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Forsdike K, Giles F. Women's Experiences of Gender-Based Interpersonal Violence in Sport: A Qualitative Meta-Synthesis. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2024; 25:3254-3268. [PMID: 38591233 PMCID: PMC11370166 DOI: 10.1177/15248380241244397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Violence against women in sport is pervasive. Prevalence rates of interpersonal violence range from 26% to 74% across psychological, physical, and sexual violence. This review synthesizes adult women's experiences of gender-based interpersonal violence in sport. A systematic review of qualitative studies was conducted. Five databases were searched, including CINAHL, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, PsycINFO, and Sociological Abstracts. In total, 1,617 records were retrieved and screened. Twenty-five records representing 24 studies were eligible for inclusion. Following a meta-ethnographic approach, both authors synthesized first- (participants) and second-(researcher) order constructs to create a new interpretation (third-order construct) beyond the individual studies reviewed. A feminist socio-ecological lens was applied. Five themes were constructed: women's safety work, the normalization of abusive behaviors in the sports context, sport family violence, organizational impotence and hostility, and women's status in a patriarchal system. Women's experiences of abuse are mapped within and across the individual, relational, organizational, and cultural levels of the socio-ecological model, with (lack of) power being a central factor within each level as well as flowing between the levels. A fifth socio-ecological level was developed pertaining to the unique context of sport-that of the sport family. This sits between the relational and organizational levels of the model and covers both intense familial relationships and patriarchal familial organizational structures in sport that facilitate and silence the abuse. Sporting bodies must co-design interventions encompassing all socio-ecological levels to address gender-based violence in sport.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fiona Giles
- La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Melendez-Torres GJ, Orr N, Farmer C, Shaw N, Chollet A, Rizzo AJ, Kiff F, Rigby E, Hagell A, Priolo Filho SR, Taylor B, Young H, Bonell C, Berry V. School-based interventions TO Prevent Dating and Relationship Violence and Gender-Based Violence: STOP-DRV-GBV systematic review. PUBLIC HEALTH RESEARCH 2024; 12:1-192. [PMID: 38421001 DOI: 10.3310/ktwr6997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Schools have a duty of care to prevent violence between students but a significant amount of dating and relationship violence and gender-based violence occurs in schools. These are important public health issues with important longitudinal consequences for young people. Objectives To understand functioning and effectiveness of school-based interventions for the prevention of dating and relationship violence and gender-based violence. Review methods We undertook a mixed-methods systematic review to synthesise different types of evidence relating to school-based interventions for the prevention of dating and relationship violence and gender-based violence to understand if, how and in what ways these interventions are effective. We searched 21 databases and 2 trial registers and undertook forwards and backwards citation chasing, author contact and other supplementary search methods. Searches identified all literature published to June 2021. All screening was undertaken in duplicate and independently, and we quality appraised all included studies. Results We included 247 reports (68 outcome evaluations, 137 process evaluations). Synthesis of intervention components produced an intervention typology: single-component, curricular, multicomponent, and multilevel programmes. Synthesis of intervention theories suggested that interventions aiming to increase students' sense of school belonging and sense of safety in the school building could encourage increased learning of prosocial skills and increased prosocial peer norms, and so potentially reducing dating and relationship violence and gender-based violence. Synthesis of factors affecting delivery highlighted school organisation and leaders who believed in the importance of addressing dating and relationship violence/gender-based violence, along with time and resources to deliver the interventions. The ease with which the intervention could be delivered and modified was also important. Meta-analysis found stronger evidence for intervention effectiveness in reducing dating and relationship violence than for gender-based violence, with significant long-term impacts on dating and relationship violence victimisation and perpetration, and some evidence that interventions in high-income countries could be effective for reducing victimisation and perpetration of gender-based violence in the long-term. Impacts on knowledge and attitudes were primarily short-term. Network meta-analysis did not suggest superiority of any intervention type. Moderation evidence suggested interventions reduced dating and relationship violence perpetration in boys more than girls, but reduced gender-based violence perpetration more in girls. Metaregression by intervention component did not explain heterogeneity in effectiveness, but qualitative comparative analysis suggested that reducing perpetration was important to reducing victimisation, and