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Rizzo C, Cancemi P, Mattiello L, Marullo S, D'Anna F. Naphthalimide Imidazolium-Based Supramolecular Hydrogels as Bioimaging and Theranostic Soft Materials. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:48442-48457. [PMID: 33070607 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c17149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
1,8-Naphthalimide-based imidazolium salts differing for the alkyl chain length and the nature of the anion were synthesized and characterized to obtain fluorescent probes for bioimaging applications. First, their self-assembly behavior and gelling ability were investigated in water and water/dimethyl sulfoxide binary mixtures. Only salts having longer alkyl chains were able to give supramolecular hydrogels, whose properties were investigated by using a combined approach of fluorescence, resonance light scattering, and rheology measurements. Morphological information was obtained by scanning electron microscopy. In addition, conductive properties of organic salts in solution and gel state were analyzed. Imidazolium salts were successfully tested for their possible application as bioimaging and cytotoxic agents toward three cancer cell lines and a nontumoral epithelial cell line. Characterization of their behavior was performed by MTT and cell-based assays. Finally, the biological activity of hydrogels was also investigated. Collectively, our findings showed that naphthalimide-based imidazolium salts are promising theranostic agents and they were able to preserve their biological properties also in the gel phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Rizzo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Sezione di Chimica, Viale delle Scienze, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Edificio 17, Palermo 90128, Italy
| | - Patrizia Cancemi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Sezione di Biologia Cellulare, Viale delle Scienze, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Edificio 17, Palermo 90128, Italy
| | - Leonardo Mattiello
- Dipartimento Scienze di Base e Applicate per l'Ingegneria (SBAI), Sapienza Università di Roma, via Castro Laurenziano 7, Roma 00161, Italy
| | - Salvatore Marullo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Sezione di Chimica, Viale delle Scienze, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Edificio 17, Palermo 90128, Italy
| | - Francesca D'Anna
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Sezione di Chimica, Viale delle Scienze, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Edificio 17, Palermo 90128, Italy
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Bhattacharjee K, Kumar S, Palepu NR, Patra PK, Rao KM, Joshi SR. Structure elucidation and in silico docking studies of a novel furopyrimidine antibiotics synthesized by endolithic bacterium Actinomadura sp. AL2. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 33:178. [PMID: 28932951 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-017-2343-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
On screening of endolithic actinobacteria from a granite rock sample of Meghalaya for antibacterial compound, a novel antibacterial compound CCp1 was isolated from the fermentation broth of Actinomadura sp. AL2. On purification of the compound based on chromatographic techniques followed by characterization with FT-IR, UV-visible, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and mass spectrometry, the molecular formula of the compound was generated as C20H17N3O2, a furopyrimidine derivative. In vitro antibacterial activity of the compound was evaluated against both Gram positive and negative bacteria by agar well diffusion assay. The compound had lowest MIC (2.00 µg/ml) for Bacillus subtilis and highest MIC (> 64 µg/ml) for Staphylococcus epidermidis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The study revealed that the compound has potential antibacterial activity. The mode of action of the antibacterial compound was evaluated through in silico studies for its ability to bind DNA gyrase, 30S RNA molecules, OmpF porins and N-Acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GlmU). The antibacterial compound demonstrated more favorable docking with DNA gyrase, 30S RNA molecules and OmpF porins than GlmU which support the antibacterial compound CCp1 can be as a promising broad spectrum antibiotic agent with "multitarget" characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushik Bhattacharjee
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, 793022, India
| | - Shakti Kumar
- Bioinformatics Center (ICMR), Department of Biochemistry, Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Medical College, Raipur, India
| | - Narasinga Rao Palepu
- Centre for Advanced Studies in Chemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar Patra
- Department of Biochemistry, Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Medical College, Raipur, India
| | - Kollipara Mohan Rao
- Centre for Advanced Studies in Chemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, India
| | - Santa Ram Joshi
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, 793022, India.
