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Sun Q, Geeraert N, Lamarche VM. Home is Where the Heart is: Implications of Dyadic Acculturation for Migrant Couples' Personal and Relational Well-Being. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2024; 50:550-570. [PMID: 36524703 DOI: 10.1177/01461672221139083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Acculturation-the process through which people adopt the sociocultural values of their heritage and settlement cultures-is a complex experience, particularly within family structures. Although the consequences of acculturation gaps between parents and children have been studied extensively, the consequences for migrant couples are often overlooked. We propose that acculturation gaps in migrant couples are likely detrimental for personal and relational well-being. To test this, a study of 118 migrant couples with the same heritage culture and now living in the United Kingdom was conducted. Acculturation gaps in our studies were conceptualized as both within person and within couple, and their impact on personal well-being and relationship quality was tested using Actor-Partner Interdependence Model (APIM). Results suggest that although within-couple acculturation gaps negatively impacted personal well-being, they were not necessarily harmful to relationship quality. Interestingly, within-person acculturation gaps had dyadic consequences, with one person specifically contributing to their partner's personal well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Sun
- Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
- University of Essex, Colchester, UK
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2
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Thompson AE, Hill MR, Record JM. Can a kiss conquer all? The predictive utility of idealized first kiss beliefs on reports of romantic love among U.S. adults. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1256423. [PMID: 38130972 PMCID: PMC10733483 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1256423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Research indicates that idealized romantic expectations and the extent to which they are met, are important predictors of relationship outcomes (e.g., love). However, no studies have investigated the impact of idealized beliefs associated with specific behaviors (e.g., kissing) on reports of romantic love. Thus, the two studies comprising this research assessed the association between idealized beliefs related to one's first romantic kiss with their current partner, unmet first kiss expectations, and reports of romantic love. Romantic attachment was also examined as a moderator. In Study One, the First Kiss Beliefs Scale was created and the results from 208 adults revealed that increased endorsement of idealized first kiss beliefs was associated with greater romantic love (r = 0.25). Romantic attachment also moderated this relationship, such that idealized first kiss beliefs significantly predicted love for those high in attachment anxiety and low in avoidance (β = 0.68 and β = 0.18, respectively). In Study Two, the First Kiss Beliefs Scale was modified to assess outcomes and expectations to capture unmet expectations. The results from 234 adults indicated that idealized first kiss beliefs predicted a greater proportion of the variance in romantic love (sr2 = 0.10) than did unmet expectations (sr2 = 0.07). A three-way interaction was also detected such that, among those low in attachment anxiety, the relationship between kissing beliefs and love was positive for those high in attachment avoidance and negative for those low. These results indicate that idealized first kiss expectations with one's current romantic partner are important predictors of love (beyond whether these expectations were met), particularly for those high in attachment insecurity. Implications are discussed for practitioners and those in the primary stages of romantic relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley E. Thompson
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, MN, United States
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Crawford MT, Hammond MD, Marsh C. Holding on & letting go: romantic attachment and fading affect bias. THE JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 163:1-18. [PMID: 34935589 DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2021.2017254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The current research examined the phenomenon of fading affect bias - the tendency for affect associated with negative events to fade more than affect associated with positive events - within the context of romantic relationships. Participants recalled and evaluated positive and negative relationship-specific and non-relationship autobiographical events. Participants also completed measures of attachment avoidance and anxiety. Multi-level modeling demonstrated fading affect bias for relationship and non-relationship events, but that affect fade was shaped by attachment orientations. Specifically, higher attachment anxiety, and lower attachment avoidance predicted greater importance of relationship events which predicted lower fading of affective intensity of memories. Thus, attachment anxiety sustained, while attachment avoidance suppressed the affect of relational memories. We discuss implications of these findings for relationship maintenance.
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Neff LA, Buck AA. When Rose-Colored Glasses Turn Cloudy: Stressful Life Circumstances and Perceptions of Partner Behavior in Newlywed Marriage. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/19485506221125411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Stressful life circumstances can destabilize the couples’ relationships by increasing tensions and hindering positive exchanges between partners. Yet, stress may be linked not only to what individuals do in their relationship but also to what they see, as stress can shift individuals’ attentional focus toward negative stimuli. To test this possibility, the current study examined whether individuals confronting more stressful life events and/or daily hassles are more likely to attentively monitor their partner’s negative relationship behaviors. A daily diary study of 79 newlywed couples revealed that individuals who recently experienced more stressful life events were especially attuned to day-to-day fluctuations in their partner’s negative behaviors, but not their partner’s positive behaviors. Moreover, these individuals generally perceived their partner as enacting more negativity across the diary period compared with individuals who faced fewer stressful events. These findings held when adjusting for several individual difference factors known to predict perceptual biases within relationships.
