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Pitaraki E, Jagirdar RM, Rouka E, Bartosova M, Sinis SI, Gourgoulianis KI, Eleftheriadis T, Stefanidis I, Liakopoulos V, Hatzoglou C, Schmitt CP, Zarogiannis SG. 2-Deoxy-glucose ameliorates the peritoneal mesothelial and endothelial barrier function perturbation occurring due to Peritoneal Dialysis fluids exposure. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 693:149376. [PMID: 38104523 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.149376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Peritoneal dialysis (PD) and prolonged exposure to PD fluids (PDF) induce peritoneal membrane (PM) fibrosis and hypervascularity, leading to functional PM degeneration. 2-deoxy-glucose (2-DG) has shown potential as PM antifibrotic by inhibiting hyper-glycolysis induced mesothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (MMT). We investigated whether administration of 2-DG with several PDF affects the permeability of mesothelial and endothelial barrier of the PM. The antifibrotic effect of 2-DG was confirmed by the gel contraction assay with embedded mesothelial (MeT-5A) or endothelial (EA.hy926) cells cultured in Dianeal® 2.5 % (CPDF), BicaVera® 2.3 % (BPDF), Balance® 2.3 % (LPDF) with/without 2-DG addition (0.2 mM), and qPCR for αSMA, CDH2 genes. Moreover, 2-DG effect was tested on the permeability of monolayers of mesothelial and endothelial cells by monitoring the transmembrane resistance (RTM), FITC-dextran (10, 70 kDa) diffusion and mRNA expression levels of CLDN-1 to -5, ZO1, SGLT1, and SGLT2 genes. Contractility of MeT-5A cells in CPDF/2-DG was decreased, accompanied by αSMA (0.17 ± 0.03) and CDH2 (2.92 ± 0.29) gene expression fold changes. Changes in αSMA, CDH2 were found in EA.hy926 cells, though αSMA also decreased under LPDF/2-DG incubation (0.42 ± 0.02). Overall, 2-DG mitigated the PDF-induced alterations in mesothelial and endothelial barrier function as shown by RTM, dextran transport and expression levels of the CLDN-1 to -5, ZO1, and SGLT2. Thus, supplementation of PDF with 2-DG not only reduces MMT but also improves functional permeability characteristics of the PM mesothelial and endothelial barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanna Pitaraki
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, 41500, Larissa, Greece
| | - Rajesh M Jagirdar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, 41500, Larissa, Greece
| | - Erasmia Rouka
- Department of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, GAIOPOLIS, 41500, Larissa, Greece
| | - Maria Bartosova
- Pediatric Nephrology, Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sotirios I Sinis
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, 41500, Larissa, Greece; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, 41500, Larissa, Greece
| | - Konstantinos I Gourgoulianis
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, 41500, Larissa, Greece
| | - Theodoros Eleftheriadis
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, 41500, Larissa, Greece
| | - Ioannis Stefanidis
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, 41500, Larissa, Greece
| | - Vassilios Liakopoulos
- 2(nd) Department of Nephrology, AHEPA Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Chrissi Hatzoglou
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, 41500, Larissa, Greece
| | - Claus Peter Schmitt
- Pediatric Nephrology, Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sotirios G Zarogiannis
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, 41500, Larissa, Greece.