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Luoni GM, McGuigan C, Andrei G, Snoeck R, De Clercq E, Balzarini J. Bicyclic Nucleoside Inhibitors of Varicella-Zoster Virus Modified on the Sugar Moiety: 3′ and 5′ Derivatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 15:333-41. [PMID: 15646647 DOI: 10.1177/095632020401500606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Bicyclic furanopyrimidine nucleoside analogues (BCNAs) have been previously reported as potent and selective anti-varicella-zoster virus (VZV) agents. Few modifications on the sugar moiety have been considered so far but some of them have shown interesting activity against human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) while losing activity against VZV. In addition, recent work has led to an entirely new series of anti-HCMV bicyclic furopyrimidine agents, acting through a non-nucleoside mechanism. In order to further investigate structure-activity relationship studies on the sugar moiety, some 3′- and 5′-chloro derivatives and 5′-deoxygenated derivatives have been synthesized. The lack of anti-VZV activity of the 5′-modified derivatives is further proof of a mechanism of action involving VZV thymidine kinase (TK)-mediated phosphorylation. Similarly, the replacement of the 3′-OH with chlorine showed a decrease of antiviral activity, which can be correlated to the lack of interaction with VZV TK as demonstrated by enzyme assays. These results confirm free 5′-OH and 3′-OH as necessary requirements for efficient recognition by VZV TK and for potent anti-VZV activity in cell culture.
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McGuigan C, Jukes A, Blewett S, Barucki H, Erichsen JT, Andrei G, Snoeck R, De Clercq E, Balzarini J. Halophenyl Furanopyrimidines as Potent and Selective Anti-VZV Agents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 14:165-70. [PMID: 14521333 DOI: 10.1177/095632020301400306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Bicyclic furano pyrimidines have been previously reported by us to be highly potent and selective inhibitors of varicella zoster virus (VZV). p-Alkyl phenyl analogues are particularly potent with EC50 values below 1nM. In this article we report the synthesis and anti-VZV activity of a series of halophenyl analogues, with variation in the nature (F, Cl, Br) and location (o, m, p) of the halogen substituent. The compounds show a range of activities from ca. 10 nM to >50 μM. In most cases, ortho substitution leads to greatest activity, meta substitution is in general poor, and the effect of p-substitution shows a marked dependence on the halogen atom. The p-fluorophenyl compound is unique amongst compounds of this class in being inactive as an antiviral. The possible origins of these marked SARs are discussed.
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Białek-Pietras M, Olejniczak AB, Paradowska E, Studzińska M, Suski P, Jabłońska A, Leśnikowski ZJ. Synthesis and in vitro antiviral activity of lipophilic pyrimidine nucleoside/carborane conjugates. J Organomet Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Jahnz-Wechmann Z, Framski G, Januszczyk P, Boryski J. Bioactive fused heterocycles: Nucleoside analogs with an additional ring. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 97:388-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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McGuigan C, Hinsinger K, Farleigh L, Pathirana RN, Bugert JJ. Novel antiviral activity of l-dideoxy bicyclic nucleoside analogues versus vaccinia and measles viruses in vitro. J Med Chem 2013; 56:1311-22. [PMID: 23320521 DOI: 10.1021/jm301778x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dideoxy bicyclic pyrimidine nucleoside analogues (ddBCNAs) with d-chirality have previously been described by us to inhibit replication of human cytomegalovirus. We herein report for the first time that activity against vaccinia virus (VACV) was achieved using novel l-analogues. A structure-activity relationship was established: Antiviral activity versus VACV was highest with an ether side chain with an optimum of n-C(9)H(18)-O-n-C(5)H(11). This gave an IC(50) of 190 nM, a 60-fold enhancement over the FDA-approved antiviral cidofovir. Interestingly, l-ddBCNAs also inhibit wild type measles virus syncytia formation with a TCID(50) of 7.5 μM for the lead compound. We propose that l-ddBCNAs represent significant innovative antiviral candidates versus measles and poxviruses, and we suggest a mechanism of action versus one or more cellular targets that are essential for viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher McGuigan
- Cardiff School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3NB, U.K
