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Schultz K, Taylor E, McKinney S, Hamby S. Exploring strengths, psychological functioning and youth victimization among American Indians and Alaska Natives in four southern states. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2024; 148:106197. [PMID: 37208233 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identifying factors that support healthy psychological functioning after experiencing violence or other adversities in youth can lead to better prevention and intervention efforts. This is particularly important among communities with disproportionately high rates of adversity resulting from legacies of social and political injustices, such as American Indian and Alaska Native populations. METHODS Data were pooled from four studies in the southern U.S. to examine a subsample of American Indian/Alaska Native participants (N = 147; mean age 28.54 years, SD = 16.3). Using the resilience portfolio model, we investigate the impact of three categories of psychosocial strengths (regulatory, meaning making, and interpersonal) on psychological functioning (subjective well-being and trauma symptoms), controlling for youth victimization, lifetime adversities, age, and gender. RESULTS In examining subjective well-being, the full model accounted for 52 % of the variance, with strengths explaining more variance than adversities (45 % vs 6 %). For trauma symptoms, the full model accounted for 28 % of the variance, with strengths and adversities accounting nearly equally for the variance (14 % and 13 %). DISCUSSION Psychological endurance and sense of purpose showed the most promise for bolstering subjective well-being while poly-strengths (having a diversity of multiple strengths) was most predictive of fewer trauma symptoms. Building psychosocial strengths offers promising strategies for prevention and intervention in Native nations and communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Schultz
- University of Michigan School of Social Work, 1080 S University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA,.
| | - Elizabeth Taylor
- Life Paths Research Center, Oakland University, 654 Pioneer Drive, Pryale Hall, Rochester, MI 48309, USA.
| | - Sherise McKinney
- University of Michigan School of Social Work, 1080 S University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Sherry Hamby
- Life Paths Research Center, University of the South, PO Box 187, Sewanee, TN 37375, USA.
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Angelino AC, Burns J, LaForme C, Giroux R. Missing and murdered Indigenous women, girls, and Two Spirit people: a paediatric health crisis. THE LANCET. CHILD & ADOLESCENT HEALTH 2023; 7:741-746. [PMID: 37451299 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-4642(23)00135-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Indigenous children and adolescents across the USA and Canada experience increased emotional, physical, and sexual violence resulting from the longstanding effects of colonialism and historical trauma. There is a substantial lack of research exploring these issues and scarce efforts outside of Indigenous communities to support victims. However, the association between exposure to violence and abuse and adverse health outcomes among Indigenous children and adolescents is clear. In this Viewpoint, we explore this association, discuss historical context, highlight important work by governments and community organisations, and suggest actions for paediatricians and paediatric health-care providers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra C Angelino
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Joseph Burns
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Cheyenne LaForme
- Department of Pediatrics, Northern Ontario School of Medicine University, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada
| | - Ryan Giroux
- Department of Pediatrics, St Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Flett GL, Casale S, Stoakes A, Nepon T, Su C. Mattering, substance use, and addictive behaviors: review, analysis, and implications for treatment and prevention. J Ethn Subst Abuse 2023:1-34. [PMID: 37733489 DOI: 10.1080/15332640.2023.2218283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
In the current article, we examine mattering to others as a relational resource and discuss how feelings of not mattering are uniquely implicated in addiction and substance use. We describe the mattering construct and how it is conceptualized, and we comprehensively review existing evidence based primarily on research with adolescents that links feelings of not mattering with addictive tendencies in general, and specific tendencies (e.g., excessive drinking and drug use and excessive social media use). A central premise of this article is the need to take race and ethnicity into account when considering the potential link between feelings of not mattering and substance use among young people with minority status and various ethnicities who may be especially prone to feeling marginalized and insignificant as a result of adverse experiences reflecting being ostracized and not socially accepted. Potential models of drinking and addictive tendencies that can easily incorporate the mattering construct are also outlined to underscore the conceptual relevance of feelings of not mattering to others. Mattering is also considered in terms of how internalization (i.e., not mattering to oneself) potentiates impulsive and risky behavior. Our article concludes with discussion of the implications for treatment and prevention in addiction and substance use and directions for future research that should further illuminate the role of feelings of not mattering to others and not mattering to oneself.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Chang Su
