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MacIntyre E, Pinto E, Mouatt B, Henry ML, Lamb C, Braithwaite FA, Meulders A, Stanton TR. The influence of threat on visuospatial perception, affordances, and protective behaviour: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev 2024; 112:102449. [PMID: 38901066 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2024.102449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Perception has been conceptualised as an active and adaptive process, based upon incoming sensory inputs, which are modified by top-down factors such as cognitions. Visuospatial perception is thought to be scaled based on threat, with highly threatening objects or contexts visually inflated to promote escape or avoidance behaviours. This meta-analytical systematic review quantified the effect and evidence quality of threat-evoked visuospatial scaling, as well as how visuospatial scaling relates to affordances (perceived action capabilities) and behavioural avoidance/escape outcomes. Databases and grey literature were systematically searched inclusive to 10/04/24. Studies were assessed with a customised Risk of Bias form and meta-analysis was performed using a random-effects model. 12,354 records were identified. Of these, 49 experiments (n = 3027) were included in the review. There was consistent evidence that threat the of height influenced contextual perception (g = 0.66, 95% CI: 0.45, 0.88) and affordances (g = -0.43, 95% CI: -0.84, -0.03). Threatening objects were viewed as larger (g = 0.76, 95% CI: 0.26, 1.26) and as closer (g = 0.30, 95% CI: 0.17, 0.42). Bodily threat (pain) yielded conflicting effects on visuospatial perception/affordances. We conclude that threat may influence visuospatial perception and affordances. However, since behavioural measures were poorly reported, their relationship with visuospatial perception/affordances remains elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin MacIntyre
- Persistent Pain Research Group, Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, South Australian Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia; IIMPACT in Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Eleana Pinto
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Brendan Mouatt
- Persistent Pain Research Group, Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, South Australian Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia; IIMPACT in Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Michael L Henry
- IIMPACT in Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Christopher Lamb
- Brain Behaviour Laboratory, Musculoskeletal Sport, Exercise, & Health Lab, University of British Columbia, Canada
| | - Felicity A Braithwaite
- Persistent Pain Research Group, Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, South Australian Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia; IIMPACT in Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Ann Meulders
- Experimental Health Psychology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; Research Group Health Psychology, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tasha R Stanton
- Persistent Pain Research Group, Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, South Australian Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia; IIMPACT in Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.
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Hacohen-Brown S, Gilboa-Schechtman E, Zaidel A. Modality-specific effects of threat on self-motion perception. BMC Biol 2024; 22:120. [PMID: 38783286 PMCID: PMC11119305 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-024-01911-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Threat and individual differences in threat-processing bias perception of stimuli in the environment. Yet, their effect on perception of one's own (body-based) self-motion in space is unknown. Here, we tested the effects of threat on self-motion perception using a multisensory motion simulator with concurrent threatening or neutral auditory stimuli. RESULTS Strikingly, threat had opposite effects on vestibular and visual self-motion perception, leading to overestimation of vestibular, but underestimation of visual self-motions. Trait anxiety tended to be associated with an enhanced effect of threat on estimates of self-motion for both modalities. CONCLUSIONS Enhanced vestibular perception under threat might stem from shared neural substrates with emotional processing, whereas diminished visual self-motion perception may indicate that a threatening stimulus diverts attention away from optic flow integration. Thus, threat induces modality-specific biases in everyday experiences of self-motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shira Hacohen-Brown
- Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, 5290002, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Eva Gilboa-Schechtman
- Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, 5290002, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, 5290002, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Adam Zaidel
- Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, 5290002, Ramat Gan, Israel.
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3
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Grave J, Cordeiro S, de Sá Teixeira N, Korb S, Soares SC. Emotional anticipation for dynamic emotional faces is not modulated by schizotypal traits: A Representational Momentum study. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2024:17470218241253703. [PMID: 38679800 DOI: 10.1177/17470218241253703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Schizotypy, a personality structure that resembles schizophrenia symptoms, is often associated with abnormal facial emotion perception. Based on the prevailing sense of threat in psychotic experiences, and the immediate perceptual history of seeing others' facial expressions, individuals with high schizotypal traits may exhibit a heightened tendency to anticipate anger. To test this, we used insights from Representational Momentum (RM), a perceptual phenomenon in which the endpoint of a dynamic event is systematically displaced forward, into the immediate future. Angry-to-ambiguous and happy-to-ambiguous avatar faces were presented, each followed by a probe with the same (ambiguous) expression as the endpoint, or one slightly changed to express greater happiness/anger. Participants judged if the probe was "equal" to the endpoint and rated how confident they were. The sample was divided into high (N = 46) and low (N = 49) schizotypal traits using the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ). First, a forward bias was found in happy-to-ambiguous faces, suggesting emotional anticipation solely for dynamic faces changing towards a potential threat (anger). This may reflect an adaptative mechanism, as it is safer to anticipate any hostility from a conspecific than the opposite. Second, contrary to our hypothesis, high schizotypal traits did not heighten RM for happy-to-ambiguous faces, nor did they lead to overconfidence in biased judgements. This may suggest a typical pattern of emotional anticipation in non-clinical schizotypy, but caution is needed due to the use of self-report questionnaires, university students, and a modest sample size. Future studies should also investigate if the same holds for clinical manifestations of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Grave
- William James Center for Research (WJCR-Aveiro), Department of Education and Psychology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
- Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS@RISE), Department of Education and Psychology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sara Cordeiro
- Department of Education and Psychology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Nuno de Sá Teixeira