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Roberts JA, David ME. Partner phubbing and relationship satisfaction through the lens of social allergy theory. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2022.111676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Eastwick PW, Joel S, Carswell KL, Molden DC, Finkel EJ, Blozis SA. Predicting romantic interest during early relationship development: A preregistered investigation using machine learning. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/08902070221085877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
There are massive literatures on initial attraction and established relationships. But few studies capture early relationship development: the interstitial period in which people experience rising and falling romantic interest for partners who could—but often do not—become sexual or dating partners. In this study, 208 single participants reported on 1,065 potential romantic partners across 7,179 data points over 7 months. In stage 1, we used random forests (a type of machine learning) to estimate how well different classes of variables (e.g., individual differences vs. target-specific constructs) predicted participants’ romantic interest in these potential partners. We also tested (and found only modest support for) the perceiver × target moderation account of compatibility: the meta-theoretical perspective that some types of perceivers experience greater romantic interest for some types of targets. In stage 2, we used multilevel modeling to depict predictors retained by the random-forests models; robust (positive) main effects emerged for many variables, including sociosexuality, sex drive, perceptions of the partner’s positive attributes (e.g., attractive and exciting), attachment features (e.g., proximity seeking), and perceived interest. Finally, we found no support for ideal partner preference-matching effects on romantic interest. The discussion highlights the need for new models to explain the origin of romantic compatibility.
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Pollock Star A, Cohn-Schwartz E, O'Rourke N. Reciprocal Effects of Marital Idealization and Marital Satisfaction Between Long-Wed Spouses Over Time. Int J Aging Hum Dev 2022; 95:440-454. [PMID: 35224996 DOI: 10.1177/00914150221077953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Marital idealization is defined as an interpersonal mode of self-deception whereby husbands and wives convey an exceedingly positive portrayal of their spouse and relationship (e.g., "My spouse has never made me angry"). For the Marriage and Health Study, we obtained responses from 119 long-wed couples at baseline, 1- and 2-years later (M = 34 years married). We first computed and compared contemporaneous actor-partner interdependence models (APIMs) suggesting that marital satisfaction predicts marital idealization within and between spouses; the reverse APIM was not supported (i.e., marital idealization did not predict marital satisfaction). Yet our analyses suggest the question should be answered with longitudinal data. When reported contemporaneously, husbands' marital satisfaction predicts marital idealization by their wives. The same cross-over effect is observed for wives-but not concomitantly, only in future. That is, marital satisfaction and idealization reported by wives predicts marital idealization reported by their husbands 2-years later.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Pollock Star
- Department of Public Health and Multidisciplinary Center for Research on Aging, 85456Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel
| | - Ella Cohn-Schwartz
- Department of Public Health and Multidisciplinary Center for Research on Aging, 85456Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel
| | - Norm O'Rourke
- Department of Public Health and Multidisciplinary Center for Research on Aging, 85456Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel
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8
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Hammond MD, Sibley CG. Romantic Partners Are Similar in Their Well-Being and Sociopolitical Attitudes but Change Independently Over Time. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/19485506211019843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Similarity within romantic couples forms one component of the formation and maintenance of relationships, meaning that, romantic partners’ views about themselves and the world are theorized to converge over time. We advance prior research on romantic couple similarities using cross-sectional or time-lagged designs, testing convergence with dyadic trajectories of change—how changes in one person relate to changes in their partner. Dyadic growth curve models assessed initial similarities, and longitudinal convergence, for 35 measures of well-being and individual differences in 171 mixed-gender couples from a national longitudinal study (the New Zealand Attitudes and Values Survey). Results indicated consistent average-level similarities between romantic partners, a few instances of short-term convergence in sociopolitical views, and the consistent pattern that changes in people occurred independently to their partners. Findings advance theory on romantic interdependence by emphasizing the perspective that romantic partners’ convergence occurs as subjective experience rather than externally measured unification.
