022; 22:77. [PMID: 35078411 PMCID: PMC8790833 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-021-02623-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Nobels A, Cismaru-Inescu A, Nisen L, Hahaut B, Beaulieu M, Lemmens G, Adam S, Schapansky E, Vandeviver C, Keygnaert I. Sexual violence in older adults: a Belgian prevalence study. BMC Geriatr 2021; 21:601. [PMID: 34702179 PMCID: PMC8546387 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-021-02485-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sexual violence (SV) is an important public health problem which may cause long-lasting health problems. SV in older adults remains neglected in research, policies and practices. Valid SV prevalence estimates and associated risk factors in older adults are currently unavailable. In this study we measured lifetime and past 12-months sexual victimisation in older adults living in Belgium, its correlates, assailant characteristics and the way that victims framed their SV experiences. Methods SV was measured using behaviourally specific questions based on a broad definition of SV. Participants were selected via a cluster random probability sampling with a random route finding approach. Information on sexual victimisation, correlates, assailant characteristics and framing was collected via structured face-to-face interviews with adults aged 70 years and older living in Belgium (community-dwelling, assisted living and nursing homes). Results Among the 513 participants, the lifetime SV prevalence was 44% (55% F, 29% M). Past 12-months prevalence was 8% (9% F, 8% M). Female sex and a higher number of sexual partners were associated with lifetime SV (p < .05), non-heterosexual sexual orientation with past 12-months SV (p < .05). Correlates identified to be linked to elder abuse and neglect in previous studies were not linked with SV in our sample. ‘Someone unknown’ was identified as most common assailant. Conclusions Sexual victimisation appears to be common in older adults in Belgium. Both correlates and assailant characteristics seem to differ from previous studies on elder abuse and neglect. Recognizing older adults as a risk group for sexual victimisation in research, policies and practices is of the utmost importance. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12877-021-02485-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Nobels
- International Centre for Reproductive Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. .,Department of Psychiatry, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Adina Cismaru-Inescu
- CARE-ESPRIst, Études et évaluations, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Psychology of Aging Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Laurent Nisen
- CARE-ESPRIst, Études et évaluations, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Bastien Hahaut
- CARE-ESPRIst, Études et évaluations, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Marie Beaulieu
- School of Social Work and Research Centre on Aging, University of Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gilbert Lemmens
- Department of Psychiatry, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Head and Skin - Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stéphane Adam
- Psychology of Aging Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Evelyn Schapansky
- Department of Criminology, Criminal Law and Social Law, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christophe Vandeviver
- Department of Criminology, Criminal Law and Social Law, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Research Foundation-Flanders (FWO), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ines Keygnaert
- International Centre for Reproductive Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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12
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Nobels A, Lemmens G, Thibau L, Beaulieu M, Vandeviver C, Keygnaert I. “Time does not heal all wounds”: mental health impact of sexual victimisation in old age. Eur J Public Health 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckab164.608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Sexual violence (SV) has an important impact on mental health. Childhood sexual abuse is linked to internalizing disorders in later life. In older adults, SV occurs more often than previously believed. Moreover, health care workers lack the skills to adequately address SV in later life. Studies researching the mental health impact of lifetime SV, i.e. SV that happened during childhood, adulthood and old age, are currently lacking. In this study we research the association between lifetime sexual victimization and adverse mental health outcomes in older adults, and its moderators.
Methods
Between July 2019 and March 2020, 513 older adults living in Belgium participated in a structured face-to-face-interview. Selection occurred via a cluster random probability sampling with a random walk finding approach. Depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress syndrome (PTSD) were measured using validated scales. Suicide attempts and self-harm were questioned during lifetime and in the past 12-months. SV was measured using behaviorally specific questions based on a broad definition of SV.
Results
Over 44% experienced lifetime SV, 8% in the past 12-months. Rates for depression, anxiety and PTSD were 27%, 26% and 6%. Almost 2% committed suicide, 1% reported self-harm in the past 12-months. Lifetime SV was linked to depression (p =.001), anxiety (p =.001), and PTSD in participants with a chronic illness/disability (p = .002) or no/lower education (p <.001). We found no link between lifetime SV and suicide attempts or self-harm in the past 12-months.
