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Sarembe S, Michler N, Ufer C, Kiesow A. In Vitro Model to Evaluate the Development of Discolorations on Human Enamel Caused by Treatment with Mouth Rinses and Black Tea Considering Brushing. Eur J Dent 2024; 18:925-932. [PMID: 38262467 PMCID: PMC11290939 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1777047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The study aimed to develop and test an in vitro model to investigate the staining potential of mouth rinses on human enamel, considering alternating intake of black tea and tooth brushing, thus mimicking the situation in the oral cavity more realistically. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eight mouth rinses with six different active ingredients (benzydamine hydrochloride [BNZ], polyhexamethylene biguanide hydrochloride [PHMB], chlorhexidine digluconate [CHX], hexetidine gluconate [HEX], octenidine dihydrochloride [OCT] and octenidine dihydrochloride + 2-phenoxyethanol [OCTP]) and concentrations were tested. Sets of six halved human molar crowns were initially pretreated by soaking in artificial saliva (30 min). Afterward, the cyclic treatment was started by soaking in artificial saliva (2 min), staining with black tea (1 min), brushing with toothpaste (5 s), and soaking in the mouth rinse (30 s). Samples were rinsed with distilled water after each treatment step. The cyclic treatment was repeated 30 times, mimicking the consumer behavior after 15 days. Photographic images were taken after 0, 10, 20, and 30 cycles. Color measurements were conducted after each staining and brushing step using a VITA-Easyshade spectrophotometer to determine the difference in lightness ∆L and the total color difference ∆E. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Analysis of variance and post-hoc Tukey test (α = 0.05) were applied. RESULTS The new testing model with included brushing sequences allowed to assess the staining behavior on human teeth and provided a clear differentiation between the different investigated products. In detail, up to cycle 10, ΔE values increased for all mouth rinses with each additional cycle number. However, while ΔE values continued to increase for 0.15% BNZ, 0.1% PHMB, and 0.2% CHX between treatment cycle 10 and 30, ΔE values only slightly increased after treatment with 0.08% OCTP, 0.1% OCTP, 0.1% OCT, and 0.1% HEX. After 20 and 30 cycles, significantly less staining was found for 0.08% OCTP, 0.1% OCT, 0.1% HEX as compared to 0.2% CHX, 0.15% BNZ, and 0.1% PHMB (p < 0.05). ΔE-values were significantly lower after treatment with 0.1% OCTP as compared to 0.2% CHX1 and 0.2% CHX2 (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION The proposed new methodology was found to be appropriate for assessing the staining progression of mouth rinses over a simulated application period of 15 days. The model allows differentiation of products with different active ingredients and concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Sarembe
- Fraunhofer Institute for Microstructure of Materials and Systems IMWS, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Nicole Michler
- Fraunhofer Institute for Microstructure of Materials and Systems IMWS, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Carolin Ufer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Microstructure of Materials and Systems IMWS, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Andreas Kiesow
- Fraunhofer Institute for Microstructure of Materials and Systems IMWS, Halle (Saale), Germany
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Dukanovic Rikvold P, Skov Hansen LB, Meyer RL, Jørgensen MR, Tiwari MK, Schlafer S. The Effect of Enzymatic Treatment with Mutanase, Beta-Glucanase, and DNase on a Saliva-Derived Biofilm Model. Caries Res 2023; 58:68-76. [PMID: 38154453 PMCID: PMC10997270 DOI: 10.1159/000535980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The dental biofilm matrix is an important determinant of virulence for caries development and comprises a variety of extracellular polymeric substances that contribute to biofilm stability. Enzymes that break down matrix components may be a promising approach to caries control, and in light of the compositional complexity of the dental biofilm matrix, treatment with multiple enzymes may enhance the reduction of biofilm formation compared to single enzyme therapy. The present study investigated the effect of the three matrix-degrading enzymes mutanase, beta-glucanase, and DNase, applied separately or in combinations, on biofilm prevention and removal in a saliva-derived in vitro-grown model. METHODS Biofilms were treated during growth to assess biofilm prevention or after 24 h of growth to assess biofilm removal by the enzymes. Biofilms were quantified by crystal violet staining and impedance-based real-time cell analysis, and the biofilm structure was visualized by confocal microscopy and staining of extracellular DNA (eDNA) and polysaccharides. RESULTS The in vitro model was dominated by Streptococcus spp., as determined by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. All tested enzymes and combinations had a significant effect on biofilm prevention, with reductions of >90% for mutanase and all combinations including mutanase. Combined application of DNase and beta-glucanase resulted in an additive effect (81.0% ± 1.3% SD vs. 36.9% ± 21.9% SD and 48.2% ± 14.9% SD). For biofilm removal, significant reductions of up to 73.2% ± 5.5% SD were achieved for combinations including mutanase, whereas treatment with DNase had no effect. Glucans, but not eDNA decreased in abundance upon treatment with all three enzymes. CONCLUSION Multi-enzyme treatment is a promising approach to dental biofilm control that needs to be validated in more diverse biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pernille Dukanovic Rikvold
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Health, Section for Oral Ecology, Cariology, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Novozymes A/S, Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Rikke Louise Meyer
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Faculty of Natural Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | | | - Sebastian Schlafer
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Health, Section for Oral Ecology, Cariology, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Bhavana S, Nallamilli SM, Thippani M, Gundapaneni N, Sahitya Y, Keerthi Reddy V, Dey S, Takkella BK, Prabhat MV, Venkata Anusha N. Spectrophotometric Analysis and Determination of Anti-inflammatory Effect of Punica granatum and Woodfordia fruticosa in Subjects With Chronic Periodontitis - A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. Cureus 2023; 15:e50654. [PMID: 38229772 PMCID: PMC10790239 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.50654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Long-term use of chemical plaque control methods has led to adverse effects. In the current scenario, herbal mouthwashes have adequately remediated periodontal disease. Moreover, in the salivary interactome, biomarkers such as salivary amylase, a key protein secreted in the saliva, have been immensely useful in detecting the progression of periodontal disease. Therefore, we aimed to determine the anti-inflammatory effect of ethanolic crude extracts of Woodordiafruticosa leaf and Punicagranatum peel and to estimate salivary amylase levels in subjects diagnosed with chronic periodontitis. METHODOLOGY Ethanolic extracts of both plants were prepared using the soxhlet extraction method, and the obtained metabolites were confirmed by thin-layer chromatography. After a mouthwash was prepared, 100 subjects were randomly divided into two groups. Group I received Punica peel (Pgp) mouthwash, and Group II received Woodfordialeaf (Wfl). Clinical parameters such as probing depth and clinical attachment loss were recorded to determine the grades of periodontitis. Unstimulated whole saliva was collected, and amylase levels were analyzed at three-time intervals using spectrophotometric assay. RESULTS For both groups, the mean reduction in salivary amylase levels was calculated at baseline after 1 hour and 1 week of using the mouthwash. A statistically highly significant reduction was seen with (p=0.000*) at the 1-hr interval in Group I. CONCLUSION The anti-inflammatory effect was more effective with Pgp mouthwash when compared to Wfl mouthwash.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujanamulk Bhavana
- Oral Medicine and Radiology, Drs Sudha and Nageswara Rao Siddhartha Institute of Dental Sciences, Vijayawada, IND
| | | | | | - Namratha Gundapaneni
- Oral Medicine and Radiology, Drs Sudha and Nageswara Rao Siddhartha Institute of Dental Sciences, Vijayawada, IND
| | - Yamini Sahitya
- Pediatric Dentistry, Yamini Dental Clinic and Implant Centre, Berhampur, IND
| | - Vummadi Keerthi Reddy
- Oral Medicine and Radiology, Kamineni Institute of Dental Sciences, Narketpally, IND
| | - Subhra Dey
- Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Deoghar, IND
| | - Bharani Krishna Takkella
- Oral Medicine and Radiology, Drs Sudha and Nageswara Rao Siddhartha Institute of Dental Sciences, Vijayawada, IND
| | - Mp Venkata Prabhat
- Oral Medicine and Radiology, Drs Sudha and Nageswara Rao Siddhartha Institute of Dental Sciences, Vijayawada, IND
| | - Nayanala Venkata Anusha
- Oral Medicine and Radiology, Drs Sudha and Nageswara Rao Siddhartha Institute of Dental Sciences, Vijayawada, IND
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Potocka W, Assy Z, Bikker FJ, Laine ML. Current and Potential Applications of Monoterpenes and Their Derivatives in Oral Health Care. Molecules 2023; 28:7178. [PMID: 37894657 PMCID: PMC10609285 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28207178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant products have been employed in medicine for centuries. As the world becomes more health-conscious, there is a growing interest in natural and minimally processed products for oral health care. This has led to an increase in research into the bioactive compounds found in plant products, particularly monoterpenes. Monoterpenes are known to have beneficial biological properties, but the specific mechanisms by which they exert their effects are not yet fully understood. Despite this, some monoterpenes are already being used in oral health care. For example, thymol, which has antibacterial properties, is an ingredient in varnish used for caries prevention. In addition to this, monoterpenes have also demonstrated antifungal, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory properties, making them versatile for various applications. As research continues, there is potential for even more discoveries regarding the benefits of monoterpenes in oral health care. This narrative literature review gives an overview of the biological properties and current and potential applications of selected monoterpenes and their derivatives in oral health care. These compounds demonstrate promising potential for future medical development, and their applications in future research are expected to expand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiktoria Potocka
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (Z.A.); (F.J.B.)
