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Martins N, Soares D, Gusmao C, Nunes M, Abrantes L, Valadares D, Marcal S, Mali M, Alves L, Martins J, da Silva V, Ward PR, Fauk NK. A qualitative exploration of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on gender-based violence against women living with HIV or tuberculosis in Timor Leste. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0306106. [PMID: 39133682 PMCID: PMC11318865 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0306106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Violence against women or gender-based violence (GBV) is a significant public health issue facing women and girls in different settings. It is reported to have worsened globally during the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on increased violence against women in general, which has been reported in many settings globally, there is a paucity of evidence of its impact on violence against highly vulnerable women living with HIV or tuberculosis (TB). Using a qualitative design, this study aimed to explore the views and experiences of women living with HIV (n = 19) or TB (n = 23) in Timor Leste regarding the GBV they faced during the COVID-19 pandemic. They were recruited using the snowballing sampling technique. Data were collected using one-on-one, in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. The five steps of qualitative data analysis suggested in Ritchie and Spencer's analysis framework were employed to guide the analysis of the findings. Findings indicated that women in this study experienced intensified physical, verbal, sexual and psychological violence by their partners, spouses, in-laws, and parents or other family members during the COVID-19 pandemic. Several prominent risk factors that worsened violence against women during the pandemic were (i) HIV or TB-positive status, (ii) traditional gender roles or responsibilities and expectations, (iii) economic and financial difficulties reflected in the loss of jobs and incomes due to the pandemic, and (iv) individual factors such as jealousy and increased alcohol drinking developed during the lockdowns. The women's experience of GBV during the pandemic also led to various negative psychological impacts. The findings underscore the urgent need for multifaceted interventions to address GBV, which should encompass challenging traditional gender norms, addressing economic inequalities, and targeting individual-level risk factors. The findings also indicate the need for the development of robust monitoring and evaluation systems to assess the effectiveness of policies and interventions addressing GBV where the results can inform future improvement. The findings also indicate the need to include GBV in the protocol or guidelines for HIV and TB management. Future large-scale quantitative studies to capture the magnitude and specific drivers of GBV against women living with HIV and TB during the pandemic are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Martins
- Daslo Research and Development, Timor Leste
- Universidade da Paz (UNPAZ), Timor Leste
- Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, NT, Australia
| | - Domingos Soares
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde Publica Timor-Leste (INSP-TL), Ministry of Health Timor-Leste
- Instituto Superior Cristal, Timor Leste
| | - Caetano Gusmao
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde Publica Timor-Leste (INSP-TL), Ministry of Health Timor-Leste
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Luis Alves
- Daslo Research and Development, Timor Leste
| | | | - Valente da Silva
- Daslo Research and Development, Timor Leste
- Universidade da Paz (UNPAZ), Timor Leste
| | - Paul Russell Ward
- Centre for Public Health, Equity and Human Flourishing, Torrens University Australia, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nelsensius Klau Fauk
- Centre for Public Health, Equity and Human Flourishing, Torrens University Australia, Melbourne, Australia
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Savarese G, Carpinelli L, Stornaiuolo G, Bifulco S, Bruno G, Navarra M. Gender Representations, Empathy, and Gender-Based Violence Awareness Among Medical Students: A Proposal for a Specific Training Program. Cureus 2024; 16:e65266. [PMID: 39184794 PMCID: PMC11342822 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.65266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In recent decades, the topic of gender differences has become central to many areas of study, including medicine. The present study explored gender differences in empathy, gender role ideologies, and gender sensitivity among medical students, highlighting significant variations that can inform medical education and training programs. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study involved 155 students (52.1% male; mean age: 22.68±2.48 years) from the Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Dentistry of the University of Salerno in Baronissi, Southern Italy. Participants completed two standardized scales: the Jefferson Scale of Empathy (JSE) to assess empathy, and the Nijmegen Gender Awareness in Medicine Scale (N-GAMS) to evaluate gender awareness. Six open-ended questions were also included in the gender-based violence representations. RESULTS The ANOVA analysis reveals significant differences in scores between male and female students across the N-GAMS scales, indicating a strong role of gender in these variations. These findings suggest the necessity for further research to understand the contributing factors and inform targeted interventions in medical education. Additionally, there are significant differences in compassionate care (Factor 2) and walking in the patient's shoes (Factor 3), highlighting the substantial impact of gender on these latter aspects of empathy. CONCLUSIONS These gender differences have significant implications for medical education. Training programs should be tailored to address the specific needs and characteristics of both male and female students. For example, encouraging male students to maintain their gender sensitivity while challenging traditional gender role ideologies can promote a more inclusive approach to patient care. For female students, fostering confidence in their compassionate care abilities and providing opportunities to express empathy in diverse ways can help overcome societal constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Giorgia Bruno
- Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Baronissi, ITA
| | - Marco Navarra
- Social Studies, University of Salerno, Baronissi, ITA
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Agero G, Bedane KH, Segni MT, Kaso AW, Ayato AN, Bedada DB, Mieso AE. Assessment of Violence during COVID-19 among Reproductive Age Women in Arsi Zone, South East Ethiopia. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 2024:2044708. [PMID: 38445167 PMCID: PMC10914427 DOI: 10.1155/2024/2044708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Background Preventive measures, like staying at home during lockdown, are mandatory during the COVID-19 pandemic. Particularly as a result of staying at home, violence against women is beginning to increase in correlation with these measures. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of violence against women of reproductive age during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Arsi Zone. Methods A community-based cross-sectional study design was employed from February 15 to March 30, 2021. A multistage sampling technique was used to recruit 1458 women aged 15-49 years old. Data entry was performed using Epi info-7 and exported to SPSS version 25 for analysis. A logistic regression analysis was employed to identify factors associated with violence against women at p value <0.05 and AOR values with 95% CI. Results The prevalence of violence against women during COVID-19 was 51.1% (95% CI 48.5-53.7%). Psychological violence (31.8%) and controlling behavior violence (29.3%) were the leading types of violence followed by economic (20.2%) and sexual violence (15.6%). Respondents who had monthly income of <1000 birr (AOR = 1.72; 95% CI, 1.18, 2.51), 1001-2000 birr (AOR = 2.22; 95% CI, 1.51, 3.27), 2001-3000 birr (AOR = 1.91; 95% CI, 1.26, 2.91), and 3001-4000 birr (AOR = 2.03; 95% CI, 1.31, 3.14), quarreled with their partner's family (AOR = 3.36; 95% CI: 2.14-5.30), witnessed chilhood family violence (AOR = 2.34; 95% CI: 1.81-3.02), and decisions made on the household issue by husband only (AOR = 2.62; 95% CI: 2.01-3.41) or wife only (AOR = 1.99; 95% CI: 1.33-2.98) were significantly associated with violence against women. In addition, we found that participants whose partners cannot read and write (AOR = 2.63; 95% CI: 1.19- 5.81), drink alcohol (AOR = 2.78; 95% CI: 2.10-3.76), chew chat (AOR = 3.27; 95% CI: 2.21-4.85), ever fighting or aggressive with other men (AOR = 2.73; 95% CI: 1.51-4.95), and partners' families taking part in the decision making (AOR = 2.32; 95% CI: 1.49-3.62) were also associated with violence against women. Conclusions One in every two women was the victim of any form of violence in the study area. Hence, empowering women's economic status and enhancing community-based health education for males on behavioral lifestyle modification were required to prevent violence against women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gebi Agero
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Science, Arsi University, Asella, Ethiopia
| | - Kelil Haji Bedane
- Department of Anatomy, College of Health Science, Arsi University, Asella, Ethiopia
| | - Mesfin Tafa Segni
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Science, Arsi University, Asella, Ethiopia
| | - Abdene Weya Kaso
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Science, Arsi University, Asella, Ethiopia
| | - Aman Nebi Ayato
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Science, Arsi University, Asella, Ethiopia
| | - Dida Batu Bedada
- Department of Surgery, College of Health Science, Arsi University, Asella, Ethiopia
| | - Akalu Ermias Mieso
- Department of Surgery, College of Health Science, Arsi University, Asella, Ethiopia
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Kifle ME, Aychiluhm SB, Anbesu EW. Global prevalence of intimate partner violence during the COVID-19 pandemic among women: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Womens Health 2024; 24:127. [PMID: 38368323 PMCID: PMC10874578 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-023-02845-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the coronavirus pandemic, people faced strict preventive measures, including staying at home and maintaining social distance, which led to increasing rates of intimate partner violence. Women have been facing dual health emergencies, including COVID-19 and domestic violence. Despite this, there is a lack of representative data on intimate partner violence during the COVID-19 pandemic and inconsistent findings. METHODS The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines were used to develop the systematic review and meta-analysis. All English-language studies conducted between 31 December 2019 and May 15/2022 were extracted from databases such as PubMed/Medline, CINAHL, and Google Scholar. The quality of the articles was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Meta-Analysis of Statistics Assessment and Review Instrument (JBI-MAStARI). The I2 was used to assess heterogeneity among studies. Publication bias was assessed using funnel plot inspection and Egger's test. A random effect model was used for the analysis using RevMan and STATA 14 software. RESULT A total of 5065 studies were retrieved, and 14 studies were included in the final meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of intimate partner violence was 31% (95% CI: 22, 40). Subgroup analysis based on region showed that the highest prevalence of intimate partner violence was in developing regions (33, 95% CI: 23.0, 43.0) compared to developed regions (14, 95% CI: 11.0, 17.0). Subgroup analysis based on country showed that Uganda had the highest prevalence of IPV 68% (95% CI: 62.0, 72.0), and the lowest was in the USA 10% (95% CI: 7.0, 15.0). CONCLUSION Nearly one in three women experienced intimate partner violence during the COVID-19 pandemic. Subgroup analysis based on region showed that the highest prevalence of intimate partner violence was in developing regions (33%). All forms of intimate partner violence (physical, sexual, emotional, and economic) were prevalent. Thus, available interventions should be implemented to alleviate women's intimate partner violence during the COVID-19 pandemic and similar emerging and remerging pandemics, particularly in developing countries. TRIAL REGISTRATION PROSPERO registration number: CRD42022334613 .