Conclusions
Lifetime SV is linked to mental health problems in late life. Tailored mental health care for older SV victims is necessary. Therefore, capacity building of professionals and development of clinical guidelines and care procedures are urgently needed.
Key messages
The mental health impact of sexual victimisation continues into old age. Tailored mental health care for older SV victims and capacity building of professionals are of the utmost importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nobels
- International Centre for Reproductive Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - G Lemmens
- Department of Psychiatry, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Head and Skin, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - L Thibau
- International Centre for Reproductive Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - M Beaulieu
- Research Chair on Mistreatment of Older Adults, University of Sherbooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - C Vandeviver
- Department of Criminology, Criminal Law and Social Law, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Research Foundation Flanders, Brussels, Belgium
| | - I Keygnaert
- International Centre for Reproductive Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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13
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Nobels A, Keygnaert I, Robert E, Vandeviver C, Haekens A, Lemey L, Strobbe M, Van Den Noortgate N, Lemmens GMD. 'Breaking the silence': Sexual victimisation in an old age psychiatry patient population in Flanders. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2021; 36:1550-1558. [PMID: 33969546 DOI: 10.1002/gps.5565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sexual violence (SV) is linked to mental health problems in adulthood and old age. However, the extent of sexual victimisation in old age psychiatry patients is unknown. Due to insufficient communication skills in both patients and healthcare workers, assessing SV in old age psychiatry patients is challenging. AIMS To assess lifetime and sexual victimisation in the past 12-months, correlates and SV disclosure in an old age psychiatry population. METHODS Between July 2019 and March 2020, 100 patients at three old age psychiatry wards across Flanders participated in a face-to-face structured interview receiving inpatient treatment. The participation rate was 58%. We applied the WHO definition of SV, encompassing sexual harassment, sexual abuse with physical contact without penetration, and (attempted) rape. RESULTS In 57% of patients (65% F, 42% M) SV occurred during their lifetime and 7% (6% F, 9% M) experienced SV in the past 12-months. Half of the victims disclosed their SV experience for the first time during the interview. Only two victims had disclosed SV to a mental health care professional before. CONCLUSIONS Sexual victimisation appears to be common in old age psychiatry patients, yet it remains largely undetected. Although victims did reveal SV during a face-to-face interview to a trained interviewer, they do not seem to spontaneously disclose their experiences to mental health care professionals. In order to provide tailored care for older SV victims, professionals urgently need capacity building through training, screening tools and care procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Nobels
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, International Centre for Reproductive Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ines Keygnaert
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, International Centre for Reproductive Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Egon Robert
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, International Centre for Reproductive Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christophe Vandeviver
- Department of Criminology, Criminal Law and Social Law, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Research Foundation-Flanders (FWO), Brussels, Belgium
| | - An Haekens
- Psychiatric Hospital Alexianen Zorggroep Tienen, Tienen, Belgium
| | - Lieve Lemey
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine, AZ Sint-Jan Bruges-Ostend AV, Bruges, Belgium
| | | | | | - Gilbert M D Lemmens
- Department of Psychiatry, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Head and Skin - Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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14
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Dewinter M, Vandeviver C, Dau PM, Vander Beken T, Witlox F. The impact of strict measures as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic on the spatial pattern of the demand for police: case study Antwerp (Belgium). Crime Sci 2021; 10:20. [PMID: 34603933 PMCID: PMC8476117 DOI: 10.1186/s40163-021-00156-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 impacts the daily lives of millions of people. This radical change in our daily activities affected many aspects of life, but acted as well as a natural experiment for research into the spatial distribution of 911 calls. We analyse the impact of the COVID-19 measures on the spatial pattern of police interventions. Crime is not uniformly distributed across street segments, but how does COVID-19 affect these spatial patterns? To this end, Gini coefficients are calculated and a proportion differences spatial point pattern test is applied to compare the similarity of the patterns of incidents before, during, and after the first lockdown in Antwerp, Belgium. With only essential mobility being allowed, the emergency call pattern has not significantly changed before, during or after this lockdown, however, a qualitative shift in police officer's daily work may have had an effect on the daily operation of the Antwerp police force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maite Dewinter