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Zainab Assy
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (Z.A.); (F.J.B.)
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Floris J. Bikker
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (Z.A.); (F.J.B.)
| | - Marja L. Laine
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
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Weber J, Bonn EL, Auer DL, Kirschneck C, Buchalla W, Scholz KJ, Cieplik F. Preprocedural mouthwashes for infection control in dentistry-an update. Clin Oral Investig 2023:10.1007/s00784-023-04953-z. [PMID: 37079156 PMCID: PMC10116478 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-023-04953-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Aerosols and splatter are routinely generated in dental practice and can be contaminated by potentially harmful bacteria or viruses such as SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, preprocedural mouthwashes containing antiseptic agents have been proposed as a potential measure for infection control in dental practice. This review article aims to summarize the clinical (and, if insufficient, preclinical) evidence on preprocedural mouthwashes containing antiseptic agents and to draw conclusions for dental practitioners. METHODS Literature on preprocedural mouthwashes for reduction of bacterial or viral load in dental aerosols was searched and summarized. RESULTS Preprocedural mouthwashes, particularly those containing chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX), cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), or essential oils (EO), can significantly reduce the bacterial load in dental aerosols. With respect to viruses such as HSV-1, there are too little clinical data to draw any clear recommendations. On the other hand, clinical data is consolidating that CPC-containing mouthwashes can temporarily reduce the intraoral viral load and infectivity in SARS-CoV-2 positive individuals. Nevertheless, potential risks and side effects due to regular antiseptic use such as ecological effects or adaptation of bacteria need to be considered. CONCLUSIONS The use of preprocedural mouthwashes containing antiseptics can be recommended according to currently available data, but further studies are needed, particularly on the effects on other viruses besides SARS-CoV-2. When selecting a specific antiseptic, the biggest data basis currently exists for CHX, CPC, EO, or combinations thereof. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Preprocedural mouthwashes containing antiseptics can serve as part of a bundle of measures for protection of dental personnel despite some remaining ambiguities and in view of potential risks and side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Weber
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Eva L Bonn
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - David L Auer
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang Buchalla
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Konstantin J Scholz
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Cieplik
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
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Radzki D, Wilhelm-Węglarz M, Pruska K, Kusiak A, Ordyniec-Kwaśnica I. A Fresh Look at Mouthwashes-What Is Inside and What Is It For? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19073926. [PMID: 35409608 PMCID: PMC8997378 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19073926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mouthwashes are a very popular additional oral hygiene element and there are plenty of individual products, whose compositions are in a state of flux. The aim of our study was to investigate the compositions of mouthwashes and their functions, as well as to discuss their effectiveness in preventing and curing oral diseases and side effects. We searched for mouthwashes available on the market in Poland. We identified 241 individual mouthwash products. The extraction of compositions was performed and functions of the ingredients were assessed. Then, analysis was performed. The evaluation revealed that there are plenty of ingredients, but a typical mouthwash is a water–glycerine mixture and consists of additional sweetener, surfactant, preservative, and some colourant and flavouring agent, as well as usually having two oral health substances, anticaries sodium fluoride and antimicrobial essential oils. The effectiveness or side effects of several substances of mouthwashes were thoroughly discussed. We recommend not multiplying individual mouthwash products and their ingredients beyond medical or pharmaceutical necessity, especially without scientific proof.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Radzki
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Mucosa Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-208 Gdańsk, Poland;
- Division of Molecular Bacteriology, Institute of Medical Biotechnology and Experimental Oncology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-58-349-1667
| | - Marta Wilhelm-Węglarz
- Department of Dental Prosthetics, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-208 Gdańsk, Poland; (M.W.-W.); (I.O.-K.)
| | - Katarzyna Pruska
- Division of Molecular Bacteriology, Institute of Medical Biotechnology and Experimental Oncology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Aida Kusiak
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Mucosa Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-208 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Iwona Ordyniec-Kwaśnica
- Department of Dental Prosthetics, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-208 Gdańsk, Poland; (M.W.-W.); (I.O.-K.)
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Evaluation of Mouthwash Containing Citrus hystrix DC., Moringa oleifera Lam. and Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Leaf Extracts on Dental Plaque and Gingivitis. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10061153. [PMID: 34204096 PMCID: PMC8226465 DOI: 10.3390/plants10061153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Oral hygiene and control of microbial plaque biofilm formation are effective methods for preventing gingivitis. Mouthwashes containing leaf extracts of the medicinal plants Citrus hystrix DC. (KL), Moringa oleifera Lam. (MO) and Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (NE) were assessed for oral healthcare and gingivitis adjunctive treatment. Three types of mouthwash were developed; KL, a combination of KL and MO (KL + MO), and a combination of KL, and NE (KL + NE). The mouthwashes were tested in vivo on 47 subjects with gingivitis who were allocated into five groups as (i) placebo, (ii) KL, (iii) KL + MO, (iv) KL + NE, and (v) 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX). Participants were instructed to rinse with herbal mouthwash twice daily for two weeks. Gingival index (GI), plaque index (PI), and oral microbial colonies were measured at baseline and 15 days. Results showed that GI and PI of groups (ii)–(iv) significantly decreased over the placebo group, while accumulative reduction percentages of both Staphylococcus spp. and Candida spp. were found in groups (iii) and (iv). Findings indicated that the herbal mouthwashes reduced GI and PI, and showed potential as oral healthcare products.
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Flemming J, Meyer-Probst CT, Speer K, Kölling-Speer I, Hannig C, Hannig M. Preventive Applications of Polyphenols in Dentistry-A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4892. [PMID: 34063086 PMCID: PMC8124254 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyphenols are natural substances that have been shown to provide various health benefits. Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-carcinogenic effects have been described. At the same time, they inhibit the actions of bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Thus, studies have also examined their effects within the oral cavity. This review provides an overview on the different polyphenols, and their structure and interactions with the tooth surface and the pellicle. In particular, the effects of various tea polyphenols on bioadhesion and erosion have been reviewed. The current research confirms that polyphenols can reduce the growth of cariogenic bacteria. Furthermore, they can decrease the adherence of bacteria to the tooth surface and improve the erosion-protective properties of the acquired enamel pellicle. Tea polyphenols, especially, have the potential to contribute to an oral health-related diet. However, in vitro studies have mainly been conducted. In situ studies and clinical studies need to be extended and supplemented in order to significantly contribute to additive prevention measures in caries prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Flemming
- Clinic of Operative Dentistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, D-01307 Dresden, Germany; (J.F.); (C.H.)
| | - Clara Theres Meyer-Probst
- Clinic of Operative Dentistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, D-01307 Dresden, Germany; (J.F.); (C.H.)
| | - Karl Speer
- Special Food Chemistry and Food Production, TU Dresden, Bergstraße 66, D-01069 Dresden, Germany; (K.S.); (I.K.-S.)
| | - Isabelle Kölling-Speer
- Special Food Chemistry and Food Production, TU Dresden, Bergstraße 66, D-01069 Dresden, Germany; (K.S.); (I.K.-S.)
| | - Christian Hannig
- Clinic of Operative Dentistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, D-01307 Dresden, Germany; (J.F.); (C.H.)