that perpetration could be reduced via focus on interpersonal skills, guided practice and (for gender-based violence) implementation of social structural components. Limitations Despite an exhaustive search, trials may have been missed and risk of publication bias was high for several analyses. Conclusions This is the most comprehensive systematic review of school-based interventions for dating and relationship violence and gender-based violence to date. It is clear that the prevention of dating and relationship violence and gender-based violence in schools will require longer-term investment to show benefit. Future work Future research is needed to understand why intervention effectiveness appears stronger for dating and relationship violence than gender-based violence. Study registration The study is registered as PROSPERO CRD42020190463. Funding This award was funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Public Health Research programme (NIHR award ref: NIHR130144) and is published in full in Public Health Research; Vol. 12, No. 3. See the NIHR Funding and Awards website for further award information.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Noreen Orr
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Caroline Farmer
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Naomi Shaw
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Annah Chollet
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew J Rizzo
- College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Fraizer Kiff
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Emma Rigby
- Association for Young People's Health, London, UK
| | - Ann Hagell
- Association for Young People's Health, London, UK
| | | | - Bruce Taylor
- National Opinion Research Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Honor Young
- Centre for Development, Evaluation, Complexity and Implementation in Public Health Improvement (DECIPHer), Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Chris Bonell
- Department of Public Health, Environments and Society, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Vashti Berry
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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Fields AD, Fenn M, Ripper L, Hill A, Mulbah P, Kass NM, Miller E. A Coach-Delivered Dating Violence Prevention Program: Coach Perspectives on Implementation. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP10594-NP10617. [PMID: 35786057 DOI: 10.1177/08862605221092073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Coaching Boys into Men (CBIM), an evidence-based violence prevention program, utilizes the coach-athlete relationship to deliver information about healthy, respectful relationships to adolescent boys involved in athletics. Although CBIM has demonstrated effectiveness in clinical research trials, its implementation outside of an effectiveness study has not been explored. The purpose of this current study was to explore facilitators and barriers of effective implementation in community settings using experiences from one regional implementation in Southwestern Pennsylvania. Head coaches who implemented CBIM from 2017-2018 seasons (n = 35) were contacted and 22 (63%) agreed to participate. Coaches were asked how they delivered CBIM to their team, what aided the process, barriers to facilitation, and their overall thoughts on CBIM implementation. Interviews were structured to uncover specific information regarding implementation while also providing time and space for coaches to voice their suggestions and opinions. Interviews were coded using descriptive content analysis. Key facilitators to implementation were involvement of violence prevention advocates, athletic directors, assistant coaches, and players and having flexibility to integrate current events to emphasize topics covered in CBIM. Observed improvements in bystander intervention behaviors and better attitudes towards women and girls among athletes were key motivators for coaches to continue the program. Main barriers were inconsistencies in time available to discuss topics with players and need to refresh curriculum content over multiple seasons. Coaches identified components necessary for broader and sustained implementation of this evidence-based violence prevention intervention in community settings. Coaches' confidence in delivering program content can be bolstered with appropriate strategies in place to address barriers. As coaches witness positive impacts among their athletes, these successes contribute to coaches recognizing their role in transforming sports into a platform for community-wide violence prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alana D Fields
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mikaela Fenn
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lisa Ripper
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ashley Hill
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Paul Mulbah
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nicolás Matheo Kass
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Miller