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Thai S, Lockwood P, Page-Gould E. The Ups and Downs of Being Us: Cross-Relationship Comparisons in Daily Life. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2021; 48:1717-1736. [PMID: 34905998 DOI: 10.1177/01461672211056774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cross-relationship comparisons are an integral part of relationship processes, yet little is known about the impact of these comparisons in daily life. The present research employed a dyadic experience-sampling methodology (N = 78 couples) with end-of-day surveys, end-of-week follow-up, and a 6-month follow-up to examine how individuals make cross-relationship comparisons in daily life, the cumulative impact of these comparisons over time, and the dyadic consequences of such comparisons. Participants made more downward than upward comparisons; however, upward comparisons had a more lasting impact, resulting in decreased satisfaction and optimism, and less positive self-perceptions and partner perceptions, at the end of each day and the week. Individuals who made more upward comparisons were also less satisfied 6 months later. Individuals were also affected by their partner's comparisons: On days when partners made more upward comparisons, they felt less satisfied and optimistic about their relationship and less positive about themselves and their partner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Thai
- Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
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10
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Murray SL, Seery MD, Lamarche VM, Jung HY, Saltsman TL, Griffin DW, Dubois D, Xia J, Ward DE, McNulty J. Looking for Safety in All the Right Places: When Threatening Political Reality Strengthens Family Relationship Bonds. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/19485506211018351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Elections and pandemics highlight how much one’s safety depends on fellow community members, a realization that is especially threatening when this collective perceives political realities inconsistent with one’s own. Two longitudinal studies examined how people restored safety to social bonds when everyday experience suggested that fellow community members inhabited inconsistent realities. We operationalized consensus political realities through the negativity of daily nationwide social media posts mentioning President Trump (Studies 1 and 2), and the risks of depending on fellow community members through the pending transition to a divided Congress during the 2018 election season (Study 1), and escalating daily U.S. COVID-19 infections (Study 2). On days that revealed people could not count on fellow community members to perceive the same reality of President Trump’s stewardship they perceived, being at greater risk from the judgment and behavior of the collective community motivated people to find greater happiness in their family relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark D. Seery
- University at Buffalo, State University of New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ji Xia
- University at Buffalo, State University of New York, NY, USA
| | - Deborah E. Ward
- University at Buffalo, State University of New York, NY, USA
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11
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Parker G, Durante KM, Hill SE, Haselton MG. Why women choose divorce: An evolutionary perspective. Curr Opin Psychol 2021; 43:300-306. [PMID: 34509971 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In Western dual-educated, male-female marriages, women who divorce face greater burdens because of decreased income and primary or sole responsibility for caring for children than men who divorce. Why, then, do these women initiate divorce more and fare better psychologically after a divorce than men? Here, we articulate an evolutionary mismatch perspective, informed by key findings in relationship science. We argue that mismatches between women's evolved preferences and configurations of modern marriage often clash, producing dissatisfaction. Women's unprecedented career ascendance also affords women ever more freedom to leave. We discuss pressures from social expectations for men and women that contribute to or compound these vulnerabilities. We conclude with key questions for future research, which can contribute to strategies for mitigating relationship dissatisfaction and the profound loss and pain that results from divorce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian Parker
- University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Communication, 2225 Rolfe Hall, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Kristina M Durante
- Rutgers Business School-Newark and New Brunswick, 1 Washington Park, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
| | - Sarah E Hill
- Texas Christian University, Department of Psychology, Winton Scott Hall Suite 246, 29955S University Drive, Fort Worth, TX 76109, USA
| | - Martie G Haselton
- University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Communication, 2225 Rolfe Hall, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA; University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Psychology, 502 Portola Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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12
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Parise M, Donato S, Pagani AF, Bertoni A, Iafrate R, Schoebi D. Trajectories of perceived superiority across the transition to marriage. The Journal of Social Psychology 2020; 160:576-588. [PMID: 31856687 DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2019.1704542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Perceived superiority, the tendency to regard one's own relationship as better than other people's relationships, is a key relationship maintenance mechanism. Little is known about whether and how it changes during the transition to marriage, a pivotal moment in most couples' life cycle. In a longitudinal study following 97 couples for three waves across the transition, men presented stable perceived superiority, whereas women presented a curvilinear change in superiority perceptions, with a substantial increase in perceived superiority between T1 and T2 and a significantly reduced change between T2 and T3. In addition, trajectories differed according to partners' commitment level. More committed and less committed partners both showed a curvilinear change in perceived superiority, though following different patterns. Results point to the functional value of perceived superiority, which emerges as a strategy aimed at sustaining partners through the challenges deriving from the transition to marriage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Parise