| | - Matthias Hannig
- Clinic of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, University Hospital, Saarland University, Building 73, D-66421 Homburg, Germany;
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Nandlal B, Sreenivasan PK, Shashikumar P, Devishree G, Bettahalli Shivamallu A. A randomized clinical study to examine the oral hygiene efficacy of a novel herbal toothpaste with zinc over a 6-month period. Int J Dent Hyg 2021; 19:440-449. [PMID: 33866666 DOI: 10.1111/idh.12505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This clinical investigation examined the effects of brushing with a test toothpaste containing natural ingredients, that is, clove (Syzgium Aromaticum), aloe vera (Aloe Barbadensis), amla (Emblica Officinalis), neem (Azadirachta Indica), tulsi (Ocimum Basillicum) and honey (from Apis Mellifera) along with zinc salts and fluoride in comparison with a dentifrice formulated with fluoride alone on dental plaque and gingivitis over a 6-month period. MATERIALS AND METHOD One hundred and eighty (180) subjects with mean plaque index scores greater than 1.5 (Turesky Modified Quigley Hein Plaque Index) and gingival index scores >1.0 (Loe and Silness gingival index) in good general health and who met other study criteria were enrolled in the clinical study. Subjects were evaluated for plaque and gingival index scores and were randomly assigned to perform twice-daily oral hygiene with either the test or the control toothpaste for the next 6 months. One hundred and fifty (150) subjects [test toothpaste (n = 72) and control toothpaste (n = 78)] completed the 6-month clinical study with evaluable data. Post-treatment assessments identical to baseline were conducted after 3-month and 6-month use of an assigned product after subjects refrained from oral hygiene for 12 h prior to each evaluation. Comparisons of the treatment groups with respect to baseline-adjusted gingival, plaque, and bleeding index scores at the follow-up examinations were performed using analyses of covariance (ANCOVA). All statistical tests of hypotheses were two-sided and employed a level of significance of p < 0.05. RESULTS No significant intergroup differences were noted between treatment groups for age and gender by two-sample t-test and chi-square analyses, respectively (p > 0.05). Furthermore, the treatment groups demonstrated no differences at baseline for plaque, gingival and bleeding index scores by a two-sample t-test (p > 0.05). At 3-month and 6-month examination, the test toothpaste exhibited progressive reductions in plaque, gingival and bleeding scores as compared to control toothpaste as showed by ANCOVA (p < 0.001). In comparison with the control, the test demonstrated reductions in 23.5%, 25.6%, and 73.3% for dental plaque, gingival index and bleeding index outcomes, respectively, at the final visit. Reductions in the frequencies of sites with higher clinical scores were noted over the study with more sites registering improvements in the test group than in the control group. CONCLUSIONS Routine oral hygiene with the test toothpaste formulated with herbal ingredients and zinc demonstrated a clinical adjunctive improvement in oral hygiene and parameters of gingival health as compared to brushing with a fluoride toothpaste.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Nandlal
- Department of Pediatric & Preventive Dentistry, JSS Dental College and Hospital, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (Deemed to be University, Mysore, India
| | - Prem K Sreenivasan
- HITLAB, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Oral Biology, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Pratibha Shashikumar
- Department of Periodontics, JSS Dental College and Hospital, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (Deemed to be University, Mysore, India
| | - G Devishree
- Department of Pediatric & Preventive Dentistry, JSS Dental College and Hospital, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (Deemed to be University, Mysore, India
| | - Avinash Bettahalli Shivamallu
- Department of Periodontics, JSS Dental College and Hospital, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (Deemed to be University, Mysore, India
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Nayyar A, C. S, J. S, Almansour N, Almalaq S, Alnasrallah F, Alshammari TN, Alshammari M. Comparison of Commercially Available 0.12% And 0.2% Chlorhexidine Mouthrinses on Plaque and Gingiva: A Randomized Controlled Trial. DENTAL HYPOTHESES 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/denthyp.denthyp_62_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Korkmaz YN, Bulut M. Effect of mouthwashes on the discoloration of bracket-bonded tooth surfaces: an in vitro study. Clin Oral Investig 2020; 24:3855-3861. [PMID: 32198659 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-020-03251-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This in vitro study aimed to investigate the color changes of the bracket-bonded tooth surfaces after the use of 4 different mouthwashes. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 100 human premolar teeth were randomly divided into 10 equal groups. Color values (L*a*b*) of the buccal surfaces of each tooth were assessed using a digital spectrophotometer. Then the brackets were bonded. The groups were put either in sterile saline (4 test+1 control) or artificial saliva (4 test+1 control) solutions, and test groups were immersed in their mouthwashes (Colgate Plax, Listerine Cool Mint, Klorhex, and Tantum Verde) for 1 min each in the morning/evening to simulate the mouth washing for 21 days after the bonding. After the debonding and finishing procedures, final color measurements were performed. Color changes (∆E) were calculated. RESULTS All of the parameters showed statistically significant differences among the groups. The least noticeable color changes were detected in the control groups. The most noticeable color change (ΔE) was observed in the Tantum Verde + artificial saliva group, followed by Tantum Verde + sterile saline and Klorhex + artificial saliva groups, all of which were significantly higher than the control groups. CONCLUSION The use of mouthwashes during orthodontic treatment may cause noticeable changes in tooth color. Listerine Cool Mint may be the choice of mouthwash with its less discoloring effects. Artificial saliva should be preferred in similar in vitro studies to reflect the oral environment better. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Mouthwash use during orthodontic treatment may result in different levels of enamel discoloration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasemin Nur Korkmaz
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey.
| | - Musa Bulut
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
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Senkus KE, Crowe-White KM. Influence of mouth rinse use on the enterosalivary pathway and blood pressure regulation: A systematic review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2019; 60:2874-2886. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2019.1665495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn E. Senkus
- Department of Human Nutrition, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
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Léber A, Budai-Szűcs M, Urbán E, Vályi P, Gácsi A, Berkó S, Kovács A, Csányi E. Combination of Zinc Hyaluronate and Metronidazole in a Lipid-Based Drug Delivery System for the Treatment of Periodontitis. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E142. [PMID: 30934537 PMCID: PMC6471433 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11030142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite being a highly prevalent disease and a possible contributor to adult tooth loss, periodontitis possesses no well-established therapy. The aim of the recent study was the development and evaluation of a mucoadhesive monophase lipid formulation for the sustained local delivery of amoxicillin, metronidazole, and/or zinc hyaluronate or gluconate. METHODS To investigate our formulations, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, swelling, erosion, mucoadhesivity, drug release, and antimicrobial measurements were performed. RESULTS Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) results show that the loaded drugs are in a suspended form, the softening of the formulations starts at body temperature, but a part remains solid, providing sustained release. Swelling of the lipid compositions is affected by the hydrophilic components, their concentration, and the strength of the coherent lipid structure, while their erosion is impacted by the emulsification of melted lipid components. CONCLUSIONS Results of drug release and antimicrobial effectiveness measurements show that a sustained release may be obtained. Amoxicillin had higher effectiveness against oral pathogens than metronidazole or zinc hyaluronate alone, but the combination of the two latter could provide similar effectiveness to amoxicillin. The applied mucoadhesive polymer may affect adhesivity, drug release through the swelling mechanism, and antimicrobial effect as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Léber
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Szeged 6720, Hungary.
| | - Mária Budai-Szűcs
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Szeged 6720, Hungary.
| | - Edit Urbán
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged 6720, Hungary.
| | - Péter Vályi
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Szeged, Szeged 6720, Hungary.
| | - Attila Gácsi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Szeged 6720, Hungary.
| | - Szilvia Berkó
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Szeged 6720, Hungary.
| | - Anita Kovács
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Szeged 6720, Hungary.
| | - Erzsébet Csányi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Szeged 6720, Hungary.
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Stability and efficacy of combined nystatin and chlorhexidine against suspensions and biofilms of Candida albicans. Arch Oral Biol 2018; 89:70-76. [PMID: 29477025 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Nystatin and chlorhexidine are extensively used in oral medicine; however, there is some controversy about the possibility of these drugs showing antagonism. To clarify this issue, this study investigated the efficacy and stability of nystatin and chlorhexidine in combination. DESIGN An in vitro study was conducted to analyze the effect of nystatin and chlorhexidine combined on Candida albicans ATCC 18804, using the drugs mixed as a single formulation and as independent formulations used sequentially with different time intervals between them. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and effects on C. albicans suspensions and biofilms were evaluated. Also, the stability of nystatin and chlorhexidine in a mixture was tested by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). RESULTS When nystatin and chlorhexidine were mixed in a single formulation, there was no significant difference in MIC compared to that of the drugs used alone (as the only treatment). However, when these drugs were used as independent formulations, sequentially with time intervals in between, their MICs were higher than the respective MIC of the drug used alone, except for the MIC of chlorhexidine with a 10-min interval. Nystatin/chlorhexidine combinations showed lower activity against C. albicans biofilms, except for that with a 30-min interval. The drugs when combined showed high percentages of degradation at all the times evaluated. CONCLUSIONS The combination of nystatin and chlorhexidine seems to interfere with the efficacy of the drugs and to increase their rate of degradation.