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Tredinnick L. Sexual Assault Prevention With Student-Athletes: Exploring Perceptions of the Campus Climate and Awareness of Sexual Assault Policies and Resources. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP6855-NP6880. [PMID: 33092460 DOI: 10.1177/0886260520967144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Increasing awareness of school sexual assault policies and resources is a central component of sexual assault prevention. Research suggests that the state of the campus climate impacts an individual's level of awareness, particularly for at-risk groups like student-athletes. The purpose of this study was to examine how macro factors such as participation in sexual assault prevention, perceptions of the institutional response to addressing sexual assault, and perceptions of campus staff (i.e., campus police, athletic staff, and administration) are associated with awareness of sexual assault policies and resources. Student-athletes at five National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) schools participated in a web-based survey to assess their perceptions of the campus climate and awareness of sexual assault policies and resources. The results from an ordinary least squares multiple regression model revealed that past participation in sexual assault prevention, more positive perceptions of the institutional response, and more positive perceptions of campus police and administration were associated with a greater awareness of sexual assault policies and resources while controlling for race, ethnicity, and gender. Perceptions of athletic staff was not significantly related to awareness of policies and resources. These findings demonstrate that delivering consistent messaging and engaging campus staff in sexual assault prevention provides a foundation for building a positive campus climate which, in turn, may reduce campus sexual assault.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorin Tredinnick
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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Finch M, Featherston R, Chakraborty S, Bjørndal L, Mildon R, Albers B, Fiennes C, Taylor DJA, Schachtman R, Yang T, Shlonsky A. Interventions that address institutional child maltreatment: An evidence and gap map. CAMPBELL SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS 2021; 17:e1139. [PMID: 37133265 PMCID: PMC8356353 DOI: 10.1002/cl2.1139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Background Child maltreatment has serious short and long-term negative impacts for those experiencing it. Child maltreatment occurring in institutional settings has recently received substantial attention. However, evidence about the effectiveness of interventions that prevent, disclose, respond to, or treat maltreatment that has occurred in these environments is fragmented and can be difficult to access. This evidence and gap map (EGM) collates this research evidence. It was developed as a resource for stakeholders operating in the child health, welfare and protection sectors, including practitioners, organisational leaders, policy developers and researchers, wanting to access high quality evidence on interventions addressing institutional child maltreatment. Objectives The objectives of this EGM were twofold: (a) To provide a structured and accessible collection of existing evidence from finalised and ongoing overviews of systematic reviews, systematic reviews and effectiveness studies of interventions addressing institutional child maltreatment-for those who work to fund, develop, implement and evaluate interventions aimed at ensuring children's safety in institutional settings; (b) to identify gaps in the available evidence on interventions addressing institutional child maltreatment-thereby helping to inform the research agendas of funders and other organisations. Search Methods A comprehensive search strategy identified relevant studies from published and grey literature, comprising: (1) 10 electronic academic databases; (2) five trial and systematic review registries; (3) nine organisational websites; (4) websites and reference lists of inquiry reports associated with seven international inquiries into child abuse and (4) the lists of included studies within systematic reviews identified by the search strategy. Members of this EGM's Subject Matter Experts group were also invited to forward relevant unpublished studies or grey literature. Selection Criteria The selection criteria were developed to identify finalised and ongoing overviews of reviews, systematic reviews and primary studies that reported on the effectiveness of interventions addressing child maltreatment (including sexual abuse, physical abuse, neglect and emotional abuse) within institutional settings. Eligible effectiveness study designs included: randomised controlled trials (RCTs), nonrandomised trials, controlled before-and-after studies and quasi-experimental studies. Reviews were eligible if they reported a systematic literature search strategy. Data Collection and Analysis All screening, data extraction, coding and critical appraisals were undertaken by two or more reviewers working independently, with discrepancies resolved via consensus or by a third reviewer. The titles and abstracts of studies identified by the search strategy were screened, and each full text of potentially relevant studies was further assessed for inclusion. Key data were extracted from all included studies and reviews. This included information about: publication details (e.g., year, author, country), inclusion/exclusion criteria (for reviews), study design, institutional setting, target population, type of maltreatment, intervention type and outcomes. Critical appraisal of included systematic reviews was achieved using the AMSTAR 2 tool, and completed RCTs were assessed using the updated Cochrane Risk of Bias 2.0 tool. Main Results Number of studies The electronic database search yielded 