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Um MY, Manikonda L, Eapen DJ, Ferguson KM, Maria DMS, Narendorf SC, Petering R, Barman-Adhikari A, Hsu HT. Predicting Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration Among Young Adults Experiencing Homelessness in Seven U.S. Cities Using Interpretable Machine Learning. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2024:8862605241263588. [PMID: 39045762 DOI: 10.1177/08862605241263588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Young adults experiencing homelessness (YAEH) are at higher risk for intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization than their housed peers. This is often due to their increased vulnerability to abuse and victimization before and during homelessness, which can result in a cycle of violence in which YAEH also perpetrates IPV. Identifying and addressing factors contributing to IPV perpetration at an early stage can reduce the risk of IPV. Yet to date, research examining YAEH's IPV perpetration is scarce and has largely employed conventional statistical approaches that are limited in modeling this complex phenomenon. To address these gaps, this study used an interpretable machine learning approach to answer the research question: What are the most salient predictors of IPV perpetration among a large sample of YAEH in seven U.S. cities? Participants (N = 1,426) on average were 21 years old (SD = 2.09) and were largely cisgender males (59%) and racially/ethnically diverse (81% were from historically excluded racial/ethnic groups; i.e., African American, Latino/a, American Indian, Asian or Pacific Islander, and mixed race/ethnicity). Over one-quarter (26%) reported IPV victimization, and 20% reported IPV perpetration while homeless. Experiencing IPV victimization while homeless was the most important factor in predicting IPV perpetration. An additional 11 predictors (e.g., faced frequent discrimination) were positively associated with IPV perpetration, whereas 8 predictors (e.g., reported higher scores of mindfulness) were negatively associated. These findings underscore the importance of developing and implementing effective interventions with YAEH that can prevent IPV, particularly those that recognize the positive association between victimization and perpetration experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Doncy J Eapen
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Hsun-Ta Hsu
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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2
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Tracy M, Chong LS, Strully K, Gordis E, Cerdá M, Marshall BDL. A Systematic Review of Systems Science Approaches to Understand and Address Domestic and Gender-Based Violence. JOURNAL OF FAMILY VIOLENCE 2023; 38:1-17. [PMID: 37358982 PMCID: PMC10213598 DOI: 10.1007/s10896-023-00578-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Purpose We aimed to synthesize insights from systems science approaches applied to domestic and gender-based violence. Methods We conducted a systematic review of systems science studies (systems thinking, group model-building, agent-based modeling [ABM], system dynamics [SD] modeling, social network analysis [SNA], and network analysis [NA]) applied to domestic or gender-based violence, including victimization, perpetration, prevention, and community responses. We used blinded review to identify papers meeting our inclusion criteria (i.e., peer-reviewed journal article or published book chapter that described a systems science approach to domestic or gender-based violence, broadly defined) and assessed the quality and transparency of each study. Results Our search yielded 1,841 studies, and 74 studies met our inclusion criteria (45 SNA, 12 NA, 8 ABM, and 3 SD). Although research aims varied across study types, the included studies highlighted social network influences on risks for domestic violence, clustering of risk factors and violence experiences, and potential targets for intervention. We assessed the quality of the included studies as moderate, though only a minority adhered to best practices in model development and dissemination, including stakeholder engagement and sharing of model code. Conclusions Systems science approaches for the study of domestic and gender-based violence have shed light on the complex processes that characterize domestic violence and its broader context. Future research in this area should include greater dialogue between different types of systems science approaches, consideration of peer and family influences in the same models, and expanded use of best practices, including continued engagement of community stakeholders. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10896-023-00578-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Tracy
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University at Albany School of Public Health, State University of New York, 1 University Place, GEC 133, Rensselaer, NY 12144 USA
| | - Li Shen Chong
- Department of Psychology, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Ave, Albany, NY 12222 USA
| | - Kate Strully
- Department of Sociology, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Ave, Albany, NY 12222 USA
| | - Elana Gordis
- Department of Psychology, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Ave, Albany, NY 12222 USA
| | - Magdalena Cerdá
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, 180 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016 USA
| | - Brandon D. L. Marshall
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, 121 South Main St, Providence, RI 02912 USA
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3
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Examining HIV Risk and Exchange Sex Among Current and Formerly Homeless Young Adults. AIDS Behav 2021; 25:165-174. [PMID: 34302283 PMCID: PMC8542003 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-021-03364-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated HIV risk among homeless and formerly homeless young adults by examining risky sex behaviors (e.g., condomless sex, exchange sex, and sex with multiple persons) using 90-day and daily recall methods. Data came from a sample of young adults (aged 18–27) with current (n = 101) or past (n = 109) homelessness experience in Los Angeles, California, recruited between 2017 and 2019. Baseline surveys queried demographics and sexual history. Daily retrospective surveys queried sexual events. Multiple logistic regressions were used to test the effects of demographic characteristics including homelessness history, relationship status, substance use, and sexual history on risky sex outcomes. In this sample, 26% reported never using a condom during anal or vaginal sex in the past 90 days, 5% reported testing positive for HIV, 82% had limited to no knowledge of preexposure prophylaxis, and 8% reported having had exchange sex during a 7-day measurement period, with those experiencing homelessness more likely to report. The study suggests supportive housing can reduce the occurrence of exchange sex but that HIV prevention services are still needed in homeless and housing programs to promote safe sexual practices.