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Sari O, Roy V, Balzarini J, Snoeck R, Andrei G, Agrofoglio LA. Synthesis and antiviral evaluation of C5-substituted-(1,3-diyne)-2'-deoxyuridines. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 53:220-8. [PMID: 22578783 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Revised: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Starting from acetylated 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (3), 14 hitherto unknown C5-substituted-(1,3-diyne)-2'-deoxyuridines (with cyclopropyl, hydroxymethyl, methylcyclopentane, p-(substituted)phenyl and disubstituted-phenyl substituents) have been synthesized via a nickel-copper catalyzed C-H activation between two terminal alkynes, in yields ranging from 19% to 67%. Their antiviral activities were measured against a large number of DNA and RNA viruses including herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2, varicella-zoster virus, human cytomegalovirus and vaccinia virus. The 5-[4-(4-trifluoromethoxyphenyl)buta-1,3-diynyl]-2'-deoxyuridine (26) is the most potent inhibitor of this series against VZV with an EC(50) of ~1 μM and a CC(50) of 55 μM. Their cytostatic activities were determined against murine leukemia cells, human T-lymphocyte cells and cervix carcinoma cells. Compounds were also evaluated on a wide panel of RNA viruses, including influenza virus A (H1N1 and H3N2) and B in MDCK cell cultures, parainfluenza-3 virus, reovirus-1, Sindbis virus and Punta Toro virus in Vero cell cultures and vesicular stomatitis, coxsackie B4 and respiratory syncytial virus in HeLa cell cultures and against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and 2 in CEM cell cultures, with no specific antiviral effect. This class of compounds could be of further interest for lead optimization as anti-infectious (i.e. herpetic) agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozkan Sari
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique, UMR 7311 CNRS, Université d'Orléans, UFR Science-rue de chartres, 45067 Orléans, France
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9
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Sniady A, Sevilla MD, Meneni S, Lis T, Szafert S, Khanduri D, Finke JM, Dembinski R. Synthesis and EPR studies of 2'-deoxyuridines with alkynyl, rodlike linkages. Chemistry 2009; 15:7569-77. [PMID: 19609983 PMCID: PMC4596529 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200900481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Sonogashira coupling of diacetyl 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine with diacetyl 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine gave the acylated ethynediyl-linked 2'-deoxyuridine dimer (3 b; 63%), which was deprotected with ammonia/methanol to give ethynediyl-linked 2'-deoxyuridines (3 a; 79%). Treatment of 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (1 a) with 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine gave the furopyrimidine linked to 2'-deoxyuridine (78%). Catalytic oxidative coupling of 1 a (O(2), CuI, Pd/C, N,N-dimethylformamide) gave butadiynediyl-linked 2'-deoxyuridines (4; 84 %). Double Sonogashira coupling of 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine with 1,4-diethynylbenzene gave 1,4-phenylenediethynediyl-bridged 2'-deoxyuridines (5; 83%). Cu-catalyzed cycloisomerization of dimers 4 and 5 gave their furopyrimidine derivatives. One-electron addition to 1 a, 3 a, and 4 gave the anion radical, the EPR spectra of which showed that the unpaired electron is largely localized at C6 of one uracil ring (17 G doublet) at 77 K. The EPR spectra of the one-electron-oxidized derivatives of ethynediyl- and butadiynediyl-linked uridines 3 a and 4 at 77 K showed that the unpaired electron is delocalized over both rings. Therefore, structures 3 a and 4 provide an efficient electronic link for hole conduction between the uracil rings. However, for the excess electron, an activation barrier prevents coupling to both rings. These dimeric structures could provide a gate that would separate hole transfer from electron transport between strands in DNA systems. In the crystal structure of acylated dimer 3 b, the bases were found in the anti position relative to each other across the ethynyl link, and similar anti conformation was preserved in the derived furopyrimidine-deoxyuridine dinucleoside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Sniady
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Biomedical Research, Oakland University, 2200 N. Squirrel Rd., Rochester, Michigan 48309-4477, USA
| | - Michael D. Sevilla
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Biomedical Research, Oakland University, 2200 N. Squirrel Rd., Rochester, Michigan 48309-4477, USA
| | - Srinivasarao Meneni
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Biomedical Research, Oakland University, 2200 N. Squirrel Rd., Rochester, Michigan 48309-4477, USA
| | - Tadeusz Lis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wroclaw, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Slawomir Szafert
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wroclaw, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Deepthi Khanduri
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Biomedical Research, Oakland University, 2200 N. Squirrel Rd., Rochester, Michigan 48309-4477, USA