6318 citations, and a further 2375 records were identified from additional sources. Following deduplication and title/abstract screening, 256 studies remained for full text review. A total of 73 eligible studies (reported across 84 publications) met the inclusion criteria, including: 11 systematic reviews (plus, one update); 62 primary studies (including, three protocols for primary studies). Study characteristics The studies were conducted across 18 countries, however more than half (52%) were undertaken in the United States. Overall, most studies evaluated curriculum-based interventions delivered in educational settings, primarily aimed at the prevention of sexual abuse. Institutional setting: Most studies evaluated interventions in school or early learning environments (n = 8 systematic reviews; n = 58 primary studies). Far fewer studies examined other organisational settings. Out of home care (including foster care, residential care and orphanages), and social service organisations servicing children were minimally represented. No studies were identified where the primary setting was sports clubs, churches/religious organisations, summer/vacation camps, detention centres/juvenile justice settings, or primary/secondary health care facilities. Target population: Most interventions targeted children rather than adults (n = 7 systematic reviews; n = 47 primary studies) from the general population. Fewer studies included populations known to be at an increased risk, or those already exposed to maltreatment. Just over a third of the primary studies conducted an analysis to ascertain differences in the effect of an intervention between the genders. Intervention type: Prevention interventions were the most studied (n = 5 systematic reviews; n = 57 primary studies), with additional studies including prevention approaches alongside other intervention types. Fewer studies evaluated interventions targeting disclosure, institutional responses, or treatment interventions. Type of maltreatment: The vast majority of the studies assessed interventions solely addressing the sexual abuse of children (n = 8 systematic reviews; n = 45 primary studies). The remaining studies addressed other forms of maltreatment, including physical and emotional abuse, or neglect, either in combination or as a sole focus. Outcomes: Primary reported outcomes reflected the bias toward child targeted interventions. Outcome measures captured child wellbeing and knowledge outcomes, including measures of mental health, children's knowledge retention and/or self-protective skills. Measures of maltreatment disclosure or maltreatment occurrence/reoccurrence were less common, and all other outcome categories included in the EGM were minimally or not reported. A third of studies reported on some measure of implementation. Study quality The overall quality of the studies was low to moderate. Most systematic reviews were low-quality (n = 10), with only one high quality review (and update) identified. Most completed RCTs had some concerns relating to the risk of bias (n = 30), and the remainder were considered to be at a high risk of bias (n = 19). Authors' Conclusions This EGM has highlighted a substantial need for more high quality studies that evaluate interventions across a broader range of institutional contexts and maltreatment types. The current evidence base does not represent countries with large populations and the greatest incidence of child maltreatment. Few studies focussed on perpetrators or the organisational environment. Further evidence gaps were identified for interventions relating to disclosure, organisational responses and treatment, and few studies assessed interventions targeting perpetrators' maltreatment behaviours, recidivism or desistence. Future studies should also include measure of programme implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Finch
- National Centre for Implementation ScienceNewcastle UniversityWallsendNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Rebecca Featherston
- Department of Social Work, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Faculty of Medicine Nursing & Health SciencesMonash UniversityCaulfieldVictoriaAustralia
| | | | - Ludvig Bjørndal
- Centre for Evidence and ImplementationMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Robyn Mildon
- Centre for Evidence and ImplementationMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Bianca Albers
- Centre for Evidence and ImplementationMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | | | | | | | - Taoran Yang
- Department of Social Work, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Faculty of Medicine Nursing & Health SciencesMonash UniversityCaulfieldVictoriaAustralia
| | - Aron Shlonsky
- Department of Social Work, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Faculty of Medicine Nursing & Health SciencesMonash UniversityCaulfieldVictoriaAustralia