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4
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Semborski S, Rhoades H, Madden D, Henwood BF. Factors associated with condom and contraceptive use among currently and formerly homeless young adults: Does housing matter? SEXUAL & REPRODUCTIVE HEALTHCARE 2021; 29:100654. [PMID: 34454325 DOI: 10.1016/j.srhc.2021.100654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Young adults that experience homelessness (YAEH) are at heightened risk of unplanned pregnancy and contracting STIs, including HIV than their housed counterparts. It is unclear how exiting homelessness into Supportive Housing (SH), the most prominent intervention in homelessness, may shape sexual risk-taking. OBJECTIVE The goal of this study is to explore associations of condom and contraception use with particular interest in the role of partner type (i.e., casual and/or serious) and housing status. METHODS This study includes 143 sexually active YAEH (ages 18-27) who reported engaging in vaginal sex during the past three months: 67 "unhoused" (i.e., street-based, couch-surfers, or staying in emergency shelter), and 76 "housed" from SH programs. Multiple logistic regression examined the relationship of housing status and partner type with condom and contraceptive use. RESULTS Being a parent was associated with higher odds of contraceptive use regardless of housing status, while partner type (i.e., serious or casual partner) was differently associated with condom use by housing status. DISCUSSION Despite documented differences in condom-using behaviors by housing status, findings revealed similar patterns in contraceptive use between the two groups, indicating a possible need for enhanced and targeted service planning for YAEH, particularly among those transitioning to and residing in SH, regarding contraceptive use and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Semborski
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of School Work, University of Southern California, United States.
| | - Harmony Rhoades
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of School Work, University of Southern California, United States
| | - Danielle Madden
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of School Work, University of Southern California, United States
| | - Benjamin F Henwood
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of School Work, University of Southern California, United States
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5
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Calvo F, Watts B, Panadero S, Giralt C, Rived-Ocaña M, Carbonell X. The Prevalence and Nature of Violence Against Women Experiencing Homelessness: A Quantitative Study. Violence Against Women 2021; 28:1464-1482. [PMID: 34213398 DOI: 10.1177/10778012211022780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Individuals experiencing homelessness-an extreme form of social exclusion-have considerably higher risk of being victims of violence than the general population. We analyze the episodes of violence suffered by 504 individuals experiencing homelessness in Spain, as well as the differences between men and women. The results indicate high levels of violence and suggest that gender (specifically, being a woman) is the primary factor driving exposure to violence among this group. Highlighting the reality of women experiencing homelessness can help social, mental health, and addiction services adjust responses to better address the needs of this group and offer comprehensive care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fran Calvo
- Departament de Pedagogia, Institut de Recerca sobre Qualitat de Vida, Universitat de Girona, Spain
| | - Beth Watts
- Institute for Social Policy, Housing, Equalities Research (I-SPHERE), Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sonia Panadero
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Giralt
- Centre d'Atenció Primària de Blanes, Institut Català de la Salut, Blanes, Spain
| | - Mercè Rived-Ocaña
- Escola Universitària d'Infermeria i Teràpia Ocupacional, EUIT, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
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6
