1
|
Delghandi S, Raoufinia R, Shahtahmasbi S, Meshkat Z, Gouklani H, Gholoobi A. An overview of occult hepatitis B infection (OBI) with emphasis on HBV vaccination. Heliyon 2024; 10:e37097. [PMID: 39281486 PMCID: PMC11402251 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e37097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 08/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The prevalence of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) poses a significant threat to the lives of 257 million individuals globally, potentially resulting in severe outcomes such as liver cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma. Among the existing preventive measures, yeast-derived vaccines have proven to be the most efficacious approach in combatting hepatitis B. Nonetheless, as scientific inquiries focus more on occult HBV infection (OBI) in vaccinated persons and the lingering risk of vertical transmission affecting 10-30 % of babies born to HBsAg-positive mothers, there is a growing apprehension regarding the inability of HBV vaccines to ensure complete immunity. This study aims to offer a more comprehensive understanding of the implications of widespread HBV vaccination initiatives on OBI while tackling the primary limitations associated with current vaccine formulations. Methods The exploration was conducted on PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases to pinpoint research on OBI within vaccinated cohorts. A sum of 76 suitable studies was recognized. Discussion Multiple studies have documented the occurrence of OBI in fully vaccinated individuals, including both the general population and high-risk groups, such as newborns born to HBsAg-positive mothers. Factors contributing to vaccine failures include low-level anti-HBs antibodies, high maternal viral loads in mother-to-child transmission cases, as well as the presence of vaccine escape mutants and heterologous HBV genotypes. However, further research is needed to precisely understand the impact of active immunization on the emergence of OBI in vaccinated populations. Nonetheless, it is apparent that the advancement of more effective HBV vaccines could potentially lead to the extinction of HBV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Delghandi
- Medical Genetics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Division of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, Center for Cancer Immunotherapy and Immunobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ramin Raoufinia
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
- Medical Genetics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Sahar Shahtahmasbi
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zahra Meshkat
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamed Gouklani
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Aida Gholoobi
- Medical Genetics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mostafavi E, Ebrahimi B, Doosti-Irani A, Mirzazadeh A. Prevalence of hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and tuberculosis among people living with HIV in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:777. [PMID: 39097724 PMCID: PMC11297631 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09676-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Up to now several studies estimate the prevalence of HBV, HCV, and TB among people living with HIV (PLWH) in Iran; however, their results are inconsistent. This study aimed to estimate the overall prevalence of HBV, HVC, and TB among Iranian PLWH. METHODS In this systematic review and meta-analysis six databases including Medline, Web of Science, Scopus, MagIran, Scientific Information Database (SID), and Barakat Knowledge network system were searched up to October 2023 with no language restriction. All studies estimated the prevalence of HBV, HCV, and TB among PLWH in Iran were included. The random-effects model was used to report the study estimates. Results were reported at a 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS Out of 1050 retrieved references, 58 articles met the eligibility criteria. Overall among PLWH, HBV prevalence was 13.0% (95% CI: 11.0, 15.0), HCV prevalence was 54% (95% CI: 45.0, 64.0), and TB prevalence was 19% (95% CI: 13.0, 24.0). The results from multivariate meta-regression analysis showed no statistically significant association between HBV and TB prevalence with the year of study, quality of studies, age, gender, and persons who inject drugs (PWID). HCV prevalence was significantly associated with PWID. CONCLUSION We found HBV, HCV, and TB infections are common among PLWH in Iran and required to be screened and treated with effective and timely services.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Mostafavi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahram Ebrahimi
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Science, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Amin Doosti-Irani
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Research Center for Health Sciences, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
| | - Ali Mirzazadeh
- HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, and WHO Collaborating for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Machmud PB, Glasauer S, Gottschick C, Mikolajczyk R. Knowledge, Vaccination Status, and Reasons for Avoiding Vaccinations against Hepatitis B in Developing Countries: A Systematic Review. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:625. [PMID: 34207829 PMCID: PMC8227242 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9060625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The coverage of hepatitis B vaccination remains low in developing countries to date. This systematic review thus analyzes the determinants of people's knowledge and vaccination status as well as the reasons why people in developing countries chose not to receive the hepatitis B vaccination. (2) Methods: We searched four databases to identify all studies from developing countries published within the past 10 years. Both low-risk and high-risk populations aged older than 15 years old were eligible for the study. The quality of studies was assessed by the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale assessment. (3) Results: This study identified 2443 articles, 89 of which were included in the analysis. Monthly income, occupational status, and profession as a health-care worker were the strongest predictive factors for both knowledge of hepatitis B and vaccination status. In addition, strong predictor variables of hepatitis B knowledge were knowing an infected person and level of education, while health insurance, management's protection at workplace, infection training, and experience of hepatitis B exposure were strong influencing factors for vaccine uptake. (4) Conclusions: Exposure to information, support from institutions, and financial support related to vaccination cost have a positive impact on the knowledge about hepatitis B infection and vaccination coverage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Putri Bungsu Machmud
- Institute of Medical Epidemiology, Biometrics and Informatics (IMEBI), Interdisciplinary Center for Health Sciences, Medical School of the Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Straße 8, 06112 Halle (Saale), Germany; (P.B.M.); (S.G.); (C.G.)