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Setognal Birara Aychiluhm
- Department of Public Health, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Samara University, Samara, Ethiopia
| | - Etsay Woldu Anbesu
- Department of Public Health, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Samara University, Samara, Ethiopia
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Maposa I, Twabi HS, Matsena-Zingoni Z, Batidzirai JM, Singini G, Mohammed M, Bere A, Kgarosi K, Mchunu N, Nevhungoni P, Moyo-Chilufya M, Ojifinni O, Musekiwa A. Bayesian spatial modelling of intimate partner violence and associated factors among adult women and men: evidence from 2019/2020 Rwanda Demographic and Health Survey. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:2061. [PMID: 37864202 PMCID: PMC10589974 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-16988-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intimate partner violence (IPV) remains a global public health concern for both men and women. Spatial mapping and clustering analysis can reveal subtle patterns in IPV occurrences but are yet to be explored in Rwanda, especially at a lower small-area scale. This study seeks to examine the spatial distribution, patterns, and associated factors of IPV among men and women in Rwanda. METHODS This was a secondary data analysis of the 2019/2020 Rwanda Demographic and Health Survey (RDHS) individual-level data set for 1947 women aged 15-49 years and 1371 men aged 15-59 years. A spatially structured additive logistic regression model was used to assess risk factors for IPV while adjusting for spatial effects. The district-level spatial model was adjusted for fixed covariate effects and was implemented using a fully Bayesian inference within the generalized additive mixed effects framework. RESULTS IPV prevalence amongst women was 45.9% (95% Confidence interval (CI): 43.4-48.5%) while that for men was 18.4% (95% CI: 16.2-20.9%). Using a bivariate choropleth, IPV perpetrated against women was higher in the North-Western districts of Rwanda whereas for men it was shown to be more prevalent in the Southern districts. A few districts presented high IPV for both men and women. The spatial structured additive logistic model revealed higher odds for IPV against women mainly in the North-western districts and the spatial effects were dominated by spatially structured effects contributing 64%. Higher odds of IPV were observed for men in the Southern districts of Rwanda and spatial effects were dominated by district heterogeneity accounting for 62%. There were no statistically significant district clusters for IPV in both men or women. Women with partners who consume alcohol, and with controlling partners were at significantly higher odds of IPV while those in rich households and making financial decisions together with partners were at lower odds of experiencing IPV. CONCLUSION Campaigns against IPV should be strengthened, especially in the North-Western and Southern parts of Rwanda. In addition, the promotion of girl-child education and empowerment of women can potentially reduce IPV against women and girls. Furthermore, couples should be trained on making financial decisions together. In conclusion, the implementation of policies and interventions that discourage alcohol consumption and control behaviour, especially among men, should be rolled out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Innocent Maposa
- Division of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Division of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Department of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Halima S Twabi
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, School of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Malawi, Zomba, Malawi.
| | - Zvifadzo Matsena-Zingoni
- Division of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Center for Biomedical Modelling, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioural Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jesca M Batidzirai
- School of Mathematics, Statistics, and Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Geoffrey Singini
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, School of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Malawi, Zomba, Malawi
| | - Mohanad Mohammed
- School of Mathematics, Statistics, and Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Alphonce Bere
- Department of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
| | - Kabelo Kgarosi
- School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Nobuhle Mchunu
- Biostatistics Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Statistics, Durban, South Africa
- Biostatistics Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Portia Nevhungoni
- School of Mathematics, Statistics, and Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
- Biostatistics Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Maureen Moyo-Chilufya
- School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Oludoyinmola Ojifinni
- School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Alfred Musekiwa
- School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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Uzoho IC, Baptiste-Roberts K, Animasahun A, Bronner Y. The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) Against Women. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH AND HEALTH SERVICES 2023; 53:494-507. [PMID: 37574790 PMCID: PMC10631266 DOI: 10.1177/27551938231185968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a global public health crisis associated with adverse physical, psychological, economic, and social consequences. Studies on the impact of COVID-19 on IPV against women are scarce. This study aimed to understand the impact of COVID-19 on IPV against women. Google Scholar, PubMed, and the Cochrane Library were searched using the MeSH terms intimate partner violence, COVID-19, and women. Exclusion criteria were male-partner, elder, and child abuse and studies that targeted specific groups such as cancer, HIV, and substance abuse. Two independent reviewers completed the title, abstract screening, and review of selected articles. Thirteen out of 647 articles met the inclusion criteria. IPV against women increased in nine countries (Spain, United States, Nigeria, Ethiopia, Turkey, Peru, Bangladesh, Czech Republic, and the Democratic Republic of Congo); one country showed no change in gender-based violence among adolescent girls and young women (Kenya); and one study reported a decrease in IPV reporting by victims (United States). Policies made to mitigate the pandemic created unintended consequences that exacerbated risk factors for IPV against women. Lessons learned from COVID-19 must be used to develop policy-level support and response services to mitigate IPV against women amid a pandemic and other human crises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ijeoma C. Uzoho
- School of Community Health and Policy, Department of Public Health, Morgan State University, 4530 Portage Avenue Campus, Rm 211, 1700 E Cold Spring Lane, Baltimore, MD 21251, USA
| | - Kesha Baptiste-Roberts
- School of Community Health and Policy, Department of Public Health, Morgan State University, 4530 Portage Avenue Campus, Rm 211, 1700 E Cold Spring Lane, Baltimore, MD 21251, USA
| | - Adeola Animasahun
- School of Community Health and Policy, Department of Public Health, Morgan State University, 4530 Portage Avenue Campus, Rm 211, 1700 E Cold Spring Lane, Baltimore, MD 21251, USA
| | - Yvonne Bronner
- School of Community Health and Policy, Department of Public Health, Morgan State University, 4530 Portage Avenue Campus, Rm 206, 1700 E Cold Spring Lane, Baltimore, MD 21251, USA
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Mossie TB, Mekonnen Fenta H, Tadesse M, Tadele A. Mapping the disparities in intimate partner violence prevalence and determinants across Sub-Saharan Africa. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1188718. [PMID: 37448663 PMCID: PMC10337829 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1188718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to map disparities in prevalence and associated factors across countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. Methods We used National Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data from 26 countries in the region with 114,340 participants. Women and girls in the reproductive age group of 15 to 49 years were included in the study. To map disparities across countries and their provinces, we employed the kriging interpolation technique. We used STATA for data management. Result The prevalence of physical, emotional and sexual IPV in Sub-Saharan Africa was 30.58, 30.22, and 12.6% respectively, and at least one form of IPV was 42.62%. Disparities were observed across the countries and provinces in each country. Younger age, secondary-level education and above, moderate participation in decision-making, not working out of home, not afraid of the spouse, rich (wealth index), not having a child, high maternal literacy, and rural residence relatively decreased the odds of IPV. The husbands' lower education, alcohol consumption, and high controlling behavior increased the probability of IPV. Conclusion The prevalence of Intimate Partner Violence in Sub-Saharan Africa is the highest in the world, a signal that the global agenda to end all forms of violence against women will be difficult to achieve. There is a large gap across countries and provinces in each country. Area-specific intervention packages that focus on modifiable factors should be strengthened.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilahun B. Mossie