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Metelmann IB, Kraemer S, Steinert M, Langer S, Stock P, Kurow O. Novel 3D organotypic co-culture model of pleura. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276978. [PMID: 36454800 PMCID: PMC9714887 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Pleural mesothelial cells are the predominant cell type in the pleural cavity, but their role in the pathogenesis of pleural diseases needs to be further elucidated. 3D organotypic models are an encouraging approach for an in vivo understanding of molecular disease development. The aim of the present study was to develop a 3D organotypic model of the pleural mesothelium. Specimens of human pleura parietalis were obtained from patients undergoing surgery at the University Hospital Leipzig, Germany. 3D co-culture model of pleura was established from human pleural mesothelial cells and fibroblasts. The model was compared to human pleura tissue by phase-contrast and light microscopy, immunochemistry and -fluorescence as well as solute permeation test. Histological assessment of the 3D co-culture model displayed the presence of both cell types mimicking the morphology of the human pleura. Vimentin and Cytokeratin, PHD1 showed a similar expression pattern in pleural biopsies and 3D model. Expression of Ki-67 indicates the presence of proliferating cells. Tight junctional marker ZO-1 was found localized at contact zones between mesothelial cells. Each of these markers were expressed in both the 3D co-culture model and human biopsies. Permeability of 3D organotypic co-culture model of pleura was found to be higher for 70 kDa-Dextran and no significant difference was seen in the permeability for small dextran (4 kDa). In summary, the presented 3D organoid of pleura functions as a robust assay for pleural research serving as a precise reproduction of the in vivo morphology and microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella B. Metelmann
- Department of Visceral, Transplant, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kraemer
- Department of Visceral, Transplant, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias Steinert
- Department of Visceral, Transplant, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefan Langer
- Department of Orthopedics, Trauma and Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peggy Stock
- Department of Visceral, Transplant, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Olga Kurow
- Department of Visceral, Transplant, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- * E-mail:
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He B, Bai J, Wu Z. Glucosamine enhances proliferation, barrier, and anti-oxidative functions in porcine trophectoderm cells. Food Funct 2022; 13:4551-4561. [PMID: 35352734 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo04086c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Trophectoderm (TE) is the first epithelium that appears during mammalian embryogenesis, and is a polarized transporting single cell layer that comprises the wall of the blastocyst. Previous studies have revealed the functional roles of glucose (Gluc), fructose (Fruc), and glutamine (Gln), which play a positive role in porcine trophectoderm (pTr) cell proliferation and migration, suggesting the importance of nutrients for normal development of the conceptus and implantation. This work was conducted to test the hypothesis that glucosamine (GlcN), which is synthesized from Gln and Fruc-6-phosphate through the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP), can stimulate proliferation and sustain the barrier and anti-oxidative functions of pTr cells. Cells were treated with 0, 0.25, or 0.5 mmol L-1 GlcN in the presence or absence of adiquat (DQ) for the indicated time points. The results showed that 0.25 or 0.5 mmol L-1 GlcN stimulated pTr cell viability and DNA replication compared to the control group. The addition of 0.25 mmol L-1 GlcN enhanced the phosphorylation of mTOR signaling proteins, which can be inhibited by the inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), LY294002. Transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) was increased, and paracellular permeability was correspondingly reduced in GlcN treatment. GlcN attenuated DQ-induced cell death and reduced the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The decreased TEER values and increased paracellular permeability caused by DQ treatment were also inhibited by GlcN treatment. The addition of 0.5 mmol L-1 GlcN increased the protein expression of zonula occludens-3 (ZO-3), claudin-3, and claudin-4 in pTr cells, while inhibited the downregulation protein of claudin-1 and claudin-3 brought about by oxidative stress. Collectively, GlcN plays an important role in promoting proliferation and stimulating the mTOR cell signaling pathway, as well as ameliorating oxidative stress and augmenting barrier functions in pTr cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei He
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China 100193.
| | - Jun Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China 100193.
| | - Zhenlong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China 100193.
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Aquaporin-1 Facilitates Transmesothelial Water Permeability: In Vitro and Ex Vivo Evidence and Possible Implications in Peritoneal Dialysis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212535. [PMID: 34830416 PMCID: PMC8622642 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously showed that mesothelial cells in human peritoneum express the water channel aquaporin 1 (AQP1) at the plasma membrane, suggesting that, although in a non-physiological context, it may facilitate osmotic water exchange during peritoneal dialysis (PD). According to the three-pore model that predicts the transport of water during PD, the endothelium of peritoneal capillaries is the major limiting barrier to water transport across peritoneum, assuming the functional role of the mesothelium, as a semipermeable barrier, to be negligible. We hypothesized that an intact mesothelial layer is poorly permeable to water unless AQP1 is expressed at the plasma membrane. To demonstrate that, we characterized an immortalized cell line of human mesothelium (HMC) and measured the osmotically-driven transmesothelial water flux in the absence or in the presence of AQP1. The presence of tight junctions between HMC was investigated by immunofluorescence. Bioelectrical parameters of HMC monolayers were studied by Ussing Chambers and transepithelial water transport was investigated by an electrophysiological approach based on measurements of TEA+ dilution in the apical bathing solution, through TEA+-sensitive microelectrodes. HMCs express Zo-1 and occludin at the tight junctions and a transepithelial vectorial Na+ transport. Real-time transmesothelial water flux, in response to an increase of osmolarity in the apical solution, indicated that, in the presence of AQP1, the rate of TEA+ dilution was up to four-fold higher than in its absence. Of note, we confirmed our data in isolated mouse mesentery patches, where we measured an AQP1-dependent transmesothelial osmotic water transport. These results suggest that the mesothelium may represent an additional selective barrier regulating water transport in PD through functional expression of the water channel AQP1.