- Family Studies and Research University Centre, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore
| | - Silvia Donato
- Family Studies and Research University Centre, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore
| | | | - Anna Bertoni
- Family Studies and Research University Centre, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore
| | - Raffaella Iafrate
- Family Studies and Research University Centre, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore
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13
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Johnson JA, Laidler D. Measuring hagioptasia: A case study in theory-testing through Internet-based personality scale development. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2020.109919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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14
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Murray SL, Lamarche V, Seery MD, Jung HY, Griffin DW, Brinkman C. The social-safety system: Fortifying relationships in the face of the unforeseeable. J Pers Soc Psychol 2020; 120:99-130. [PMID: 32406706 DOI: 10.1037/pspi0000245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A model of the social-safety system is proposed to explain how people sustain a sense of safety in the relational world when they are not able to foresee the behavior of others. In this model, people can escape the acute anxiety posed by agents in their personal relational world behaving unexpectedly (e.g., spouse, child) by defensively imposing well-intentioned motivations on the agents controlling their sociopolitical relational world (e.g., President, Congress). Conversely, people can escape the acute anxiety posed by sociopolitical agents behaving unexpectedly by defensively imposing well-intentioned motivations on the agents controlling their personal relational world. Two daily diary studies, a longitudinal study of the 2018 midterm election, and a 3-year longitudinal study of newlyweds supported the hypotheses. On a daily basis, people who were less certain they could trust their romantic partner defended against acutely unforeseeable behavior in one relational world by affirming faith in the well-intentioned motivations of agents in the alternate world. Moreover, when people were more in the personal daily habit of finding safety in the alternate relational world in the face of the unexpected, those who were initially uncertain they could trust their romantic partner later evidenced greater comfort depending on their personal relationship partners. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Leistner CE, Mark KP. Positive Communication and Partner Appraisals Among Mothers and Their Long-Term Male Partners: Impact on Sexual and Relationship Satisfaction. JOURNAL OF SEX & MARITAL THERAPY 2019; 46:269-281. [PMID: 31777315 DOI: 10.1080/0092623x.2019.1692980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Parents in the USA struggle to maintain their sexual and relational health over time. The current study aimed to investigate the impact of positive communication and partner appraisals on sexual and relationship satisfaction in a sample of 93 mixed sex couples (N = 186) with children living in the home on a full-time basis. Results indicated that for men and women, positive communication scores predicted higher levels of sexual and relationship satisfaction and more positive partner appraisals predicted higher levels of relationship satisfaction. Significant results were also found at the couple-level. Findings have clinical and educational implications for parents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine E Leistner
- Department of Public Health and Health Services Administration, California State University, Chico, CA, USA
| | - Kristen P Mark
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, University of Kentucky, KY, USA
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16
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Rainville G. Extra-dyadic sexual fantasies involving idealized figures and regard for current partners. SEXUAL AND RELATIONSHIP THERAPY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/14681994.2019.1659950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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17
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Holding AC, Barlow M, Koestner R, Wrosch C. Why are we together? A dyadic longitudinal investigation of relationship motivation, goal progress, and adjustment. J Pers 2019; 88:464-477. [PMID: 31420868 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This investigation used self-determination theory to study goal striving in the context of romantic relationships. The study explored how dyadic partners' relationship motivation impacted goal progress, personal well-being, and relationship satisfaction. In addition, the mediating role of relationship goal progress was explored. METHOD In a prospective longitudinal study, 153 heterosexual couples rated their own relationship motivation and each reported a relationship goal and a self-oriented goal. Goal progress was assessed approximately 1 year later. In addition, well-being and relationship satisfaction were assessed at baseline and follow-up. RESULTS Actor-partner interdependence models revealed that actor's autonomous relationship motivation was positively associated with relationship and self-oriented goal progress. Actor's autonomous relationship motivation, as well as both actor and partner relationship goal progress, were associated with increases in actor's subjective well-being (SWB) and relationship satisfaction. Relationship goal progress mediated the association between actor's autonomous relationship motivation and SWB, as well as relationship satisfaction. CONCLUSIONS Together, these findings contribute to research on relationship motivation and goal striving in dyadic partners, by suggesting that motivational regulations impact goal regulation in romantic relationships and associated well-being outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne C Holding
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Meaghan Barlow
- Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Richard Koestner
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Carsten Wrosch
- Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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18
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Song H, Zhang Y, Zuo L, Chen X, Cao G, d'Oleire Uquillas F, Zhang X. Improving Relationships by Elevating Positive Illusion and the Underlying Psychological and Neural Mechanisms. Front Hum Neurosci 2019; 12:526. [PMID: 30687044 PMCID: PMC6336892 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Romantic relationships are difficult to maintain novel and exciting for long periods of time, and individuals in love are known to engage in a variety of efforts to protect and maintain their romantic relationship. How to protect and maintain these relationships more effectively has, however, plagued people, psychologists, and therapists. Intimate partners typically perceive their relationship and their partners in a positive light or bias, a phenomenon called positive illusion. Interestingly, higher levels of positive illusion between partners have been associated with a decreased risk for relationship dissolution, as well as higher satisfaction, and less conflict or doubt in relationships. These findings indicate that elevating positive illusion amongst romantic partners may be of benefit and improve romantic relationships. In the present article, we discuss solving the paradox of positive illusion. As positive illusion may have relationship-enhancing attributes, we discuss the psychological and neural mechanisms that may underlie positive illusion. By elucidating the mechanisms underlying positive illusion, we shine a spotlight on potential future directions for research that aims to improve positive illusion and thus enhance the satisfaction and longevity of romantic relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwen Song
- School of Humanities and Social Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yongjun Zhang
- School of Foreign Languages, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei, China.,Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Lin Zuo
- Hefei Medical Research Center on Alcohol Addiction, Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, China
| | - Xueli Chen
- Hefei Medical Research Center on Alcohol Addiction, Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, China
| | - Gui Cao
- Institute of Health Science Research, School of Sociology and Population Studies, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Federico d'Oleire Uquillas
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Xiaochu Zhang
- School of Humanities and Social Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Hefei Medical Research Center on Alcohol Addiction, Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, China.,Academy of Psychology and Behavior, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
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Muise A, Maxwell JA, Impett EA. What Theories and Methods From Relationship Research Can Contribute to Sex Research. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2018; 55:540-562. [PMID: 29419322 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2017.1421608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Sexual and relationship satisfaction tend to be closely linked in the context of romantic relationships. Understanding how sexual processes influence relationships and how aspects of the relationship influence a couple's sex life can provide insight into the maintenance of sexual desire and satisfaction over time. In this article, we review how theories and methods that form the foundation for relationship research have made-and will continue to make-sexuality research a stronger, more theoretical, and methodologically sophisticated science. We discuss the key theories that have been used to advance our understanding of who is more likely to be sexually satisfied in relationships, when sex is most satisfying, and how couples can have more satisfying sex lives and relationships. We then provide an overview of dyadic and repeated-measures designs and demonstrate how the use of these types of research methods allows relationship and sexuality researchers to answer novel and nuanced questions about how romantic partners influence each other, as well as how sexual processes unfold in couples' daily lives and over time. Throughout the review, we highlight what we see as fruitful directions for future research at the intersection of sexuality and relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Muise
- a Department of Psychology , York University
| | | | - Emily A Impett
- c Department of Psychology , University of Toronto Mississauga
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20
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Hoffman E. The Social World of Self-Actualizing People: Reflections by Maslow’s Biographer. JOURNAL OF HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/0022167817739714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Maslow’s concept of self-actualization has been a bulwark of humanistic psychology for more than 50 years, and has increasingly gained international appeal beyond its original nexus within the United States. His description of the high achieving characteristics of self-actualizing men and women has influenced theorists and practitioners in such fields as counseling, education, health care, management, and organizational psychology. Through these same decades, Maslow’s formulation has also been criticized as promoting a hyperindividualistic, even narcissistic, orientation to personality growth. Because Maslow by temperament and intellectual style expressed himself in an ever-evolving set of speeches and writings that were seldom explicit about interpersonal relations, his actual outlook on the social world of self-actualizers has remained elusive. The focus of this article, therefore, is how Maslow depicted self-actualizing people with regard to five major interpersonal dimensions of life: friendship, romantic love, marriage and lasting intimacy, parenthood, and communal service. By pulling together Maslow’s comments primarily in his published works, and secondarily in his unpublished works-in-progress, it is possible to explicate his tacit viewpoint. Doing so will not only help dispel the misconception that Maslow depicted self-actualizers as loners or even hermits but also guide future theory and research on personality growth.
