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Park S, Woo H, Kim SH. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Bystander's Barriers to Intervene in Gender-Based Violence and the Role of Failed Prior Attempts. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2024; 25:1998-2011. [PMID: 37902582 DOI: 10.1177/15248380231204887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Gender-based violence (GBV) is a pervasive public health issue that harms victims. Bystanders' interventions are crucial in preventing the risks of GBV; however, numerous barriers impede their willingness and behaviors to intervene. As a part of efforts to thwart these barriers, this study used a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify such barriers and assess their impact on bystanders' engagement to intervene. The researchers explored academic databases and included 38 studies in the analysis; we extracted and coded the identified barriers (e.g., lack of responsibility, rape myth) and allocated them to six domains: failure to notice, failure to perceive risk, failure to take responsibility for engaging, lack of bystander efficacy/competency, failure to take an action, and failure of previous intervention attempts. We calculated the overall and domain-specific effect sizes (ES) and performed moderator analysis. The overall ES of the barriers identified in the review were small but statistically significant. The most potent bystander intervention barrier domain was failed previous intervention attempts; the greatest specific barriers therein were negative emotions and feelings of uncertainty after engaging in bystander behaviors. University/college populations were more vulnerable to barriers to intervention than community members. Moreover, the barriers were more prohibitive in incidents of violence against women and sexual assaults than in intimate partner violence. Bystander-focused programs that address negative emotions and feelings arising from prior intervention experiences are needed to foster continued bystander engagement and assistance in GBV; moreover, tailored program content should also be provided for groups most vulnerable to intervention barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hyunji Woo
- Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea
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2
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Sánchez-Prada A, Ferreiro-Basurto V, Delgado-Álvarez C, Vázquez-González LI, Nardi-Rodríguez A, Ferrer-Perez VA. Impact on Spanish women of previous workplace victimization experiences of workplace sexual harassment on the responsibility to intervene as bystander: Mediating roles of myth acceptance and perceived severity. Int J Clin Health Psychol 2024; 24:100497. [PMID: 39282220 PMCID: PMC11402241 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijchp.2024.100497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Bystander behaviors can be an important key for preventing all forms of violence against women. Identifying their facilitators and barriers becomes a priority. The aim of this research is to analyze the impact of the previous experiences of women (as sexual harassment victim or bystander) on their perceived responsibility to intervene as bystander in a case of workplace sexual harassment and to determine the possible mediating role of certain attitudinal and evaluative factors. Method A non-probability convenience sample of 633 Spanish women answered a sociodemographic data questionnaire, a victimization questionnaire designed ad hoc, and the Questionnaire of Intention to Help in VAW Cases. Results The results obtained indicate that previous victimization experiences as a victim or witness of sexual harassment impact the responsibility to intervene, mediated by the acceptance of sexual harassment myths and the perceived severity of workplace sexual harassment. Conclusions These results may help to understand how to design prevention programs and which key variables to incorporate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Sánchez-Prada
- Faculty of Psychology. Pontifical University of Salamanca, C/ Compañía, 5, Salamanca 37002, Spain
| | - Virginia Ferreiro-Basurto
- Faculty of Psychology. University of Balearic Islands, Ctra. Valldemossa km. 7.5, Palma 07122, Spain
| | - Carmen Delgado-Álvarez
- Faculty of Psychology. Pontifical University of Salamanca, C/ Compañía, 5, Salamanca 37002, Spain
| | - Leila I Vázquez-González
- Faculty of Psychology. University of Balearic Islands, Ctra. Valldemossa km. 7.5, Palma 07122, Spain
| | - Ainara Nardi-Rodríguez
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health, Miguel Hernández University, Avinguda de la Universitat d'Elx, s/n, Elche 03202, Spain
| | - Victoria A Ferrer-Perez
- Faculty of Psychology. University of Balearic Islands, Ctra. Valldemossa km. 7.5, Palma 07122, Spain
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3