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Semborski S, Henwood B, Rhoades H, Mason T, Wenzel S, Rice E. Construct, concurrent, and real-world predictive validity of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation (DERS-18) among young adults with history of homelessness. Psychol Assess 2021; 33:385-394. [PMID: 33630634 PMCID: PMC8418354 DOI: 10.1037/pas0000991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Skills in emotional regulation are vitally important for enabling homeless young adults to navigate the complex and chaotic settings associated with homelessness. The current study seeks to test the construct, concurrent, and predictive validity of the Difficulties in Emotional Regulation Scale (DERS-18) in a sample of formerly and currently homeless young adults. Data come from a study of HIV risk among young adults who have experienced homelessness, including both those currently experiencing homelessness (n = 99) and in permanent housing (n = 120), collected between 2017 and 2019 in Los Angeles, CA. Structural Equation Modeling was used to complete Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Path Models focused on the relationship between mental health symptomatology and emotional regulation. Linear regression models tested the link between affective intensity and instability and the DERS-18. Model fit indices pointed to the five-factor solution of the DERS-18, excluding the Awareness subscale. Clinical scores of anxiety, depression, and PTSD were found to have a significant, positive correlation with DERS. Both intensity and instability of negative affect were associated with greater difficulty in emotional regulation, while the increased intensity of positive affect was associated with increased skills in emotional regulation. This study addressed several gaps in both homelessness and emotional regulation literature. The DERS-18 was found to have construct, concurrent, and predictive validity in our sample. Future work should consider the use of the DERS-18 to assess skills in emotional regulation, understand outcomes, and better tailor interventions for young adults who have experienced homelessness. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Semborski
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California
| | - Benjamin Henwood
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California
| | - Harmony Rhoades
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California
| | - Tyler Mason
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California
| | - Suzanne Wenzel
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California
| | - Eric Rice
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California
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7
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Mabhala M, Esealuka WA, Nwufo AN, Enyinna C, Mabhala CN, Udechukwu T, Reid J, Yohannes A. Homelessness Is Socially Created: Cluster Analysis of Social Determinants of Homelessness (SODH) in North West England in 2020. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18063066. [PMID: 33809704 PMCID: PMC8002255 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18063066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Poverty creates social conditions that increase the likelihood of homelessness. These include exposure to traumatic life experiences; social disadvantages such as poor educational experiences; being raised in a broken family, care homes or foster care; physical, emotional, and sexual abuse; and neglect at an early age. These conditions reduce people’s ability to negotiate through life challenges. This cross-sectional study documents the clustering and frequency of adverse social conditions among 152 homeless people from four cities in North West England between January and August 2020. Two-step cluster analysis showed that having parents with a criminal record, care history, and child neglect/abuse history was predictive of homelessness. The cluster of indicator variables among homeless people included sexual abuse (χ2 (N = 152) = 220.684, p < 0.001, Cramer’s V = 0.7), inappropriate sexual behaviour (χ2 (N = 152) = 207.737, p < 0.001, Cramer’s V = 0.7), emotional neglect (χ2 (N = 152) = 181.671, p < 0.001, Cramer’s V = 0.7), physical abuse by step-parent (χ2 (N = 152) = 195.882, p < 0.001, Cramer’s V = 0.8), and physical neglect (χ2 (N = 152) = 205.632, p < 0.001, Cramer’s V = 0.8). Poverty and homelessness are intertwined because of the high prevalence of poverty among the homeless. Poverty sets up a chain of interactions between social conditions that increase the likelihood of unfavourable outcomes: homelessness is at the end of the interaction chain. Interventions supporting families to rise out of poverty may also reduce entry into homelessness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mzwandile Mabhala
- Faculty of Health and Social Care, Department of Public Health and Wellbeing, University of CHESTER, Riverside Campus, Chester CH1 1SL, UK; (W.A.E.); (A.N.N.); (C.E.); (J.R.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Winifred Adaobi Esealuka
- Faculty of Health and Social Care, Department of Public Health and Wellbeing, University of CHESTER, Riverside Campus, Chester CH1 1SL, UK; (W.A.E.); (A.N.N.); (C.E.); (J.R.)