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Alanyl-Glutamine Restores Tight Junction Organization after Disruption by a Conventional Peritoneal Dialysis Fluid. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10081178. [PMID: 32823646 PMCID: PMC7464725 DOI: 10.3390/biom10081178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding and targeting the molecular basis of peritoneal solute and protein transport is essential to improve peritoneal dialysis (PD) efficacy and patient outcome. Supplementation of PD fluids (PDF) with alanyl-glutamine (AlaGln) increased small solute transport and reduced peritoneal protein loss in a recent clinical trial. Transepithelial resistance and 10 kDa and 70 kDa dextran transport were measured in primary human endothelial cells (HUVEC) exposed to conventional acidic, glucose degradation products (GDP) containing PDF (CPDF) and to low GDP containing PDF (LPDF) with and without AlaGln. Zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and claudin-5 were quantified by Western blot and immunofluorescence and in mice exposed to saline and CPDF for 7 weeks by digital imaging analyses. Spatial clustering of ZO-1 molecules was assessed by single molecule localization microscopy. AlaGln increased transepithelial resistance, and in CPDF exposed HUVEC decreased dextran transport rates and preserved claudin-5 and ZO-1 abundance. Endothelial clustering of membrane bound ZO-1 was higher in CPDF supplemented with AlaGln. In mice, arteriolar endothelial claudin-5 was reduced in CPDF, but restored with AlaGln, while mesothelial claudin-5 abundance was unchanged. AlaGln supplementation seals the peritoneal endothelial barrier, and when supplemented to conventional PD fluid increases claudin-5 and ZO-1 abundance and clustering of ZO-1 in the endothelial cell membrane.
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Mugisho OO, Robilliard LD, Nicholson LFB, Graham ES, O'Carroll SJ. Bradykinin receptor-1 activation induces inflammation and increases the permeability of human brain microvascular endothelial cells. Cell Biol Int 2020; 44:343-351. [PMID: 31498530 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammatory disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases are characterised by chronic inflammation and loss of vascular integrity. Bradykinin 1 receptor (B1R) activation has been implicated in many neuroinflammatory diseases, but the contribution of B1R to inflammation and vascular breakdown is yet to be determined. As a result, the present study evaluated the effect of B1R stimulation using Des-Arg-9-BK on the cytokine profile and junctional properties of human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells (hCMVECs). Results showed that stimulation of B1R receptors increased secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), but decreased the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a cytokine and growth factor required for maintenance of the vasculature. B1R stimulation also resulted in the loss of occludin expression at tight junctions with no change in VE-cadherin expression. There was also a significant increase in permeability to Evans blue albumin, suggesting an increase of vascular permeability. Taken together, these results suggest that B1R activation that occurs in neuroinflammatory diseases may contribute to both the inflammation and loss of blood-brain barrier integrity that is characteristic of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odunayo O Mugisho
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and Centre for Brain Research, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.,Department of Ophthalmology, Buchanan Ocular Therapeutics Unit, New Zealand National Eye Centre, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Laverne D Robilliard
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology and Centre for Brain Research, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Louise F B Nicholson
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and Centre for Brain Research, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - E Scott Graham
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology and Centre for Brain Research, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Simon J O'Carroll
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and Centre for Brain Research, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
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Schaefer B, Bartosova M, Macher-Goeppinger S, Sallay P, Vörös P, Ranchin B, Vondrak K, Ariceta G, Zaloszyc A, Bayazit AK, Querfeld U, Cerkauskiene R, Testa S, Taylan C, VandeWalle J, Yap Y, Krmar RT, Büscher R, Mühlig AK, Drozdz D, Caliskan S, Lasitschka F, Fathallah-Shaykh S, Verrina E, Klaus G, Arbeiter K, Bhayadia R, Melk A, Romero P, Warady BA, Schaefer F, Ujszaszi A, Schmitt CP. Neutral pH and low-glucose degradation product dialysis fluids induce major early alterations of the peritoneal membrane in children on peritoneal dialysis. Kidney Int 2019; 94:419-429. [PMID: 29776755 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2018.