- Department of Geography, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christophe Vandeviver
- Department of Criminology, Criminal Law and Social Law, Ghent University, Universiteitstraat 4, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Research Foundation-Flanders (FWO), Egmontstraat 5, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Philipp M. Dau
- Department of Criminology, Criminal Law and Social Law, Ghent University, Universiteitstraat 4, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Vander Beken
- Department of Criminology, Criminal Law and Social Law, Ghent University, Universiteitstraat 4, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frank Witlox
- Department of Geography, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Geography, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
- College of Civil Aviation, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016 China
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15
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Cismaru-Inescu A, Adam S, Nobels A, Kempeneers P, Beaulieu M, Vandeviver C, Keygnaert I, Nisen L. The Elephant in the Room - A Critical Interpretive Synthesis of Older Adults' Sexuality. Int J Sex Health 2021; 34:90-104. [PMID: 38595680 PMCID: PMC10903702 DOI: 10.1080/19317611.2021.1958040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Objectives This study aimed to explore past studies that have focused exclusively on the sexuality of adults older than 65 from a positive public health approach. Methods We performed a critical interpretive synthesis, starting with the literature review on sexual behaviors in later life, adding policy documents on aging sexuality, and bringing new perspectives. Results Older adults continue to be sexually active. Healthcare professionals lack knowledge and communication skills surrounding aging sexuality and no policies before 2013 mention aging sexuality. Conclusions We posit that society's view of later life sexuality reflects on practice, policies, and research on this topic, which influence back society's view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adina Cismaru-Inescu
- CARE-ESPRIst, Studies and Evaluations, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Psychology of Aging Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Stéphane Adam
- Psychology of Aging Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Anne Nobels
- International Centre for Reproductive Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Marie Beaulieu
- School of Social Work and Research Centre on Aging, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Christophe Vandeviver
- Department of Criminology, Criminal Law and Social Law, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Research Foundation—Flanders (FWO), Belgium
| | - Ines Keygnaert
- International Centre for Reproductive Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Laurent Nisen
- CARE-ESPRIst, Studies and Evaluations, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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16
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Schapansky E, Depraetere J, Keygnaert I, Vandeviver C. Prevalence and Associated Factors of Sexual Victimization: Findings from a National Representative Sample of Belgian Adults Aged 16-69. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:7360. [PMID: 34299811 PMCID: PMC8307212 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18147360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Sexual victimization is a major public health, judicial, and societal concern worldwide. Nationally representative and comparable studies are still lacking. We applied a broad definition of sexual violence, including hands-off and hands-on victimization, and behaviorally specific questions to assess sexual victimization. Lifetime and 12-month prevalence estimates were obtained that are representative of the Belgian general population aged 16 to 69 with regard to sex and age. These estimates indicate that 64% experienced some form of sexual victimization in their lives, and 44% experienced some form of sexual victimization in the past 12 months. Logistic regression analysis revealed significant associations for sex, age, sexual orientation, the number of sexual partners, and the financial situation with sexual victimization. Furthermore, our data show that mental health is significantly worse in persons with a history of prior sexual victimization. Prevalence estimates for all forms of sexual victimization are presented and compared to other national and international studies on sexual victimization. This comparison suggests that prevalence rates may have been underestimated in extant research. The prevalence estimates obtained in this study demonstrate that all sexes and ages are affected by sexual victimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Schapansky
- Department of Criminology, Criminal Law and Social Law, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (E.S.); (J.D.)
| | - Joke Depraetere
- Department of Criminology, Criminal Law and Social Law, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (E.S.); (J.D.)
- Research Foundation—Flanders (FWO), 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ines Keygnaert
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Christophe Vandeviver
- Department of Criminology, Criminal Law and Social Law, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (E.S.); (J.D.)
- Research Foundation—Flanders (FWO), 1000 Brussels, Belgium
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17
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Nobels A, Keygnaert I, Robert E, Vandeviver C, Van Den Noortgate N, Lemmens G. Prevalence and nature of sexual violence in a gerontopsychiatric population in flanders. Eur Psychiatry 2021. [PMCID: PMC9471803 DOI: 10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Sexual violence (SV) is an important public health concern which may induce important and long lasting mental health problems. However, studies on SV and its mental health impact on older adults and more specifically gerontopsychiatric patients are currently lacking. Objectives This study aims to contribute to a better understanding of the prevalence, risk factors and mental health impact of SV in a gerontopsychiatric patient population. Methods Between July 2019 and March 2020 100 patients (66%F, 34%M) participated in a face to face interview on health, sexuality and wellbeing during their admission at an old age psychiatry ward in one general hospital and two psychiatric hospitals across Flanders, Belgium. Participation rate was 58%. Interviews were performed by a psychiatric trainee and especially trained master students in medicine. Results 58% (65%F; 42%M) of the participants were sexually victimised during their life, 45% (51%F, 33%F) experienced hands-off SV, 43% (48%F, 33%M) sexual abuse with physical contact and 16% (6%M, 21%F) was raped. 7% were sexually victimised in the past year. Compared with non-victimized respondents, hands-on SV victims (incl. rape) described more symptoms of depression (p=0.007) and anxiety (p=0.003) and reported lower resilience (p=0.022). Conclusions SV appears to be common in the gerontopsychiatric population and is linked to even worse mental health outcomes. These findings confirm the long-lasting mental health impact of SV and highlight the importance of attention to (sexual) trauma in mental health care in old age. Disclosure No significant relationships.
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18
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Depraetere J, Vandeviver C, Beken TV, Keygnaert I. Big Boys Don't Cry: A Critical Interpretive Synthesis of Male Sexual Victimization. Trauma Violence Abuse 2020; 21:991-1010. [PMID: 30554559 PMCID: PMC7444022 DOI: 10.1177/1524838018816979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Sexual victimization is typically presented as a gender-based problem involving a female victim and a male offender. Science, policy, and society focus on female victims at the expense of male victims. Male sexual victimization is thus understudied compared with female sexual victimization. By performing a critical interpretive synthesis of research papers, policy documents, and gray literature (N = 67) published in four electronic databases from January 2000 through September 2017, this article establishes the prevalence of male sexual victims and the causes that underlie the underrepresentation of this group in existing research and current policy. The prevalence rates of male sexual victims vary considerably, with up to 65% of men reporting sexual victimization. The underrepresentation of male victims was found to be rooted in prevailing gender roles and accepted sexual scripts in society, together with rape myths and stereotypical rape scripts. The former prescribes men as the dominant and sexually active gender. The latter denies male sexual victimization and frames women as "ideal victims." Combined, these prevailing societal perceptions of men, male sexuality, and sexual victimization prevent men from self-identifying as victims and inhibit them from seeking help to cope with the adverse consequences of sexual victimization. Addressing the gender differences in sexual victimization requires societal and political changes that challenge prevailing stereotypical perceptions of sexual victims. Such changes could result in improved support services for male sexual victims.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joke Depraetere
- Department of Criminology, Criminal Law and Social Law, Institute for International Research on Criminal Policy (IRCP), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Joke Depraetere, Department of Criminology, Criminal Law and Social Law, Institute for International Research on Criminal Policy (IRCP), Campus Aula, Universiteitstraat 4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Christophe Vandeviver
- Department of Criminology, Criminal Law and Social Law, Institute for International Research on Criminal Policy (IRCP), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Vander Beken
- Department of Criminology, Criminal Law and Social Law, Institute for International Research on Criminal Policy (IRCP), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ines Keygnaert
- Department of Uro-Gynecology, International Centre for Reproductive Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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20