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Scheibler E, Garcia MCR, Medina da Silva R, Figueiredo MA, Salum FG, Cherubini K. Use of nystatin and chlorhexidine in oral medicine: Properties, indications and pitfalls with focus on geriatric patients. Gerodontology 2017; 34:291-298. [DOI: 10.1111/ger.12278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elusa Scheibler
- Dental College; Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - Maria Claudia Rosa Garcia
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Microbiologia; Faculdade de Biociências; Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS); Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - Renata Medina da Silva
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Microbiologia; Faculdade de Biociências; Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS); Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | | | | | - Karen Cherubini
- Dental College; Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre RS Brazil
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Abstract
Clinical trials of anticalculus agents in dentifrices published since 1989 have been reviewed. There are several methods for assessment of the growth of calculus, but the most widely applied is the Volpe-Manhold scoring method . The crystal growth inhibitors, pyrophosphate and zinc citrate, have received the greatest attention in trials of anticalculus agents. Prolongation of their activity in the mouth after teeth were brushed with the toothpaste has been sought by the use of materials which themselves have substantivity, or by the inclusion of other agents which will convey substantivity to the active ingredient. The copolymer of polyvinylmethyl ether and maleic acid anhydride has been found to increase the anticalculus efficacy of pyrophosphates, and it appears also to increase the retention of an antimicrobial, Triclosan, in plaque. The anticalculus activity of zinc is enhanced when combined with the antimicrobial Triclosan. Trials have demonstrated a retention of anticalculus and anticaries activity when fluorides are incorporated with pyrophosphate or zinc citrate in a dentifrice. Thus, dentifrices can be formulated to offer "total" oral health care. The newer dentifrice preparations containing an anticalculus agent with baking soda have been the subject of several trials which suggest that baking soda does not interfere with the activity of the anticalculus agents. The association between calculus and disease is far from clear, but there is evidence that calculus, both sub- and supragingivally, may be linked to gingival recession in heavy-calculus-formers. More research is needed to clarify the role of supragingival calculus in periodontal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Adams
- University of Wales College of Medicine Department of Basic Dental Sciences Dental School Heath Park Cardiff, Wales Addres for correspondence: 77 Lavemock Road, Penarth South Glamorgan CF64 3NY, Wales
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Rothman AJ, Martino SC, Bedell BT, Detweiler JB, Salovey P. The Systematic Influence of Gain-and Loss-Framed Messages on Interest in and Use of Different Types of Health Behavior. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0146167299259003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Framing health messages systematically in terms of either gains or losses influences the behaviors that people adopt. Rothman and Salovey proposed that the relative influence of gain-and loss-framed messages is contingent on people’s perception of the risk or uncertainty associated with adopting the recommended behavior. Specifically, loss-framed messages are more effective when promoting illness-detecting (screening) behaviors, but gain-framed messages are more effective when promoting health-affirming (prevention) behaviors. Two experiments provide a direct test of this conceptual framework. In Experiment 1, participants’ willingness to act after reading about a new disease was a function of how the information was framed and the type of behavior promoted. Experiment 2 replicated and extended these findings with a real health concern—gum disease. Gain-framed pamphlets heightened interest in a plaque-fighting mouth rinse, whereas loss-framed pamphlets heightened interest in a plaque-detecting disclosing rinse. Research on message framing provides a theoretically based guide for the development of effective health messages.
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18
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Dhavan AA, Ionescu AC, Kaduskar RD, Brambilla E, Dallavalle S, Varoni EM, Iriti M. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of 2,3-pyrrolidinedione derivatives against oral pathogens. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:1376-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.01.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Dhingra K, Vandana KL. Effectiveness of Azadirachta indica (neem) mouthrinse in plaque and gingivitis control: a systematic review. Int J Dent Hyg 2016; 15:4-15. [PMID: 26876277 DOI: 10.1111/idh.12191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the effectiveness of Azadirachta indica (neem)-based herbal mouthrinse in improving plaque control and gingival health. METHODS Literature search was accomplished using electronic databases (PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and EMBASE) and manual searching, up to February 2015, for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) presenting clinical data for efficacy of neem mouthrinses when used alone or as an adjunct to mechanical oral hygiene as compared to chlorhexidine mouthrinses for controlling plaque and gingival inflammation in patients with gingivitis. RESULTS Of the total 206 articles searched, three randomized controlled trials evaluating neem-based herbal mouthrinses were included. Due to marked heterogeneity observed in study characteristics, meta-analysis was not performed. These studies reported that neem mouthrinse was as effective as chlorhexidine mouthrinse when used as an adjunct to toothbrushing in reducing plaque and gingival inflammation in gingivitis patients. However, the quality of reporting and evidence along with methods of studies was generally flawed with unclear risk of bias. CONCLUSION Despite the promising results shown in existing randomized controlled trials, the evidence concerning the clinical use of neem mouthrinses is lacking and needs further reinforcement with high-quality randomized controlled trials based on the reporting guidelines of herbal CONSORT statement.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Dhingra
- Department of Periodontology, Centre for Dental Education and Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - K L Vandana
- Department of Periodontology and Implantology, College of Dental Sciences, Davangere, Karnataka, India
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Di Cerbo A, Palmieri B, Aponte M, Morales-Medina JC, Iannitti T. Mechanisms and therapeutic effectiveness of lactobacilli. J Clin Pathol 2015; 69:187-203. [PMID: 26578541 PMCID: PMC4789713 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2015-202976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiome is not a silent ecosystem but exerts several physiological and immunological functions. For many decades, lactobacilli have been used as an effective therapy for treatment of several pathological conditions displaying an overall positive safety profile. This review summarises the mechanisms and clinical evidence supporting therapeutic efficacy of lactobacilli. We searched Pubmed/Medline using the keyword ‘Lactobacillus’. Selected papers from 1950 to 2015 were chosen on the basis of their content. Relevant clinical and experimental articles using lactobacilli as therapeutic agents have been included. Applications of lactobacilli include kidney support for renal insufficiency, pancreas health, management of metabolic imbalance, and cancer treatment and prevention. In vitro and in vivo investigations have shown that prolonged lactobacilli administration induces qualitative and quantitative modifications in the human gastrointestinal microbial ecosystem with encouraging perspectives in counteracting pathology-associated physiological and immunological changes. Few studies have highlighted the risk of translocation with subsequent sepsis and bacteraemia following probiotic administration but there is still a lack of investigations on the dose effect of these compounds. Great care is thus required in the choice of the proper Lactobacillus species, their genetic stability and the translocation risk, mainly related to inflammatory disease-induced gut mucosa enhanced permeability. Finally, we need to determine the adequate amount of bacteria to be delivered in order to achieve the best clinical efficacy decreasing the risk of side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Di Cerbo
- School of Specialization in Clinical Biochemistry, "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Beniamino Palmieri
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical Specialties, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Medical School, Surgical Clinic, Modena, Italy
| | - Maria Aponte
- Department of Agriculture, University of Naples "Federico II", Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Julio Cesar Morales-Medina
- Centro de Investigación en Reproducción Animal, CINVESTAV- Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, México
| | - Tommaso Iannitti
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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Keukenmeester RS, Slot DE, Rosema NAM, Van der Weijden GA. Determination of a comfortable volume of mouthwash for rinsing. Int J Dent Hyg 2015; 10:169-74. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5037.2012.00565.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- RS Keukenmeester
- School of Dental Hygiene; Inholland University of Applied Sciences; Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Department of Periodontology; Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA); University of Amsterdam and VU University; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - DE Slot
- Department of Periodontology; Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA); University of Amsterdam and VU University; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - NAM Rosema
- Department of Periodontology; Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA); University of Amsterdam and VU University; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - GA Van der Weijden
- Department of Periodontology; Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA); University of Amsterdam and VU University; Amsterdam The Netherlands
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van Dijken JWV, Koistinen S, Ramberg P. A randomized controlled clinical study of the effect of daily intake of Ascophyllum nodosum alga on calculus, plaque, and gingivitis. Clin Oral Investig 2015; 19:1507-18. [PMID: 25511384 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-014-1383-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to evaluate, in a randomized controlled cross-over study, the effect of daily intake of the alga Ascophyllum nodosum on supragingival calculus, plaque formation, and gingival health over a 6-month period. MATERIAL AND METHODS Sixty-one adults with moderate to heavy calculus formation since their last yearly recall visit participated. In a randomized order over two 6-month periods, they swallowed two capsules daily, comprising a total of 500 mg dried marine alga powder (Ascophyllum nodosum, ProDen PlaqueOff®) or two negative control tablets. During the study, the participants maintained their regular oral habits. Their teeth were professionally cleaned at the start of each period and after the 6-month registrations. A wash out period of 1 month separated the two 6-month periods. Supragingival calculus (Volpe Manhold), gingivitis (Löe and Silness), gingival bleeding (Ainamo and Bay), and plaque (Quigley-Hein) were registered at screening and at the end of the two periods. Differences in oral health between the test and control periods were analyzed using a paired t test and Wilcoxon signed rank test. RESULTS Fifty-five participants completed the study. After the alga intake, the mean calculus reduction was 52% compared to the control (p < 0.0001). Fifty-two participants showed less calculus formation in the alga group than in the control group. Plaque (p = 0.008) and gingival bleeding (p = 0.02) were also significantly less in the alga group. However, no significant difference was found between the groups for gingivitis (p = 0.13). CONCLUSIONS The alga intake significantly reduced the formation of supragingival calculus and plaque and occurrence of gingival bleeding. The alga has a systemic effect on oral health. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Daily intake of the alga Ascophyllum nodosum as an adjunct to customary oral hygiene showed a major reduction of supragingival calculus formation and reduced plaque formation. In addition, the calculus in the alga group was characterized by a more porous and less solid structure and was easier to remove than the calculus in the control group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan W V van Dijken
- Department of Odontology, Dental School Umeå, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden,
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23
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Justus B, Sirajuddin S, Gundapaneni V, Biswas S, MN K, MP R. Iatrogenic Damage to the Periodontium by Chemicals and Dental Materials. Open Dent J 2015; 9:223-7. [PMID: 26312092 PMCID: PMC4541370 DOI: 10.2174/1874210601509010223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The toxicity and tissue reactions to dental materials are receiving more attention as a wide variety of materials are used and as federal agencies demonstrate more concern in this area. A further indication of the importance of the interaction of materials and tissues is the development of recommended standard practices and tests for the biological interaction of materials.