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Towards explaining relationship dissatisfaction in Chinese dating couples: Relationship disillusionment, emergent distress, or insecure attachment style? PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2017.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Gana K, Saada Y, Broc G, Koleck M, Cazauvieilh C. Dyadic Cross-Sectional Associations Between Negative Mood, Marital Idealization, and Relationship Quality. THE JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2016; 150:897-915. [PMID: 27537057 DOI: 10.1080/00223980.2016.1211982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate (a) dyadic associations between relationship quality (RQ) and both depressive and anxious mood (DM and AM), (b) reciprocity hypotheses of negative mood within dyadic interactions, and (c) mediational role of marital idealization between negative mood and relationship quality. Actor-partner interdependence models (APIMs) were performed using data from a sample of 198 dyads. Our results showed that (a) these two facets of negative mood did not have the same weight on RQ and that they had a gender-specific effects pattern, and (b) there was no support for the mood transmission hypothesis. Men's DM displayed direct and indirect (via marital idealization) actor as well as partner effects on RQ, whereas women's DM displayed only a direct actor effect on RQ. There were no significant direct actor effects of AM on RQ, meaning that this link is fully mediated by marital idealization. However, only women's AM showed such indirect effects on RQ.
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Finkel EJ, Simpson JA, Eastwick PW. The Psychology of Close Relationships: Fourteen Core Principles. Annu Rev Psychol 2016; 68:383-411. [PMID: 27618945 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-psych-010416-044038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Relationship science is a theory-rich discipline, but there have been no attempts to articulate the broader themes or principles that cut across the theories themselves. We have sought to fill that void by reviewing the psychological literature on close relationships, particularly romantic relationships, to extract its core principles. This review reveals 14 principles, which collectively address four central questions: (a) What is a relationship? (b) How do relationships operate? (c) What tendencies do people bring to their relationships? (d) How does the context affect relationships? The 14 principles paint a cohesive and unified picture of romantic relationships that reflects a strong and maturing discipline. However, the principles afford few of the sorts of conflicting predictions that can be especially helpful in fostering novel theory development. We conclude that relationship science is likely to benefit from simultaneous pushes toward both greater integration across theories (to reduce redundancy) and greater emphasis on the circumstances under which existing (or not-yet-developed) principles conflict with one another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli J Finkel
- Department of Psychology and Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208;
| | - Jeffry A Simpson
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455;
| | - Paul W Eastwick
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, California 95616;
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Leone C, Gainey L, Moulder R. Angel or demon? Self-monitoring differences in the mental representations of current versus former romantic partners. SELF AND IDENTITY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/15298868.2016.1152292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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25
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McNulty J. Highlighting the Contextual Nature of Interpersonal Relationships. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aesp.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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26
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Tsai J, Sippel LM, Mota N, Southwick SM, Pietrzak RH. LONGITUDINAL COURSE OF POSTTRAUMATIC GROWTH AMONG U.S. MILITARY VETERANS: RESULTS FROM THE NATIONAL HEALTH AND RESILIENCE IN VETERANS STUDY. Depress Anxiety 2016; 33:9-18. [PMID: 25914061 DOI: 10.1002/da.22371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Posttraumatic growth (PTG) is increasingly recognized as an important psychosocial phenomenon, but few studies have evaluated the longitudinal course of PTG. This study identified courses of PTG over a 2-year period in a contemporary, nationally representative sample of U.S. military veterans, and examined sociodemographic, military, trauma, medical, and psychosocial predictors of PTG course. METHODS Data were based on a Web-based survey of a nationally representative sample of 1,838 U.S. veterans who reported at least one potentially traumatic event and provided data at two time points (October-December 2011 and September-October 2013). RESULTS Five different courses of PTG were identified--Consistently Low (33.6%), Moderately Declining (19.4%), Increasing PTG (16.8%), Dramatically Declining (15.7%), and Consistently High (14.5%). More than half (59.4%) of veterans who reported at least "moderate" PTG maintained that level of PTG 2 years later. Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, medical conditions, purpose in life, altruism, gratitude, religiosity, and an active reading lifestyle predicted maintenance or increase in PTG. CONCLUSIONS PTG has a heterogeneous course and is not only common, but can persist over time especially in the presence of posttraumatic stress and certain psychosocial factors. Clinicians and researchers should consider the personal growth that can result from trauma and help trauma survivors find ways to maintain this growth over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Tsai
- United States Department of Veterans Affairs, New England Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, West Haven, Connecticut.,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Lauren M Sippel
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,United States Department of Veterans Affairs National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Clinical Neurosciences Division, West Haven, Connecticut
| | - Natalie Mota
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,United States Department of Veterans Affairs National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Clinical Neurosciences Division, West Haven, Connecticut
| | - Steven M Southwick
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,United States Department of Veterans Affairs National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Clinical Neurosciences Division, West Haven, Connecticut
| | - Robert H Pietrzak
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,United States Department of Veterans Affairs National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Clinical Neurosciences Division, West Haven, Connecticut
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Pair-Bonded Relationships and Romantic Alternatives. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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When Aspirations Exceed Expectations: Quixotic Hope Increases Depression among Students. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135477. [PMID: 26352151 PMCID: PMC4564203 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A paradox exists in modern schooling: students are simultaneously more positive about the future and more depressed than ever. We suggest that these two phenomena may be linked. Two studies demonstrated that students are more likely to be depressed when educational aspirations exceed expectations. In Study 1 (N = 85) aspiring to a thesis grade higher than one expected predicted greater depression at the beginning and end of the academic year. In Study 2 (N = 2820) aspiring to a level of education (e.g., attending college) higher than one expected to achieve predicted greater depression cross-sectionally and five years later. In both cases the negative effects of aspiring high while expecting low persisted even after controlling for whether or not students achieved their educational aspirations. These findings highlight the danger of teaching students to aspire higher without also investing time and money to ensure that students can reasonably expect to achieve their educational goals.