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Nobels A, Vandeviver C, Beaulieu M, Cismaru Inescu A, Nisen L, Van Den Noortgate N, Vander Beken T, Lemmens G, Keygnaert I. "Too Grey To Be True?" Sexual Violence in Older Adults: A Critical Interpretive Synthesis of Evidence. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:ijerph17114117. [PMID: 32526986 PMCID: PMC7312038 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17114117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Sexual violence (SV) is an important public health issue with a major impact on victims and their peers, offspring and community. However, SV in older adults is under-researched. This paper aims to establish the prevalence and nature of SV in older adults in Europe, link this with existing policies and health care workers’ response to sexual health needs in older age, and critically revise the currently used frameworks in public health research. To fill this gap in the literature, we applied a Critical Interpretative Synthesis (CIS) approach. The CIS approach uses techniques from grounded theory and processes from systematic review. It allows to critically interpret key findings from both academic as well as grey literature, engendering theory refining. In the first phase of purposive sampling, we conducted a systematic review of academic sources and included 14 references. The cut-off age used to define old age varied between 60 and 70 years old among the included studies. Subsequently we added another 14 references in the second phase of theoretical sampling. We ultimately included 16 peer-reviewed articles and 12 documents from the grey literature. The CIS results demonstrate that knowledge of SV in older adults is still limited. The current research suggests that SV in older adults rarely occurs, however, prevalence rates are likely to be underestimated because of methodological shortcomings. The complexity of SV in older adults is not acknowledged in ongoing research due to the conflation of SV with other types of violence. Information on specific risk factors and about assailants committing SV in old age is absent. Policy documents dealing with sexual and reproductive health, rights and ageing make no mention of SV in older adults. In clinical practice, the sexual health needs of older adults often remain unmet. In conclusion, our findings suggest that older adults are forgotten in prevention and response to SV. Greater awareness about this topic could contribute to a revision of current policies and health care practices, leading to more tailored care for older victims of SV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Nobels
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, International Centre for Reproductive Health (ICRH), Ghent University, C. Heymanslaan 10, ICRH, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-9-332-35-64
| | - Christophe Vandeviver
- Department of Criminology, Criminal Law and Social Law, Ghent University, Universiteitstraat 4, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (C.V.); (T.V.B.)
- Research Foundation-Flanders (FWO), 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marie Beaulieu
- School of Social Work and Research Centre on Aging, University of Sherbooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada;
| | - Adina Cismaru Inescu
- ESPRIst, Études et évaluations, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (A.C.I.); (L.N.)
| | - Laurent Nisen
- ESPRIst, Études et évaluations, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (A.C.I.); (L.N.)
| | - Nele Van Den Noortgate
- Department of Geriatrics, Ghent University Hospital, C. Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Tom Vander Beken
- Department of Criminology, Criminal Law and Social Law, Ghent University, Universiteitstraat 4, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (C.V.); (T.V.B.)
| | - Gilbert Lemmens
- Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Ghent University Hospital, C. Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Ines Keygnaert
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, International Centre for Reproductive Health (ICRH), Ghent University, C. Heymanslaan 10, ICRH, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
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21
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De Moor S, Vandeviver C, Vander Beken T. Are DNA data a valid source to study the spatial behavior of unknown offenders? Sci Justice 2018; 58:315-322. [PMID: 30193657 DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Studying the spatial behaviour of unknown offenders (i.e. undetected offenders) is difficult, because police recorded crime data do not contain information about these offenders. Recently, forensic DNA data has been used to study unknown offenders. However, DNA data are only a subset of the crimes committed by unknown offenders stored in police recorded crime data. To establish the suitability of DNA data for studying the spatial offending behaviour of unknown offenders, we examine the concentration and spatial similarity of detected but unsolved crimes in police recorded crime data (N = 181,483) and DNA data (N = 1913) over 27 Belgian judicial districts for four crime types. We established spatial similarity for certain crime types (in some districts). This offers opportunities for DNA data to be used to study unknown offenders' spatial offending behaviour. Implications for theory and research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine De Moor
- Ghent University, Institute for International Research on Criminal Policy (IRCP), Universiteitstraat 4, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Christophe Vandeviver
- Ghent University, Institute for International Research on Criminal Policy (IRCP), Universiteitstraat 4, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Research Foundation - Flanders (FWO), Egmontstraat 5, 1000 Brussel, Belgium.