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Amhara Region, Ethiopia
| | - Haile Mekonnen Fenta
- Department of Statistics, College of Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Amhara Region, Ethiopia
| | - Meseret Tadesse
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Amhara Region, Ethiopia
| | - Animut Tadele
- Department of Statistics, College of Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Amhara Region, Ethiopia
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Peterman A, Devries K, Guedes A, Chandan JS, Minhas S, Lim RQH, Gennari F, Bhatia A. Ethical reporting of research on violence against women and children: a review of current practice and recommendations for future guidelines. BMJ Glob Health 2023; 8:bmjgh-2023-011882. [PMID: 37230546 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2023-011882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in research practice during the COVID-19 pandemic necessitates renewed attention to ethical protocols and reporting for data collection on sensitive topics. This review summarises the state of ethical reporting among studies collecting violence data during early stages of the pandemic. We systematically searched for journal publications from the start of the pandemic to November 2021, identifying 75 studies that collected primary data on violence against women and/or violence against children. We developed and applied a 14-item checklist of best practices to assess the transparency of ethics reporting and adherence to relevant global guidelines on violence research. Studies reported adhering to best practices on 31% of scored items. Reporting was highest for ethical clearance (87%) and informed consent/assent (84/83%) and lowest for whether measures to promote interviewer safety and support (3%), for facilitating referrals for minors and soliciting participant feedback were in place (both 0%). Violence studies employing primary data collection during COVID-19 reported on few ethical standards, obscuring stakeholder ability to enforce a 'do no harm' approach and to assess the reliability of findings. We offer recommendations and guidelines to improve future reporting and implementation of ethics within violence studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Peterman
- Public Policy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Karen Devries
- Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Alessandra Guedes
- Child and Adolescent Rights and Empowerment team, UNICEF Innocenti - Global Office of Research and Foresight, Florence, Toscana, Italy
| | - Joht Singh Chandan
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Birmingham, UK
| | - Sonica Minhas
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Birmingham, UK
| | - Rachel Qian Hui Lim
- Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Floriza Gennari
- Child and Adolescent Rights and Empowerment team, UNICEF Innocenti - Global Office of Research and Foresight, Florence, Toscana, Italy
| | - Amiya Bhatia
- Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Shour AR, Anguzu R, Zhou Y, Muehlbauer A, Joseph A, Oladebo T, Puthoff D, Onitilo AA. Your neighborhood matters: an ecological social determinant study of the relationship between residential racial segregation and the risk of firearm fatalities. Inj Epidemiol 2023; 10:14. [PMID: 36915201 PMCID: PMC10012477 DOI: 10.1186/s40621-023-00425-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Firearm fatalities are a major public health concern, claiming the lives of 40,000 Americans each year. While firearm fatalities have pervasive effects, it is unclear how social determinants of health (SDOH) such as residential racial segregation, income inequality, and community resilience impact firearm fatalities. This study investigates the relationships between these SDOH and the likelihood of firearm fatalities. METHODS County-level SDOH data from the Agency for Health Care Research and Quality for 2019 were analyzed, covering 72 Wisconsin counties. The dependent variable was the number of firearm fatalities in each county, used as a continuous variable. The independent variable was residential racial segregation (Dissimilarity Index), defined as the degree to which non-White and White residents were distributed across counties, ranging from 0 (complete integration) to 100 (complete segregation), and higher values indicate greater residential segregation (categorized as low, moderate, and high). Covariates were income inequality ranging from zero (perfect equality) to one (perfect inequality) categorized as low, moderate, and high, community resilience risk factors (low, moderate, and high risks), and rural-urban classifications. Descriptive/summary statistics, unadjusted and adjusted negative binomial regression adjusting for population weight, were performed using STATA/MPv.17.0; P-values ≤ 0.05 were considered statistically significant. ArcMap was used for Geographic Information System analysis. RESULTS In 2019, there were 802 firearm fatalities. The adjusted model demonstrates that the risk of firearm fatalities was higher in areas with high residential racial segregation compared to low-segregated areas (IRR.:1.26, 95% CI:1.04-1.52) and higher in areas with high-income inequality compared to areas with low-income inequality (IRR.:1.18, 95% CI:1.00-1.40). Compared to areas with low-risk community resilience, the risk of firearm fatalities was higher in areas with moderate (IRR.:0.61, 95% CI:0.48-0.78), and in areas with high risk (IRR.:0.53, 95% CI:0.41-0.68). GIS analysis demonstrated that areas with high racial segregation also have high rates of firearm fatalities. CONCLUSION Areas with high residential racial segregation have a high rate of firearm fatalities. With high income inequality and low community resilience, the likelihood of firearm fatalities increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul R Shour
- Marshfield Clinic Cancer Care and Research Center, Clinical Research Institute, Marshfield, WI, USA. .,Department of Oncology, Marshfield Clinic Health System, 1000 N Oak Ave, Marshfield, WI, 54449, USA. .,Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, Marshfield Clinic Health System, 1000 N Oak Ave, Marshfield, WI, 54449, USA.
| | - Ronald Anguzu
- Division of Epidemiology and Social Sciences, Institute for Health and Equity, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Yuhong Zhou
- Division of Epidemiology and Social Sciences, Institute for Health and Equity, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Alice Muehlbauer
- Logistics, and Guest Relations, Froedtert Hospital, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Adedayo Joseph
- NSIA-LUTH Cancer Center, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Tinuola Oladebo
- Masters of Sustainable Peacebuilding Program, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - David Puthoff
- Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, Marshfield Clinic Health System, 1000 N Oak Ave, Marshfield, WI, 54449, USA
| | - Adedayo A Onitilo
- Marshfield Clinic Cancer Care and Research Center, Clinical Research Institute, Marshfield, WI, USA.,Department of Oncology, Marshfield Clinic Health System, 1000 N Oak Ave, Marshfield, WI, 54449, USA.,Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, Marshfield Clinic Health System, 1000 N Oak Ave, Marshfield, WI, 54449, USA
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Fereidooni R, Mootz J, Sabaei R, Khoshnood K, Heydari ST, Moradian MJ, Taherifard E, Nasirian M, Molavi Vardanjani H. The COVID-19 Pandemic, Socioeconomic Effects, and Intimate Partner Violence Against Women: A Population-Based Cohort Study in 2020, Iran. Am J Public Health 2023; 113:228-237. [PMID: 36302221 PMCID: PMC9850608 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2022.306839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Objectives. To investigate the prevalence, pattern, and socioeconomic risk factors of intimate partner violence (IPV) before and 6 months after the pandemic onset among a cohort of Iranian women. Methods. We conducted a population-based IPV survey among 2502 partnered Iranian women aged 18 to 60 years before (n = 2502) and 6 months after (n=2116) the pandemic's onset. We estimated prevalence and incidence of psychological, physical, and sexual IPV, and the odds of different forms of IPV associated with main exposure variables, adjusted for participant relationship factors. Results. Pandemic prevalence of IPV (65.4%; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 63.4%, 67.4%) was higher than prepandemic prevalence (54.2%; 95% CI = 52.2%, 56.3%). At follow-up, the incidence of IPV was 25.5% (95% CI = 22.9%, 28.4%). The highest incidence was in cases of physical and sexual IPV. Women whose partners lost their employment were at significant risk of new exposure to IPV. Highest socioeconomic status (SES) was associated with less physical IPV (odds ratio = 0.03; 95% CI = 0.01, 0.14). Conclusions. IPV prevalence has risen since the COVID-19 epidemic began with many women who had never experienced IPV now facing it. Unemployment of women or their partners and prepandemic lower socioeconomic status are risk factors of IPV. Monitoring programs should target these populations. (Am J Public Health. 2023;113(2):228-237. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2022.306839).