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Hsu HC, Chang WC, Chong YS, An JS. Happiness and social determinants across age cohorts in Taiwan. J Health Psychol 2015; 21:1828-39. [PMID: 25609408 DOI: 10.1177/1359105314567208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine happiness and social determinants across age cohorts in Taiwan. The data were obtained from the 2011 Taiwan Social Change Survey (aged 18 +, n = 2,199). The social determinants of happiness included socioeconomic status and social connection. Happiness was not different across the age groups. Receiving less family support, less formal support, more social trust and more control over life were significant for the younger group. Being married and having more social participation were significant for the middle-aged. Receiving less family support and having a higher economic status were significant for the older group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Chuan Hsu
- Asia University, Taiwan, Republic of China China Medical University, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Abstract
We examined whether sexual similarity, complementarity, and perceptual accuracy exist within a large sample of heterosexual couples. Partners exhibited similarity and complementarity of sexual preferences, and they perceived each other’s preferences with a considerable degree of accuracy; these effects were greater than found in randomly assigned pseudocouples. In addition, people overperceived sexual similarity and complementarity, and they overperceived the accuracy with which their partner knew their preferences. We suggest these three forms of overperception are the result of motivated cognitive processes in service of sexual relationship maintenance. Using actor–partner interdependence modeling (Kenny, Kashy, & Cook, 2006), overperception predicted sexual satisfaction, as did complementarity, but similarity and accuracy did not. These findings indicate that motivated cognition may foster sexual satisfaction, as theories of motivated relationship cognitions suggest.
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Doron G, Mizrahi M, Szepsenwol O, Derby D. Right or flawed: relationship obsessions and sexual satisfaction. J Sex Med 2014; 11:2218-24. [PMID: 24903281 DOI: 10.1111/jsm.12616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Relationship obsessive-compulsive disorder (ROCD) is marked by the presence of obsessions and compulsions focusing on romantic relationships. ROCD symptoms were previously linked with decreased relationship quality and might interfere with sexual functioning. AIM The study aims to examine the association between ROCD symptoms and sexual satisfaction. METHODS Participants completed an online survey assessing ROCD symptoms and relationship and sexual satisfaction levels. Depression, general worry, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) symptoms, and attachment orientation were also measured. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE The main outcome measures were self reported relationship satisfaction and sexual satisfaction. RESULTS ROCD symptoms were associated with decreased sexual satisfaction over and above symptoms of depression, general worry, OCD, and attachment orientation. The link between ROCD symptoms and sexual satisfaction was mediated by relationship satisfaction. CONCLUSIONS Identifying and addressing ROCD symptoms may be important for treatment of sexual functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Doron
- School of Psychology, Interdisciplinary Center (IDC), Herzliya, Israel
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Farley SD. Nonverbal Reactions to an Attractive Stranger: The Role of Mimicry in Communicating Preferred Social Distance. JOURNAL OF NONVERBAL BEHAVIOR 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10919-014-0174-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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McNulty JK, Olson MA, Meltzer AL, Shaffer MJ. Though They May Be Unaware, Newlyweds Implicitly Know Whether Their Marriage Will Be Satisfying. Science 2013; 342:1119-20. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1243140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Oxytocin enhances brain reward system responses in men viewing the face of their female partner. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:20308-13. [PMID: 24277856 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1314190110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The biological mechanisms underlying long-term partner bonds in humans are unclear. The evolutionarily conserved neuropeptide oxytocin (OXT) is associated with the formation of partner bonds in some species via interactions with brain dopamine reward systems. However, whether it plays a similar role in humans has as yet not been established. Here, we report the results of a discovery and a replication study, each involving a double-blind, placebo-controlled, within-subject, pharmaco-functional MRI experiment with 20 heterosexual pair-bonded male volunteers. In both experiments, intranasal OXT treatment (24 IU) made subjects perceive their female partner's face as more attractive compared with unfamiliar women but had no effect on the attractiveness of other familiar women. This enhanced positive partner bias was paralleled by an increased response to partner stimuli compared with unfamiliar women in brain reward regions including the ventral tegmental area and the nucleus accumbens (NAcc). In the left NAcc, OXT even augmented the neural response to the partner compared with a familiar woman, indicating that this finding is partner-bond specific rather than due to familiarity. Taken together, our results suggest that OXT could contribute to romantic bonds in men by enhancing their partner's attractiveness and reward value compared with other women.