| | - Amanda Nkolika Nwufo
- Faculty of Health and Social Care, Department of Public Health and Wellbeing, University of CHESTER, Riverside Campus, Chester CH1 1SL, UK; (W.A.E.); (A.N.N.); (C.E.); (J.R.)
| | - Chinwe Enyinna
- Faculty of Health and Social Care, Department of Public Health and Wellbeing, University of CHESTER, Riverside Campus, Chester CH1 1SL, UK; (W.A.E.); (A.N.N.); (C.E.); (J.R.)
| | - Chelsea Nonkosi Mabhala
- Faculty of Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, UK;
| | | | - John Reid
- Faculty of Health and Social Care, Department of Public Health and Wellbeing, University of CHESTER, Riverside Campus, Chester CH1 1SL, UK; (W.A.E.); (A.N.N.); (C.E.); (J.R.)
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8
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Yoshioka-Maxwell A. Social Work in Action: Social Connectedness and Homelessness Amidst a Pandemic: Are the Social Impacts of Quarantine on Homeless Populations Being Adequately Addressed? HAWAI'I JOURNAL OF HEALTH & SOCIAL WELFARE 2020; 79:329-331. [PMID: 33205051 PMCID: PMC7668111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Yoshioka-Maxwell
- Department of Social Work, Myron B. Thompson School of Social Work, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI
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9
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The influence of peer relationships on young people's sexual health in Sub-Saharan African street contexts. Soc Sci Med 2020; 288:113285. [PMID: 32829967 PMCID: PMC7427551 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This paper explores the interaction between peer relationships and sexual health among street youth in three Sub-Saharan African cities: Accra (Ghana), Bukavu (Democratic Republic of Congo), and Harare (Zimbabwe). It begins by conceptualising peer relationships for youth globally and considers why these are pivotal for young people living in street settings. The paper reconceptualizes street peer relationships not as replacement families, but as sharing ‘social anchorage’ in the street space. It draws on qualitative ethnographic data from Growing up on the Streets, a longitudinal research project with a participatory methodology undertaken between 2012 and 2016 and engaging street youth (aged 14–20 at project outset) trained in ethnographic observations as research assistants (n = 18), following a network of ten peers (n = 229 by 2016), reporting their experiences in weekly interviews with facilitators. A wider network attended focus groups (n = 399). The project engaged a ‘capability’ approach, with ten capabilities defined by street youth as key to their daily lives. Empirical evidence is from a subset of data qualitatively coded (using NVivo) against capabilities ‘Health and Wellbeing’ and ‘Friendship’, across all interviews, focus groups and cities (n = 212 sources). In exploring this intersection, the paper demonstrates beneficial and adverse impacts of peer influence on sexual health, including misinformation about contraceptives and death from an informal sector abortion; highlighting findings from across the three cities around primacy of same-sex peer relations, mistrust between genders and in healthcare providers. The paper finds that while street youth remain subject to cultural norms around gender identities, street peer relationships hold a persuasive power; contributing to both everyday survival and moments of acute need. It concludes that recognising the right of young people to live and seek livelihoods in urban settings, and adopting the social networks they create to advance street youth's sexual health has become even more relevant in a (post)pandemic world. Young people are the majority living in new urban informality. A new conceptualization positions street peer relations as socio-spatially anchored. Peers can play a critical role in the sexual wellbeing of young street people. Policy, practice and peer social networks can advance sexual health of street youth.