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Fereidooni
- Reza Fereidooni is with the Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Jennifer Mootz is with the Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY. Rasoul Sabaei is with the Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Khorasgan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran. Kaveh Khoshnood is with the Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT. Seyed Taghi Heydari is with the Health Policy Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Mohammad Javad Moradian is with the Trauma Research Center, Shahid Rajaee (Emtiaz) Trauma Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Erfan Taherifard and Hossein Molavi Vardanjani are with the MD-MPH Program, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Maryam Nasirian is with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Health School, and Infectious Disease and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Jennifer Mootz
- Reza Fereidooni is with the Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Jennifer Mootz is with the Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY. Rasoul Sabaei is with the Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Khorasgan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran. Kaveh Khoshnood is with the Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT. Seyed Taghi Heydari is with the Health Policy Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Mohammad Javad Moradian is with the Trauma Research Center, Shahid Rajaee (Emtiaz) Trauma Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Erfan Taherifard and Hossein Molavi Vardanjani are with the MD-MPH Program, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Maryam Nasirian is with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Health School, and Infectious Disease and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Rasoul Sabaei
- Reza Fereidooni is with the Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Jennifer Mootz is with the Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY. Rasoul Sabaei is with the Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Khorasgan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran. Kaveh Khoshnood is with the Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT. Seyed Taghi Heydari is with the Health Policy Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Mohammad Javad Moradian is with the Trauma Research Center, Shahid Rajaee (Emtiaz) Trauma Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Erfan Taherifard and Hossein Molavi Vardanjani are with the MD-MPH Program, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Maryam Nasirian is with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Health School, and Infectious Disease and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Kaveh Khoshnood
- Reza Fereidooni is with the Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Jennifer Mootz is with the Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY. Rasoul Sabaei is with the Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Khorasgan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran. Kaveh Khoshnood is with the Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT. Seyed Taghi Heydari is with the Health Policy Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Mohammad Javad Moradian is with the Trauma Research Center, Shahid Rajaee (Emtiaz) Trauma Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Erfan Taherifard and Hossein Molavi Vardanjani are with the MD-MPH Program, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Maryam Nasirian is with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Health School, and Infectious Disease and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Seyed Taghi Heydari
- Reza Fereidooni is with the Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Jennifer Mootz is with the Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY. Rasoul Sabaei is with the Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Khorasgan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran. Kaveh Khoshnood is with the Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT. Seyed Taghi Heydari is with the Health Policy Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Mohammad Javad Moradian is with the Trauma Research Center, Shahid Rajaee (Emtiaz) Trauma Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Erfan Taherifard and Hossein Molavi Vardanjani are with the MD-MPH Program, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Maryam Nasirian is with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Health School, and Infectious Disease and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Moradian
- Reza Fereidooni is with the Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Jennifer Mootz is with the Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY. Rasoul Sabaei is with the Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Khorasgan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran. Kaveh Khoshnood is with the Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT. Seyed Taghi Heydari is with the Health Policy Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Mohammad Javad Moradian is with the Trauma Research Center, Shahid Rajaee (Emtiaz) Trauma Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Erfan Taherifard and Hossein Molavi Vardanjani are with the MD-MPH Program, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Maryam Nasirian is with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Health School, and Infectious Disease and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Erfan Taherifard
- Reza Fereidooni is with the Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Jennifer Mootz is with the Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY. Rasoul Sabaei is with the Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Khorasgan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran. Kaveh Khoshnood is with the Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT. Seyed Taghi Heydari is with the Health Policy Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Mohammad Javad Moradian is with the Trauma Research Center, Shahid Rajaee (Emtiaz) Trauma Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Erfan Taherifard and Hossein Molavi Vardanjani are with the MD-MPH Program, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Maryam Nasirian is with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Health School, and Infectious Disease and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Maryam Nasirian
- Reza Fereidooni is with the Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Jennifer Mootz is with the Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY. Rasoul Sabaei is with the Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Khorasgan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran. Kaveh Khoshnood is with the Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT. Seyed Taghi Heydari is with the Health Policy Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Mohammad Javad Moradian is with the Trauma Research Center, Shahid Rajaee (Emtiaz) Trauma Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Erfan Taherifard and Hossein Molavi Vardanjani are with the MD-MPH Program, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Maryam Nasirian is with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Health School, and Infectious Disease and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hossein Molavi Vardanjani
- Reza Fereidooni is with the Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Jennifer Mootz is with the Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY. Rasoul Sabaei is with the Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Khorasgan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran. Kaveh Khoshnood is with the Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT. Seyed Taghi Heydari is with the Health Policy Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Mohammad Javad Moradian is with the Trauma Research Center, Shahid Rajaee (Emtiaz) Trauma Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Erfan Taherifard and Hossein Molavi Vardanjani are with the MD-MPH Program, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Maryam Nasirian is with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Health School, and Infectious Disease and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Pitis A, Diamantopoulou M, Tzavella F. The Impact of Covid-19 Pandemic and Social Determinants of Health on the Prevalence of Intimate Partner Violence. A Systematic Review. Mater Sociomed 2023; 35:295-303. [PMID: 38380279 PMCID: PMC10875957 DOI: 10.5455/msm.2023.35.295-303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The pandemic has increased the rates of violent behavior towards women by their partners worldwide. Increased time spent living with the abusive partner, working at home and limited social contact combined with socioeconomic characteristics contributed to the increase in this type of violence. Objective To investigate the impact of pandemic COVID-19 and social determinants of health (SDOH) on the intimate partner violence (IPV) experienced by women from their partners. Methods A systematic review was conducted to investigate the impact of COVID-19 and social determinants of health on violence experienced by women from their partner(s) as a consequence of incarceration. The Pubmed and Scopus databases were searched during December 2022, using the keywords "intimate partner violence", "women", "COVID-19", "socioeconomic factors", "social determinants of health". Results Of the 917 studies initially retrieved, 38 studies found an increased prevalence of women's reported violence by their partners, 10 found a low prevalence, and 9 found no difference in prevalence before and during restraint. The most common forms of violence were psychological, physical and sexual. In 30 studies, social determinants such as socioeconomic level, education and living conditions were found to be associated with the prevalence of violence. Conclusion There was an increase in violence against women during quarantine which was associated with the effect of social determinants. However, due to research limitations of the studies, additional research is needed to draw firm conclusions that can be generalized to the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Pitis
- Department of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, Department of Nursing, University of Peloponnese, Tripoli, Greece
| | - Maria Diamantopoulou
- Faculty of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Foteini Tzavella
- Department of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, Department of Nursing, University of Peloponnese, Tripoli, Greece
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12
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Shoaei NK, Asadi N, Salmani M. The relationship between mental health and violence toward women during the COVID-19 pandemic. BMC Psychiatry 2022; 22:783. [PMID: 36510179 PMCID: PMC9743102 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-022-04448-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has a number of psychological consequences for societies, especially women. This study was conducted to determine the relationship between mental health and violence toward women during the COVID-19 pandemic in Iran.This study was conducted on during late October to November 2020 (N = 400). Demographic information questionnaire, General Health Questionnaire(GHQ-12) and violence toward women inventory(VTWI) were used.The results showed that violence was higher among employed women. Also, the results showed that VTW was higher in women with 3 children, high school degree, family income under 3 million and women over 40 years old. Findings showed that the mean mental health of women at the COVID-19 pandemic was moderate (15.14 ± 8.8). Also, with increasing psychological and economic violence, their mental health decreases. Therefore, it is suggested that policy makers and planners, apart from the physical effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, pay attention to its psychological dimension, especially for women, and try to allocate funds to maintain and promote mental health and family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najmeh Khatoon Shoaei