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Ramsay D, Steeves M, Feng C, Farag M. Protective and Risk Factors Associated With Youth Attitudes Toward Violence in Canada. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:NP871-NP895. [PMID: 29294960 DOI: 10.1177/0886260517736275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Adolescents and young adults are the main perpetrators and victims of violence in almost all parts of the world. Theories of human behavior predict that the intention to behave violently is formed in part by the individual's attitude toward violent behavior. The purpose of this study was thus to investigate factors which both promote and protect against violent youth attitudes in Toronto, Canada's largest urban center. Multinomial logit models were fit separately for males and females in Grades 7 to 9 using cross-sectional data from the 2006 International Youth Survey. Odds ratios were estimated for the associations between levels of attitude toward violence and select factors in each of the biological, familial, peer-related, school and community domains. A graded effect of school attachment on violent attitude was observed for both sexes; male and female students who do not like school at all are 9.89 (3.15-31.0) and 6.49 (2.19-19.2) times as likely as those who like school a lot to have the "most" versus "least" violent attitude, respectively. For every one-unit increase in (negative) perception of neighborhood score, male and female students are 1.15 (1.07-1.23) and 1.20 (1.12-1.28) times as likely to have the "most" versus "least" violent attitude. The number of victimization events was associated with attitude toward violence in males but not females, while the reverse was true for academic performance and exposure to prejudice. Our findings highlight the important relationships between connections to social environments and youth attitudes toward violence, and identify modifiable factors which may be amenable to intervention. Sex-specific differences in the predictors of violent youth attitudes warrant additional investigation and have implications for policy design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Ramsay
- School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Megan Steeves
- School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Cindy Feng
- School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Marwa Farag
- School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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Exner-Cortens D, Cummings N. Bystander-Based Sexual Violence Prevention With College Athletes: A Pilot Randomized Trial. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:NP188-NP211. [PMID: 29294930 DOI: 10.1177/0886260517733279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The prevention of sexual violence on college campuses is a pressing public health issue. Given recent U.S. federal and state requirements for campus responses to sexual assault, many campuses may plan to implement brief, bystander-based programs to create a violence-free environment. This pilot study evaluates one such program for male undergraduate athletes, Wingman 101. The primary purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility and acceptability of participation in Wingman 101, as well as barriers to program implementation. Data for this project were collected from 80 undergraduate male athletes (M age = 19.99) on three contact sport teams in spring 2012. Participants were randomly assigned to program or a no-program control condition. Implementation data were collected at the end of each session from program participants and facilitators. Outcome data were collected over three waves (pretest, posttest, 2-month follow-up) and assessed bystander attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors. Analysis of implementation data indicated that the program was well received and implemented with high fidelity, with facilitator relatability emerging as a particularly important aspect of implementation. However, participants also listed numerous barriers to potential bystander intervention following the program. The presence of these barriers supports quantitative reductions in positive attitudes about intervention at posttest. Implications of findings for policy and practice on postsecondary campuses are discussed.
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Debnam KJ, Mauer V. Who, When, How, and Why Bystanders Intervene in Physical and Psychological Teen Dating Violence. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2021; 22:54-67. [PMID: 30669950 DOI: 10.1177/1524838018806505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Teen dating violence victimization is associated with a host of adverse mental and physical health problems. A number of bystander-focused interventions have been developed to mitigate the occurrence of abuse but with varying effectiveness. There remains a need to understand more about bystander behaviors used by adolescents to ensure that existing intervention components match with bystanders' attitudes and behaviors about intervening. The current study is a scoping review of existing literature on adolescents' use of bystander behaviors to determine who, when, how, and why adolescents intervene. Seventeen articles met inclusion criteria, the majority of which used qualitative or observational survey designs. Adolescents who either feel a sense of responsibility and confidence to intervene or are directly involved with or know the individuals involved in the dating violence are more likely to intervene. Adolescents intervene when they are able to define an act as dating violence and tend to intervene when the victim is female and when they have a supportive relationship with at least one teacher in their school. The various ways how bystander intervention is engaged in ranges from verbally or physically confronting the abuser, distracting the abuser, seeking support from an adult, to passively accepting the abuse. Reasons why adolescents intervene include believing the abuse is wrong and that intervening will diffuse the situation and help the victim. A number of barriers to bystander intervention emerged from analysis including individual attitudes and school climate factors. Implications for strengthening bystander intervention programs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina J Debnam
- School of Nursing, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Victoria Mauer
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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Miller E, Jones KA, Ripper L, Paglisotti T, Mulbah P, Abebe KZ. An Athletic Coach-Delivered Middle School Gender Violence Prevention Program: A Cluster Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Pediatr 2020; 174:241-249. [PMID: 31930358 PMCID: PMC6990799 DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.5217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Adolescent relationship abuse (ARA) and sexual violence (SV) reported among adolescents point to the need for prevention among middle school-age youths. OBJECTIVE To test an athletic coach-delivered relationship abuse and sexual violence prevention program among middle school male athletes. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS An unblinded cluster randomized clinical trial from spring 2015 to fall 2017 at 41 middle schools (38 clusters). The study included 973 male middle school athletes (ages 11-14 years; grades 6-8; participation rate 50%) followed up for 1 year (retention 86%). INTERVENTIONS Coaching Boys Into Men (CBIM) is a prevention program that trains athletic coaches to talk to male athletes about (1) respectful relationship behaviors, (2) promoting more gender-equitable attitudes, and (3) positive bystander intervention when harmful behaviors among peers are witnessed. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was change in positive bystander behaviors (ie, intervening in peers' disrespectful or harmful behaviors); secondary outcomes were changes in recognition of what constitutes abusive behavior, intentions to intervene, gender-equitable attitudes, and reduction in recent ARA/SV perpetration (at end of sports season and 1-year follow up). RESULTS Of the 973 participants, 530 were white (54.5%), 282 were black (29.0%), 14 were Hispanic (1.4%), and the remainder were multiracial, other race/ethnicity, or not reported. Positive bystander behaviors increased at end of sports season and at 1-year follow-up (relative risk, 1.51; 95% CI, 1.06-2.16 and 1.53; 95% CI, 1.10-2.12, respectively) as did recognition of abuse (mean risk difference, 0.14; 95% CI, 0.01-0.27 and 0.14; 95% CI, 0.00-0.28, respectively). At 1-year follow-up, among those who ever dated, athletes on teams receiving CBIM had lower odds of reporting recent ARA/SV perpetration (odds ratio, 0.24; 95% CI, 0.09-0.65). Gender attitudes and intentions to intervene did not differ between study arms. In exploratory intensity-adjusted and per protocol analyses, athletes on teams receiving CBIM were more likely to report positive bystander behaviors and to endorse equitable gender attitudes and less likely to report ARA and sexual harassment perpetration 1 year later. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE An athletic coach-delivered program for middle school male athletes is an effective strategy for reducing relationship abuse among younger adolescents. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02331238.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Miller
- UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Kelley A. Jones
- UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Lisa Ripper
- UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Taylor Paglisotti
- UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Paul Mulbah
- UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Kaleab Z. Abebe
- Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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dos Santos KB, Murta SG, do Amaral Vinha LG, de Deus JS. Efficacy of a bystander intervention for preventing dating violence in Brazilian adolescents: short-term evaluation. PSICOLOGIA-REFLEXAO E CRITICA 2019; 32:20. [PMID: 32026072 PMCID: PMC6966980 DOI: 10.1186/s41155-019-0133-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Peers are the preferred source of help for Brazilian adolescents who experience dating violence. However, they are not always the best informants for effective responses for dealing with situations of violence in romantic relationships among peers. This experimental study aimed to evaluate the short-term efficacy of three aspects of a peer- and bystander approach-based intervention: the intent to offer help, empathy, and bystander attitudes in response to dating violence in a Brazilian sample of adolescents. The study's participants were 33 adolescents randomized in two groups: experimental group (EG, n = 14) and control group (CG, n = 19). The EG underwent three weekly intervention sessions of 90 min each on the healthy versus violent romantic relationships, the quality of friendship in the peer network, and the role of the bystander, while the CG received no intervention. Evaluations were performed 1 week before and two and half months after the intervention. Statistically significant differences between EG and CG at post-test were not found in intention to help, empathy, and bystander attitudes. Future studies should include evaluations of larger samples and mid- and long-term follow-ups to identify patterns of change over the long term as well as examine barriers to utilization of bystander behaviors by adolescents in Brazilian culture.
