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Sprang G, Gusler S, Eslinger J, Gottfried R. The Relationship Between Secondary Traumatic Stress and Compassion Satisfaction: A Systematic Literature Review. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2024; 25:2282-2296. [PMID: 37981840 DOI: 10.1177/15248380231209438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
This systematic literature review examines the relationship between secondary traumatic stress (STS) and compassion satisfaction (CS) to identify the state of the science and directions for future research. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis framework was used to guide the identification and evaluation of studies. Eight academic databases were systematically searched between July and December of 2022 to identify articles and dissertations published in English or Hebrew between 2000 and 2022. Studies were considered for inclusion if they examined the relationship between STS and CS and met an established quality threshold. If studies used a mixed methods approach, only quantitative results were included in the review. The search strategy yielded 537 studies with 33 included in the final review. Findings of this review suggest experiences of high levels of STS can coexist with high levels of CS indicating that people can gain satisfaction from their work and experience STS. Most studies examined the relationship between STS and CS using bivariate analyses with variability found in the direction of the relationship. This variability was also found in multivariate studies included in this review. These findings suggest the need for interventions to address both STS and CS with attention paid to the potential negative impact of emotional contagion and the vulnerability of younger female practitioners. Future research should pay attention to the rigor of the analysis of STS and CS and the exploration of mediating or moderating mechanisms between these constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ginny Sprang
- Department of Psychiatry and Center on Trauma and Children, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
| | - Stephanie Gusler
- Department of Psychiatry and Center on Trauma and Children, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
| | - Jessica Eslinger
- Department of Psychiatry and Center on Trauma and Children, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
| | - Ruth Gottfried
- The David Yellin Academic College of Education, Jerusalem, Israel
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Scott R, Freckelton I. Vicarious trauma among legal practitioners and judicial officers. PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY, AND LAW : AN INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF THE AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND ASSOCIATION OF PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY AND LAW 2024; 31:500-522. [PMID: 38899325 PMCID: PMC11185848 DOI: 10.1080/13218719.2024.2339323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
The term 'vicarious trauma' refers to a range of cumulative and harmful effects from exposure to the trauma of others and is now recognised as a category of causation in the diagnostic criteria of post-traumatic stress disorder. Legal practitioners may be exposed to the risk of harm from vicarious trauma in a number of occupational contexts. This article reviews recent case authority, including a 2023 prosecution of Court Services Victoria for failing to provide a safe workplace in the Coroners Court of Victoria and the High Court decision in Kozarov v Victoria (2022) and the Victoria Court of Appeal decision in Bersee v Victoria (2022). It considers measures that should be taken to provide a workplace for both legal practitioners and judicial officers that is as safe and without risks to health as is reasonably practicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russ Scott
- West Moreton Prison Mental Health Service, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ian Freckelton
- Castan Chambers, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Law Faculty, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Yao J, Zhou X, Xu D, Liu T, Gui Y, Huang Y. Current Status and Influencing Factors of Secondary Traumatic Stress in Emergency and Intensive Care nurses:A Cross-Sectional Analysis. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2024; 17:567-576. [PMID: 38379635 PMCID: PMC10876876 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s444205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Secondary traumatic stress (STS) is stress caused by helping or wanting to help someone who has suffered a traumatic event. STS has adverse effects on nurses and their work, such as reduced career achievement, an increased staff turnover rate, inability to complete work, avoidance of contact with patients, mental exhaustion, negative emotions which seriously affect the quality of their work and life. The study to investigate secondary traumatic stress in emergency and intensive care nurses and analyze factors that influence it. Material and Methods The study was a cross-sectional survey. Convenience sampling was used to select hospital emergency and intensive care department nurses (n=434) who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria from August to October 2021 to participate in this study. They provided demographic data and completed measures of secondary traumatic stress, emotional intelligence, anxiety and depression. Data analysis included independent samples t-tests, one-way analysis of variance, Pearson correlation analysis and multiple linear regression analysis. Results Almost one-third (30.7%) of participants were at moderate risk for Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale or above, with high average scores on measures of anxiety (GAD-7 average = 6.05 ± 4.13), and depression (PHQ-9 average = 6.35 ± 4.85). The results of multiple linear regression analysis showed that the average daily amount of sleep in the past week, the number of night shifts in the past month, emotional intelligence, anxiety, and depression influenced secondary traumatic stress, explaining 70.8% of the variance. Conclusion The STS of emergency and intensive care nurses in Changzhou is at a high level. Sleep time, number of night shifts and emotional intelligence are related to secondary traumatic stress and anxiety and depression significantly predicted the degree of secondary traumatic stress. Nurses need to master effective treatment methods for secondary traumatic stress, to improve their work efficiency and nursing quality and ensure nursing safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiapei Yao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Changzhou Second People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Hunan Normal University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xindie Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Changzhou Second People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Changzhou Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dongmei Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Changzhou Second People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ting Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Changzhou Second People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Gui
- Department of Psychogeriatric Intensive Care Medicine, Xianlin Campus, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Changzhou Second People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Changzhou Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Juczyński Z, Wojciechowska-Kozłowska O, Ogińska-Bulik N. Determinants of the Negative Consequences of Secondary Exposure to Trauma in Caregivers of Holocaust Survivors Living in Poland. JOURNAL OF RELIGION AND HEALTH 2023; 62:300-315. [PMID: 36083525 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-022-01656-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study, involving 50 caregivers of Holocaust survivors, was to determine the degree of exposure to secondary traumatic stress (STS) and identify the mechanisms of its development. Several standardized measurement tools were used. It was found that a probable diagnosis of STS could be ascertained in 44% of caregivers. The multiple regression analyses model explains 72% of the total variance of STS. The strongest predictor, explaining 37% of the variability, turned out to be disruptions in beliefs about the meaning of life, spirituality and self-worth as a person. In order to reduce STS symptoms in caregivers, attention should be paid primarily to their cognitive functioning, including possible disruptions in basic beliefs.
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Juczyński Z, Ogińska-Bulik N, Binnebesel J. Empathy and Cognitive Processing as Factors Determining the Consequences of Secondary Exposure to Trauma Among Roman Catholic Clergymen. JOURNAL OF RELIGION AND HEALTH 2022; 61:1226-1241. [PMID: 34697700 PMCID: PMC8544912 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-021-01443-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
By helping individuals after traumatic experiences, the helper is also exposed to the consequences of trauma. The aim of this study was to determine the predictors of consequences of secondary exposure to trauma among clergymen and therapists (N = 140) helping victims of trauma in Poland. Symptoms of secondary traumatic stress (STS) were identified in 22.9% of the clergymen and 8.6% of therapists, and secondary posttraumatic growth (SPTG) in 61.4% of the clergymen and 42.9% of therapists. STS and SPTG predictors were identified based on regression models. In the case of clergymen, regret is a determinant of STS, and positive cognitive restructuring of SPTG. Research findings highlight the need to increase awareness of exposure to secondary trauma among the clergy, and for them to acquire greater skills for coping with stress.