| | - John M. Finke
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Biomedical Research, Oakland University, 2200 N. Squirrel Rd., Rochester, Michigan 48309-4477, USA
| | - Roman Dembinski
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Biomedical Research, Oakland University, 2200 N. Squirrel Rd., Rochester, Michigan 48309-4477, USA
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Chitneni SK, Balzarini J, Celen S, Dyubankova N, Verbruggen AM, Bormans GM. Synthesis and biological evaluation of carbon-11-labeled acyclic and furo[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives of bicyclic nucleoside analogues (BCNAs) for structure–brain uptake relationship study of BCNA tracers. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.1494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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11
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Chitneni SK, Deroose CM, Balzarini J, Gijsbers R, Celen SJL, de Groot TJ, Debyser Z, Mortelmans L, Verbruggen AM, Bormans GM. Synthesis and preliminary evaluation of 18F- or 11C-labeled bicyclic nucleoside analogues as potential probes for imaging varicella-zoster virus thymidine kinase gene expression using positron emission tomography. J Med Chem 2007; 50:1041-9. [PMID: 17298046 DOI: 10.1021/jm060964m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Two radiolabeled bicyclic nucleoside analogues (BCNAs) were synthesized, namely 3-(2'-deoxy-beta-d-ribofuranosyl)-6-(3-[18F]fluoroethoxyphenyl)-2,3-dihydrofuro[2,3-d]pyrimidin-2-one ([18F]-2) and 3-(2'-deoxy-beta-d-ribofuranosyl)-6-(3-[11C]methoxyphenyl)-2,3-dihydrofuro[2,3-d]pyrimidin-2-one ([11C]-3), and evaluated as PET reporter probes for varicella-zoster virus thymidine kinase (VZV-tk) gene expression imaging in brain. [18F]-2 and [11C]-3 were synthesized starting from phenol precursor 1. The phenol precursor 1 was converted to stable as well as to radiolabeled compounds 2 and 3 using (19/18)FCH(2)CH(2)Br or (12/11)CH(3)I as alkylating agent. In vitro evaluation of [18F]-2 and [11C]-3 in 293T cells showed a 4.5 and 53-fold higher uptake, respectively, into VZV-tk gene-transduced cells compared to control cells. However, biodistribution studies in mice demonstrated low uptake of these tracers in the brain. RP-HPLC analysis of plasma and urine samples of mice injected with [11C]-3 revealed that this tracer is very stable in vivo. These data warrant further evaluation of these tracers as noninvasive imaging agents for VZV infection and VZV-tk reporter gene expression in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish K Chitneni
- Laboratory for Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, K.U. Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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12
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Ghilagaber S, Hunter WN, Marquez R. Efficient coupling of low boiling point alkynes and 5-iodonucleosides. Tetrahedron Lett 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2006.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Chitneni SK, De Ruymaeker T, Balzarini J, Verbruggen AM, Bormans GM. Synthesis and biological evaluation of a lipophilic, fluorine-18-labeled 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine derivative. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.1312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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14
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Jang MY, De Jonghe S, Gao LJ, Rozenski J, Herdewijn P. Development of Synthetic Strategies for the Construction of Pyrido[4,3-d]pyrimidine Libraries – the Discovery of a New Class of PDE-4 Inhibitors. European J Org Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200600339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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McGuigan C, Balzarini J. Aryl furano pyrimidines: the most potent and selective anti-VZV agents reported to date. Antiviral Res 2006; 71:149-53. [PMID: 16712966 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2006.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2006] [Revised: 03/31/2006] [Accepted: 04/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bicyclic aryl furano pyrimidines represent the most potent anti-VZV agents reported to date. Lead compounds have EC50 values in vitro as low as 0.1 nM and selectivity index values exceeding one million. They have an absolute requirement for VZV thymidine kinase (TK) and most likely act as their phosphate forms. Some structural modification, such as aryl substitution, is tolerated, while little sugar modification is acceptable. We herein summarise their biological profiles and structure activity relationships as discovered to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher McGuigan
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, University of Wales Cardiff, Redwood Building, King Edward Vll Avenue, Cardiff CF1 3XF, UK.