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Genovesi A, Barone A, Toti P, Covani U. The efficacy of 0.12% chlorhexidine versus 0.12% chlorhexidine plus hyaluronic acid mouthwash on healing of submerged single implant insertion areas: a short-term randomized controlled clinical trial. Int J Dent Hyg 2015; 15:65-72. [PMID: 26084554 DOI: 10.1111/idh.12158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The study was performed to evaluate the incidence of post-surgical adverse events at submerged implant sites as well as the antiplaque, antigingivitis and antistaining effects in the entire dentition of patients treated with two mouthwashes. METHODS The present randomized controlled clinical study considered 40 patients subjected to dental implant treatment. Two 0.12% chlorhexidine mouthwashes were compared for 15 days: one with 0.1% hyaluronic acid (CHX⊗HYL group) and one without it (CHX group). Surgical outcome variables, and plaque, gingival, and staining indexes were recorded. RESULTS Significant differences were found between the two rinses regarding the presence of oedema within 2 days after surgery (20% for the CHX⊗HYL group and 78% for the CHX group). No other significant differences were recorded between the two mouthwashes. No intergroup differences in plaque, staining and gingivitis indexes were registered. The intragroup analysis revealed that for the plaque and gingival indexes, the differences between the baseline values (before surgery) and those at 15 days were all found to be significant just for CHX⊗HYL rinse, with final values ranging from 0.18 to 0.23 for the plaque index and from 0.06 to 0.07 for the gingival index. The staining index increased for both mouthwash types with significant results (with final value of 0.19 and 0.31 for CHX⊗HYL and CHX groups, respectively). CONCLUSIONS In the sites of patients subjected to dental implant placement, an additional anti-oedematigenous effect in early healing seemed to be disclosed for 0.12% CHX⊗HYL mouthwash. Regarding antiplaque and antigingivitis activities, HYL seemed to be ineffective.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Genovesi
- Department of Surgery, Medical Molecular and Critical Area Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Tuscan Stomatologic Institute, Versilia General Hospital, Lido di Camaiore, Lucca, Italy
| | - A Barone
- Department of Surgery, Medical Molecular and Critical Area Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Tuscan Stomatologic Institute, Versilia General Hospital, Lido di Camaiore, Lucca, Italy
| | - P Toti
- Department of Surgery, Medical Molecular and Critical Area Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Tuscan Stomatologic Institute, Versilia General Hospital, Lido di Camaiore, Lucca, Italy
| | - U Covani
- Department of Surgery, Medical Molecular and Critical Area Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Tuscan Stomatologic Institute, Versilia General Hospital, Lido di Camaiore, Lucca, Italy
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Marya CM, Chopra M, Oberoi SS, Nagpal R, Dhingra C. Comparison of Antimicrobial Efficacy of Brazilian Propolis With Chlorhexidine and Sodium Fluoride Against Common Oral Pathogens: An In Vitro Study. Jundishapur J Nat Pharm Prod 2015. [DOI: 10.17795/jjnpp-19069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Naiktari RS, Gaonkar P, Gurav AN, Khiste SV. A randomized clinical trial to evaluate and compare the efficacy of triphala mouthwash with 0.2% chlorhexidine in hospitalized patients with periodontal diseases. J Periodontal Implant Sci 2014; 44:134-40. [PMID: 24921057 PMCID: PMC4050230 DOI: 10.5051/jpis.2014.44.3.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ritam S Naiktari
- Department of Periodontology, Tatyasaheb Kore Dental College & Research Centre, Kolhapur, India
| | - Pratima Gaonkar
- Department of Periodontology, Tatyasaheb Kore Dental College & Research Centre, Kolhapur, India
| | - Abhijit N Gurav
- Department of Periodontology, Tatyasaheb Kore Dental College & Research Centre, Kolhapur, India
| | - Sujeet V Khiste
- Department of Periodontology, Tatyasaheb Kore Dental College & Research Centre, Kolhapur, India
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Gupta D, Bhaskar DJ, Gupta RK, Karim B, Gupta V, Punia H, Batra M, Jain A, Agarwal A, Singh P. Effect ofTerminalia chebulaExtract and Chlorhexidine on Salivary pH and Periodontal Health: 2 Weeks Randomized Control Trial. Phytother Res 2013; 28:992-8. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Devanand Gupta
- Department of Public Health Dentistry; Teerthanker Mahaveer Dental College and Research Centre; Moradabad Uttar Pradesh India
| | - D. J. Bhaskar
- Department of Public Health Dentistry; Teerthanker Mahaveer Dental College and Research Centre; Moradabad Uttar Pradesh India
| | | | - Bushra Karim
- Department of Public Health Dentistry; Teerthanker Mahaveer Dental College and Research Centre; Moradabad Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Vipul Gupta
- Department of Public Health Dentistry; Teerthanker Mahaveer Dental College and Research Centre; Moradabad Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Himanshu Punia
- Department of Public Health Dentistry; Teerthanker Mahaveer Dental College and Research Centre; Moradabad Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Manu Batra
- Department of Public Health Dentistry; Teerthanker Mahaveer Dental College and Research Centre; Moradabad Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Ankita Jain
- Department of Public Health Dentistry; Teerthanker Mahaveer Dental College and Research Centre; Moradabad Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Amit Agarwal
- Department of O.M.F.S; Seema Dental College and Hospital; Rishikesh Uttrakhand India
| | - Pradeep Singh
- Department of Pharmacognosy; Teerthanker Mahaveer College of Pharmacy; Moradabad Uttar Pradesh India
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Biofilm Formation on Composite Resins for Dental Restorations: An in Situ Study on the Effect of Chlorhexidine Mouthrinses. Int J Artif Organs 2012; 35:792-9. [DOI: 10.5301/ijao.5000165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Biofilm formation on the surface of dental restorative materials by oral bacteria is considered an important step in the development of secondary caries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in situ effect of a chlorhexidine (CHX)-containing mouthrinse on the biofilm formation occurring on the surface of human enamel and of two resin-based commercially available materials: a silorane-based material (Filtek Silorane®) and a methacrylate-based material (Filtek Supreme XT®). Methods 53 disks were obtained for each of the two composites and 37 disks for enamel. The surface was characterized by determining the surface roughness and the surface free energy of 5 samples for each of the three materials tested, then the remaining samples were mounted on splints worn by 16 volunteers. The participants were randomly divided into two groups: an experimental group that used 0.12% CHX-based mouthrinse and a control group that used a placebo mouthrinse. Biofilm formation on the different surfaces after a 24 h period was assessed using MTT assay. Results The two composites in the group treated with the placebo mouthrinse showed a similar biofilm formation, which was significantly higher than that occurring on enamel surfaces. The CHX-based mouthrinse significantly reduced biofilm formation on the surfaces of the two resin-based materials when compared with the placebo mouthrinse. The reduction was particularly relevant on the Filtek Silorane surfaces. Conclusions The new silorane-based material seems to interact with CHX in a promising way from the point of view of biofilm formation control.