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Gurowiec PJ, Ogińska-Bulik N, Michalska P, Kȩdra E, Skarbalienė A. The Role of Satisfaction With Job and Cognitive Trauma Processing in the Occurrence of Secondary Traumatic Stress Symptoms in Medical Providers Working With Trauma Victims. Front Psychol 2022; 12:753173. [PMID: 35069331 PMCID: PMC8770279 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.753173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: As an occupational group, medical providers working with victims of trauma are prone to negative consequences of their work, particularly secondary traumatic stress (STS) symptoms. Various factors affect susceptibility to STS, including work-related and organizational determinants, as well as individual differences. The aim of the study was to establish the mediating role of cognitive trauma processing in the relationship between job satisfaction and STS symptoms among medical providers. Procedure and Participants: Results were obtained from 419 healthcare providers working with victims of trauma (218 nurses and 201 paramedics). Three questionnaires, namely the Secondary Traumatic Stress Inventory, Work Satisfaction Scale, and Cognitive Trauma Processing Scale, were used in the study, as well as a survey developed for this research. Correlational and mediation analyses were applied to assess relations between variables. Results: The results showed significant links between STS symptoms and both job satisfaction and cognitive processing of trauma. Three cognitive coping strategies play the intermediary role in the relationship between job satisfaction and symptoms of secondary traumatic stress. However, this role varies depending on preferred strategies. Conclusion: Nurses and paramedics are significantly exposed to the occurrence of STS. Thus, it is important to engage health care providers in activities aimed at preventing and reducing symptoms of STS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nina Ogińska-Bulik
- Department of Health Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
| | - Paulina Michalska
- Department of Health Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
| | - Edyta Kȩdra
- State Higher Vocation School in Glogow, Medical Institute, Glogow, Poland
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Trautmann S, Wittgens C, Muehlhan M, Kanske P. The Role of Socio-Affective and Socio-Cognitive Mechanisms in the Processing of Witnessed Traumatic Events. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:830218. [PMID: 35360123 PMCID: PMC8963708 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.830218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Trautmann
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Human Sciences, Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.,ICPP Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Charlotte Wittgens
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Human Sciences, Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.,ICPP Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Muehlhan
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Human Sciences, Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.,ICAN Institute for Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Kanske
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Sen Demirdogen E, Algedik P, Warikoo N, Bahadır E, Akbiyik M, Büyüktarakçı S, Kadak MT, Yavuz M. The associations between metacognition problems, childhood trauma and internalizing symptoms in healthcare workers working directly with patients infected with COVID-19. PSYCHOL HEALTH MED 2021; 27:1937-1950. [PMID: 34587840 DOI: 10.1080/13548506.2021.1985147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Healthcare workers (HCWs) providing medical support while facing one of the highest levels of adverse and potentially fatal outcomes due to COVID-19 are put in a vulnerable position leading to the development of mental health problems. The development of any prevention and intervention programs to reduce this risk is possible with better understanding and knowledge of possible vulnerability factors. The aim of the present study is to investigate psychological effect of working directly with patients infected with COVID-19 (WD) and possible individual vulnerability factors for the development of psychological problems in HCWs. The data used in this cross-sectional study were collected using online self-reported questionnaires from 290 HCWs aged 21-61 years old. The mean score of the scales of 145 HCWs-WD and 145 HCWs not WD (HCWs-NWD) were compared by independent sample t test. Associations between childhood traumas, metacognitive dysfunctional beliefs and internalizing symptoms were analyzed using structural equation modelling (SEM). The depression, anxiety, stress symptoms levels, somatization and sleep problem levels were found to be higher in HCWs-WD compared to HCWs-NWD. SEM revealed that childhood trauma levels was associated with the increased risk of internalizing problems, and metacognitive dysfunctional beliefs had a partial mediator role between childhood traumas and internalizing symptoms in HCWs-WD. Improving metacognitive abilities may hence need to be considered in prevention programs for the HCWs. The findings can also be used to set up further research on the specific interventions on the HCWs who are at a risk as their profession entails them being in such traumatic situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezgi Sen Demirdogen
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Pinar Algedik
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Umraniye Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nishchint Warikoo
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services, Aldershot Centre for Health, Aldershot, UK
| | - Erdi Bahadır
- Department of Psychiatry, Gumushane State Hospital, Turkey
| | - Meral Akbiyik
- Department Psychology, Istanbul Rumeli University, Turkey
| | - Seda Büyüktarakçı
- Department of Psychiatry, Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Muhammed Tayyip Kadak
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Istanbul Cerrahpasa University Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mesut Yavuz
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Istanbul Cerrahpasa University Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
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