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The effect of peritoneal dialysates with low-glucose degradation products on peritoneal membrane morphology is largely unknown, with functional relevancy predominantly derived from experimental studies. To investigate this, we performed automated quantitative histomorphometry and molecular analyses on 256 standardized peritoneal and 172 omental specimens from 56 children with normal renal function, 90 children with end-stage kidney disease at time of catheter insertion, and 82 children undergoing peritoneal dialysis using dialysates with low-glucose degradation products. Follow-up biopsies were obtained from 24 children after a median peritoneal dialysis of 13 months. Prior to dialysis, mild parietal peritoneal inflammation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition and vasculopathy were present. After up to six and 12 months of peritoneal dialysis, blood microvessel density was 110 and 93% higher, endothelial surface area per peritoneal volume 137 and 95% greater, and submesothelial thickness 23 and 58% greater, respectively. Subsequent peritoneal changes were less pronounced. Mesothelial cell coverage was lower and vasculopathy advanced, whereas lymphatic vessel density was unchanged. Morphological changes were accompanied by early fibroblast activation, leukocyte and macrophage infiltration, diffuse podoplanin presence, epithelial mesenchymal transdifferentiation, and by increased proangiogenic and profibrotic cytokine abundance. These transformative changes were confirmed by intraindividual comparisons. Peritoneal microvascular density correlated with peritoneal small-molecular transport function by uni- and multivariate analysis. Thus, in children on peritoneal dialysis neutral pH dialysates containing low-glucose degradation products induce early peritoneal inflammation, fibroblast activation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition and marked angiogenesis, which determines the PD membrane transport function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betti Schaefer
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maria Bartosova
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Peter Sallay
- First Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Peter Vörös
- First Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bruno Ranchin
- Service de Néphrologie Pédiatrique, Hôpital Femme Mere Enfant, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Karel Vondrak
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Gema Ariceta
- Pediatric Nephrology, Hospital Universitario Vall d' Hebrón, Universitat Autonoma, Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ariane Zaloszyc
- Department of Pediatrics 1, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Aysun K Bayazit
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Uwe Querfeld
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Nephrology, University of Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rimante Cerkauskiene
- Vilnius University Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Clinic of Children's Diseases, Lithuania
| | - Sara Testa
- Pediatric Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Christina Taylan
- Pediatric Nephrology, Children's and Adolescent's Hospital, University Hospital of Cologne, Germany
| | - Johan VandeWalle
- Pediatric Nephrology, Utopaed, Department of Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, Belgium
| | - YokChin Yap
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rafael T Krmar
- Division of Pediatrics, Department for Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rainer Büscher
- Pediatric Nephrology, University Children's Hospital, Essen, Germany
| | - Anne K Mühlig
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, University Children's Medical Clinic, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Dorota Drozdz
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology and Hypertension, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Salim Caliskan
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Istanbul University Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Felix Lasitschka
- Department of General Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sahar Fathallah-Shaykh
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Enrico Verrina
- Dialysis Unit, Pediatric Nephrology and Dialysis Division, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Italy
| | - Günter Klaus
- KfH Pediatric Kidney Center, Department of Pediatric Nephrology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Arbeiter
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University Vienna, Austria
| | - Raj Bhayadia
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Hepatology and Metabolic Diseases, Children's Hospital, Hannover Medical School, Germany
| | - Anette Melk
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Hepatology and Metabolic Diseases, Children's Hospital, Hannover Medical School, Germany
| | - Philipp Romero
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg
| | | | - Franz Schaefer
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Akos Ujszaszi
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Claus Peter Schmitt
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Germany.
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Bartosova M, Schmitt CP. Biocompatible Peritoneal Dialysis: The Target Is Still Way Off. Front Physiol 2019; 9:1853. [PMID: 30700974 PMCID: PMC6343681 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is a cost-effective, home-based therapy for patients with end-stage renal disease achieving similar outcome as compared to hemodialysis. Still, a minority of patients only receive PD. To a significant extend, this discrepancy is explained by major limitations regarding PD efficiency and sustainability. Due to highly unphysiological composition of PD fluids, the peritoneal membrane undergoes rapid morphological and long-term functional alterations, which limit the treatment and contribute to adverse patient outcome. This review is focused on the peritoneal membrane ultrastructure and its transformation in patients with kidney disease and chronic PD, underlying molecular mechanisms, and potential systemic sequelae. Current knowledge on the impact of conventional and second-generation PD fluids is described; novel strategies and innovative PD fluid types are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claus Peter Schmitt
- Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Miyazaki K, Hashimoto K, Sato M, Watanabe M, Tomikawa N, Kanno S, Kawasaki Y, Momoi N, Hosoya M. Establishment of a method for evaluating endothelial cell injury by TNF-α in vitro for clarifying the pathophysiology of virus-associated acute encephalopathy. Pediatr Res 2017; 81:942-947. [PMID: 28157839 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2017.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Virus-associated acute encephalopathy (VAE) is a severe central nervous system complication caused by common viral infections in children. The pathophysiology of VAE is thought to be endothelial injury. This study was designed to establish an in vitro VAE model for evaluating endothelial injury caused by the proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α. METHODS Transwell-grown human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) monolayers were incubated with serially diluted TNF-α. Transendothelial electrical resistance (TER) was measured using impedance spectroscopy. Permeability changes of HUVECs after TNF-α treatment were determined by fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated dextran. Moreover, TNF-α-induced morphological changes in claudin-5 and apoptosis were observed by immunofluorescent staining. RESULTS The decrease in TER, time of TER recovery to baseline, and increase in permeability were all dependent on TNF-α concentration. Immunofluorescent staining showed that claudin-5 was delocalized after TNF-α treatment in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, some apoptotic cells were observed at high TNF-α concentrations. CONCLUSION TER measurement combined with a permeability assay could be useful for evaluating vascular endothelial cell permeability in an in vitro model. These evaluation methods will contribute to both the development of specific treatments focusing on vascular permeability, and the search for a novel therapeutic strategy in VAE treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyohei Miyazaki
- Department of Pediatrics, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Koichi Hashimoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Masatoki Sato
- Department of Pediatrics, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Masahiro Watanabe
- Department of Pediatrics, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Naoki Tomikawa
- Department of Basic Pathology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Shuto Kanno
- Department of Pediatrics, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Yukihiko Kawasaki
- Department of Pediatrics, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Nobuo Momoi
- Department of Pediatrics, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki Hosoya
- Department of Pediatrics, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
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Pan Q, He C, Liu H, Liao X, Dai B, Chen Y, Yang Y, Zhao B, Bihl J, Ma X. Microvascular endothelial cells-derived microvesicles imply in ischemic stroke by modulating astrocyte and blood brain barrier function and cerebral blood flow. Mol Brain 2016; 9:63. [PMID: 27267759 PMCID: PMC4897950 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-016-0243-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelial cell (EC) released microvesicles (EMVs) can affect various target cells by transferring carried genetic information. Astrocytes are the main components of the blood brain barrier (BBB) structure in the brain and participate in regulating BBB integrity and blood flow. The interactions between ECs and astrocytes are essential for BBB integrity in homeostasis and pathological conditions. Here, we studied the effects of human brain microvascular ECs released EMVs on astrocyte functions. Additionally, we investigated the effects of EMVs treated astrocytes on regulating BBB function and cerebral ischemic damage. RESULTS EMVs prepared from ECs cultured in normal condition (n-EMVs) or oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD-EMVs) condition had diverse effects on astrocytes. The n-EMVs promoted, while the OGD-EMVs inhibited the proliferation of astrocytes via regulating PI3K/Akt pathway. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression (marker of astrocyte activation) was up-regulated by n-EMVs, while down-regulated by OGD-EMVs. Meanwhile, n-EMVs inhibited but OGD-EMVs promoted the apoptosis of astrocytes accompanied by up/down-regulating the expression of Caspase-9 and Bcl-2. In the BBB model of ECs-astrocytes co-culture, the n-EMVs, conversely to OGD-EMVs, decreased the permeability of BBB accompanied with up-regulation of zonula occudens-1(ZO-1) and Claudin-5. In a transient cerebral ischemia mouse model, n-EMVs ameliorated, while OGD-EMVs aggravated, BBB disruption, local cerebral blood flow (CBF) reduction, infarct volume and neurological deficit score. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that EMVs diversely modulate astrocyte functions, BBB integrity and CBF, and could serve as a novel therapeutic target for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunwen Pan
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Institute of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, China
| | - Caixia He
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Institute of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, China.,Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, China
| | - Hua Liu
- College of Health Science, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430000, China
| | - Xiaorong Liao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Institute of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, China
| | - Bingyan Dai
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Institute of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, China
| | - Yanfang Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Institute of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, China.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, 45435, USA.,Department of Neurology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, 45435, USA
| | - Yi Yang
- College of Health Science, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430000, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Institute of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, China
| | - Ji Bihl
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Institute of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, China. .,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, 45435, USA.