- William James Center for Research (WJCR-Aveiro), Department of Education and Psychology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sebastian Korb
- Department of Psychology, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
- Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sandra Cristina Soares
- William James Center for Research (WJCR-Aveiro), Department of Education and Psychology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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Hautle LL, Kurath J, Jellestad L, Lüönd AM, Wingenbach TSH, Jansson B, Pfaltz MC. Larger comfortable interpersonal distances in adults exposed to child maltreatment: The role of depressive symptoms and social anxiety. Br J Psychol 2024. [PMID: 38651545 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Previous studies report a preference for larger comfortable interpersonal distance (CIPD) in individuals with child maltreatment (CM) when being approached by others. Yet, research on approaching others, as opposed to being approached, as well as on potential effects of social anxiety and depression is lacking. We investigated if CM and depressive symptoms influence CIPD and if social anxiety mediates the possible association of CM and CIPD when approaching a female stranger. One hundred ten participants with CM (CM) and 58 participants without CM (non-CM) experiences performed the stop-distance paradigm and stopped first when feeling uncomfortable (D1) and again when feeling very uncomfortable (D2). CM experiences were associated with a preference for larger CIPD, independent of depressive symptoms. All CM subtypes were associated with a larger D2. The relationship between CM and CIPD was partially mediated by social anxiety. These novel findings can help to develop interventions strengthening socially relevant skills and processes in those affected by CM, targeting alterations in social anxiety and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara-Lynn Hautle
- Medical Faculty, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer Kurath
- Medical Faculty, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Lena Jellestad
- Medical Faculty, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Antonia M Lüönd
- Medical Faculty, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Tanja S H Wingenbach
- Medical Faculty, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- School of Human Sciences, Faculty of Education, Health, and Human Sciences, University of Greenwich, London, UK
| | - Billy Jansson
- Department of Psychology and Social Work, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
| | - Monique C Pfaltz
- Medical Faculty, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Psychology and Social Work, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
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MacIntyre E, Braithwaite FA, Stanton TR. Painful distortions: people with painful knee osteoarthritis have biased visuospatial perception of the environment. Pain 2024:00006396-990000000-00577. [PMID: 38635468 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000003231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Visuospatial perception is thought to be adaptive-ie, hills are perceived as steeper when capacity is low, or threat is high-guiding appropriate interaction with the environment. Pain (bodily threat) may similarly modulate visuospatial perception, with the extent of modulation influenced by threat magnitude (pain intensity, fear) and associated with behaviour (physical activity). We compared visuospatial perception of the environment between 50 people with painful knee osteoarthritis and 50 age-/sex-matched pain-free control participants using 3 virtual reality tasks (uphill steepness estimation, downhill steepness estimation, and a distance-on-hill measure), exploring associations between visuospatial perception, clinical characteristics (pain intensity, state and trait fear), and behaviour (wrist-worn accelerometry) within a larger knee osteoarthritis group (n = 85). People with knee osteoarthritis overestimated uphill (F1,485 = 19.4, P < 0.001) and downhill (F1,480 = 32.3, P < 0.001) steepness more so than pain-free controls, but the groups did not differ for distance-on-hill measures (U = 1273, P = 0.61). There was also a significant group x steepness interaction for the downhill steepness task (F4,480 = 3.11, P = 0.02). Heightened overestimation in people with knee osteoarthritis relative to pain-free controls increased as downhill slopes became steeper. Results were unchanged in a replication analysis using all knee osteoarthritis participants (n = 85), except the downhill steepness interaction was no longer significant. In people with knee osteoarthritis, higher state fear was associated with greater over-estimation of downhill slope steepness (rho = 0.69, P < 0.001), and greater visuospatial overestimation (distance-on-hill) was associated with lower physical activity levels (rho = -0.22, P = 0.045). These findings suggest that chronic pain may shift perception of the environment in line with protection, with overestimation heightened when threat is greater (steeper hills, more fearful), although impact on real-world behaviour is uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin MacIntyre
- IIMPACT in Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- Persistent Pain Research Group, Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australia Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia
| | - Felicity A Braithwaite
- IIMPACT in Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- Persistent Pain Research Group, Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australia Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia
| | - Tasha R Stanton
- IIMPACT in Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- Persistent Pain Research Group, Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australia Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia
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6
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Felippin MR, Azevedo IL, Saunier G, Keniston L, Nogueira-Campos AA. Grasping affordance judgments depend on the object emotional value. Front Hum Neurosci 2024; 18:1331253. [PMID: 38566999 PMCID: PMC10986176 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2024.1331253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The concept of affordance refers to the opportunities for action provided by the environment, often conveyed through visual information. It has been applied to explain visuomotor processing and movement planning. As emotion modulates both visual perception and the motor system, it is reasonable to ask whether emotion can influence affordance judgments. If present, this relationship can have important ontological implications for affordances. Thus, we investigated whether the emotional value of manipulable objects affected the judgment of the appropriate grasping that could be used to interact with them (i.e., their affordance). Methods Volunteers were instructed to use a numerical scale to report their judgment on how an observed object should be grasped. We compared these judgments across emotional categories of objects (pleasant, unpleasant and neutral), while also considering the expected effect of object size. Results We found that unpleasant objects were rated as more appropriately graspable by a precision grip than pleasant and neutral objects. Simultaneously, smaller object size also favored this judgment. This effect was seen in all emotional categories examined in equal magnitude. Discussion Our findings suggest that the emotional value of objects modulates affordance judgments in a way that favors careful manipulation and minimal physical contact with aversive stimuli. