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Glockzin KM, Narindoshvili T, Raushel FM. Regiochemical Analysis of the ProTide Activation Mechanism. Biochemistry 2024; 63:1774-1782. [PMID: 38958242 PMCID: PMC11256751 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.4c00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
ProTides are nucleotide analogues used for the treatment of specific viral infections. These compounds consist of a masked nucleotide that undergoes in vivo enzymatic and spontaneous chemical transformations to generate a free mononucleotide that is ultimately transformed to the pharmaceutically active triphosphorylated drug. The three FDA approved ProTides are composed of a phosphoramidate (P-N) core coupled with a nucleoside analogue, phenol, and an l-alanyl carboxylate ester. The previously proposed mechanism of activation postulates the existence of an unstable 5-membered mixed anhydride cyclic intermediate formed from the direct attack of the carboxylate group of the l-alanyl moiety with expulsion of phenol. The mixed anhydride cyclic intermediate is further postulated to undergo spontaneous hydrolysis to form a linear l-alanyl phosphoramidate product. In the proposed mechanism of activation, the 5-membered mixed anhydride intermediate has been detected previously using mass spectrometry, but the specific site of nucleophilic attack by water (P-O versus C-O) has not been determined. To further interrogate the mechanism for hydrolysis of the putative 5-membered cyclic intermediate formed during ProTide activation, the reaction was conducted in 18O-labeled water using a ProTide analogue that could be activated by carboxypeptidase Y. Mass spectrometry and 31P NMR spectroscopy were used to demonstrate that the hydrolysis of the mixed anhydride 5-membered intermediate occurs with exclusive attack at the phosphorus center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle M. Glockzin
- Department
of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas
A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Tamari Narindoshvili
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Frank M. Raushel
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department
of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas
A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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2
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Gniech T, Humboldt A, Keith KA, James SH, Richert C. A ProTide of AZT Shows Activity Against Human Papillomaviruses. ChemMedChem 2024; 19:e202300661. [PMID: 38241205 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202300661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Infection by human papillomaviruses (HPV) can cause warts and tumors. So far, no small molecule antiviral has been approved for the treatment of infections with this DNA virus, although preclinical studies show activity for nucleosidic compounds, such as 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxy)ethylguanine (PMEG) or cidofovir. This prompted us to test new prodrug versions of the nucleoside analog 3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxythymidine (AZT), known to be active against reverse transcriptases and approved for the treatment of HIV. Here we report the synthesis of an ethylbutyl alaninyl ester phosphosphoramidate prodrug of AZT, dubbed AZAEB, and its activity against HPV, a target not known to be sensitive to AZT. A methyl ester derivative was found to be inactive against this and three other DNA viruses, while the phosphoramidate prodrug AZAEB showed a modest inhibitory effect against HPV types 6, 11, 18 and 31. Our results open up new avenues of study for the treatment of diseases caused by members of the papillomaviridae family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Gniech
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Adrian Humboldt
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Kathy A Keith
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Scott H James
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Clemens Richert
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
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3
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Mcguigan C, Velázquez S, De Clercq E, Balzarini J. Synthesis and Evaluation of 5-Halo 2′,3′-Didehydro-2′,3′-Dideoxynucleosides and their Blocked Phosphoramidates as Potential Anti-Human Immunodeficiency virus Agents: An Example of ‘Kinase Bypass’. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029700800605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C Mcguigan
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, University of Wales Cardiff, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF1 3XF, UK
| | - S Velázquez
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, University of Wales Cardiff, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF1 3XF, UK
| | - E De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - J Balzarini
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
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4
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McGuigan C, Salgado A, Yarnold C, Harries T, De Clercq E, Balzarini J. Novel Nucleoside Phosphoramidates as Inhibitors of HIV: Studies on the Stereochemical Requirements of the Phosphoramidate Amino Acid. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029600700402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Novel phosphoramidate derivatives of the anti-HIV nucleoside analogue d4T were designed to act as labile membrane-soluble prodrugs of the bio-active free nucleotide d4TMP. We herein reveal the very marked dependence of the antiviral activity of these phosphoramidates upon the stereochemistry of the amino acid attached to the phosphate centre; with a strong preference for the L-stereochemistry. These phosphate triesters were shown to liberate amino acid derivatives of the nucleotide intracellularly. These novel analogues, typified by alaninyl d4T monophosphate, may act as intracellular sources of the free nucleotides. The alaninyl d4T adducts themselves exert an antiviral effect when administered extracellularly, but again with clear distinctions between the L- and D-series. This evidence indicates that extracellularly administered blocked triesters derived from L-amino acids can generate d4TMP intracellularly, by a new pathway which is highly dependent on the amino acid stereochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. McGuigan
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, University of Wales Cardiff, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff, CF1 3XF, UK
| | - A. Salgado
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, University of Wales Cardiff, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff, CF1 3XF, UK
| | - C. Yarnold
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, University of Wales Cardiff, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff, CF1 3XF, UK
| | - T.Y. Harries
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, University of Wales Cardiff, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff, CF1 3XF, UK
| | - E. De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - J. Balzarini
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
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5
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Pradere U, Garnier-Amblard E, Coats SJ, Amblard F, Schinazi RF. Synthesis of nucleoside phosphate and phosphonate prodrugs. Chem Rev 2014; 114:9154-218. [PMID: 25144792 PMCID: PMC4173794 DOI: 10.1021/cr5002035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 390] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Pradere