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia, Jl. Prof. Dr. Bahder Djohan, Depok 16424, Indonesia
| | - Saskia Glasauer
- Institute of Medical Epidemiology, Biometrics and Informatics (IMEBI), Interdisciplinary Center for Health Sciences, Medical School of the Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Straße 8, 06112 Halle (Saale), Germany; (P.B.M.); (S.G.); (C.G.)
| | - Cornelia Gottschick
- Institute of Medical Epidemiology, Biometrics and Informatics (IMEBI), Interdisciplinary Center for Health Sciences, Medical School of the Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Straße 8, 06112 Halle (Saale), Germany; (P.B.M.); (S.G.); (C.G.)
| | - Rafael Mikolajczyk
- Institute of Medical Epidemiology, Biometrics and Informatics (IMEBI), Interdisciplinary Center for Health Sciences, Medical School of the Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Straße 8, 06112 Halle (Saale), Germany; (P.B.M.); (S.G.); (C.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Semenov AV, Ostankova YV, Serikova EN, Zueva EB, Totolian AA. Optimization of the algorithm diagnosis chronic hepatitis B markers in patients with newly diagnosed HIV infection. Klin Lab Diagn 2021; 65:574-579. [PMID: 33245644 DOI: 10.18821/0869-2084-2020-65-9-574-579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The possibility of modifying the algorithms for chronic viral hepatitis B laboratory diagnosis in individuals with newly diagnosed HIV infection is analyzed. Plasma samples were used from 196 patients residing in the Northwestern Federal District. Serological HBV markers were found in 79.6% of cases. However, HBsAg was detected in 5.6% of patients. Anti-HBcore IgG antibodies are found in 62.24% of cases, anti-HBe IgG antibodies in 27.55%, anti-HBs IgG antibodies in 52.55% of cases. Using a commercial kit with a 100 IU / ml sensitivity, HBV DNA was detected in 4.6% of patients, that is, 81.8% of HBsAg-positive individuals. Using the method developed by us, HBV DNA was found in 18.36% of HIV-infected individuals, including 12.75% of cases was HBsAg-negative (latent) disease form. In the examined group, HBV of genotype D prevailed (91.7%), genotype A was detected in 8.3% of cases. The distribution of subgenotypes is presented in the following ratios: D2 - 55.6%, D1 - 22.2%, D3 - 13.9%, A2 - 8.3%. Mutations were detected in the reverse transcriptase (RT) region in 91.6% of patients, in the SHB region in 83.3%, in the Core and Precore regions in 72.2% and in 27.7% of patients, respectively. Three HBV isolates (8.3%) were identified with drug resistance mutations to lamivudine, entericavir, telbivudine and tenofovir, which are amino acid substitutions in the HBV polymerase gene at positions L180M, T184A, M204V. Vaccine escape mutations were detected in 61.1% of patients. In all samples with drug resistance mutations, escape-mutants were simultaneously present. When analyzing the basal nucleus promoter, Precore and Core regions, 22.2% of patients with the double mutation A1762T / G1764A, 25% with the mutation G1896A were identified. In one person, all three substitutions were found. In the Core region, 77.7% of patients showed mutations in one of the hot spots (codons 87, 97, 112, and 130 substitution), which can play a role in immunomodulation in CHB. Analysis of the HBV genetic structure, mutations detection early in the virus in patients with HBV can help predict the clinical course and disease progression, and ART complications. To reduce the HIV HBV co-infection burden and to appointer anti-HBV therapy, it is necessary to introduce detection the occult HBV to modify the algorithm for CHB laboratory diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A V Semenov
- Saint-Petersburg Pasteur Institute.,Saint-Petersburg State Medical University n.a. acad. I.P. Pavlov.,North-West State Medical University n.a. I.I. Mechnikov
| | | | | | | | - Areg A Totolian
- Saint-Petersburg Pasteur Institute.,Saint-Petersburg State Medical University n.a. acad. I.P. Pavlov
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jamshidi S, Bokharaei-Salim F, Esghaei M, Bastani MN, Garshasbi S, Chavoshpour S, Dehghani-Dehej F, Fakhim S, Khanaliha K. Occult HCV and occult HBV coinfection in Iranian human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals. J Med Virol 2020; 92:3354-3364. [PMID: 32232978 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The presence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) genome in liver biopsy or peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) specimens in the absence of detectable HCV-RNA in plasma of the people with or without anti-HCV antibodies has defined as occult HCV infection (OCI), whereas occult hepatitis B virus infection (OBI) is detection of hepatitis B virus (HBV) genome in the absence of traceable hepatitis B surface antigen in the plasma samples of patients. The purpose of this study is to determine the presence of OBI and OCI in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals. In this cross-sectional research, 190 Iranian HIV-infected individuals were enrolled from September 2015 to February 2019. All participants were tested regarding various serological markers for HCV and HBV infections. Viral RNA and DNA were extracted from plasma and PBMC specimens, and the presence of HCV-RNA in plasma and PBMC samples was tested using reverse transcriptase-nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR), HBV viral load was determined in plasma samples using COBAS TaqMan 48 Kit, and also the presence of the HBV-DNA in PBMC samples was tested by real-time PCR. In this study, the prevalence of OBI and OCI in HIV-infected individuals was 3.1% and 11.4%, respectively. The genotypes of HCV in the patients with OCI were as follows: 57.1% were infected with subtype 3a, 35.7% were infected with subtype 1a, and 7.1% was infected with subtype 1b. It is noteworthy that in this study, two patients (1.1%) had OCI/OBI coinfections. The present study revealed that 1.1% of Iranian HIV-infected individuals had OBI and OCI at the same time. Therefore, it seems that designing prospective surveys to determine the presence of this coinfection in HIV-infected individuals is informative.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sogol Jamshidi
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farah Bokharaei-Salim
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Esghaei
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Navid Bastani
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saba Garshasbi
- Vice Chancellor for Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Chavoshpour
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Shahin Fakhim
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Payame Noor University, Karaj, Iran
| | - Khadijeh Khanaliha
- Research Center of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hedayati-Moghaddam MR, Soltanian H, Behzadifar M. Occult Hepatitis B Virus Infection Prevalence Among Different Populations of Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2020; 20. [DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.101722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Abstract
Context: Various frequency rates of occult hepatitis B virus infection (OBI) are reported from different parts of Iran. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to characterize the OBI epidemiology in Iran and estimate the pooled prevalence among different populations. Evidence Acquisition: Nine international and Persian electronic databases, as well as some conference proceedings, were searched. Original cross-sectional studies up to December 2018 were included if they investigated the prevalence of OBI by the detection of serum hepatitis B virus surface antigen and hepatitis B virus nucleic acid in at least 30 samples selected with any sampling methods. Comprehensive meta-analysis software was used to analyze the data, and Cochran’s Q-test and I-square statistics were applied to assess the heterogeneity. Meta-regression analysis was performed to assess the impact of the year of study on the OBI frequency. A P value < 0.05 was considered as the level of significance. Results: Of 412 citations found in electronic sources and 35 relevant citations added by searching the gray literature, 83 non-duplicated non-overlapping studies were evaluated. A total of 55 documents comprising 14,485 individuals from 16 provinces met the inclusion criteria and were used in the analysis. The prevalence of OBI considerably varied in different parts of the country with the highest prevalence (63.1%) reported among the HIV-positive population in Fars province. The rates of the OBI prevalence were estimated at 0.06% (95% CI: 0.02 - 0.16%) among blood donors (BDs) regardless of their anti-HBc status, 7.90% (95% CI: 4.33 - 13.99%) among anti-HBc positive BDs, 2.49% (95% CI: 1.2 - 4.81%) among hemodialysis (HD) patients, 4.44% (95% CI: 1.56 - 12.02%) among HIV-positive patients, and 7.76% (95% CI: 4.57 - 12.86%) among HCV-positive patients. No significant trends were observed in OBI prevalence rates among different groups over time (P > 0.05). Conclusions: This review revealed high rates of OBI prevalence among high-risk populations in Iran. It is strongly suggested that occult hepatitis B be investigated among populations with a high chance of its occurrence in our country.
Collapse
|
7
|
No evidence of occult HBV infection in population born after mass vaccination. Wien Med Wochenschr 2020; 170:218-223. [PMID: 32274600 DOI: 10.1007/s10354-020-00748-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite access to efficient hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccine and universal immunization schedules, HBV infection remains a global health concern. HBV infection has decreased by this program. Nevertheless, breakthrough infections occur due to generation of occult HBV infection (OBI) and surface gene mutants in the immunized population. We aimed to determine the presence of OBI in a population born after initiation of nationwide HBV vaccination in Tehran, Iran. A HBV mass vaccination schedule was launched in Iran in 1993. For this study, we enrolled 1120 cases younger than 24 years. ELISA was applied to evaluate the presence of HBsAg, anti-HBs and anti-HBc. HBV-DNA presence was determined in all HBsAg-negative cases using nested polymerase chain reaction. The prevalence of HBsAg, anti-HBc and anti-HBs was 0.1, 0.54 and 39.9% respectively. Out of 6 anti-HBc-positive individuals, 4 cases also had anti-HBs. One case revealed HBsAg co-existence and the other one showed isolated anti-HBc. HBV-DNA was not detected in HBsAg-negative specimens. A very low prevalence of HBsAg and isolated anti-HBc was observed and no occult HBV infection was detected. It seems that evasion mutants are not a potential threat for HBV universal immunization efficacy in the vaccinated population.
Collapse
|
8
|
Fusco DN, Ganova-Raeva L, Khudyakov Y, Punkova L, Mohamed A, Cheon SSY, Koirala P, Andersson KL, Jourdain G, Sureau C, Chung RT, Lauer G. Reactivation of a Vaccine Escape Hepatitis B Virus Mutant in a Cambodian Patient During Anti-Hepatitis C Virus Therapy. Front Med (Lausanne) 2018; 5:97. [PMID: 29761102 PMCID: PMC5936758 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A 76-year-old Cambodian man co-infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) 6c-1 presented for care. HBV DNA was intermittently detectable despite anti-HBs levels being above the protective threshold. During treatment for HCV, HBV DNA levels increased. Sequencing revealed multiple mutations including vaccine escape mutation and mutations predicted to enhance fitness. This case represents exacerbation of an HBV vaccine escape mutant during a direct-acting antiviral therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dahlene N. Fusco
- Medicine/General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Lilia Ganova-Raeva
- Molecular Epidemiology and Bioinformatics Team, DVH/NCHHSTP/CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Yury Khudyakov
- Molecular Epidemiology and Bioinformatics Team, DVH/NCHHSTP/CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Lili Punkova
- Molecular Epidemiology and Bioinformatics Team, DVH/NCHHSTP/CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Aisha Mohamed
- Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, United States
| | | | | | - Karin L. Andersson
- Gastrointestinal Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Gonzague Jourdain
- Institut de recherche pour le développement(IRD), Marseille, France
- Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Camille Sureau
- Institut National de la Tranfusion Sanguine INSER U1134, Paris, France
| | - Raymond T. Chung
- Gastrointestinal Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Georg Lauer
- Gastrointestinal Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Tajik Z, Bokharaei-Salim F, Ghorbani S, Keyvani H, Esghaei M, Monavari SH, Ataei-Pirkooh A, Garshasbi S, Donyavi T, Fakhim A. Detection of HBV genome in the plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells of Iranian HBsAg negative patients with HIV infection: occult HBV infection. Arch Virol 2018; 163:1559-1566. [PMID: 29476259 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-3740-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The presence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA in the absence of traceable hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in the plasma specimen of patients is defined as occult HBV infection (OBI). This study aimed to detect HBV-DNA in the plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of Iranian HBsAg negative patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 172 patients with HIV infection from September 2015 to August 2017. The patients were tested for serological parameters (HBsAg, HBcAb, HBeAg and HBeAb) against HBV infection. Moreover, they were tested for HBV viral load (using COBAS TaqMan 48 Kit, Roche, USA) in plasma and the presence of the HBV genome in PBMC specimens using real-time PCR. The mean age of the patients was 35.4 ± 13.4 years. Of the 172 studied patients, 109 (63.4%) were male. In this study, 151 (87.8%) patients were negative for HBsAg, 111 (64.5%) patients were negative for all HBV infection serological markers, 9 (5.2%) patients were only positive for HBsAg and 29 (16.9%) patients were only positive for HBcAb. Moreover, five (3.3%) patients with HBsAg negative had OBI (in the plasma sample of four patients and PBMC specimens of all five patients, HBV-DNA was detected). The present study revealed that 3.3% of the patients with HIV infection had occult HBV infection. Presumably, designing prospective studies to identify this infection in patients with HIV infection is informative and valuable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Tajik
- HIV Laboratory of National Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farah Bokharaei-Salim
- HIV Laboratory of National Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Saied Ghorbani
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Keyvani
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Esghaei
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Angila Ataei-Pirkooh
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saba Garshasbi
- HIV Laboratory of National Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tahereh Donyavi
- HIV Laboratory of National Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atousa Fakhim
- Department of Architectural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Islamic Azad University, South Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ryan K, Anderson M, Gyurova I, Ambroggio L, Moyo S, Sebunya T, Makhema J, Marlink R, Essex M, Musonda R, Gaseitsiwe S, Blackard JT. High Rates of Occult Hepatitis B Virus Infection in HIV-Positive Individuals Initiating Antiretroviral Therapy in Botswana. Open Forum Infect Dis 2017; 4:ofx195. [PMID: 29062862 PMCID: PMC5641381 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofx195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)–negative but hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA-positive infection—known as occult hepatitis B infection (OBI)—occurs in 1% to >15% of HIV-positive individuals in the United States and South Africa, respectively. However, there are no data on OBI from Botswana, a country known to be hyperendemic for chronic HBV infection and to have a significant HIV burden. Methods Two hundred seventy-two adults enrolled in an HIV treatment study of tenofovir/emtricitabine as the nucleoside backbone who were previously determined to be HBsAg negative were tested for HBV DNA at baseline and 1 year after initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Results HBV DNA was detected in 72 of 272 (26.5%). Six individuals (8.3%) had HBV DNA levels greater than 200 IU/mL, and the highest viral load was 3280 IU/mL. Of 65 participants with OBI evaluated at 12 months after initiating HAART, only 1 (1.5%) had detectable HBV DNA. Conclusions Occult HBV infection is quite common in HIV-infected patients in Botswana, although its impact on the course of HIV disease progression is unknown. The suppression of occult HBV DNA levels by tenofovir/emtricitabine suggests an effective therapeutic option, although the long-term suppressive abilities remain unstudied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Ryan
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Motswedi Anderson
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Ivayla Gyurova
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | | | - Sikhulile Moyo
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Teresa Sebunya
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Joseph Makhema
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Richard Marlink
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Max Essex
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rosemary Musonda
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Simani Gaseitsiwe
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | |
Collapse
|