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16
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Abbiati G, Arcadi A, Beccalli E, Bianchi G, Marinelli F, Rossi E. Synthesis of 3,3′-disubstituted-2,2′-biindolyls through sequential palladium-catalysed reactions of 2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(2-(4-[2,2,2-trifluoro-acetylamino)-phenyl]-buta-1,3-diynyl)-phenyl)-acetamide with organic halides/triflates. Tetrahedron 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2006.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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17
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Esho N, Desaulniers JP, Davies B, Chui HMP, Rao MS, Chow CS, Szafert S, Dembinski R. NMR conformational analysis of p-tolyl furanopyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside and crystal structure of its 3',5'-di-O-acetyl derivative. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:1231-8. [PMID: 15670932 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2004.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2004] [Revised: 11/08/2004] [Accepted: 11/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The conformation of a representative molecule of a new, potent class of antiviral-active modified nucleosides is determined. A bicyclic nucleoside, 3-(2'-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-6-(4-methylphenyl)-2,3-dihydrofuro[2,3-d]pyrimidin-2-one, shows C2'-endo and C3'-endo ribose conformations in solution (63:37, 37 degrees C; DMSO-d6), as determined by 1H NMR studies. The crystal structure of a 3',5'-di-O-acetyl-protected derivative (monoclinic, P21, a/b/c= 6.666(1)/12.225(1)/24.676(2) A, beta=90.24(1) degrees , Z=4) shows exclusively C2'-endo deoxyribose puckering. The base is found in the anti position both in solution and in crystalline form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Esho
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Biomedical Research, Oakland University, 2200 N. Squirrel Rd, Rochester, MI 48309-4477, USA
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18
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Luoni G, McGuigan C, Andrei G, Snoeck R, De Clercq E, Balzarini J. Bicyclic nucleoside inhibitors of Varicella–Zoster virus: The effect of branching in the p-alkylphenyl side chain. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:3791-6. [PMID: 15993062 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.05.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2005] [Revised: 05/06/2005] [Accepted: 05/11/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Further to the discovery of bicyclic furanopyrimidine nucleoside analogues (BCNAs) as potent anti-VZV agents, a branched series of this family of compounds was synthesised. The aim was to study the impact of the geometry and steric hindrance in the side chain as well as lipophilic role of this moiety on biological activity. The results showed a detrimental effect of branching on antiviral activity, with a different magnitude depending on the position of branching in the side chain. This study again showed the importance of this moiety for biological activity, as well as the limited efficacy of the ClogP value as a tool for predicting the potency of BCNAs, while suggesting an alternative rationale behind the design of future series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Luoni
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3XF, UK
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19
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Bidet O, McGuigan C, Snoeck R, Andrei G, De Clercq E, Balzarini J. Non-nucleoside structures retain full anti-HCMV potency of the dideoxy furanopyrimidine family. Antivir Chem Chemother 2005; 15:329-32. [PMID: 15646646 DOI: 10.1177/095632020401500605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We have recently reported that 2',3'dideoxy analogues of our exquisitely potent anti-VZV furanopyrimidine deoxynucleosides are shifted to selective anti-HCMV agents. We now find that the fully deoxygenated 2',3',5'-trideoxy analogue is fully antivirally active. This is taken as proof that these agents act by a novel non-nucleoside mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Bidet
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
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20
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McGuigan C, Carangio A, Snoeck R, Andrei G, De Clercq E, Balzarini J. Synthesis and antiviral evaluation of some 3'-fluoro bicyclic nucleoside analogues. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2004; 23:1-5. [PMID: 15043132 DOI: 10.1081/ncn-120027813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of 3'-fluoro analogues of recently discovered highly potent anti-VZV furanopyrimidine deoxynucleosides (BCNAs) is herein reported, for both the alkyl and alkylphenyl series. The compounds are tested against a range of herpes viruses and display poor activity, strongly supporting the notion of the importance of the presence of a 3'-OH for antiviral activity.