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Leone RM, Oesterle D, Yepuri H, Kaysen DL, Orchowski L, Davis KC, Gilmore AK. College student alcohol use and confidence to intervene in interpersonal violence: Differences by gender and sexual orientation. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2024; 72:1289-1295. [PMID: 35658026 PMCID: PMC9718886 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2022.2076099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: The current study examined the association between alcohol use frequency (ie, days a week one consumes alcohol), sexual and gender identity, and bystander confidence to intervene in interpersonal violence (ie, bystander self-efficacy). Participants: Participants were 750 undergraduate students aged 18-25 (260 heterosexual men, 260 heterosexual women, 59 SM men [54 cisgender, 5 transgender men], and 171 SM women [169 cisgender, 2 transgender women]). Methods: Participants completed an online survey about alcohol and sexual behaviors. Results: Results indicated that (1) alcohol use frequency was positively associated with greater bystander self-efficacy, (2) heterosexual men, compared to heterosexual women, reported lower bystander self-efficacy, and (3) the association between alcohol use frequency and bystander self-efficacy was significant and positive among heterosexual, but not SM, women. Conclusions: Prevention efforts may benefit from targeting individuals who drink more frequently and ensuring that they have the skills to effectively intervene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruschelle M. Leone
- Department of Health Policy and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, Georgia State University
- Mark Chaffin Center for Healthy Development, School of Public Health, Georgia State University
| | | | - Harshita Yepuri
- Department of Health Policy and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, Georgia State University
| | - Debra L. Kaysen
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University Medical Center
| | - Lindsay Orchowski
- Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University
| | - Kelly Cue Davis
- Edson College of Nursing and Health Innovation, Arizona State University
| | - Amanda K. Gilmore
- Department of Health Policy and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, Georgia State University
- Mark Chaffin Center for Healthy Development, School of Public Health, Georgia State University
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Livingston JA, Wiseblatt A, Biehler KM, Shaw RJ, Read JP. College Women's Perceptions of a Friend-Based Intervention to Prevent Alcohol-Involved Sexual Assault. JOURNAL OF PREVENTION AND HEALTH PROMOTION 2024; 5:66-92. [PMID: 38756911 PMCID: PMC11095841 DOI: 10.1177/26320770231201979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Sexual assault (SA), particularly alcohol-involved SA, remains prevalent among college women. Because SA often begins in social contexts, bystander intervention has become a popular approach to prevention. Bystander interventions train individuals to intervene on behalf of others, including strangers, despite research indicating that intervention is more likely to occur when the bystander has a relationship with the target. Shifting the focus to friends as potential bystanders capitalizes on the qualities of relationship and responsibility that facilitate intervention. College women (N = 35) participated in focus groups (N = 8) during which they viewed a video prototype of a friend-based motivational interviewing (FMI) intervention session conducted with a friend dyad and provided feedback about the relevance and feasibility of using such an approach to reduce SA among friends who drink together in social settings. Content analysis of focus group transcripts yielded three themes: a) Friends as Natural Bystanders; b) The Role of Alcohol in Intervention, and c) Receptivity to FMI intervention. Women indicated that they feel responsible for keeping their friends safe, and that this sense of responsibility facilitates helping behaviors. Women also described ways through which alcohol intoxication can affect helping behavior. Women expressed enthusiasm for the FMI intervention approach and identified its emphasis on friendship and flexible approaches to personal safety as strengths. Findings highlight the promise of FMI intervention approaches that capitalize on the strengths of women's friendship to create safety goals that align with participants' values and overcome barriers to intervention, including alcohol intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aria Wiseblatt
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York
| | - Kaitlyn M Biehler
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York
| | - Rachael J Shaw
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York
| | - Jennifer P Read
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York
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5
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Rizzo AJ, Klein LB, Scaglione NM. Alcohol's Role in Campus Sexual Assault Bystander Behavior: A Systematic Review. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2023; 24:3662-3677. [PMID: 36398981 DOI: 10.1177/15248380221134633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Between 50% and 70% of campus sexual assaults (SA) involve alcohol and campuses frequently promote bystander intervention strategies to prevent SA in student party contexts. This systematic review evaluates the measurement and outcomes of quantitative studies on how alcohol affects campus SA bystander outcomes. Using four search strategies and rigorous systematic review methods, we conducted a review of 36 studies. We included studies published after 2,000 conducted with college students in the United States, its territories, and Canada which contained information on alcohol use and SA bystander outcomes (behaviors and upstream proxies). Only a third of included studies measured bystander behavior directly, the majority measured upstream proxies (e.g., intentions, self-efficacy). Most studies considered the influence of victim intoxication on bystander outcomes. No studies assessed the pharmacological or physiological effects of alcohol on bystander outcomes. A single study examined hypothetical bystander responses when intoxicated, one-third examined bystander's typical alcohol use in relation to bystander outcomes. Many findings are contradictory, including fundamental details such as how often students encounter SA involving alcohol or whether bystanders' alcohol use predicts outcomes. Findings suggest that students are less likely help intoxicated victims compared to sober victims, but there are clear moderating factors. Perpetrator intoxication was not studied in relation to bystander behavior and did not influence any upstream proxies. Evaluations of interventions on alcohol and bystander topics are promising yet more research is required. This review illuminates key gaps in the literature, including the need for validated measures and scenarios, event-level studies, and alcohol administration trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - L B Klein
