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Xie W, Zhang F, Li S, Xing L, Zhu Y, Cheng J, Cheng Y, Gao Z. A new intumescent insulation emergency material for thermal protection of storage tanks –potassium polyacrylate & organic modified hectorite & intumescent flame retardant. J Loss Prev Process Ind 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jlp.2022.104735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Yan X, Fang J, Zhu C, Li J, Qi D. Design and characterization of ramie fiber-reinforced composites with flame retardant surface layer including iron oxide and expandable graphite. JOURNAL OF POLYMER ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/polyeng-2021-0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The ramie plain-woven fabric-reinforced epoxy composites with iron oxide (IO) powders and expandable graphite (EG) particles were fabricated by the hand lay-up and vacuum bagging pressing. The flame retardant layers with IO powders and EG particles have been designed on the surface of the composite structure, to improve the composites flame retardancy. The flame retardancy property of the composites was discussed from the limited oxide index (LOI), vertical burning test, and cone calorimeter test, while the flexural property and interlaminar shear strength of the composites were also investigated through the three-point flexural tests, respectively. It was found that the flame retardancy property of the composites, which contains both IO powders and EG particles, can be greatly improved. However, IO powders and EG particles have a negative effect on flexural properties and interlaminar shear strength of the composites. Also, prepreg with IO powders or EG particles which laminated on the surface layer of the composite with different orders would result in different performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Yan
- College of Textile Science and Engineering (International Institute of Silk), Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou , 310018 , China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology , Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou , 310018 , China
- Research Institute of Keqiao District , Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Shaoxing , 312030, China
| | - Jie Fang
- College of Textile Science and Engineering (International Institute of Silk), Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou , 310018 , China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology , Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou , 310018 , China
| | - Chenkai Zhu
- College of Textile Science and Engineering (International Institute of Silk), Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou , 310018 , China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology , Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou , 310018 , China
- Research Institute of Keqiao District , Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Shaoxing , 312030, China
| | - Jiawei Li
- College of Textile Science and Engineering (International Institute of Silk), Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou , 310018 , China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology , Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou , 310018 , China
| | - Dongmin Qi
- College of Textile Science and Engineering (International Institute of Silk), Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou , 310018 , China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology , Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou , 310018 , China
- Research Institute of Keqiao District , Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Shaoxing , 312030, China
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Towards Selection Charts for Epoxy Resin, Unsaturated Polyester Resin and Their Fibre-Fabric Composites with Flame Retardants. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14051181. [PMID: 33802309 PMCID: PMC7959149 DOI: 10.3390/ma14051181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Epoxy and unsaturated polyester resins are the most used thermosetting polymers. They are commonly used in electronics, construction, marine, automotive and aircraft industries. Moreover, reinforcing both epoxy and unsaturated polyester resins with carbon or glass fibre in a fabric form has enabled them to be used in high-performance applications. However, their organic nature as any other polymeric materials made them highly flammable materials. Enhancing the flame retardancy performance of thermosetting polymers and their composites can be improved by the addition of flame-retardant materials, but this comes at the expense of their mechanical properties. In this regard, a comprehensive review on the recent research articles that studied the flame retardancy of epoxy resin, unsaturated polyester resin and their composites were covered. Flame retardancy performance of different flame retardant/polymer systems was evaluated in terms of Flame Retardancy index (FRI) that was calculated based on the data extracted from the cone calorimeter test. Furthermore, flame retardant selection charts that relate between the flame retardancy level with mechanical properties in the aspects of tensile and flexural strength were presented. This review paper is also dedicated to providing the reader with a brief overview on the combustion mechanism of polymeric materials, their flammability behaviour and the commonly used flammability testing techniques and the mechanism of action of flame retardants.