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Lipids in preventive dentistry. Clin Oral Investig 2012; 17:669-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-012-0835-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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30
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Cho HB, Lee HH, Lee OH, Choi HS, Choi JS, Lee BY. Clinical and microbial evaluation of the effects on gingivitis of a mouth rinse containing an Enteromorpha linza extract. J Med Food 2012; 14:1670-6. [PMID: 22145775 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2011.1710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteromorpha linza, a green alga, has been recognized as a potential source of natural antimicrobial and antifungal compounds. We previously reported that an E. linza extract strongly inhibited the growth of Prevotella intermedia and Porphyromonas gingivalis. The principal objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical effect of a mouth rinse containing the E. linza extract on gingivitis disease, as measured by the plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), and bleeding on probing (BOP), and on two bacterial strains (P. intermedia and P. gingivalis), in comparison with Listerine(®) (Listerine-Korea, Seoul, Korea), which was used as a positive control. In total, 55 subjects were recruited into active participation in this clinical study. The PI, GI, BOP, and bacterial strains were then evaluated over a test period of 6 weeks. After 1, 2, 4, and 6 weeks, the same clinical indices were recorded, and the levels of P. intermedia and P. gingivalis were quantified via real-time polymerase chain reaction. At the end of the study, the group using the mouth rinse containing the E. linza extract evidenced significant reductions in the clinical indices (PI, GI, and BOP) and P. gingivalis compared with baseline values. Moreover, E. linza extract containing mouth rinse produced effects similar to those of Listerine. Overall, these results indicate that a mouth rinse containing E. linza extract significantly reduces plaque, improves the condition of gingival tissues, and reduces bleeding. Additionally, E. linza extract mouth rinse significantly inhibits P. gingivalis and P. intermedia. Thus, this clinical study demonstrated that the twice-daily use of an E. linza extract mouth rinse can inhibit and prevent gingivitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Bin Cho
- Graduate School of Complementary and Alternative Medicine, CHA University, Kyonggi, Korea
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Ajami AA, Bahari M, Oskoee SS, Kimyai S, Kahnamoui MA, Rikhtegaran S, Ghaffarian R. Effect of three different mouthrinses on microleakage of composite resin restorations with two adhesive systems after bleaching with 10% carbamide peroxide. J Contemp Dent Pract 2012; 13:16-22. [PMID: 22430688 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
AIM The aim was to evaluate the effects of Oral-B (OB), Listerine (LN) and Rembrandt Plus (RM) mouthrinses on microleakage of composite resin restorations bonded with two adhesive systems after bleaching with 10% carbamide peroxide. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 60 Cl V cavities were prepared on human premolars. The occlusal and gingival margins were placed 1 mm occlusal to and apical to CEJ respectively. The teeth were randomly divided into two groups based on the adhesive system used: Excite (EX) and Clearfil SE Bond (CSE) groups. After composite resin restoration of cavities, thermocycling and bleaching with 10% carbamide peroxide for 2 hours daily for 14 days, the teeth in each adhesive group were further subdivided into three subgroups and were immersed for 12 hours in the three OB, RM and LN mouthrinses. The teeth were then placed in 2% basic fuschin for 24 hours. After dissecting the teeth, microleakage was evaluated under a stereomicroscope at 16×. Data was analyzed with multifactor ANOVA and Bonferroni test at p < 0.05. RESULTS Microleakage with EX was significantly higher than that with CSE (p = 0.009). Microleakage at gingival margins was significantly higher than that at occlusal margins (p = 0.15). Microleakage with OB was higher than that with LN (p = 0.02). However, there were no significant differences in microleakage between LN and RM (p = 1) and between RM and OB (p = 0.15). In addition, with the EX adhesive system, microleakage with OB was higher than that with LN and RM (p = 0.02). CONCLUSION In the present study, microleakage of composite resin restorations was influenced by the type of the adhesive system, mouthrinse type and the location of the cavity margin. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Use of some mouthrinses, such as OB after bleaching can increase postrestoration microleakage of resin composite restorations bonded with etch-and-rinse adhesive systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Ahmad Ajami
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Van Leeuwen MPC, Slot DE, Van der Weijden GA. Essential oils compared to chlorhexidine with respect to plaque and parameters of gingival inflammation: a systematic review. J Periodontol 2010; 82:174-94. [PMID: 21043801 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2010.100266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this review is to systematically evaluate the effects of an essential-oil mouthwash (EOMW) compared to a chlorhexidine mouthwash with respect to plaque and parameters of gingival inflammation. METHODS PubMed/MEDLINE and Cochrane CENTRAL databases were searched for studies up to and including September 2010 to identify appropriate articles. A comprehensive search was designed, and the articles were independently screened for eligibility by two reviewers. Articles that evaluated the effects of the EOMW compared to chlorhexidine mouthwash were included. Where appropriate, a meta-analysis was performed, and weighted mean differences (WMDs) were calculated. RESULTS A total of 390 unique articles were found, of which 19 articles met the eligibility criteria. A meta-analysis of long-term studies (duration ≥ 4 weeks) showed that the chlorhexidine mouthwash provided significantly better effects regarding plaque control than EOMW (WMD: 0.19; P = 0.0009). No significant difference with respect to reduction of gingival inflammation was found between EOMW and chlorhexidine mouthwash (WMD: 0.03; P = 0.58). CONCLUSION In long-term use, the standardized formulation of EOMW appeared to be a reliable alternative to chlorhexidine mouthwash with respect to parameters of gingival inflammation.
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Lourith N, Kanlayavattanakul M. Review Article: Oral malodour and active ingredients for treatment. Int J Cosmet Sci 2010; 32:321-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2494.2010.00585.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Lemos CA, Villoria GEM. Reviewed evidence about the safety of the daily use of alcohol-based mouthrinses. Braz Oral Res 2009; 22 Suppl 1:24-31. [PMID: 19838548 DOI: 10.1590/s1806-83242008000500005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2008] [Accepted: 07/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Current scientific knowledge provides clear evidence that alcohol-based mouthwashes can be beneficial in a daily oral health routine, including dental hygiene and plaque control. Several issues are worth discussing, in spite of the wealth of supporting evidence. Despite some undesirable effects to some people, like burning sensation, and some contraindications, like the use by infants, alcohol addicts and patients with mucosal injuries, there is no reason to avoid the use of alcohol-containing mouthwashes as long as they are used following proper guidance by dental professionals and the manufacturers' instructions. The alleged correlation between oral cancer and alcohol-based mouthrinses presents so little, weak, inconsistent and even contradictory evidence in the literature that any kind of risk warning to patients would be uncalled for. Antimicrobial mouthrinses are safe and effective in reducing plaque and gingivitis, and should be part of a comprehensive oral health care regimen that includes brushing, flossing and rinsing to prevent or minimize periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celso Augusto Lemos
- Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Versteeg PA, Rosema NAM, Hoenderdos NL, Slot DE, Van der Weijden GA. The plaque inhibitory effect of a CPC mouthrinse in a 3-day plaque accumulation model - a cross-over study. Int J Dent Hyg 2009; 8:269-75. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5037.2009.00421.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Doran AL, Verran J. A clinical study on the effect of the prebiotic inulin in the control of oral malodour. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/08910600701521279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna louise Doran
- School of Biology, Chemistry and Health Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Joanna Verran
- School of Biology, Chemistry and Health Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
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Sona CS, Zack JE, Schallom ME, McSweeney M, McMullen K, Thomas J, Coopersmith CM, Boyle WA, Buchman TG, Mazuski JE, Schuerer DJE. The impact of a simple, low-cost oral care protocol on ventilator-associated pneumonia rates in a surgical intensive care unit. J Intensive Care Med 2009; 24:54-62. [PMID: 19017665 DOI: 10.1177/0885066608326972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a simple low-cost oral care protocol on ventilator-associated pneumonia rates in a surgical intensive care unit. DESIGN Preintervention and postintervention observational study. SETTING Twenty-four bed surgical/trauma/burn intensive care units in an urban university hospital. PATIENTS All mechanically ventilated patients that were admitted to the intensive care unit between June 1, 2004 and May 31, 2005. INTERVENTIONS An oral care protocol to assist in prevention of bacterial growth of plaque by cleaning the patients' teeth with sodium monoflurophosphate 0.7% paste and brush, rinsing with tap water, and subsequent application of a 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate chemical solution done twice daily at 12-hour intervals. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS During the preintervention period from June 1, 2003 to May 31, 2004, there were 24 infections in 4606 ventilator days (rate = 5.2 infections per 1000 ventilator days). After the institution of the oral care protocol, there were 10 infections in 4158 ventilator days, resulting in a lower rate of 2.4 infections per 1000 ventilator days. This 46% reduction in ventilator-associated pneumonia was statistically significant (P = .04). Staff compliance with the oral care protocol during the 12-month period was also monitored biweekly and averaged 81%. The total cost of the oral care protocol was US$2187.49. There were 14 fewer cases of ventilator-associated pneumonia, which led to a decrease in cost of US$140 000 to US$560 000 based on the estimated cost per ventilator-associated pneumonia infection of US$10 000 to US$40 000. There was an overall reduction in ventilator-associated pneumonia without a change to the gram-negative or gram-positive microorganism profile. CONCLUSIONS The implementation of a simple, low-cost oral care protocol in the surgical intensive care unit led to a significantly decreased risk of acquiring ventilator-associated pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie S Sona
- Departments of Nursing, Barnes-Jewish Hospital, St Louis, Missouri, USA.