- grid.412105.30000 0001 2092 9755Nursing Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Neda Asadi
- Nursing Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Mahin Salmani
- grid.266820.80000 0004 0402 6152Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Science, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, Canada
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13
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Iverson KM, Dardis CM, Cowlishaw S, Webermann AR, Shayani DR, Dichter ME, Mitchell KS, Mattocks KM, Gerber MR, Portnoy GR. Effects of Intimate Partner Violence During COVID-19 and Pandemic-Related Stress on the Mental and Physical Health of Women Veterans. J Gen Intern Med 2022; 37:724-733. [PMID: 36042090 PMCID: PMC9427167 DOI: 10.1007/s11606-022-07589-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about women veterans' intimate partner violence (IPV) experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic or the impacts of pandemic-related stress on their mental and physical health. OBJECTIVES To identify IPV experiences among women veterans prior to and during the pandemic, pandemic-related stressors, and examine their respective contributions to mental and physical health. DESIGN National sample of women veterans drawn from a larger web-based longitudinal study. Relationships between recent IPV and pandemic-related stressors were tested with linear regressions, controlling for pre-pandemic IPV and mental and physical health symptoms, demographic, and military-related covariates. PARTICIPANTS One hundred forty-two women veterans (Mage=58.8 years). MAIN MEASURES We assessed IPV (CTS-2), PTSD (PCL-5), depression (CESD), anxiety (DASS-A), physical health (PHQ-15), and physical health-related quality of life (SF-12) prior to the pandemic (June 2016-December 2016/January 2017) and during the pandemic study period (March 2020-December 2020/January 2021). We assessed pandemic-related stressors (EPII) during the pandemic study period. KEY RESULTS Over a third (38.7%) of participants experienced IPV during the pandemic study period (psychological: 35.9%, physical: 9.9%, sexual: 4.2%). Overall rates, frequency, and severity of IPV experience did not significantly differ between the pre-pandemic and pandemic study periods. Few participants tested positive for COVID-19 (4.2%); however, most participants reported experiencing pandemic-related stressors across life domains (e.g., social activities: 88%, physical health: 80.3%, emotional health: 68.3%). IPV during the pandemic and pandemic-related stressors were both associated with greater PTSD and depressive symptoms. Pandemic-related stressors were associated with worse anxiety and physical health symptoms. Neither IPV during the pandemic nor pandemic-related stressors were associated with physical health-related quality of life. CONCLUSIONS IPV experiences during the pandemic were common among women veterans, as were pandemic-related stressors. Although IPV did not increase in the context of COVID-19, IPV experiences during the pandemic and pandemic-related stressors were linked with poorer mental and physical health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Iverson
- Women's Health Sciences Division of the National Center for PTSD, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
| | | | - Sean Cowlishaw
- Phoenix Australia - Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Danielle R Shayani
- Women's Health Sciences Division of the National Center for PTSD, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Melissa E Dichter
- VA Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- School of Social Work, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Karen S Mitchell
- Women's Health Sciences Division of the National Center for PTSD, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kristin M Mattocks
- VA Central Western Massachusetts Healthcare System, Leeds, MA, USA
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Megan R Gerber
- Division of General Medicine, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
- Albany Stratton VA Medical Center, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Galina R Portnoy
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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14
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Estlein R, Gewirtz‐Meydan A, Opuda E. Love in the time of COVID-19: A systematic mapping review of empirical research on romantic relationships one year into the COVID-19 pandemic. FAMILY PROCESS 2022; 61:1208-1228. [PMID: 35419816 PMCID: PMC9111335 DOI: 10.1111/famp.12775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has affected nearly every area of daily life, including romantic relationships. With the pandemic still ongoing, this study reviewed the existing scholarly literature to document the status of empirical research on how COVID-19 has affected couples during its first year. Studies were identified through searching five databases as well as sources of gray literature. Overall, 42 studies on committed romantic relationships during the first year of the pandemic were identified. The mapping process revealed four main themes: (1) relationship quality; (2) sexuality; (3) couple daily adjustment; and (4) intimate partner violence. The findings suggest that the way romantic relationships were affected by the pandemic depends on a variety of demographic, individual, and couple-level factors. Implications include a call for both the development of evidence-based interventions that consider the current findings and further research to continue exploring the clinical implications of future findings to promote healthy intimate relationships during the ongoing global pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roi Estlein
- Center for Research and Study of the FamilySchool of Social WorkUniversity of HaifaHaifaIsrael
| | - Ateret Gewirtz‐Meydan
- Center for Research and Study of the FamilySchool of Social WorkUniversity of HaifaHaifaIsrael
| | - Eugenia Opuda
- Health and Human Services LibrarianUniversity of New HampshireDurhamNew HampshireUSA
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Oswald DL, Kaugars AS, Tait M. American Women's Experiences With Intimate Partner Violence during the Start of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Risk Factors and Mental Health Implications. Violence Against Women 2022; 29:1419-1440. [PMID: 35989667 PMCID: PMC9398889 DOI: 10.1177/10778012221117597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In an online survey, women self-reported high prevalence of intimate partner
violence during the early days of the pandemic. Risk factors for experiencing
intimate partner violence (IPV) included having a child under the age of 18,
being a sexual minority, living in a rural community, and stressors related to
healthcare access, income/employment stress, and COVID-19 exposure or illness.
Women who worked during the pandemic and were older were less likely to
experience IPV. Women who reported IPV also reported increased anxiety and
depression. The results are discussed in terms of clinical and policy
implications for supporting women who are victims of IPV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mary Tait
- Department of Psychology, Marquette University, WI, USA
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Belay AS, Kassie Gidafie A, Abera Gudeta T. Perinatal intimate partner violence during COVID-19 and its associated factors among postpartum mothers attending newborn immunization in southern Ethiopia, 2021: A cross-sectional study. SAGE Open Med 2022; 10:20503121221116671. [PMID: 35983083 PMCID: PMC9379272 DOI: 10.1177/20503121221116671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to assess the prevalence of perinatal intimate partner violence during COVID-19 and its associated factors among postpartum mothers attending newborn immunization in southern Ethiopia, 2021. Method: A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 657 postpartum mothers from 1 to 30 March 2021 in southern Ethiopia. All postpartum mothers who visited the selected hospitals or health centers for newborn immunization and met the inclusion criteria were included in this study. Data were cleaned, coded, entered into Epidata manager version 4.2 and then exported into SPSS version 26 for analysis. Binary and multivariate logistic regression analysis was used. Results: The prevalence of perinatal intimate partner violence was 62.4%. In this study, income loss due to COVID-19 (adjusted odds ratio: 12.00, 95% confidence interval: 5.60, 25.71, p < 0.001) was the strongest factor associated with perinatal intimate partner violence. Young age women (adjusted odds ratio: 5.82, 95% confidence interval: 2.72, 12.46, p < 0.001), partner alcohol use (adjusted odds ratio: 2.21, 95% confidence interval: 1.37, 3.56, p = 0.001), partner substance use (adjusted odds ratio: 2.07, 95% confidence interval: 1.12, 3.83, p = 0.021), and partner relationships (cohabited) (adjusted odds ratio: 1.88, 95% confidence interval: 1.06, 3.34, p = 0.032) were also strongly associated with perinatal intimate partner violence. Conclusion: The prevalence of perinatal intimate partner violence was relatively high. The health of the women should be maintained through empowerment of women and provision of health education in order to minimize prevalence of perinatal intimate partner violence associated with low income, young age, substance use, and cohabited marital status. Future qualitative studies are required to identify the underlying multifactorial reasons for intimate partner violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alemayehu Sayih Belay
- Department of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Science, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan Aman, Mizzan, Ethiopia
| | - Aychew Kassie Gidafie
- Department of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Science, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan Aman, Mizzan, Ethiopia
| | - Tesfaye Abera Gudeta
- Department of Nursing, College of Health Science, Wollegai University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
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17