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Peng Y, Niu M, Qin R, Xue B, Shao M. Study on flame retardancy and smoke suppression of PET by the synergy between Fe2O3 and new phosphorus-containing silicone flame retardant. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008320914365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
To reduce the environmental hazard from the flame retardant, a halogen-free phosphorus-containing silicone flame-retardant poly N, N dimethylene phosphate aminopropyl siloxane (PDPSI) was prepared following the Mannich reaction. Then, PDPSI and ferric oxide (Fe2O3) were used for the preparation of synergistic flame-retardant polyethylene terephthalate (PET). The flame-retardant test results revealed that at 2% PDPSI/Fe2O3 content and 1:2 mass ratio of PDPSI to Fe2O3, the limit oxygen index value of the PDPSI/Fe2O3/PET composite material was 27.9%, reaching the flame-retardant level and passing the V-0 rating in the UL-94 test. In addition, the PDPSI/Fe2O3/PET composites had a char residue content of 17.5% at 700°C, an increase of 30.6% compared to that of the pristine PET. In the cone calorimeter test, the addition of PDPSI/Fe2O3 significantly reduced the peak heat release rate (PHRR), total heat release (THR) rate, and total smoke production (TSP) value of the resulting PET composites. PHRR and THR decreased by 66.05% and 14.3%, respectively. The TSP value decreased from 14.4 m2 to 8.1 m2, a decrease of 43.8%. The scanning electron microscopy images and Fourier-transform infrared spectra of the char residue showed a significant synergy between Fe2O3 and PDPSI, changing the structure of the carbon layer in continuous and dense form, thus the flame retardancy and smoke suppression of the PET composites improved. In addition, the tensile strength of the PET composite was 42.11 MPa, which was only 1.84% less than that of the pristine PET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Peng
- College of Textile Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Yuci, China
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Taiyuan University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan, China
| | - Mei Niu
- College of Textile Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Yuci, China
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Taiyuan University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan, China
| | - Ruihong Qin
- College of Textile Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Yuci, China
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Taiyuan University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan, China
| | - Baoxia Xue
- College of Textile Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Yuci, China
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Taiyuan University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan, China
| | - Mingqiang Shao
- College of Textile Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Yuci, China
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Taiyuan University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan, China
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Movahedifar E, Vahabi H, Saeb MR, Thomas S. Flame Retardant Epoxy Composites on the Road of Innovation: An Analysis with Flame Retardancy Index for Future Development. Molecules 2019; 24:E3964. [PMID: 31683861 PMCID: PMC6866146 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24213964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, epoxy composites are elements of engineering materials and systems. Although they are known as versatile materials, epoxy resins suffer from high flammability. In this sense, flame retardancy analysis has been recognized as an undeniable requirement for developing future generations of epoxy-based systems. A considerable proportion of the literature on epoxy composites has been devoted to the use of phosphorus-based additives. Nevertheless, innovative flame retardants have coincidentally been under investigation to meet market requirements. This review paper attempts to give an overview of the research on flame retardant epoxy composites by classification of literature in terms of phosphorus (P), non-phosphorus (NP), and combinations of P/NP additives. A comprehensive set of data on cone calorimetry measurements applied on P-, NP-, and P/NP-incorporated epoxy systems was collected and treated. The performance of epoxy composites was qualitatively discussed as Poor, Good, and Excellent cases identified and distinguished by the use of the universal Flame Retardancy Index (FRI). Moreover, evaluations were rechecked by considering the UL-94 test data in four groups as V0, V1, V2, and nonrated (NR). The dimensionless FRI allowed for comparison between flame retardancy performances of epoxy composites. The results of this survey can pave the way for future innovations in developing flame-retardant additives for epoxy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Movahedifar
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology-Mahshahr Campus, Mahshahr 424, Iran.
| | - Henri Vahabi
- Université de Lorraine, CentraleSupélec, LMOPS, F-57000 Metz, France.
- Laboratoire Matériaux Optiques, Photoniques et Systèmes, CentraleSupélec, Université Paris-Saclay, 57070 Metz, France.
| | - Mohammad Reza Saeb
- Departments of Resin and Additives, Institute for Color Science and Technology, Tehran P.O. Box 16765-654, Iran.
| | - Sabu Thomas
- School of Chemical Sciences, MG University, Kottayam, Kerala 686560, India.