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21
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Visalli RJ. Novel compounds for the treatment of varicella–zoster virus infections. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2004. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.14.3.355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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De Clercq E. Highly potent and selective inhibition of varicella-zoster virus replication by bicyclic furo[2,3-d]pyrimidine nucleoside analogues. Med Res Rev 2003; 23:253-74. [PMID: 12647310 DOI: 10.1002/med.10035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The bicyclic furo[2,3-d]pyrimidine nucleoside analogues represent an entirely new class of fused furopyrimidine derivatives with unprecedented selectivity for varicella-zoster virus (VZV). From extensive structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies, the 6-(p-alkylphenyl)substituted furopyrimidine derivatives Cf 1742 and Cf 1743 emerged as the most potent inhibitors of VZV replication: they were found to inhibit both laboratory VZV strains and clinical VZV isolates at subnanomolar concentrations, while not being toxic to the host cells at 100,000-fold higher concentrations. Although the precise mechanism of action of these compounds remains to be elucidated, it is clear that for their antiviral activity they depend on phosphorylation by the VZV-encoded thymidine kinase. The furo[2,3-d]pyrimidine nucleoside analogues are not susceptible to degradation by human or bacterial thymidine phosphorylase, which may otherwise release the free aglycone. Also, the latter is not inhibitory to dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase, an enzyme involved in the degradation of thymine, uracil, and the anticancer agent 5-fluorouracil. Further development of the furo[2,3-d]pyrimidine nucleoside analogues as new therapeutic modalities for the treatment of VZV infections (i.e., varicella and herpes zoster) seems highly justified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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23
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Carangio A, Srinivasan S, McGuigan C, Andrei G, Snoeck R, De Clercq E, Balzarini J. Bicyclic nucleoside inhibitors of varicella-zoster virus: effect of terminal aryl substitution in the side-chain. Antivir Chem Chemother 2002; 13:263-71. [PMID: 12630674 DOI: 10.1177/095632020201300501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported the discovery and preliminary structure-activity relationships of a new class of inhibitors of varicella-zoster virus (VZV). These novel furanopyrimidine nucleosides bear unusual bicyclic base moieties and exhibit complete specificity for VZV. Limited in vitro cytotoxicity has been detected and the bicyclic nucleosides are now well established as a new family of potent antivirals. Our initial studies revealed an absolute requirement of a long alkyl side-chain, with an optimal chain length of C8-C10, for antiviral activity. Following further studies, we recently reported a significant enhancement of both antiviral potency and selectivity by the inclusion of a phenyl group within the alkyl side-chain of these compounds. The new lead p-alkylphenyl analogues displayed EC50 values below 1 nM versus VZV and selectivity index values >1000000. We herein report the synthesis and characterization of a further series of alkylaryl analogues bearing terminal phenyl groups with varying n-alkyl side-chain lengths. Synthesis of the target bicyclic systems involved the Pd-catalysed coupling of terminal acetylenes with 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine to give intermediate 5-alkynyl nucleosides which were then cyclized in the presence of copper (I) iodide. The current compounds display excellent selectivity for VZV with no detectable in vitro cytotoxicity but despite being chemically isomeric with the previous lead p-alkylphenyl analogues, the compounds reported herein exhibit only moderate antiviral activities. A possible correlation between antiviral activity and conformational freedom of the side-chain is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Carangio
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff, UK
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24
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Balzarini J, McGuigan C. Chemotherapy of varicella-zoster virus by a novel class of highly specific anti-VZV bicyclic pyrimidine nucleosides. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2002; 1587:287-95. [PMID: 12084470 DOI: 10.1016/s0925-4439(02)00091-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