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Nascimento AP, Tanomaru JMG, Matoba-Júnior F, Watanabe E, Tanomaru-Filho M, Ito IY. Maximum inhibitory dilution of mouthwashes containing chlorhexidine and polyhexamethylene biguanide against salivary Staphylococcus aureus. J Appl Oral Sci 2009; 16:336-9. [PMID: 19089230 PMCID: PMC4327599 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-77572008000500006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2007] [Accepted: 06/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The aim of the present study was to determine the in vitro maximum inhibitory dilution (MID) of two chlorhexidine-based oral mouthwashes (CHX): Noplak®, Periogard®, and one polyhexamethylene biguanide-based mouthwash (PHMB): Sanifill Premium® against 28 field Staphylococcus aureus strains using the agar dilution method. Materials and Methods: For each product, decimal dilutions ranging from 1/10 to 1/655,360 were prepared in distilled water and added to Mueller Hinton Agar culture medium. After homogenization, the culture medium was poured onto Petri dishes. Strains were inoculated using a Steers multipoint inoculator and dishes were incubated at 37°C for 24hours. For reading, MID was considered as the maximum dilution of the mouthwash still capable of inhibiting microbial growth. Results: Sanifill Premium® inhibited the growth of all strains at 1/40 dilution and of 1 strain at 1/80 dilution. Noplak® inhibited the growth of 23 strains at 1/640 dilution and of all 28 strains at 1/320 dilution. Periogard® showed inhibited growth of 7 strains at 1/640 dilution and of all 28 strains at 1/320 dilution. Data were submitted to Kruskal-Wallis statistical test, showing significant differences between the mouthwashes evaluated (p<0.05). No significant difference was found between Noplak® and Periogard® (p>0.05). Sanifill Premium® was the least effective (p<0.05). Conclusion: It was concluded that CHX-based mouthwashes present better antimicrobial activity against S. Aureus than the PHMB-based mouthwash.
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Sheen S, Owens J, Addy M. The effect of toothpaste on the propensity of chlorhexidine and cetyl pyridinium chloride to produce staining in vitro: a possible predictor of inactivation. J Clin Periodontol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2001.280107.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kreth J, Zhu L, Merritt J, Shi W, Qi F. Role of sucrose in the fitness of Streptococcus mutans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 23:213-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-302x.2007.00413.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Treatment protocol to control Streptococcus mutans level in an orthodontic patient with high caries risk. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2008; 133:91-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2006.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2006] [Revised: 03/07/2006] [Accepted: 03/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Pratten J, Pasu M, Jackson G, Flanagan A, Wilson M. Modelling oral malodour in a longitudinal study. Arch Oral Biol 2003; 48:737-43. [PMID: 14550375 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9969(03)00154-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop an in vitro model of the tongue microflora in order to assess anti-malodour compounds before clinical evaluation. Biofilms, derived from the tongue microflora, were grown in a constant depth film fermentor (CDFF) with nutrients supplied in the form of mucin- and serum-containing artificial saliva. Differential agars and a halimeter were used to determine the bacterial microflora and production of volatile sulphur compounds (VSCs), respectively. The resulting biofilms had a bacterial population which contained, on average, 29% streptococci, 48% Gram-negative anaerobes and 2.5% with an H2S-producing phenotype. When the biofilms were pulsed with either chlorhexidine or zinc acetate there was a reduction in the number of H2S-producing bacteria, however these counts subsequently recovered as pulsing continued. The generation of VSCs was correlated to the viable counts of the H2S-producing bacteria. By pulsing with anti-malodour compounds over time we observed a reduction in the quantity of VSCs produced and a change in the composition of the plaque to one which contained fewer H2S-producing bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Pratten
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Eastman Dental Institute for Oral Health Care Sciences, University College London, 256 Gray's Inn Road, London WC1X 8LD, UK.
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Arweiler NB, Auschill TM, Baguley N, Netuschil L, Sculean A. Efficacy of an amine fluoride-triclosan mouthrinse as compared to the individual active ingredients. J Clin Periodontol 2003; 30:192-6. [PMID: 12631176 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-051x.2003.10250.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of the clinical study was to examine the antibacterial and plaque-reducing properties of mouthrinses containing triclosan (TRI), amine fluoride (AmF), and the combination of both (AFT) on 4-day plaque regrowth. A placebo solution (PLA) and a 0.2% chlorhexidine solution (CHX) served as negative and positive controls, respectively. MATERIALS AND METHODS After a professional tooth cleaning (day 0), 15 volunteers refrained from all mechanical oral hygiene measures for the next 96 h and rinsed instead twice daily for 1 min with 10 ml of one of the five randomly assigned solutions. Plaque index (PlI), which was assessed after 24 and 96 h (PlI1, PlI2), and plaque area of the front teeth (PA), which was planimetrically recorded from disclosed teeth after 96 h, served as clinical parameters. After 24 and 96 h a plaque sample was taken and analyzed microbiologically to evaluate biofilm vitality (VF1, VF2). The subsequent test cycles were conducted after a washout period of 10 days each. RESULTS No severe adverse events or allergy were seen during the study. CHX influenced all parameters at all time points in comparison to PLA. AFT and AmF showed very similar values (in all parameters), but AmF did not reach the level of significance regarding VF1, nor did AFT with VF2 and PlI1. The TRI solution only reduced PlI2 and PA significantly, but had no influence on biofilm vitality when compared to PLA. CONCLUSION A synergism between AmF and TRI was not observed. The results suggest that the plaque-reducing and antibacterial effects of the AFT solution are mainly based on the effects of the amine fluoride moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole B Arweiler
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany.
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Doron S, Friedman M, Falach M, Sadovnic E, Zvia H. Antibacterial effect of parabens against planktonic and biofilm Streptococcus sobrinus. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2001; 18:575-8. [PMID: 11738348 DOI: 10.1016/s0924-8579(01)00436-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Tooth decay is an infectious disease caused by bacteria immobilized on the tooth surfaces. Eradication of these bacteria, for example Streptococcus sobrinus (S. sobrinus), from the oral cavity is essential in the prevention and treatment of tooth decay. We have tested the antimicrobial effect of several paraben derivatives such as methyl (MP), ethyl (EP), propyl (PP) and butyl (BP) against immobilized and planktonic S. sobrinus. The antibacterial effect was as follows: MP>EP>PP=BP on immobilized bacteria and MP>EP=PP>BP on planktonic bacteria. An antibacterial synergistic effect was found between several combinations of parabens on immobilized and planktonic S. sobrinus. Our results indicate that parabens are potential antibacterial agents against immobilized or planktonic bacteria found in the oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Doron
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah, P.O. Box 12272, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Kockisch S, Rees GD, Young SA, Tsibouklis J, Smart JD. A direct-staining method to evaluate the mucoadhesion of polymers from aqueous dispersion. J Control Release 2001; 77:1-6. [PMID: 11689254 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-3659(01)00444-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A novel technique to evaluate polymer adhesion to human buccal cells following exposure to aqueous polymer dispersion, both in vitro and in vivo, is described. Adhering polymer has been visualised by staining with 0.1% (w/v) of either Alcian blue (60 min) or Eosin (10 min) solution, uncomplexed dye being removed by 0.25 M sucrose washings. The extent of polymer adhesion was quantified by measuring the relative staining intensity of control and polymer-treated cells by image analysis. In vitro, Carbopol 974P, polycarbophil (Noveon AA-1) and chitosan (CL 113) were found to adhere to human buccal cells from 0.10% (w/w) aqueous dispersions of these polymers. Following in vivo administration as a mouthwash, these polymers persisted upon the human buccal mucosa for at least 1 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kockisch
- Biomaterials and Drug Delivery Group, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK
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Abstract
Chlorhexidine, a bis-cationic biguanide antiseptic, greatly reduces the perceived intensity of the salty prototype sodium chloride and may prove to be an important probe of mechanisms that underlie the human salty taste quality. Chlorhexidine, which tastes bitter, also reduces quinine hydrochloride taste intensity, but neither sweet sucrose nor sour citric acid is affected. Perceptual intensity rating and quality identification were measured for human subjects before and for 30 min following treatment with 1.34 mM chlorhexidine gluconate. In one experiment, test stimuli were the taste-quality prototypes; in a second experiment, stimuli were series of sodium, halide and sulfate salts. Experiment 1 showed a single 3-min chlorhexidine treatment resulted in reductions in taste intensity that persisted for at least 30 min. Experiment 2 showed a single 2-min chlorhexidine treatment reduced perceptual intensities of halide and sulfate salts except those with divalent cations. Chlorhexidine impaired identification of the salty quality and produced a bitter quality in nonbitter salts and impaired identification of the bitter quality of quinine, but not bitter salts. The specific effect of chlorhexidine on the bitterness of quinine suggests it may bind to the same receptor as quinine. The ability of chlorhexidine to specifically disrupt saltiness of a wide range of salts is consistent with proposed peripheral transduction mechanisms for the salty quality that involve transepithelial ion transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Frank
- Division of Neurosciences, Department of Oral Diagnosis, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Taste and Smell Center MC 1718, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-1718, USA.