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA
- University of New Hampshire, USA
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6
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Hoxmeier JC, McMahon S, Cusano J. Bystander Intervention for the Prevention of Campus Sexual Violence: Opportunity, Frequency of Action, and Consequences for Confronting Those at Risk of Perpetration. Violence Against Women 2023:10778012231185546. [PMID: 37415538 DOI: 10.1177/10778012231185546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
This cross-sectional study examined students' (Campus 1, n = 1,153; Campus 2, n = 1,113) experiences with four situations of direct confrontation of those at risk for sexual assault perpetration. The most reported opportunity was to confront those making false statements about sexual assault; many students reported more than one opportunity to intervene in the past year. Bystanders intervened most of the time across the four situations examined in this study. The most reported consequence of intervening was that no further harm was caused. More nuanced measures can offer practitioners further information to tailor sexual violence prevention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill C Hoxmeier
- College of Health, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Sarah McMahon
- School of Social Work, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Julia Cusano
- School of Social Work, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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7
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Mainwaring C, Gabbert F, Scott AJ. A Systematic Review Exploring Variables Related to Bystander Intervention in Sexual Violence Contexts. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2023; 24:1727-1742. [PMID: 35343337 DOI: 10.1177/15248380221079660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This article presents a systematic review of the available literature which has investigated the role of key variables in facilitating or inhibiting bystander intervention (including direct intervention, tertiary and secondary prevention) in sexual violence (SV) contexts. Studies exploring the role of individual, situational and contextual variables were grouped to provide a narrative overview of bystanders' personal characteristics as well as the immediate and wider contexts which may be influencing their bystander behaviour. A systematic search of published literature from four electronic databases identified 2526 articles that were screened, of which 85 studies met the inclusion criteria. Most studies focused upon the role of individual variables, in particular gender of bystander. This body of work finds females are more likely to intervene than males; however, not all studies report these differences and in some cases, this is influenced by the type of intervention behaviour being considered. Regarding situational variables, the most commonly researched variable was the presence of other bystanders, although the role of this variable as inhibiting or facilitating was not clear. Finally, the most commonly researched contextual variable was social norms towards intervention, which has consistently shown greater bystander intervention when there is a belief that peers support such behaviour. Very few studies considered the interaction between these variables. Therefore, it is important for future research to consider this gap in the literature so that we can obtain a more well-rounded understanding of variables that can inhibit and facilitate bystander intervention in SV contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fiona Gabbert
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, London, UK
| | - Adrian J Scott
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, London, UK
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8
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Hennessy Garza R, Cho Y, Hlavka H, Weinhardt L, Yasin T, Smith S, Adler K, Otto K, Florsheim P. A Multi-Topic Bystander Intervention Program for Upper-Level Undergraduate Students: Outcomes in Sexual Violence, Racism, and High-Risk Alcohol Situations. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023:8862605231165778. [PMID: 37102607 DOI: 10.1177/08862605231165778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Few bystander intervention trainings programs have evaluated behavioral outcomes in previously trained upper-level undergraduate students. Rigorous study designs are necessary to understand how multi-topic programs influence student outcomes to intervene against sexual violence, racism, and high-risk alcohol situations. A single-session bystander training for emphasizing communication strategies was developed for juniors and seniors on a private, Midwestern college campus. The training addressed sexual violence, racism, and high-risk alcohol situations and was evaluated using a randomized waitlist-control design in student-housing units. Online Qualtrics surveys were completed by 101 student participants (57 in the intervention group and 44 in the control group). Students responded to nine harm scenarios involving sexual violence, racism, and high-risk alcohol situations at baseline and 7 weeks follow-up. Between-group changes in scores were compared to determine the effect of the program on students' (a) readiness to intervene; (b) confidence to intervene; (c) bystander behaviors among students who witnessed actual or potentially harmful events; and (d) bystander reports of their experiences. Qualitative analysis assessed how the program influenced the use of positive verbal communication strategies. Program effects increased positive bystander experiences when helping someone who had too much to drink and needed assistance. Over time both groups reported increased confidence levels to intervene when someone intoxicated was being isolated with sexual intent. There were no further significant findings in readiness, confidence, behaviors, or other experiences, though some positive nonsignificant trends emerged. The program demonstrated little efficacy. Results suggest opportunities to improve bystander outcomes in low-risk primary prevention situations and racist scenarios, suggesting that targeted intervention of these outcomes may be useful when developing programming with previously-trained students. As universities expand prevention work beyond the first year, lessons learned may help inform multi-year programming across health topics to prevent harm and create healthier college campuses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Young Cho
- University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA
| | | | | | | | - Sara Smith
- Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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9
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Lyons M, Brewer G, Bogle I, Castro Caicedo J, Gaspar M, Ghayda C, Huelin M, Wei Liang T, Centifanti L. Barriers to Bystander Intervention in Sexual Harassment: The Dark Triad and Rape Myth acceptance in Indonesia, Singapore, and United Kingdom. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP22151-NP22174. [PMID: 35166580 PMCID: PMC9679566 DOI: 10.1177/08862605211072150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Bystanders have an important role in preventing sexual violence, but they are often reluctant to intervene due to a range of barriers. In this study, we investigated relationships between the Dark Triad of personality (i.e. psychopathy, Machiavellianism and narcissism), rape myth acceptance and five bystander barriers. We addressed the paucity of research by collecting data from three countries (Indonesia, Singapore, and United Kingdom). In total, 716 University staff and students participated in an online survey. We found very few country-level differences in the correlations between the variables. In regression analyses, Machiavellianism and rape myth acceptance both had significant, positive relationships with failure to identify risk, failure to take responsibility, skills deficits and audience inhibition. Narcissism and psychopathy were significantly, negatively associated with audience inhibition and skills deficits. Findings indicate similarity in predictors of perceived barriers to bystander intervention across the three countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna Lyons
- School of Psychology, Liverpool John
Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Gayle Brewer
- School of Psychology, University of
Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Iona Bogle
- School of Psychology, University of
Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Monic Gaspar
- School of Psychology, University of
Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Carissa Ghayda
- School of Psychology, University of
Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Maya Huelin
- School of Psychology, University of
Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Tan Wei Liang
- Department of Psychology, National
University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Luna Centifanti
- School of Psychology, University of
Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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10
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Yoshihama M, Hammock AC, Baidoun F. Analysis of Bystander Behavior Towards Intimate Partner Violence via Peerformance. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP10196-NP10219. [PMID: 33448241 DOI: 10.1177/0886260520985482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study of a South Asian community in the midwestern USA examines what bystanders do when they witness an incident of intimate partner violence (IPV). Because of ethical and safety constraints, in lieu of observation in a natural setting, data were collected at a Peerformance, a peer-led IPV prevention program, using the forum theatre method introduced in Augusto Boal's Theatre of the Oppressed. Event attendees were invited to respond to an IPV incident enacted by peer educators in which a controlling husband's behavior escalates to the point of suggesting physical violence. Using a grounded theory approach, we analyzed the videotaped bystander actions while applying pertinent aspects of visual analysis. Event attendees responded in variety of ways, exploring and/or de-escalating the situation, providing information, and encouraging the couple to resolve their conflict and/or seek outside help. They expressed empathy, support, and (dis)agreement with the husband and the wife. Their actions encompassed a number of dimensions: introductory, investigative, supportive/empathic, informational, instructional, instrumental, and confrontational. Participants' vastly varied