- Center
for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department
of Pediatrics, Emory University School of
Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | | | | | - Franck Amblard
- Center
for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department
of Pediatrics, Emory University School of
Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Raymond F. Schinazi
- Center
for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department
of Pediatrics, Emory University School of
Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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Zlatev I, Dutartre H, Barvik I, Neyts J, Canard B, Vasseur JJ, Alvarez K, Morvan F. Phosphoramidate Dinucleosides as Hepatitis C Virus Polymerase Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2008; 51:5745-57. [DOI: 10.1021/jm800617c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Zlatev
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247 CNRS—Université Montpellier 1—Université Montpellier 2, Place Eugène Bataillon, CC1704, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France, Department of Structural Virology, AFMB UMR 6098, CNRS Université de la Méditerranée, Case 925, 163 Avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille, France, Institute of Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 5, Prague 12116 2, Czech Republic, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B
| | - Hélène Dutartre
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247 CNRS—Université Montpellier 1—Université Montpellier 2, Place Eugène Bataillon, CC1704, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France, Department of Structural Virology, AFMB UMR 6098, CNRS Université de la Méditerranée, Case 925, 163 Avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille, France, Institute of Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 5, Prague 12116 2, Czech Republic, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B
| | - Ivan Barvik
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247 CNRS—Université Montpellier 1—Université Montpellier 2, Place Eugène Bataillon, CC1704, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France, Department of Structural Virology, AFMB UMR 6098, CNRS Université de la Méditerranée, Case 925, 163 Avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille, France, Institute of Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 5, Prague 12116 2, Czech Republic, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B
| | - Johan Neyts
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247 CNRS—Université Montpellier 1—Université Montpellier 2, Place Eugène Bataillon, CC1704, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France, Department of Structural Virology, AFMB UMR 6098, CNRS Université de la Méditerranée, Case 925, 163 Avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille, France, Institute of Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 5, Prague 12116 2, Czech Republic, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B
| | - Bruno Canard
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247 CNRS—Université Montpellier 1—Université Montpellier 2, Place Eugène Bataillon, CC1704, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France, Department of Structural Virology, AFMB UMR 6098, CNRS Université de la Méditerranée, Case 925, 163 Avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille, France, Institute of Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 5, Prague 12116 2, Czech Republic, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B
| | - Jean-Jacques Vasseur
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247 CNRS—Université Montpellier 1—Université Montpellier 2, Place Eugène Bataillon, CC1704, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France, Department of Structural Virology, AFMB UMR 6098, CNRS Université de la Méditerranée, Case 925, 163 Avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille, France, Institute of Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 5, Prague 12116 2, Czech Republic, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B
| | - Karine Alvarez
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247 CNRS—Université Montpellier 1—Université Montpellier 2, Place Eugène Bataillon, CC1704, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France, Department of Structural Virology, AFMB UMR 6098, CNRS Université de la Méditerranée, Case 925, 163 Avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille, France, Institute of Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 5, Prague 12116 2, Czech Republic, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B
| | - François Morvan
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247 CNRS—Université Montpellier 1—Université Montpellier 2, Place Eugène Bataillon, CC1704, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France, Department of Structural Virology, AFMB UMR 6098, CNRS Université de la Méditerranée, Case 925, 163 Avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille, France, Institute of Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 5, Prague 12116 2, Czech Republic, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B
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Ora M, Ojanperä J, Lönnberg H. Hydrolytic Reactions of Thymidine 5′-O-Phenyl-N-Alkylphosphoramidates, Models of Nucleoside 5′-Monophosphate Prodrugs. Chemistry 2007; 13:8591-9. [PMID: 17654626 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200700623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
To obtain detailed data on the kinetics of hydrolytic reactions of triester-like nucleoside 5'-O-aryl-N-alkylphosphoramidates, potential prodrugs of antiviral nucleoside monophosphates, the hydrolysis of diastereomeric (Rp/Sp) thymidine 5'-{O-phenyl-N-[(1S)-2-oxo-2-methoxy-1-methylethyl]phosphoramidate} (3), a phosphoramidate derived from the methyl ester of L-alanine, has been followed by reversed-phase HPLC over the range from Ho=0 to pH 8 at 90 degrees C. According to the time-dependent product distributions, the hydrolysis of 3 proceeds at pH<4 by two parallel routes, namely by nucleophilic displacement of the alaninyl ester moiety by a water molecule and by hydrolysis of the carboxylic ester linkage that allows intramolecular attack of the carboxy group on the phosphorus atom, thereby resulting in the departure of either thymidine or phenol without marked accumulation of any intermediates. Both routes represent about half of the overall disappearance of 3. The departure of phenol eventually leads to the formation of thymidine 5'-phosphate. At pH>5, the predominant reaction is hydrolysis of the carboxylic ester linkage followed by intramolecular displacement of a phenoxide ion by the carboxylate ion and hydrolysis of the resulting cyclic mixed anhydride into an acyclic diester-like thymidine 5'-phosphoramidate. The latter product accumulated quantitatively without any indication of further decomposition. Hydroxide-ion-catalyzed P--OPh bond cleavage of the starting material 3 occurred as a side reaction. Comparative measurements with thymidine 5'-{N-[(1S)-2-oxo-2-methoxy-1-methylethyl]phosphoramidate} (4) revealed that, under acidic conditions, this diester-like compound is hydrolyzed by P--N bond cleavage three orders of magnitude more rapidly than the triester-like 3. At pH>5, the stability order is reversed, with 3 being hydrolyzed six times as rapidly as 4. Mechanisms of the partial reactions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikko Ora
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland.
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