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Sheen S, Owens J, Addy M. The effect of toothpaste on the propensity of chlorhexidine and cetyl pyridinium chloride to produce staining in vitro: a possible predictor of inactivation. J Clin Periodontol 2001; 28:46-51. [PMID: 11142666 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-051x.2001.280107.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Cationic antiseptics such as chlorhexidine (CHX) and cetyl pyridinium chloride (CPC) interact with dietary chromogens to produce extrinsic stain, and this can be used as a measure of activity of products. The aim of these studies in vitro was to determine if toothpaste influenced the tea staining effects of CHX and CPC as a predictor of action in vivo. METHOD Clear acrylic specimens were soaked in pooled human saliva followed by sequential 2-min soaks in pairs of agents, namely 0.05% CHX, 0.05% CPC, 0.2% CHX, water (W) and toothpaste slurry (TP). The combinations were; TP/CHX, CHX/TP, TP/CPC, CPC/TP, W/CHX, CHX/W, W/CPC, CPC/W, TP/W, W/TP, W/W. These treatments were followed by a 60 min soak in tea. Optical density readings were taken at baseline and after each of 8 cycles. RESULTS In the separate CHX and CPC studies by comparison with W/CHX, TP/0.05% CHX had little effect on staining, but TP/0.2% CHX showed a reduction in staining of 18%. 0.05% CHX/TP reduced staining by >40%, and 0.2% CHX by >78%. TP/CPC reduced staining by >26% and CPC/TP by 80%. Water after 0.2% CHX, 0.05% CHX and CPC reduced staining by 18%, 13% and 17% respectively. Little staining was seen with TP and W combinations. The data for CHX are in agreement with a study in vivo except TP followed by CHX reduced the activity of CHX. CONCLUSION Toothpaste appears to adversely affect the activity of CHX and CPC particularly if used immediately after the antiseptics. The data further supports the concept of separating the use of antiseptics until sometime after the use of toothpaste, and the idea of developing mouthwash friendly toothpastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sheen
- Division of Restorative Dentistry, Dental School, Bristol, UK
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Steinberg D, Hirschfeld Z, Tayeb I, Ben-Yosef S, David A, Friedman M. The effect of parabens in a mouthwash and incorporated into a sustained release varnish on salivary bacteria. J Dent 1999; 27:101-6. [PMID: 10071466 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-5712(98)00040-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of parabens, in a mouthwash and in a slow release device, against cariogenic bacteria in the oral cavity. METHODS Parabens were formulated in a mouthwash or in a topical slow release varnish preparation. In two separate studies, volunteers were asked to use the mouthwash or the slow release varnish applied in a personal night guard device. The levels of mutans streptococci (MS), Lactobacilli (LB) and total cultivated bacteria were measured before and after using the mouthwash or the slow release varnish. RESULTS The mouthwash containing parabens had a minor and a short-term effect on MS and LB counts in human saliva. The use of slow release varnish containing parabens, applied in a night guard, had a prolonged antibacterial effect on both MS and LB counts. CONCLUSIONS Parabens in a mouthwash had little effect on oral bacteria counts; however, paraben in the slow release device had a significant and an extended effect in reducing oral bacteria. Although substantial reductions in oral bacterial counts were recorded after the use of parabens in a slow release device, this effect could probably be enhanced by an improved pharmaceutical formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Steinberg
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Hebrew University-Hadassah, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Weiger R, Netuschil L, Wester-Ebbinghaus T, Brecx M. An approach to differentiate between antibacterial and antiadhesive effects of mouthrinses in vivo. Arch Oral Biol 1998; 43:559-65. [PMID: 9730274 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9969(98)00032-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
An experimental set-up allowing differentiation in vivo between antibacterial and antiadhesive properties of mouthrinses is described. The percentage of vital bacteria (= microbial vitality) and the bacterial counts were microscopically evaluated in saliva and in supragingival dental plaque both collected simultaneously at various times during de novo plaque formation. In a cross-over design, 12 healthy participants refrained from all oral hygiene for four separate periods of 2 x 4 h and 2 x 72 h after having rinsed with either an amine fluoride/stannous fluoride solution (Meridol) or 0.9% NaCl (placebo). Stimulated whole saliva was collected before and after the rinse. Together with whole-saliva samples, representative 4, 24 and 72-h-old plaque samples were separately taken from defined vestibular tooth surfaces that had been either exposed to the mouthrinse (unprotected sites) or temporarily covered with inert plastic films (protected sites) during rinsing. The pooled plaque and saliva were stained with fluorescent dyes to differentiate vital from dead micro-organisms which permitted the estimation of the percentages of vital bacteria. The total bacterial counts were quantified under the darkfield microscope. The Wilcoxon test was used for selected pairwise comparisons (alpha = 0.05). The percentage of vital bacteria in saliva fell significantly from 80-95% to about 50-60% as a result of the antibacterial activity of the test solution. These baseline values and those found in the presence of 4 and 24-h-old plaque were frequently lower than those recorded after the placebo rinse. In comparison to the placebo, microbial vitality was significantly reduced in early supragingival plaque formed on unprotected sites after applying the test solution. The similar total bacterial counts in 4-h-old plaque recorded after the use of the test solution on the unprotected and the protected areas did not point to an antiadhesive effect of the agent. It is concluded that this new experimental set-up allows decoding of the mode of action of a mouthrinse.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Weiger
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Tübingen, Germany
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Landa AS, van der Mei HC, Busscher HJ. Detachment of linking film bacteria from enamel surfaces by oral rinses and penetration of sodium lauryl sulphate through an artificial oral biofilm. Adv Dent Res 1997; 11:528-38. [PMID: 9470514 DOI: 10.1177/08959374970110042201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The biofilm mode of growth protects plaque micro-organisms against environmental attacks, such as from antimicrobials or detergents. Dental plaque is linked to enamel through the adhesion of initial colonizers. Once this link is disrupted, the entire plaque mass adhering to it detaches. Experiments in a parallel-plate flow chamber demonstrated that bacteria adhering to saliva-coated enamel could not be stimulated to detach by perfusion of the flow chamber with two traditional mouthrinses (Corsodyl and Scope), whereas perfusion with a prebrushing rinse (Plax) or its detergent components stimulated detachment from saliva-coated enamel of a wide variety of bacterial strains. Following perfusion of the flow chamber with the mouthrinses, little additional detachment of adhering bacteria by the passage of a liquid-air interface occurred. After perfusion with the prebrushing rinse, however, significant numbers of still-adhering bacteria could be stimulated to detach by passage of a liquid-air interface, indicating that Plax had weakened their adhesive bond. The ability of Plax or its detergent components to detach plaque bacteria is not always obvious from in vivo experiments, and reports on its clinical efficacy are inconsistent. Likely, antimicrobials or detergents are unable to penetrate the plaque and reach the linking film bacteria, as demonstrated here by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Landa
- Laboratory for Materia Technica, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
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