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Implementing a Coach-Delivered Dating Violence Prevention Program with High School Athletes. PREVENTION SCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR PREVENTION RESEARCH 2019; 19:1113-1122. [PMID: 29748899 DOI: 10.1007/s11121-018-0909-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Teen dating violence and sexual violence are severe public health problems. Abusive behaviors within the context of dating or romantic relationships are associated with adverse health outcomes. Promoting positive bystander intervention and increasing knowledge of abusive behaviors are promising strategies for preventing dating and sexual violence. Coaching Boys Into Men (CBIM) is an evidence-based, athletic coach-delivered dating violence prevention program that has been shown to increase positive bystander behaviors and reduce abuse perpetration among high school male athletes. Identifying specific barriers and facilitators based on the coaches' experiences with program delivery combined with the coaches' and athletes' program perceptions may help optimize future CBIM implementation and sustainability. Semi-structured interviews with coaches (n = 36) explored the implementers' perspectives on strategies that worked well and potential barriers to program implementation. Ten focus groups with male athletes (n = 39) assessed their experiences with CBIM and the suitability of having their coaches deliver this program. Coaches described using the CBIM training cards and integrating program delivery during practice. Athletes reported coaches routinely delivering the CBIM program and adding their own personal stories or examples to the discussions. Key facilitators to program implementation include support from the violence prevention advocate, the ease of integrating CBIM into the sports season, and using the program materials. Barriers to implementation included finding sufficient time for the program, dynamics of delivering sensitive program content, and participant constraints. Coaches and athletes alike found the program feasible and acceptable to implement within the sports setting. Both coaches and athletes offered insights on the implementation and the feasibility and acceptability of CBIM within school-based athletic programs. These experiences by implementers and recipients alike can inform future dissemination and implementation efforts of CBIM. Further, by pinpointing where and how coaches were successful in implementing the program and what resonated with athletes, can help better understand how CBIM is effective in promoting athletes to stop violence against women and girls. Coach and athlete reflections on CBIM implementation provide insights for optimizing future program delivery and dissemination.
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Kettrey HH, Marx RA, Tanner‐Smith EE. Effects of bystander programs on the prevention of sexual assault among adolescents and college students: A systematic review. CAMPBELL SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS 2019; 15:e1013. [PMID: 37131477 PMCID: PMC8356505 DOI: 10.4073/csr.2019.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Heather Hensman Kettrey
- Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Criminal JusticeClemson UniversityClemsonSouth Carolina
| | - Robert A. Marx
- Department of Child and Adolescent Development, Lurie CollegeSan Jose State UniversitySan JoseCalifornia
| | - Emily E. Tanner‐Smith
- Department of Counseling Psychology and Human ServicesUniversity of OregonEugeneOregon
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Kroshus E, Paskus T, Bell L. Coach Expectations About Off-Field Conduct and Bystander Intervention by U.S. College Football Players to Prevent Inappropriate Sexual Behavior. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2018; 33:293-315. [PMID: 26390892 DOI: 10.1177/0886260515605122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to assess whether there is a positive association between expectations about off-field conduct set by the team coach and the likelihood that college football players intend to engage as prosocial bystanders in the prevention of what they consider to be inappropriate sexual behavior. In a sample of U.S. collegiate football players ( N = 3,281), a path analysis model tested the association between coach expectations, perceived likelihood of discipline for off-field transgressions, and likelihood of intending to intervene to prevent inappropriate sexual behavior. Mediation of these relationships by the athlete's sense of exploitative entitlement and their attitudes about intervening were also assessed. Findings supported the hypothesized relationships, with expectations and discipline associated with bystander intentions both directly and indirectly through the mediating pathways of entitlement and attitudes about intervening. These findings provide evidence about the important role that sports team coaches can play in encouraging bystander intervention by clarifying expectations and consequences for conduct off the field of play. Athletic departments can provide a framework within which coaches are informed about the importance of setting and enforcing standards for off-field behavior, and are appropriately incentivized to do so.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Kroshus
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- 2 Center for Child Health, Behavior and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- 3 Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tom Paskus
- 4 National Collegiate Athletic Association, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Lydia Bell
- 4 National Collegiate Athletic Association, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Abebe KZ, Jones KA, Ciaravino S, Ripper L, Paglisotti T, Morrow SE, Grafals M, Van Dusen C, Miller E. A cluster-randomized trial of a middle school gender violence prevention program: Design, rationale, and sample characteristics. Contemp Clin Trials 2017; 62:11-20. [PMID: 28821469 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION High rates of adolescent relationship abuse (ARA) and sexual violence (SV) reported among adolescents point to the need for prevention among middle school-age youth. This is a cluster randomized controlled trial to test an athletic coach-delivered ARA/SV prevention program in 41 middle schools (38 clusters). Trained coaches talk to their male athletes about 1) what constitutes harmful vs. respectful relationship behaviors, 2) dispelling myths that glorify male sexual aggression and promoting more gender-equitable attitudes, and 3) positive bystander intervention when aggressive male behaviors toward females are witnessed. METHODS A total of 973 male athletes (ages 11-14, grades 6-8) are participating. Athletes complete surveys at the beginning and end of sports season (Time 2), and one year later (Time 3). The primary outcome is an increase in positive bystander behaviors (i.e., intervening in peers' disrespectful or harmful behaviors); secondary outcomes are changes in recognition of what constitutes abusive behavior, intentions to intervene, and gender equitable attitudes (Time 2 and 3) as well as reduction in abuse perpetration (Time 3). RESULTS Participating schools have a greater proportion of non-White students and students on free/reduced lunch compared to schools that declined participation. Participants' self-reported ethnicities are 54.5% White, 29.0% Black, 1.4% Hispanic and the remainder, multi-racial, other, or not reported. CONCLUSIONS This study will evaluate the effectiveness of a coach-delivered ARA/SV prevention program for middle school male athletes. Findings will add to the evidence base regarding developmentally appropriate violence prevention programs as well as the role of coaches in adolescent health promotion. Clinical Trials #: NCT02331238.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaleab Z Abebe
- Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, 200 Meyran Ave., Suite 300, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - Kelley A Jones
- Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, 3420 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Samantha Ciaravino
- Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, 3420 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Lisa Ripper
- Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, 3420 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Taylor Paglisotti
- Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, 3420 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Sarah Elizabeth Morrow
- Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, 3420 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Melanie Grafals
- Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, 3420 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Courtney Van Dusen
- Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, 3420 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Elizabeth Miller
- Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, 3420 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Jaime MCD, Stocking M, Freire K, Perkinson L, Ciaravino S, Miller E. Using a domestic and sexual violence prevention advocate to implement a dating violence prevention program with athletes. HEALTH EDUCATION RESEARCH 2016; 31:679-696. [PMID: 27923860 PMCID: PMC6487195 DOI: 10.1093/her/cyw045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
'Coaching Boys into Men' is an evidence-based dating violence prevention program for coaches to implement with male athletes. A common adaptation of this program is delivery by domestic violence and sexual violence prevention advocates instead of coaches. We explored how this implementer adaptation may influence athlete uptake of program messages and outcomes. Randomly, one school received the program delivered by an advocate while another school received the program delivered by coaches. Athletes completed baseline and follow-up surveys (n = 148), and a subset who received the advocate-led program participated in focus groups (four groups; n = 26). We compared changes in athlete attitudes and behaviors and conducted thematic analyses with qualitative data. We found no significant differences between athletes who received the program from the advocate versus their coaches. Athletes highlighted the advocate's delivery and role as a non-judgmental adult ally as qualities that influenced their uptake of program messages. The acceptability of the advocate-led program may be related to the implementer type along with specific implementer characteristics and delivery methods. Using advocates together with coaches as implementers could increase the reach of this program. Further study of best practices for Coaching Boys into Men adaptation is needed to guide program dissemination and sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C D Jaime
- Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh 15213
| | - M Stocking
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta 30341, USA
| | - K Freire
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta 30341, USA
| | | | - S Ciaravino
- Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh 15213
| | - E Miller
- Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh 15213
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McMahon S. Call for research on bystander intervention to prevent sexual violence: the role of campus environments. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2015; 55:472-489. [PMID: 25896230 DOI: 10.1007/s10464-015-9724-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
An important next step for the field is to determine what setting-level factors beyond the individual are critical to fostering campus environments that support pro-social, helpful bystander intervention action to prevent sexual violence. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to provide a research agenda to investigate key areas of the campus environment and their potential influence on bystander intervention. To create the research agenda, a number of steps were followed including: (1) systematically reviewing the larger bystander literature to identify key environmental areas, (2) assessing what research is available specific to college campuses and sexual assault in each of these areas, and (3) outlining future research to address each of these areas on college campuses and determine their applicability to sexual violence situations. Five main groups of factors were found to influence bystander intervention beyond the individual, group and situational levels, including: social norms, sense of community, pro-social modeling, policies, and the physical environment. Certain areas of research on environmental influences on bystander intervention are more developed such as social norms, with little research on areas such as policies and the physical environment. However, further research is needed in each of the identified five areas to help identify how college campuses can support bystander intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah McMahon
- Center on Violence Against Women and Children, School of Social Work, Rutgers University, 390 George Street, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA,
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