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Kebede AA, Aklil MB, Gessesse DN, Tsega NT, Temesgan WZ, Abegaz MY, Anteneh TA, Tibebu NS, Alemu HN, Haile TT, Seyoum AT, Tiguh AE, Yismaw AE, Nenko G, Wondie KY, Taye BT, Mihret MS. Nearly Half of Women Have Experienced Intimate Partner Violence During Pregnancy in Northwest Ethiopia, 2021; The Role of Social Support and Decision-Making Power. Front Public Health 2022; 10:904792. [PMID: 35844863 PMCID: PMC9280332 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.904792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In developing countries, intimate partner violence is increasing alarmingly, though attention to this issue is rarely given. It has devastating effects on the general wellbeing of women, pregnancy outcomes, and the long-term health of children, and this needs to be addressed. Hence, this study was designed to assess intimate partner violence and associated factors in northwest Ethiopia. Methods A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from July 1st to August 30th, 2021, among 858 postpartum women in Gondar city. A cluster sampling technique was employed to select the study participants. EPI DATA version 4.6 and SPSS 25 were used for data entry, cleaning and analysis, respectively. A bivariable and multivariable logistic regression model was fitted to identify factors associated with intimate partner violence. The level of significant association was declared using the adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with 95 % confidence interval (CI) and a p-value of ≤ 0.05. Results In this study, 48.6% of women indicated having experienced intimate partner violence during pregnancy (95% CI: 45.3, 51.7). The odds of intimate partner violence during pregnancy were significantly higher among women who were not able to read and write (AOR = 4.96; 95% CI: 2.15, 11.41), were private workers (AOR = 1.78; 95% CI: 1.05, 3.02), and had low decision-making power (AOR = 1.43; 95% CI: 1.06, 1.95), a poor social support (AOR = 1.99; 95% CI: 1.32, 3.02), and unsupported pregnancy by family (AOR = 2.32; 95% CI: 1.26, 4.24). Whereas a family size of ≥ 5 (AOR = 0.73; 95% CI: 0.54, 0.98) appeared to be a protective factor for intimate partner violence. Conclusion The magnitude of intimate partner violence was unacceptably high in the study area and connected to poor women's empowerment and social determinants of health. Thus, it is important to focus on interventions that improve women's access to social support and allow them to participate in all aspects of household decision-making through community-based structures and networks. It is also important to encourage women to improve their educational status and arrange risk-free employment opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azmeraw Ambachew Kebede
- Department of Clinical Midwifery, School of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Mastewal Belayneh Aklil
- Department of Clinical Midwifery, School of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
- *Correspondence: Mastewal Belayneh Aklil
| | - Dereje Nibret Gessesse
- Department of Clinical Midwifery, School of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Nuhamin Tesfa Tsega
- Department of Women's and Family Health, School of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Wubedle Zelalem Temesgan
- Department of Clinical Midwifery, School of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Marta Yimam Abegaz
- Department of Clinical Midwifery, School of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Tazeb Alemu Anteneh
- Department of Clinical Midwifery, School of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Nebiyu Solomon Tibebu
- Department of Clinical Midwifery, School of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Haymanot Nigatu Alemu
- Department of Clinical Midwifery, School of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Tsion Tadesse Haile
- Department of Clinical Midwifery, School of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Asmra Tesfahun Seyoum
- Department of Clinical Midwifery, School of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Agumas Eskezia Tiguh
- Department of Clinical Midwifery, School of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Ayenew Engida Yismaw
- Department of Clinical Midwifery, School of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Goshu Nenko
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Kindu Yinges Wondie
- Department of Clinical Midwifery, School of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Birhan Tsegaw Taye
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Asrat Woldeyes Health Science Campus, Debre Berhan University, Debre Birhan, Ethiopia
| | - Muhabaw Shumye Mihret
- Department of Clinical Midwifery, School of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Wake AD, Kandula UR. The global prevalence and its associated factors toward domestic violence against women and children during COVID-19 pandemic-"The shadow pandemic": A review of cross-sectional studies. WOMEN'S HEALTH (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 18:17455057221095536. [PMID: 35441537 PMCID: PMC9024155 DOI: 10.1177/17455057221095536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Globally, domestic violence affects women across their life span. Domestic violence against women and children during COVID-19 is a critical and substantial public health issue. This review article was aimed to determine the prevalence and its associated factors toward domestic violence against women and children during COVID-19. Several studies showed that the prevalence of domestic violence against women and children has been alarmingly enlarged during this COVID-19. Domestic violence is a significant and essential problem that is occurring all over the world for many years now, but this condition has been augmented during the lockdown situation because of this pandemic. Women and children of the worldwide are facing twin health emergencies that are COVID-19 and domestic violence. The pandemic was found as a threat to commit domestic violence against women and children. This is because, even though the measurements taken to avoid COVID-19 spread are supportive strategies and also the only opportunity to do so, reducing the risk of COVID-19 was found to raise the risk of domestic violence against women and children. Factors associated with domestic violence against women and children were; being housewives, age < 30 years, marriage, husband's age being between 31 and 40 years, physical victimization, and sexual victimization were factors associated with domestic violence. Depression, spending more time in close contact, job losses, financial insecurity, lockdowns, addiction (alcohol or drugs), control of wealth in the family, technology, and quarantine were factors considered as risk factors for domestic violence. This review will serve as a "call to action" to address this crisis effectively by coming together since this crisis is the global aspect. This is a shadow pandemic growing during this COVID-19 crisis and a global collective effort is needed to prevent it. The life of women and children moves from their needs to their rights during this pandemic. It is essential to undertake urgent actions to intervene in it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Addisu Dabi Wake
- Addisu Dabi Wake, Nursing Department, College of Health Sciences, Arsi University, P.O. Box: 193/04, Asella, Ethiopia.
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19
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Wood SN, Yirgu R, Wondimagegnehu A, Qian J, Milkovich RM, Decker MR, Glass N, Seid F, Zekarias L, Zimmerman LA. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on intimate partner violence during pregnancy: evidence from a multimethods study of recently pregnant women in Ethiopia. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e055790. [PMID: 35414554 PMCID: PMC9006189 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-055790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This multimethods study aimed to: (1) compare the prevalence of intimate partner violence (IPV) during pregnancy pre-COVID-19 and during the COVID-19 pandemic using quantitative data and (2) contextualise pregnant women's IPV experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic through supplemental interviews. DESIGN Quantitative analyses use data from Performance Monitoring for Action-Ethiopia, a cohort of 2868 pregnant women that collects data at pregnancy, 6 weeks, 6 months and 1-year postpartum. Following 6-week postpartum survey, in-depth semistructured interviews contextualised experiences of IPV during pregnancy with a subset of participants (n=24). PARTICIPANTS All pregnant women residing within six regions of Ethiopia, covering 91% of the population, were eligible for the cohort study (n=2868 completed baseline survey). Quantitative analyses were restricted to the 2388 women with complete 6-week survey data (retention=82.7%). A purposive sampling frame was used to select qualitative participants on baseline survey data, with inclusion criteria specifying completion of quantitative 6-week interview after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, and indication of IPV experience. INTERVENTIONS A State of Emergency in Ethiopia was declared in response to the COVID-19 pandemic approximately halfway through 6-week postpartum interview, enabling a natural experiment (n=1405 pre-COVID-19; n=983 during-COVID-19). PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURES IPV during pregnancy was assessed via the 10-item Revised Conflict and Tactics Scale. RESULTS 1-in-10 women experienced any IPV during pregnancy prior to COVID-19 (10.5%), and prevalence of IPV during pregnancy increased to 15.1% during the COVID-19 pandemic (aOR=1.51; p=0.02). Stratified by residence, odds of IPV during the pandemic increased for urban women only (aOR=2.09; p=0.03), however, IPV prevalence was higher in rural regions at both time points. Qualitative data reveal COVID-19-related stressors, namely loss of household income and increased time spent within the household, exacerbated IPV. CONCLUSIONS These multimethods results highlight the prevalent, severe violence that pregnant Ethiopian women experience, with pandemic-related increases concentrated in urban areas. Integration of IPV response and safety planning across the continuum of care can mitigate impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon N Wood
- Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Robel Yirgu
- Addis Ababa University School of Public Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Jiage Qian
- Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rachel Mait Milkovich
- Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Michele R Decker
- Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Center for Public Health and Human Rights, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Johns Hopkins School of Nursing, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nancy Glass
- Johns Hopkins School of Nursing, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Center for Global Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Fatuma Seid
- Ethiopia Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Lensa Zekarias
- Ethiopia Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Linnea A Zimmerman
- Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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20
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Getinet W, Azale T, Getie E, Salelaw E, Amare T, Demilew D, Lemma A, Kibret D, Aklilu A, Tensae T, Srahbzu M, Shumet S. Intimate partner violence among reproductive-age women in central Gondar zone, Northwest, Ethiopia: a population-based study. BMC Womens Health 2022; 22:109. [PMID: 35397559 PMCID: PMC8994176 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-022-01685-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Violence against women is the most widespread kind of human rights violation, and it has been linked to a wide range of consequences. The most prominent psychosocial and mental health concern that has serious effects for women's physical and mental well-being. This study assessed the prevalence and associated factors of women's violence by intimate partner among women in the reproductive age group (15-49). METHODS Multistage community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among reproductive age group women in the central Gondar zone. We recruited 845 participants and interviewed by health extension workers using face-to-face interviews. We used a Women's Abuse Screening test to outcome variable; it has a total score ranges 0-16, a score > 1 indicates positive for the presence of intimate partner violence within a year. Variables were coded and entered to Epi data version 3.1 and exported to SPSS version 21 for analysis. Descriptive statistics and multivariate logistic regression analysis was run for data analysis. Adjusted odds ratios (AOR) with a 95% confidence level (CI) were declared significant. RESULT Among a total of 845 participants 804 responded to the interviews with a response rate of 95%. The prevalence rate of intimate partner violence is 391(48.6%). From multivariate logistic regression analysis women being married [AOR:3.85; 95% CI (2.38, 6.22)], high school and above educational status [(AOR: 0.43; 95% CI (0.30, 0.61), women's having > 3children [(AOR: 1.82, 95% CI (1.0, 3.1)], having a household food insecurity[(AOR: 2.09, 95% CI (1.51, 2.91)], having life threatening events [(AOR: 2.09; 95% CI (1.51, 2.91)], moderate social support [(AOR: 0.60; 95% CI (0.41, 0.83)], depression [(AOR: 3.12; 95% CI (1.60, 6.07) were significantly associated with violence by intimate partner at 95% CI . CONCLUSION Intimate partner violence is common among reproductive-age women. Married, women with several children, food insecurity, life-threatening events, and depression were all found to be significant predictors of violence. Measures should be taken to raise community awareness, particularly among intimate partners, their families, and government officials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wondale Getinet