| | - Xiaotang Ma
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Institute of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, China.
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Chetprayoon P, Matsusaki M, Akashi M. Three-dimensional human arterial wall models for in vitro permeability assessment of drug and nanocarriers. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 456:392-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.11.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Retana C, Sanchez E, Perez-Lopez A, Cruz A, Lagunas J, Cruz C, Vital S, Reyes JL. Alterations of intercellular junctions in peritoneal mesothelial cells from patients undergoing dialysis: effect of retinoic Acid. Perit Dial Int 2014; 35:275-87. [PMID: 24584604 DOI: 10.3747/pdi.2012.00323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dialysis patients are classified according to their peritoneal permeability as low transporter (LT, low solute permeability) or high transporter (HT, high solute permeability). Tight junction (TJ) proteins are critical to maintain ions, molecules and water paracellular transport through peritoneum. Exposure to peritoneal dialysis solutions causes damage to TJ in human peritoneal mesothelial cells (HPMCs). We analyzed the quantity, distribution and function of TJ proteins: claudin-1, -2 and -8, ZO-1 and occludin, in HPMC cultures from LT and HT patients. Since all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) might modify the expression of TJ proteins, we studied its effect on HPMCs. METHODS Control HPMCs were isolated from human omentum, while HT or LT cells were obtained from dialysis effluents. Cells were cultured in presence of ATRA 0, 50 or 100 nM. Transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) measurement, immunostaining and Western blot analyses were performed. RESULTS HT exhibited lower TER than control and LT monolayers. Immunofluorescence for TJ was weak and discontinuous along the cell contour, in LT and HT. Furthermore, claudin-1, occludin and ZO-1 expressions were decreased. In all groups, claudin-2 was localized at nuclei. We observed that ATRA improved TJ distribution and increased TJ expression in HT. This retinoid did not modify claudin-2 and -8 expressions. All-trans retinoic acid decreased TER in HT, but had no effect in LT. CONCLUSIONS Tight junctions were altered in HPMCs from dialyzed patients. The HT monolayer has lower TER than LT, which might be associated with the peritoneal permeability in these patients. ATRA might be a therapeutic alternative to maintain mesothelial integrity, since it improved TJ localization and expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Retana
- Pharmacology Dept., Centre for Research and Advanced Studies National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico
| | - Elsa Sanchez
- Physiology, Biophysics and Neurosciences Dept., Centre for Research and Advanced Studies National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico
| | | | - Armando Cruz
- Unidad Medica Alta Especialidad, Hospital General la Raza, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Mexico
| | - Jesus Lagunas
- Unidad Medica Alta Especialidad, Hospital General la Raza, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Mexico
| | - Carmen Cruz
- Dept. of Nephrology, Hospital Regional No. 1 del IMSS, Mexico
| | - Socorro Vital
- Dept. of Nephrology, Hospital Juarez de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Jose L Reyes
- Physiology, Biophysics and Neurosciences Dept., Centre for Research and Advanced Studies National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico
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13
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Ma X, Zhang H, Pan Q, Zhao Y, Chen J, Zhao B, Chen Y. Hypoxia/Aglycemia-induced endothelial barrier dysfunction and tight junction protein downregulation can be ameliorated by citicoline. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82604. [PMID: 24358213 PMCID: PMC3865100 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This study explores the effect of citicoline on the permeability and expression of tight junction proteins (TJPs) in endothelial cells under hypoxia/aglycemia conditions. Hypoxia or oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) was utilized to induce endothelial barrier breakdown model on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and mouse brain microvascular endothelial cells (bEnd.3s). The effect of citicoline on endothelial barrier breakdown models was determined at either low or high concentrations. FITC-Dextran flux was used to examine the endothelial permeability. The expression of TJPs was measured by immunofluorescence, Real-time PCR and Western Blot methods. Results showed that hypoxia or OGD increased the permeability of HUVECs accompanied with down-regulation of occludens-1 (ZO-1) and occludin at both mRNA and protein levels. Similarly in bEnd.3s, hypoxia increased the permeability and decreased the expression of ZO-1 and claudin-5. Citicoline treatment dose-dependently decreased the permeability in these two models, which paralleled with elevated expression of TJPs. The data demonstrate that citicoline restores the barrier function of endothelial cells compromised by hypoxia/aglycemia probably via up-regulating the expression of TJPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotang Ma