- York University, Toronto, Canada
- Brandon University, Brandon, Canada
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Edwards KM, Lim S, Huff M, Herrington R, Leader Charge L, Littleton H. Rates and Correlates of Intimate Partner Violence Among Indigenous College Students: A Multi-Campus Study. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023; 38:7852-7866. [PMID: 36714950 DOI: 10.1177/08862605221150945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Research suggests that Indigenous girls, women, and LGBTQ+ Two-Spirit people experience disproportionately high rates of intimate partner violence (IPV), but there is a dearth of research on IPV among Indigenous college students. Therefore, the current study sought to explore rates of IPV victimization and perpetration among Indigenous college students, as well as correlates including depressive and anxious symptoms, emotion dysregulation, on-campus social support, and hazardous drinking. Participants were 230 undergraduate students who identified as American Indian/Alaska Native attending 20 medium- and large-sized universities across the contiguous U.S. Results indicated that 28.9% of Indigenous students reported any type of IPV victimization in the past 6 months (psychological: 24.5%; physical: 9.1%; sexual: 9.8%; coercive control: 12.4%). Further, 18.3% of Indigenous students reported any type of IPV perpetration in the past 6 months (psychological: 16.9%; physical: 4.5%; sexual: 2.6%; coercive control: 7.1%). Anxious and depressive symptoms were related to many forms of IPV victimization; emotion dysregulation was related to all forms of IPV victimization and sexual IPV perpetration; and hazardous drinking was related to most forms of IPV victimization and perpetration. These findings underscore the alarmingly high rates of IPV among Indigenous college students as well as the potential deleterious effects of IPV victimization on psychological functioning, as well as the need to concurrently address hazardous alcohol use in IPV prevention and response efforts.
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Edwards KM, Camp EA, Wheeler L, Chen D, Waterman EA, Banyard VL. A Latent Transition Model of the Effects of a Youth-Led Sexual Violence Prevention Initiative on Victimization and Perpetration Trajectories Over Time. J Adolesc Health 2023; 72:977-984. [PMID: 36872117 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2023.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Latent transition analysis was used to characterize transitions over time in profiles of victimization and perpetration of sexual and related forms of violence (i.e., bullying, dating violence, sexual harassment) over a 2.5-year period among middle and high school students. We also examined how profiles of violence varied as a function of participation in a youth-led sexual violence prevention initiative (Youth Voices in Prevention [Youth VIP]). METHODS Participants were 2,528 youth (53.3% female, average age = 13.73 years) who completed a survey at five points (every six months) over three academic years (fall 2017-fall 2019). Participation in Youth VIP was tracked by researchers and took place from summer 2018 to fall 2019. RESULTS Four classes (i.e., low violence class, victimization only class, sexual harassment class, mixed violence class) best captured patterns of victimization and perpetration experiences. The latent transition analysis showed that the least severe class had the highest stability, with the fewest students transitioning out of this class over time. Results also demonstrated that, overall, participation in at least one Youth VIP event, compared to not participating in any Youth VIP events, related to positive transitions over time to less severe classes. DISCUSSION Violence experienced by youth is not homogenous, although classes of violence among youth are generally stable over a 2.5 period. Results also provide further evidence that Youth VIP is a promising approach to prevent sexual and related forms of violence and appears to promote transition into less severe classes of violence over time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily A Camp
- University of Nebraska Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | | | - Donna Chen
- University of Nebraska Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