- Department of Psychiatry College of Medicine and Health Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
| | - Telake Azale
- Institute of Public Health College of Medicine and Health Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Eskedar Getie
- Institute of Public Health College of Medicine and Health Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Endalamaw Salelaw
- Department of Psychiatry College of Medicine and Health Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Tadele Amare
- Department of Psychiatry College of Medicine and Health Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Demeke Demilew
- Department of Psychiatry College of Medicine and Health Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Alemu Lemma
- Department of Psychiatry College of Medicine and Health Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Destaw Kibret
- Central Gondar Zonal Health Office, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Abayneh Aklilu
- School of Midwifery College of Medicine and Health Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Techalo Tensae
- Department of Psychiatry College of Medicine and Health Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Mengesha Srahbzu
- Department of Psychiatry College of Medicine and Health Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Shegaye Shumet
- Department of Psychiatry College of Medicine and Health Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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21
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Fetene G, Alie MS, Girma D, Negesse Y. Prevalence and its predictors of intimate partner violence against pregnant women amid COVID-19 pandemic in Southwest Ethiopia, 2021: A cross-sectional study. SAGE Open Med 2022; 10:20503121221079317. [PMID: 35223032 PMCID: PMC8873970 DOI: 10.1177/20503121221079317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Preventive measures like staying-at-home and social distancing are among the top strategies on the list to avert the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 and its consequences. However, this strategy brings off another shadow pandemic of intimate partner violence against women, and no study has been done to assess the magnitude of intimate partner violence against pregnant women during the pandemic in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study was aimed to determine the prevalence of intimate partner violence and its predictors in Southwest Ethiopia amid the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. METHODS A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted, from 15 June 2021 to 15 August 2021, on a total of 590 pregnant women recruited by systematic random sampling techniques. Pretested structured questionnaires were used to collect data, and the data were entered using EpiData version 3.1 and analyzed by SPSS version 24. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify predictors of intimate partner violence. Finally, statistical significance was declared at a p-value <0.05. RESULTS The prevalence of intimate partner violence was 39.2%. Of this, 29.8%, 26.8%, and 22.2% of the pregnant women had experienced physical, sexual, and emotional intimate partner violence, respectively. Being illiterate (adjusted odds ratio = 2.36, 95% confidence interval: 1.33-4.19), having illiterate husbands (adjusted odds ratio = 4.79, 95% confidence interval: 2.69-8.55), household decisions made by the husband alone (adjusted odds ratio = 4.91, 95% confidence interval: 3.74-9.33), and pandemic-induced economic downturns (adjusted odds ratio = 9.03, 95% confidence interval: 5.18-15.98) were the predictors that were significantly associated with intimate partner violence. CONCLUSION The prevalence of intimate partner violence against pregnant women during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has been found to be high in the study area. Thus, more efforts should be tried to integrating intimate partner violence screening in maternal and child healthcare services, and early identification of high-risk individuals, and continuous community-based awareness creation activities are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gossa Fetene
- Department of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mizan–Tepi University, Mizan, Ethiopia
| | - Melsew Setegn Alie
- Department of Reproductive Health and Nutrition, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mizan–Tepi University, Mizan, Ethiopia
| | - Desalegn Girma
- Department of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mizan–Tepi University, Mizan, Ethiopia
| | - Yilkal Negesse
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mizan–Tepi University, Mizan, Ethiopia
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22
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Masa'Deh R, AlMomani MM, Masadeh OM, Jarrah S, Al Ali N. Determinants of husbands' violence against women in Jordan. Nurs Forum 2022; 57:421-428. [PMID: 35106765 DOI: 10.1111/nuf.12700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intimate partner violence (IPV) is the most common form of abuse against women. It comes in the form of physical, sexual, emotional, and controlling behaviors abuse, and affects women's physical and psychological well-being. Perceived social support decreases IPV risk. PURPOSE This study explores the determinants of IPV in J society. METHOD One hundred and eighty-seven women exposed to IPV were recruited from J Women Unions to take part in this cross-sectional prospective quantitative design, administering the Arabic version of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (AVMSPSS) to 187, who also answered the demographic characteristics data sheet. RESULTS Almost 83% of participants perceived that they received lower to moderate PSS. Based on multiple regression, determinants of IPV were PSS, followed by participant education, husband education, participant age, and financial income (p < .001). The number of children and parental level of education showed no statistical significance. CONCLUSION The findings highlight the importance of social support systems among IPV women. Alongside socioeconomic development continuing to increase education among both men and women, there is a need to increase societal awareness and foster social support systems to prevent violence against women and offer resources to affected women, targeted at the most at-risk age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami Masa'Deh
- School of Nursing, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
| | | | - Omayma M Masadeh
- Psychological and Educational Counseling, Relief International, Amman, Jordan
| | - Samiha Jarrah
- School of Nursing, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Nahla Al Ali
- Community and Mental Health, Faculty of Nursing, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
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23
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Shewangzaw Engda A, Dargie Wubetu A, Kasahun Amogne F, Moltot Kitaw T. Intimate partner violence and COVID-19 among reproductive age women: A community-based cross-sectional survey, Ethiopia. WOMEN'S HEALTH (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 18:17455065211068980. [PMID: 35098815 PMCID: PMC8808043 DOI: 10.1177/17455065211068980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Intimate partner violence is one of the most common psychological, physical, and sexual assaults toward women which suit the entire life of women, and nowadays, the magnitude accelerates due to coronavirus pandemic. Hence, this study was aimed to examine the prevalence of intimate partner violence and predictors during coronavirus among childbearing-age residents in Debre Berhan. METHODS A community-based cross-sectional survey was employed from 1 May to 1 July 2020. Eight items of women abuse screening tool were used to estimate intimate partner violence. Trained data collectors directly interview randomly selected participants. The data were entered using Epi-info V. 7 and analyzed using SPSS V. 23. Descriptive statistics were used to determine the prevalence of intimate partner violence and the frequency distribution of other variables. During bivariate analysis, predictor variables with a p-value less than 0.25 were nominated to further analysis. An adjusted odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval was used and a p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULT A total of 700 participants were included with a response rate of 95.1%. The prevalence of intimate partner violence in the past single year was 19% with 95% confidence interval = 16.1-21.9. Besides, the prevalence of emotional (19.9%, 95% confidence interval = 16.9-22.8), sexual (10.9%, 95% confidence interval = 8.6-13.2) and physical (9.4%, 95% confidence interval = 7.3-11.6) violence was reported. Women with depressive symptoms, overweight, suicidal ideation, and body image disturbance were significantly associated with intimate partner violence, but not educational status, employment, income, stressful life events, lifetime alcohol use, suicidal attempt, and abortion. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION Nearly one out of five interviewed participants had intimate partner violence. Being overweight, having poor body image, and having depression increase intimate partner violence. Special preventive measures and treatment, and other legal services should be taken to alleviate the predictor variables and intimate partner violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abayneh Shewangzaw Engda
- Psychiatry Unit, College of Health Sciences and Medicine, Department of Nursing, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
| | - Abate Dargie Wubetu
- Psychiatry Unit, College of Health Sciences and Medicine, Department of Nursing, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
| | - Fetene Kasahun Amogne
- College of Health Sciences and Medicine, Department of Midwifery, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
| | - Tebabere Moltot Kitaw
- College of Health Sciences and Medicine, Department of Midwifery, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
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24
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Rosida L, Mutiara Putri I, Komarudin K, Fajarini N, Suryaningsih EK. The Domestic Violence during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Scoping Review. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2021.7378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The Covid-19 pandemic had brought unexpected challenges in all sectors of life, from the social, economic to health sectors, particularly public health. One of the most worrying effects of Covid-19 is the increase in cases of domestic violence.