| | - Tom Vander Beken
- Ghent University, Institute for International Research on Criminal Policy (IRCP), Universiteitstraat 4, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Nobels
- International Centre for Reproductive Health, Department of Uro-Gynaecology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Christophe Vandeviver
- Department of Criminology, Criminal Law and Social Law, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Research Foundation Flanders (FWO), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marie Beaulieu
- School of Social Work and Research on Aging, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | | | - Ines Keygnaert
- International Centre for Reproductive Health, Department of Uro-Gynaecology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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23
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Favril L, Vander Laenen F, Vandeviver C, Audenaert K. Suicidal ideation while incarcerated: Prevalence and correlates in a large sample of male prisoners in Flanders, Belgium. Int J Law Psychiatry 2017; 55:19-28. [PMID: 29157508 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Prisoners constitute a high-risk group for suicide. As an early stage in the pathway leading to suicide, suicidal ideation represents an important target for prevention, yet research on this topic is scarce in general prison populations. Using a cross-sectional survey design, correlates of suicidal ideation while incarcerated were examined in a sample of 1203 male prisoners, randomly selected from 15 Flemish prisons. Overall, a lifetime history of suicidal ideation and attempts was endorsed by 43.1% and 20.3% of respondents, respectively. Approximately a quarter of all prisoners (23.7%) reported past-year suicidal ideation during their current incarceration, which was significantly associated with both imported vulnerabilities (psychiatric diagnoses and a history of attempted suicide) and variables unique to the prison experience (lack of working activity, exposure to suicidal behaviour by peers, and low levels of perceived autonomy, safety and social support) in the multivariate regression analysis. A first-ever period of imprisonment and a shorter length of incarceration (≤12months) were also associated with increased odds of recent suicidal ideation. Collectively, the current findings underscore the importance of both vulnerability factors and prison-specific stressors for suicidal ideation in prisoners, and hence the need for a multi-faceted approach to suicide prevention in custodial settings. In addition to the provision of appropriate mental health care, environmental interventions that target modifiable aspects of the prison regime could provide a substantial buffer for the onset and persistence of suicidal ideation in this at-risk population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Favril
- Institute for International Research on Criminal Policy (IRCP), Faculty of Law and Criminology, Ghent University, Belgium.
| | - Freya Vander Laenen
- Institute for International Research on Criminal Policy (IRCP), Faculty of Law and Criminology, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Christophe Vandeviver
- Institute for International Research on Criminal Policy (IRCP), Faculty of Law and Criminology, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Kurt Audenaert
- Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium
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Missinne S, Vandeviver C, Van de Velde S, Bracke P. Measurement equivalence of the CES-D 8 depression-scale among the ageing population in eleven European countries. Soc Sci Res 2014; 46:38-47. [PMID: 24767588 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2014.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Depression is one of the most prevalent mental disorders in later life. However, despite considerable research attention, great confusion remains regarding the association between ageing and depression. There is doubt as to whether a depression scale performs identically for different age groups and countries. Although measurement equivalence is a crucial prerequisite for valid comparisons across age groups and countries, it has not been established for the eight-item version of the Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D8). Using multi-group confirmatory factor analysis, we assess configural, metric, and scalar measurement equivalence across two age groups (50-64 years of age and 65 or older) in eleven European countries, employing data from the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement (SHARE). Results indicate that the construct of depression is comparable across age and country groups, allowing the substantive interpretation of correlates and mean levels of depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Missinne
- HeDeRa (Health and Demographic Research), Department of Sociology, Ghent University, Belgium; Research Foundation (FWO), Flanders, Belgium.
| | - Christophe Vandeviver
- Institute for International Research on Criminal Policy, Department of Penal Law and Criminology, Ghent University, Belgium.
| | - Sarah Van de Velde
- HeDeRa (Health and Demographic Research), Department of Sociology, Ghent University, Belgium; Research Foundation (FWO), Flanders, Belgium.
| | - Piet Bracke
- HeDeRa (Health and Demographic Research), Department of Sociology, Ghent University, Belgium.
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