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Institute of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Huiting Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Institute of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Qunwen Pan
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Institute of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yuhui Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ji Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Institute of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, China
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Bin Zhao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Institute of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, China
- * E-mail: (YC); (BZ)
| | - Yanfang Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Institute of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, China
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (YC); (BZ)
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14
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Hiasa M, Kurokawa M, Ohta K, Esumi T, Akita H, Niki K, Yagi Y, Echigo N, Hatakeyama D, Kuzuhara T. Identification and purification of resorcinol, an antioxidant specific to Awa-ban (pickled and anaerobically fermented) tea. Food Res Int 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2013.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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15
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Higashi Y, Abe K, Kuzumoto T, Hara T, Miyamoto K, Murata T, Ishikawa E, Nomura S, Horiuchi T. Characterization of peritoneal dialysis effluent-derived cells: diagnosis of peritoneal integrity. J Artif Organs 2012; 16:74-82. [PMID: 23274627 DOI: 10.1007/s10047-012-0673-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
To assess the integrity of the peritoneal membrane, we characterized the functionality of the cellular components derived from peritoneal dialysis effluent (PDE). About 3 % of all cells collected from the PDE attached to the plastic dish, and 97.1 ± 3.1 % of the adherent cells expressed CK-18 (PDE-HPMC). A typical cobble-stone-like morphology under neutralized PD solution was obtained over 65 out of 74 primary cultures (88 %) while only 53 % under acidic PD solution in a previous report by Yanez-Mo et al. However, 26.6 ± 10.3 % of PDE-HPMC expressed the EMT marker α-SMA. Transepithelial resistance (TER) as a marker of cell polarity was 34 % lower than that of omentum-derived(OM)-HPMC. We found a significant decrease in the rate of PDE-HPMC proliferation compared to OM-HPMC, accompanied by a significant increase of cell area within the tertiary passage. Comparison of TER, α-SMA and SA-β-Gal between CAPD durations suggests that cell polarity weakens with increased duration of CAPD, reflecting the occurrence of EMT and cell senescence. We conclude that functional characterization of cellular components in PDE reflects how well the peritoneum is preserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yo Higashi
- Division of Chemistry for Materials, Faculty of Engineering, Graduate School of Mie University, 1577 Kurima-Machiyacho, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
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Pathophysiological changes to the peritoneal membrane during PD-related peritonitis: the role of mesothelial cells. Mediators Inflamm 2012; 2012:484167. [PMID: 22577250 PMCID: PMC3337720 DOI: 10.1155/2012/484167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The success of peritoneal dialysis (PD) is dependent on the structural and functional integrity of the
peritoneal membrane. The mesothelium lines the peritoneal membrane and is the first line of
defense against chemical and/or bacterial insult. Peritonitis remains a major complication of PD and
is a predominant cause of technique failure, morbidity and mortality amongst PD patients. With
appropriate antibiotic treatment, peritonitis resolves without further complications, but in some PD
patients excessive peritoneal inflammatory responses lead to mesothelial cell exfoliation and
thickening of the submesothelium, resulting in peritoneal fibrosis and sclerosis. The detrimental
changes in the peritoneal membrane structure and function correlate with the number and severity
of peritonitis episodes and the need for catheter removal. There is evidence that despite clinical
resolution of peritonitis, increased levels of inflammatory and fibrotic mediators may persist in the
peritoneal cavity, signifying persistent injury to the mesothelial cells. This review will describe the
structural and functional changes that occur in the peritoneal membrane during peritonitis and how
mesothelial cells contribute to these changes and respond to infection. The latter part of the review
discusses the potential of mesothelial cell transplantation and genetic manipulation in the
preservation of the peritoneal membrane.