responses to IPV within the same scenario suggest difficulty in developing a generic IPV bystander program. The findings also suggest possible directions for developing bystander programs to address IPV. In lieu of prescribing and/or proscribing specific actions in a given risk situation, bystander training can help participants build their repertoire of actions while collectively examining the strengths and limitations of various actions in their sociocultural context. Such bystander training is complex and difficult to manualize; it will involve reflexive and critical discussions and learning and trying out various possible alternatives. A Peerformance is a site of action, a realistic and familiar milieu where community members can imagine and try out interventions that may be different from the norm of indifference and non-intervention. It can open up new possibilities for addressing IPV in diverse communities.
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11
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Yule K, Hoxmeier JC, Petranu K, Grych J. The Chivalrous Bystander: The Role of Gender-Based Beliefs and Empathy on Bystander Behavior and Perceived Barriers to Intervention. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:863-888. [PMID: 32316820 DOI: 10.1177/0886260520916277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite substantial evidence demonstrating a relation between gender-based beliefs and violence against women, there has been little research examining whether sexist attitudes are related to prosocial bystander behavior. Understanding psychosocial influences on bystanders' behavior could inform bystander training programs on college campuses, and so the current study examined the unique and joint effects of three gender-based attitudes (rape myth acceptance, hostile sexism, and benevolent sexism) and empathy in predicting bystander behavior and perceived barriers to intervention in situations that undergraduates (N = 500; 70% female; Mage = 18.86 years) had experienced in the prior year. Benevolent sexism was the only gender-based attitude consistently associated with bystander behavior and perceived barriers. After accounting for participant empathy, benevolent sexism uniquely predicted less intervention in post-assault situations, greater perceived barriers in pre- and post-assault situations, and greater Failure to Perceive Responsibility and Skill Deficit barriers across situations. Associations between gender-based attitudes and bystander behavior also differed for men and women, with rape myth acceptance predicting greater Failure to Perceive Responsibility barriers and benevolent sexism predicting greater Skill Deficit barriers for women but not men. These results suggest that existing bystander education programs can be improved by explicitly addressing benevolent sexist beliefs and promoting empathy for victims of assault.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - John Grych
- Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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12
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Hoxmeier JC, Zapp D. History of Sexual Assault Perpetration and Violence-Related Prosocial Tendencies Among Men by Fraternity Affiliation Status. Violence Against Women 2021; 28:1965-1986. [PMID: 34709095 DOI: 10.1177/10778012211037381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to examine self-reported sexual assault perpetration history, as well as violence prevention-related prosocial tendencies, among fraternity men, unaffiliated men with membership intentions, and unaffiliated men without membership intentions with data from 262,634 college men in the United States. Results indicate that fraternity status was related to sexual assault perpetration, both prior to and while at their current institution of higher education; both perpetration history and fraternity status significantly related to diminished violence prevention-related prosocial tendencies. The findings have important implications for future research and practice to reduce the incidents of sexual assault on college campuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill C Hoxmeier
- Department of Health Sciences, 3197Central Washington University, USA
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13
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Zozula C, Costello BJ, Anderson BJ. Self-Control, Opportunity, and College Students' Bystander Intervention in Sexually Coercive Situations. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:NP6144-NP6165. [PMID: 30466362 DOI: 10.1177/0886260518808858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study examines students' bystander intervention opportunities and behaviors using survey data from a convenience sample of 226 college students from a university in the United States. We approach this study with theoretical concepts from the criminological literature on positive peer influence, self-control theories, and social control theories. Bivariate correlations and logistic analysis reveal, contrary to our predictions, that social and self-control have only minor predictive power on the likelihood of witnessing and intervening in sexually coercive events. However, we find strong support for some demographic characteristics, peer relationships, and behavioral characteristics (such as binge drinking) as predictive of witnessing a sexually coercive event and intervening in an event. Our study adds to the literature on bystander intervention behavior and aims to inform bystander intervention programming efforts by identifying student populations that are more likely to have the opportunity to intervene in sexually coercive situations and sexual assaults.