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Hammond MD, Overall NC. Men’s Hostile Sexism and Biased Perceptions of Intimate Partners. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2013; 39:1585-99. [DOI: 10.1177/0146167213499026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Murray SL, Holmes JG, Derrick JL, Harris B, Griffin DW, Pinkus RT. Cautious to a Fault: Self-Protection and the Trajectory of Marital Satisfaction. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2013; 49:522-533. [PMID: 25013236 PMCID: PMC4086831 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2012.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A contextual model of self-protection is proposed to explain when adhering to cautious "if-then" rules in daily interaction erodes marital satisfaction. People can self-protect against partner non-responsiveness by distancing when a partner seems rejecting, promoting a partner's dependence when feeling unworthy, or by devaluing a partner in the face of costs. The model implies that being less trusting elicits self-protection, and that mismatches between self-protective practices and encountered risk accelerate declines in satisfaction. A longitudinal study of newlyweds revealed that the fit between self-protection practices and risk predicted declines in satisfaction over three years. When people self-protected more initially, satisfaction declined more in low-risk (i.e., low conflict, resilient partner) than high-risk relationships (i.e., high conflict, vulnerable partner). However, when people self-protected less initially, satisfaction declined more in high-risk than low-risk relationships. Process evidence was consistent with moderated mediation: In low-risk relationships only, being less trusting predicted higher levels of self-protective caution that forecast later declines in satisfaction.
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Hammond MD, Overall NC. When relationships do not live up to benevolent ideals: Women's benevolent sexism and sensitivity to relationship problems. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.1939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Abstract
Are depressive symptoms associated with more biased or more accurate interpersonal perceptions? Both members of committed heterosexual couples ( N = 78) reported on their perceptions of their partner’s commitment and behavior daily across a 3-week period. Using the partner’s reports as the benchmark, participants who reported more depressive symptoms not only underestimated their partner’s commitment and overestimated their partner’s negative behavior (greater directional bias) but were also more accurate in tracking changes in their partner’s commitment and behavior across days (greater tracking accuracy). More negative perceptions of the partner’s commitment and behavior was also associated with increases in relationship insecurity and depressed mood, particularly when the partner also reported lower commitment and more negative behavior. These results indicate that depressive symptoms are associated with both more accurate and more biased interpersonal perceptions and suggest that more accurate detection and more biased magnification of interpersonal threat has important implications for the maintenance of depressed mood.
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Derrick JL, Leonard KE, Homish GG. Dependence regulation in newlywed couples: A prospective examination. PERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS 2012; 19:644-662. [PMID: 25110457 PMCID: PMC4123762 DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-6811.2011.01384.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
According to the Risk Regulation Model (Murray, S. L., Holmes, J. G., & Collins, N. L. (2006). Optimizing assurance: The risk regulation system in relationships. Psychological Bulletin, 132, 641-666), people need to trust in their partner's regard before they risk interdependence. The current study prospectively examines the association between perceived regard and levels of dependence in newlywed couples over nine years of marriage. Analyses demonstrate that changes in perceived regard predict levels of dependence, changes in dependence do not predict perceived regard, and alternative explanations cannot account for these effects. Further, changes in perceived regard prospectively predict divorce, and levels of dependence mediate this association. Results are discussed in terms of the dependence regulation component of the Risk Regulation Model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaye L Derrick
- Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo, SUNY
| | - Kenneth E Leonard
- Research Institute on Addictions and Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University at Buffalo, SUNY
| | - Gregory G Homish
- Department of Community Health and Health Behavior, School of Public Health and Health Professions and Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo, SUNY
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