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10
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Kahan D, Lamanna D, Rajakulendran T, Noble A, Stergiopoulos V. Implementing a trauma-informed intervention for homeless female survivors of gender-based violence: Lessons learned in a large Canadian urban centre. HEALTH & SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY 2020; 28:823-832. [PMID: 31814189 DOI: 10.1111/hsc.12913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Gender-based violence is associated with an elevated risk of physical and psychological harm for girls and women. This study examines service user and provider experiences of a trauma-informed, peer-facilitated group psychosocial intervention (Peer Education and Connection through Empowerment [PEACE]) targeting female-identified youth experiencing homelessness and gender-based violence. Participants were recruited among service users and providers of the intervention, delivered in Toronto, Canada. We conducted 19 semi-structured interviews between May and October 2017, engaging 12 service users and 7 additional stakeholders (including social service providers, peers and program administrators). We elicited participant perspectives on the acceptability of the intervention and key enablers of successful implementation and engagement of the target population. Qualitative transcripts were analysed using thematic analysis. Service users, including survivors of sexual exploitation, forced marriage and honour crimes, described satisfaction with and acceptability of the intervention. A number of factors were perceived by service users and providers as contributing to the intervention's successful implementation, including a focus on service user needs, program quality, flexibility and accessibility and strong inter-and intra-agency networks. Introducing peers as mentors led to challenges that could be mitigated through peer mentor education and training to maintain healthy boundaries and enhance peer mentor retention. The need for clear guidelines on the management of trauma disclosures in community settings and a systems-wide approach to service provider and administrator training in the effective integration of peer support services also emerged as important areas for future development. A group-based, trauma-informed and peer-supported psychosocial intervention was acceptable to service users and providers and successfully engaged female-identified survivors of gender-based violence who were also experiencing homelessness. Findings add to the scant knowledge base on interventions to support this population and identify important areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Denise Lamanna
- Centre for Addition and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
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11
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Burke JG, Thompson JR, Mabry PL, Mair CF. Introduction to the Theme Issue on Dynamics of Health Behavior: Revisiting Systems Science for Population Health. HEALTH EDUCATION & BEHAVIOR 2020; 47:185-190. [PMID: 32090654 DOI: 10.1177/1090198119876239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Systems science can help public health professionals to better understand the complex dynamics between factors affecting health behaviors and outcomes and to identify intervention opportunities. Despite their demonstrated utility in addressing health topics such influenza, tobacco control, and obesity, the associated methods continue to be underutilized by researchers and practitioners addressing health behaviors. This article discusses the growth of systems science methods (e.g., system dynamics, social network analysis, and agent-based modeling) in health research, provides a frame for the articles included in this themed issue, and closes with recommendations for enhancing the future of systems science and health behavior research. We argue that integrating systems sciences methods into health behavior research and practice is essential for improved population health and look forward to supporting the evolution of the field.
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12
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Bani-Fatemi A, Malta M, Noble A, Wang W, Rajakulendran T, Kahan D, Stergiopoulos V. Supporting Female Survivors of Gender-Based Violence Experiencing Homelessness: Outcomes of a Health Promotion Psychoeducation Group Intervention. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:601540. [PMID: 33362610 PMCID: PMC7755885 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.601540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Homelessness is an important risk factor for gender-based violence (GBV), particularly among youth, and disproportionally affects women and girls. Survivors of GBV experience enduring and severe physical, psychological, and sexual health problems. Although key elements in service delivery for survivors of GBV have been identified, little is known about outcomes of community-based programs aiming to assist homeless and unstably housed youth experiencing GBV. This longitudinal study aimed to quantitatively evaluate changes in mental health and well-being outcomes in female identified youth experiencing GBV and homelessness, 12 months after enrolment in a community-based, trauma-informed, brief group psychoeducation intervention. Standardized survey measures were administered at baseline, 6 and 12 months for 70 participants, recruited between February 2017 and April 2019, assessing quality of life, psychological distress, traumatic symptoms, substance use, resilience, victimization, and sense of mastery. Linear mixed models were used to examine longitudinal changes in quality of life as well as secondary outcomes among study participants. After 12 months, quality of life increased significantly among participants (p = 0.009), and the 12-month victimization score was significantly decreased relative to baseline (p = 0.05). Changes in other outcomes were not statistically significant. Findings suggest that community-based brief group psychoeducation interventions may be a promising approach to improving outcomes for this disadvantaged population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Monica Malta
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Wei Wang
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Deborah Kahan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Vicky Stergiopoulos