(E)-5-(2-bromovinyl)-2'-deoxyuridine (BVDU) is a potent inhibitor of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and varicella-zoster virus (VZV). Its mechanism of action is based on a specific conversion to its 5'-mono- and 5'-diphosphate derivative by HSV-1- and VZV-encoded thymidine kinase, and after further conversion to its 5'-triphosphate derivative, inhibition of the viral DNA polymerase and eventual incorporation into the viral DNA. Recently, a new structural class of bicyclic pyrimidine nucleoside analogues (designated BCNAs) with highly specific and selective anti-VZV activity in cell culture has been discovered. The compounds need a long alkyl or alkylaryl side-chain at the base moiety for pronounced biological activity. This property makes these compounds highly lipophilic. They are also endowed with fluorescent properties when exposed to light with short UV wavelength. In striking contrast to BVDU, the members of this class of compounds are active only against VZV, but not against any other virus, including the closely related HSV-1, HSV-2 and cytomegalovirus. The most active compounds inhibit VZV replication at subnanomolar concentrations and are not toxic at high micromolar concentrations. The compounds lose their antiviral activity against thymidine kinase (TK)-deficient VZV strains, pointing to a pivotal role of the viral TK in their activation (phosphorylation). Kinetic studies with purified enzymes revealed that the compounds were recognized by VZV TK as a substrate, but not by HSV-1 TK, nor by cytosolic or mitochondrial TK. VZV TK is able to phosphorylate the test compounds not only to their corresponding 5'-mono- but also to their 5'-diphosphate derivatives. These data may readily explain and rationalize the anti-VZV selectivity of the BCNAs. There is no clear-cut correlation between the antiviral potency of the compounds and their affinity for VZV TK, pointing to a different structure/activity relationship of the eventual antiviral target of these compounds. The compounds are stable in solution and, in contrast to BVDU, not susceptible to degradation by thymidine phosphorylase. The bicyclic pyrimidine nucleoside analogues represent an entirely new class of highly specific anti-VZV compounds that should be further pursued for clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Balzarini
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, Leuven, Belgium.
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25
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McGuigan C, Blewett S, Siccardi D, Erichsen JT, Andrei G, Snoek R, De Clercq E, Balzarini J. Alkyloxyphenyl furano pyrimidines as potent and selective anti-VZV agents with enhanced water solubility. Antivir Chem Chemother 2002; 13:91-9. [PMID: 12238533 DOI: 10.1177/095632020201300203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported bicyclic furanopyrimidines as potent and selective inhibitors of varicella zoster virus (VZV) with subnanomolar activity for p-alkylphenyl substituted analogues. These compounds are highly lipophilic and of limited water solubility. In an effort to address this issue, and with a view to oral dosing, we have sought to enhance water solubility whilst retaining high antiviral potency and we herein report a novel series of p-alkyloxyphenyl compounds which contain a phenolic ether atom intended to boost hydrophilicity. We report the synthesis, characterisation and antiviral evaluation of this series and note the retention of extremely high antiviral potency, with EC50 values as low as 1 nanomolar.
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Sienaert R, Naesens L, Brancale A, De Clercq E, McGuigan C, Balzarini J. Specific recognition of the bicyclic pyrimidine nucleoside analogs, a new class of highly potent and selective inhibitors of varicella-zoster virus (VZV), by the VZV-encoded thymidine kinase. Mol Pharmacol 2002; 61:249-54. [PMID: 11809847 DOI: 10.1124/mol.61.2.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, an entirely new class of bicyclic nucleoside analogs (BCNAs) was found to display exquisite potency and selectivity as inhibitors of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) replication in cell culture. A striking difference in their ability to convert the BCNAs to their phosphorylated derivatives was observed between the VZV-encoded thymidine kinase (TK) and the very closely related herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) TK. Whereas VZV TK efficiently phosphorylated the BCNAs, HSV-1 TK was unable to do so. In addition, the thymidylate (dTMP) kinase activity of VZV TK further converted BCNA-5'-MP to BCNA-5'-DP. The BCNAs (or their phosphorylated derivatives) were not a substrate for cytosolic TK, mitochondrial TK, or cytosolic dTMP kinase. Human erythrocyte nucleoside diphosphate (NDP) kinase was unable to phosphorylate the BCNA 5'-diphosphates to BCNA 5'-triphosphates. Under the same experimental conditions, the anti-herpetic (E)-5-(2-bromovinyl)-2'-deoxyuridine (BVDU) derivative was efficiently converted to BVDU-MP and BVDU-DP by both VZV TK and HSV-1 TK and further, into BVDU-TP, by NDP kinase. Our observations may account for the unprecedented specificity of BCNAs as anti-VZV agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Sienaert
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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