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Yuan B, Chen G, Zou Y, Shang S, Sun Y, Yu B, He S, Chen X. Alumina nanoflake‐coated graphene nanohybrid as a novel flame retardant filler for polypropylene. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bihe Yuan
- School of Safety Science and Emergency ManagementWuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Gongqing Chen
- School of Safety Science and Emergency ManagementWuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Yanyan Zou
- School of Safety Science and Emergency ManagementWuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Sheng Shang
- School of Safety Science and Emergency ManagementWuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Yaru Sun
- School of Safety Science and Emergency ManagementWuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Bin Yu
- Centre for Future MaterialsUniversity of Southern Queensland Toowoomba Queensland 4350 Australia
| | - Song He
- School of Safety Science and Emergency ManagementWuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Xianfeng Chen
- School of Safety Science and Emergency ManagementWuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 China
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Yan W, Yu J, Zhang M, Wang T, Wen C, Qin S, Huang W. Effect of multiwalled carbon nanotubes and phenethyl-bridged DOPO derivative on flame retardancy of epoxy resin. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-018-1472-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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He D, Zhao C, Gou H, Li Y, Xiang D. Flame retardancy and toughening properties of epoxy composites containing ammonium polyphosphate microcapsules and expanded graphite. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008317747952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Ammonium polyphosphate microcapsules (BM (polybenzoxazine modified) APP) were prepared through the in situ ring-opening polymerization of allyl group containing benzoxazine monomers on the surfaces of ammonium polyphosphate (APP), and they were significantly hydrophobic than the APP. A flame retardant system of epoxy (EP) resin was prepared with BMAPP and expanded graphite (EG). Flame retardancy, the thermal degradation behavior, a mechanical property of EP and EP/BMAPP/EG composites was investigated through limited oxygen index, vertical burning test, cone calorimetry (CONE), and the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The flame retardancy tests indicated that the EG could improve the thermal performance, promote the charring, and enhance the char quality of EP/BMAPP. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were employed to analyze the morphology and composition of the char residue formed during CONE testing, and to understand the mechanism of char formation. The results of TG-FTIR confirmed the possible mechanism of flame retardancy of EP/BMAPP/EG in the gas phase during combustion. The EG content effects on Young’s modulus, the tensile strength, and the fracture toughness ( KIC) of the EP/BMAPP composites were also investigated. The KIC of the composites containing 1% of EG and 10% of BMAPP increased by approximately 76% and 153%, respectively, compared to the neat matrix and EP/BMAPP-10%. The SEM images of the fractured surface indicated that the enhanced toughness of EP/BMAPP/EG composites mainly attributed to the debonding of the BMAPP and the subsequent plastic void growth of the matrix, as well as the crack deflection effect of the BMAPP/EG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da He
- Department of Materials and Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunxia Zhao
- Department of Materials and Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haolan Gou
- Department of Materials and Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuntao Li
- Department of Materials and Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dong Xiang
- Department of Materials and Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
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Tang S, Wachtendorf V, Klack P, Qian L, Dong Y, Schartel B. Enhanced flame-retardant effect of a montmorillonite/phosphaphenanthrene compound in an epoxy thermoset. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra25070j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The protective barrier effect of OMMT and the flame-inhibition effect of TAD jointly exerted a superior flame-retardant effect, resulting in sufficient flame-retardant effect on epoxy thermosets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Tang
- School of Materials
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- PR China
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical Engineering
| | - Volker Wachtendorf
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und prüfung (BAM)
- 12205 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Patrick Klack
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und prüfung (BAM)
- 12205 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Lijun Qian
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical Engineering
- Beijing Technology and Business University
- Beijing 100048
- PR China
| | - Yuping Dong
- School of Materials
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- PR China
| | - Bernhard Schartel
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und prüfung (BAM)
- 12205 Berlin
- Germany
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Chen X, Ma C, Jiao C. Synergistic effects between iron-graphene and melamine salt of pentaerythritol phosphate on flame retardant thermoplastic polyurethane. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.3823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xilei Chen
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering; Qingdao University of Science and Technology; Qingdao Shandong 266042 PR China
| | - Cuiyong Ma
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering; Qingdao University of Science and Technology; Qingdao Shandong 266042 PR China
| | - Chuanmei Jiao
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering; Qingdao University of Science and Technology; Qingdao Shandong 266042 PR China
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