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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13
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Srivastava A, Petering R, Barr N, Kannan R, Rice E, Prasanna VK. Network-based intervention strategies to reduce violence among homeless. SOCIAL NETWORK ANALYSIS AND MINING 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13278-019-0584-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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14
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Henwood BF, Redline B, Dzubur E, Madden DR, Rhoades H, Dunton GF, Rice E, Semborski S, Tang Q, Intille SS. Investigating Health Risk Environments in Housing Programs for Young Adults: Protocol for a Geographically Explicit Ecological Momentary Assessment Study. JMIR Res Protoc 2019; 8:e12112. [PMID: 30632969 PMCID: PMC6329898 DOI: 10.2196/12112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Young adults who experience homelessness are exposed to environments that contribute to risk behavior. However, few studies have examined how access to housing may affect the health risk behaviors of young adults experiencing homelessness. Objective This paper describes the Log My Life study that uses an innovative, mixed-methods approach based on geographically explicit ecological momentary assessment (EMA) through cell phone technology to understand the risk environment of young adults who have either enrolled in housing programs or are currently homeless. Methods For the quantitative arm, study participants age 18-27 respond to momentary surveys via a smartphone app that collects geospatial information repeatedly during a 1-week period. Both EMAs (up to 8 per day) and daily diaries are prompted to explore within-day and daily variations in emotional affect, context, and health risk behavior, while also capturing infrequent risk behaviors such as sex in exchange for goods or services. For the qualitative arm, a purposive subsample of participants who indicated engaging in risky behaviors are asked to complete an in-depth qualitative interview using an interactive, personalized geospatial map rendering of EMA responses. Results Recruitment began in June of 2017. To date, 170 participants enrolled in the study. Compliance with EMA and daily diary surveys was generally high. In-depth qualitative follow-ups have been conducted with 15 participants. We expect to recruit 50 additional participants and complete analyses by September of 2019. Conclusions Mixing the quantitative and qualitative arms in this study will provide a more complete understanding of differences in risk environments between homeless and housed young adults. Furthermore, this approach can improve recall bias and enhance ecological validity. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/12112
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin F Henwood
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Brian Redline
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Eldin Dzubur
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Danielle R Madden
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Harmony Rhoades
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Genevieve F Dunton
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Eric Rice
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Sara Semborski
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Qu Tang
- College of Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Stephen S Intille
- College of Computer and Information Science and Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
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15
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Zhao Q, Kim BKE, Li W, Hsiao HY, Rice E. Incarceration history, social network composition, and substance use among homeless youth in Los Angeles. J Addict Dis 2018; 37:64-76. [PMID: 30592248 DOI: 10.1080/10550887.2018.1545555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Background: Homeless youth in the United States have high rates of substance use. Existing research has identified social network composition and street-associated stressors as contributing factors. Incarceration is a highly prevalent stressor for homeless youth. Its effect on youth's social network composition and substance use, however, has been neglected. Aims: This study investigated the direct and indirect associations between incarceration history and substance use (through social networks) among homeless youth in Los Angeles, California. Methods: A sample of 1047 homeless youths were recruited between 2011 and 2013. Computerized self-administrated surveys and social network interviews were conducted to collect youth's sociodemographic characteristics, incarceration history, social network composition, and substance use. Bootstrapping was used to identify the direct and indirect associations between youth's incarceration history and substance use. Results: Incarceration history was positively associated with youth's cannabis, methamphetamine, and injection drug use. The percentage of cannabis-using peers partially mediated the associations between incarceration history and youth's cannabis, cocaine, and heroin use. The percentage of methamphetamine-using peers partially mediated the associations between incarceration history and youth's methamphetamine, cocaine, and injection drug use. The percentage of heroin-using peers partially mediated the association between incarceration history and youth's heroin use. Moreover, the percentage of peers who inject drugs partially mediated the associations between incarceration history and youth's methamphetamine, heroin, and injection drug use. Discussion: Incarceration history should be taken to a more central place in future research and practice with homeless youth in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianwei Zhao
- a USC Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | - B K Elizabeth Kim
- a USC Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | - Wen Li
- b School of Social Work , Rutgers University , New Brunswick , NJ , USA
| | - Hsin-Yi Hsiao
- a USC Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | - Eric Rice
- a USC Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , CA , USA
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16