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14
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Leone RM, Parrott DJ. Misogynistic peers, masculinity, and bystander intervention for sexual aggression: Is it really just "locker-room talk?". Aggress Behav 2019; 45:42-51. [PMID: 30239007 DOI: 10.1002/ab.21795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The present study utilized a laboratory paradigm to examine the extent to which bystander behavior for sexual aggression is independently and jointly influenced by situational misogynistic peer norms and men's adherence to hegemonic male norms. Participants were a racially diverse college sample of self-identified heterosexual men (N = 104) between the ages of 18-35. Men completed a measure of hegemonic masculinity and engaged in a laboratory paradigm in which they and three male confederates watched a female confederate, who reported a strong dislike of sexual content in the media, view a sexually explicit film which they could stop at any time. Prior to the woman viewing the film, participants were randomly assigned to a peer norm manipulation wherein the male confederates set a misogynistic or ambiguous norm. Results indicated the presence of a misogynistic peer norm decreased the likelihood and speed of intervention. Among men exposed to misogynistic, compared to ambiguous, peer norms, men who strongly endorsed the status male role norm were less likely to display prosocial bystander behavior. Findings indicate that exposure to peers who sexually objectify and disrespect women decreases prosocial bystander intervention. Further, these findings provide evidence that misogynistic peer norms heighten men's adherence to a hegemonic masculinity that men should attain social status, thereby deterring bystander behavior for sexual aggression.
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15
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Burns VL, Eaton AA, Long H, Zapp D. Exploring the Role of Race and Gender on Perceived Bystander Ability and Intent: Findings Before and After Exposure to an Online Training Program to Prevent Sexual Assault on Campus. Violence Against Women 2018; 25:999-1017. [DOI: 10.1177/1077801218807089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The current study explores the significance of race and gender on bystander attitudes before and after an online bystander intervention program to prevent sexual assault. A diverse sample of 750 college students participated in an online intervention and participants’ perceived bystander intervention ability and intent were assessed. The interaction of participant race and gender had a marginally significant impact on bystander ability and intent baseline scores. Furthermore, when analyzing gain scores from pre- to posttest, there was a significant race by gender interaction. Specifically, Latinx and Black men had higher preintervention scores, and White men had higher gains postintervention. Relevant cultural and social factors and directions for future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Haiying Long
- Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
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16
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Hoxmeier JC. Revising existing instruments for measuring bystander intervention opportunity and frequency of prosocial response for the prevention of sexual violence. Inj Prev 2017; 25:180-183. [PMID: 29282214 DOI: 10.1136/injuryprev-2017-042653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Institutions of higher education increasingly offer training programmes to engage students' as pro-social bystanders who can intervene in situations related to sexual violence. The purpose of this study was to assess the usage of a bystander behaviour measurement tool that captures both students' intervention opportunities and frequency of prosocial response. University undergraduate students in the Northwestern USA (n=474) completed online surveys in the Fall of 2016. Results show that students have opportunities to intervene in a variety of situations at the three levels of prevention for campus sexual violence and they do not always intervene. The frequency of students' prosocial bystander response ranged, for those with the opportunity, from 'never' to 'always'; students reported varying degrees of intervention frequency depending on the situation. A bystander intervention behaviour instrument measuring opportunity and frequency of response can be a valuable tool for assessing the effectiveness of bystander training programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill C Hoxmeier
- Department of Health Sciences, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, Washington, USA
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