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Elenwo C, Hendrix-Dicken A, Lin V, Gatewood A, Chesher T, Escala M, Hartwell M. Racial discrimination among children in the United States from 2016 to 2020: an analysis of the National Survey of Children's Health. J Osteopath Med 2023; 123:103-111. [PMID: 36351287 DOI: 10.1515/jom-2022-0175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Sociological research has linked racism and discrimination among children to poorer health outcomes and social conditions later in life. OBJECTIVES Given the change in the political climate in the United States, highly publicized deaths of Black men and women by police, and the rise in hate crimes against Asian Americans from 2016 through 2020, our primary objective was to assess trends in racial or ethnic discrimination among children in the United States. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of the National Survey of Children's Health (NSCH), a nationally representative survey, utilizing data from 2016 to 2020. We calculated yearly population estimates of whether a child had experienced discrimination based on race/ethnicity via a parent-reported item. We further divided the estimates by race/ethnicity and plotted linear trends over time. RESULTS Data from the NSCH show that racial/ethnic discrimination reported by parents of children who are minorities increased from 6.7% in 2016 to approximately 9.3% in 2020. Indigenous children were reported to experience discrimination at high rates ranging from 10.8% in 2016 to 15.7% in 2020, as well as Black children ranging from 9.69% in 2018 to 15.04% in 2020. The percent of Asian, Hawaiian or Pacific Islander, and Hispanic children reported to have experience discrimination was between 4.4 and 6.8% during this time. CONCLUSIONS Discrimination negatively impacts the developmental experiences of children, disproportionately affecting those identifying as Indigenous and Black. Therefore, addressing harmful stereotyping of Indigenous and Black cultures is necessary, especially in media targeted toward children. Providing culturally competent healthcare, critically in the Indigenous and Black pediatric population, may improve long-term outcomes by reducing discriminatory barriers to healthcare access.
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Affiliation(s)
- Covenant Elenwo
- Office of Medical Student Research, Oklahoma State University College of Osteopathic Medicine at Cherokee Nation, Tahlequah, OK, USA
| | - Amy Hendrix-Dicken
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma School of Community Medicine, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | - Vanessa Lin
- Office of Medical Student Research, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | - Ashton Gatewood
- Office of Medical Student Research, Oklahoma State University College of Osteopathic Medicine at Cherokee Nation, Tahlequah, OK, USA
| | - Tessa Chesher
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | - Michelle Escala
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma School of Community Medicine, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | - Micah Hartwell
- Office of Medical Student Research, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK, USA
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Edwards KM, Siller L, Wheeler LA, Charge LL, Charge DPL, Bordeaux S, Herrington R, Hopfauf SL, Simon B. Effectiveness of a Sexual Assault Self-defense Program for American Indian Girls. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP13245-NP13267. [PMID: 33813945 DOI: 10.1177/0886260521997942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effectiveness of a 6-session (12-hour) empowerment self-defense classroom delivered curriculum (i.e., IMpower) among American Indian girls. Girls (N = 74) in one middle school and two high schools on an Indian Reservation in the Great Plains region of the United States received the intervention and completed a pre-test and a post-test six months following the final program session. The surveys administered assessed hypothesized intermediary (i.e., efficacy to resist a sexual assault, self-defense knowledge), primary (i.e., sexual violence victimization), and secondary (i.e., physical dating violence, sexual harassment) outcomes. Native American girls (N = 181) in five middle schools and three high schools in a nearby city where there was no sexual assault prevention occurring completed surveys assessing sexual violence, physical dating violence, and sexual harassment victimization approximately six months apart, thus serving as a comparison to girls in the treatment condition on primary and secondary outcomes. Girls exposed to the IMpower program reported significant increases over time in efficacy to resist a sexual assault and knowledge of effective resistance strategies. Furthermore, propensity score analyses suggested that girls who received the IMpower program reported significantly fewer types of sexual assault and sexual harassment at follow-up compared to girls in the control condition. However, no effect was found for physical dating violence. These data suggest that empowerment self-defense is a promising approach in preventing sexual assault and sexual harassment among American Indian girls.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Simone Bordeaux
- Rosebud Sioux Tribe Health Administration, Rosebud, SD, United States
| | - Ramona Herrington
- University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
- Oglala Sioux Tribe, Pine Ridge, SD, United States
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