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Petering R, Rhoades H, Rice E, Yoshioka-Maxwell A. Bidirectional Intimate Partner Violence and Drug Use Among Homeless Youth. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2017; 32:2209-2217. [PMID: 26163542 DOI: 10.1177/0886260515593298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) among homeless youth (HY) is common, yet it has continuously been understudied, especially in relation to substance use. As part of a longitudinal study of Los Angeles area HY, drop-in service seeking youth completed a self-administered questionnaire. The presented results are from the third panel of data collection ( N = 238), and the Revised Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS2) was used to assess IPV behavior regarding the participant's most recent intimate relationship. Approximately 38% of participants reported IPV behavior in their most recent relationship, and the majority of this behavior was bidirectional. It was unlikely that a HY was only a victim or only a perpetrator. Multivariable models revealed that bidirectional IPV was related to increased odds of recent methamphetamine; whereas sole perpetration was associated with an increased likelihood of ecstasy use. Specific substance use and IPV are closely related to risk behaviors for HY. Comprehensive interventions should be developed to address both these risk behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eric Rice
- 1 University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
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17
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Bond RM, Bushman BJ. The Contagious Spread of Violence Among US Adolescents Through Social Networks. Am J Public Health 2016; 107:288-294. [PMID: 27997233 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2016.303550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To test the hypothesis that violence among US adolescents spreads like a contagious disease through social networks. METHODS Participants were a nationally representative sample of 90 118 US students aged 12 to 18 years who were involved in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Violence was assessed by having participants report the number of times in the preceding 12 months they had been involved in a serious physical fight, had hurt someone badly, and had pulled a weapon on someone. RESULTS Participants were 48% more likely to have been involved in a serious fight, 183% more likely to have hurt someone badly, and 140% more likely to have pulled a weapon on someone if a friend had engaged in the same behavior. The influence spread up to 4 degrees of separation (i.e., friend of friend of friend of friend) for serious fights, 2 degrees for hurting someone badly, and 3 degrees for pulling a weapon on someone. CONCLUSIONS Adolescents were more likely to engage in violent behavior if their friends did the same, and contagion of violence extended beyond immediate friends to friends of friends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Bond
- All of the authors are with the School of Communication, The Ohio State University, Columbus. Brad J. Bushman is also with the Department of Communication Science, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Brad J Bushman
- All of the authors are with the School of Communication, The Ohio State University, Columbus. Brad J. Bushman is also with the Department of Communication Science, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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18
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Tyler KA, Schmitz RM. Effects of Abusive Parenting, Caretaker Arrests, and Deviant Behavior on Dating Violence among Homeless Young Adults. JOURNAL OF AGGRESSION, MALTREATMENT & TRAUMA 2015; 24:1134-1150. [PMID: 26989342 PMCID: PMC4792127 DOI: 10.1080/10926771.2015.1079287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Though dating violence is widespread among young adult homeless populations, its risk factors are poorly understood by scholars. To address this gap, the current study uses a social learning theory to examine the effects of abusive parenting and caretaker arrests on dating violence among 172 homeless young adults. Results from path analyses revealed that child physical abuse and caretaker arrests were positively associated with engaging in a greater number of school fights, which, in turn, was strongly and positively correlated with participating in more deviant subsistence strategies (e.g., stealing) since being on the street. Young people who participated in a greater number of delinquent acts were more likely to report higher levels of dating violence. Study results highlight the extent of social learning within the lives of homeless young adults, which is evident prior to their leaving home and while they are on the street.
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19
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Rhoades H, Winetrobe H, Rice E. Pet ownership among homeless youth: associations with mental health, service utilization and housing status. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2015; 46:237-44. [PMID: 24728815 PMCID: PMC4194276 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-014-0463-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
As many as 25 % of homeless persons have pets. To our knowledge, pet ownership has not been studied quantitatively with homeless youth. This study examined pet ownership among 398 homeless youth utilizing two Los Angeles drop-in centers. Twenty-three percent of homeless youth had a pet. The majority of pet owners reported that their pets kept them company and made them feel loved; nearly half reported that their pets made it more difficult to stay in a shelter. Pet owners reported fewer symptoms of depression and loneliness than their non-pet owning peers. Pet ownership was associated with decreased utilization of housing and job-finding services, and decreased likelihood of currently staying in a shelter. These findings elucidate many of the positive benefits of pet ownership for homeless youth, but importantly highlight that pet ownership may negatively impact housing options. Housing and other services must be sensitive to the needs of homeless youth with pets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harmony Rhoades
- School of Social Work, University of Southern California, 1149 S. Hill St., Suite 360, Los Angeles, CA, 90015, USA,
| | - Hailey Winetrobe
- School of Social Work University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA
| | - Eric Rice
- School of Social Work University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA
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