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Yamaguchi Y, Ishigaki T, Sano K, Miyamoto KI, Nomura S, Horiuchi T. Three-Dimensional Invasion of Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition–Positive Human Peritoneal Mesothelial Cells into Collagen Gel is Promoted by the Concentration Gradient of Fibronectin. Perit Dial Int 2011; 31:477-85. [DOI: 10.3747/pdi.2010.00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In long-term peritoneal dialysis, myofibroblast-like cells found in the interstitium of the peritoneum are assumed to be a transformed type of mesothelial cell—epithelial-mesenchymal transition-positive [EMT(+)] human peritoneal mesothelial cells (HPMCs)—because they express a mesothelial marker, cytokeratin. However, no direct evidence about how these cells are able to invade from the mesothelium has yet been obtained. Aim In this study, we aimed to verify whether EMT(+) HPMCs would, in vitro, invade three-dimensionally along certain chemotactic factors. Methods We used reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction to measure expression of Snail, E-cadherin, α5-integrin, and matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) messenger RNA (mRNA) in HPMCs exposed to 10 ng/mL transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) and how that expression corresponds to cell motility, as represented by a video movie. We used the Transwell (12 μm pore diameter: Sigma-Aldrich, Tokyo, Japan) to construct a three-dimensional (3D) cell migration chamber. In the lower chamber, a concentration gradient of fibronectin (FN) or albumin(Alb) was formed in 0.1% type I collagen by diffusion ( C0 = 22 nmol/L; concentration gradient: C / C0 = 0.7). All cells beneath the membrane were counted 72 hours after 5x104 EMT(+) HPMCs (HPMCs after a 48-hour exposure to 10 ng/mL TGFβ1) had been spread in the upper chamber. Results After 72 hours, the increased motility of HPMCs resulting from their exposure to 10 ng/mL TGFβ1 had returned to baseline, but they retained an elongated morphology. Expression of Snail and MMP2 mRNA reached maximum at 24 hours. Expression of E-cadherin declined, and expression of α5-integrin increased continuously. In the 3D invasion study, significantly enhanced invasion by EMT(+) but not EMT(-) HPMCs was clearly seen in the presence of a FN concentration gradient ( p < 0.01), although invasion by EMT(+) and EMT(-) HPMCs in the absence of a FN concentration gradient was not statistically significantly different. Compared with the EMT(+) control (no concentration gradient), invasion by EMT(+) HPMCs was 2.1 ± 0.5 times (p < 0.05) and 1.4 ± 0.4 times (p = nonsignificant) higher along the FN and Alb concentration gradients respectively. Increased invasion along the FN concentration gradient was significantly inhibited (p < 0.05) when the HPMCs were pre-incubated with 5 μg/mL RGDS (a blocker for α5-integrin to FN). Conclusions We conclude that EMT(+) HPMCs invade collagen gel along the FN concentration gradient because of specific binding to RGDS receptors, which bind integrins such as α5-integrin, upregulating invasion-related gene expression associated with synthesis of the cytoskeleton protein α smooth muscle actin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youhei Yamaguchi
- Division of Chemistry for Materials, Faculty of Engineering, Graduate School of Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Ishigaki
- Division of Chemistry for Materials, Faculty of Engineering, Graduate School of Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Koushi Sano
- Division of Chemistry for Materials, Faculty of Engineering, Graduate School of Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Kei-Ichi Miyamoto
- Division of Chemistry for Materials, Faculty of Engineering, Graduate School of Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Nomura
- Division of Therapeutic Blood Purification, Mie University School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Takashi Horiuchi
- Division of Chemistry for Materials, Faculty of Engineering, Graduate School of Mie University, Tsu, Japan
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