Aim : This scoping review was to determine trends in domestic violence during the Covid-19 pandemic and strategies for handling it
Method The method used in this paper is the Scoping Review study. We searched for relevant articles on 4 databases (PubMed, ScienceDirect, ProQuest and EBSco), in English, published in 2019-2021. Of the 434 articles identified, there were 6 articles that met the inclusion criteria.
Result There were 6 themes we got related to domestic violence during the Covid-19 pandemic, namely: 1) The number of cases of domestic violence during the Covid-19 pandemic; 2) Risk factors for domestic violence; 3) Victims and perpetrators of domestic violence; 4) Types of domestic violence; 5) Impact of domestic violence; 6) Strategies for handling domestic violence during the Covid-19 pandemic.
Conclusion The Covid-19 pandemic had an impact on domestic violence cases, where the majority of victims were women and most of whom experienced recurrent domestic violence. The majority of the articles in this scoping review were quantitative research, we recommend that future research can be examined deeper into the understanding, experiences and needs of victims and perpetrators of domestic violence during the Covid-19 pandemic including the roles of cross-sectors and obstacles experienced in handling domestic violence in the future. the covid-19 pandemic. The results of this study are expected to provide input in making policies related to the prevention and reduction of domestic violence cases during the Covid-19 pandemic.
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25
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Ahmed SAE, Changole J, Wangamati CK. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on intimate partner violence in Sudan, Malawi and Kenya. Reprod Health 2021; 18:222. [PMID: 34743711 PMCID: PMC8572572 DOI: 10.1186/s12978-021-01272-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 infection control and prevention measures have contributed to the increase in incidence of intimate partner violence (IPV) and negatively impacted access to health and legal systems. The purpose of this commentary is to highlight the legal context in relation to IPV, and impact of COVID-19 on IPV survivors and IPV prevention and response services in Kenya, Malawi, and Sudan. Whereas Kenya and Malawi have ratified the Convention on Elimination of all forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) and have laws against IPV, Sudan has yet to ratify the convention and lacks laws against IPV. Survivors of IPV in Kenya, Malawi and Sudan have limited access to quality health care, legal and psychosocial support services due to COVID-19 infection control and prevention measures. The existence of laws in Kenya and Malawi, which have culminated into establishment of IPV services, allows a sizable portion of the population to access IPV services in the pandemic period albeit sub-optimal. The lack of laws in Sudan means that IPV services are hardly available and as such, a minimal proportion of the population can access services. Civil society's push in Kenya has led to prioritisation of IPV services. Thus, a vibrant civil society, committed governments and favourable IPV laws, can lead to better IPV services during the COVID-19 pandemic period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma A E Ahmed
- Mother and Child Health Directorate, Sudan Federal Ministry of Health, P.O. Box 303, Khartoum, Sudan.
| | | | - Cynthia Khamala Wangamati
- Department of Community Medicine and Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Blindern, P.O. Box 1130, 0318, Oslo, Norway
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26
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Clemente-Suárez VJ, Martínez-González MB, Benitez-Agudelo JC, Navarro-Jiménez E, Beltran-Velasco AI, Ruisoto P, Diaz Arroyo E, Laborde-Cárdenas CC, Tornero-Aguilera JF. The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Mental Disorders. A Critical Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:10041. [PMID: 34639341 PMCID: PMC8507604 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph181910041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the lives of the worldwide population. Citizens suffer the social, economic, physiological, and psychological effects of this pandemic. Primary sources, scientific articles, and secondary bibliographic indexes, databases, and web pages were used for a consensus critical review. The method was a narrative review of the available literature to summarize the existing literature addressing mental health concerns and stressors related to the COVID-19 pandemic. The main search engines used in the present research were PubMed, SciELO, and Google Scholar. We found the pandemic has had a direct impact on psychopathologies such as anxiety, increasing its ratios, and depression. Other syndromes such as burnout and post-traumatic stress disorder have increased with the pandemic, showing a larger incidence among medical personnel. Moreover, eating disorders and violence have also increased. Public authorities must prepare healthcare systems for increasing incidences of mental pathologies. Mental health apps are one of the tools that can be used to reach the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain;
- Grupo de Investigación en Cultura, Educación y Sociedad, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia
- Studies Centre in Applied Combat (CESCA), 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - Marina Begoña Martínez-González
- Departamento de Ciencias Sociales, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia; (M.B.M.-G.); (J.C.B.-A.)
| | - Juan Camilo Benitez-Agudelo
- Departamento de Ciencias Sociales, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia; (M.B.M.-G.); (J.C.B.-A.)
| | | | | | - Pablo Ruisoto
- Department of Health Sciences, Public University of Navarre, 31006 Pamplona, Spain;
| | | | | | - Jose Francisco Tornero-Aguilera
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain;
- Studies Centre in Applied Combat (CESCA), 45007 Toledo, Spain
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Maji S, Bansod S, Singh T. Domestic violence during COVID-19 pandemic: The case for Indian women. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY & APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 32:374-381. [PMID: 33821118 PMCID: PMC8014493 DOI: 10.1002/casp.2501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Domestic violence is one of the most pernicious gendered ailments of human society. Researchers have confirmed the inevitable consequences of domestic violence (physical, sexual, and emotional) in increased vulnerability to psychopathologies in addition to physical morbidity. Domestic violence cases are vast in India, and the numbers are further aggravated at an alarming rate during the COVID‐19 pandemic. The present study aimed at exploring the cases of domestic violence among Indian women during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Newspapers reporting the incidents of domestic violence during the last 5 years were analysed to explore the issues related to the surge in domestic violence incidents during the COVID‐19 lockdown period. A major increase in domestic violence cases was observed during the COVID‐19 period as compared to the previous years. Also, the cases were higher during the initial phases of the pandemic but gradually decreased as time progressed.The impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on women was unprecedented and worse than before. Home containment as a measure to protect the health and well‐being of the general public has resulted in increased sufferings for women in terms of both sufferings from diseases and increased domestic violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sucharita Maji
- Department of Humanities & Social Sciences Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Kanpur India
| | | | - Tushar Singh
- Department of Psychology Banaras Hindu University Varanasi Uttar Pradesh India
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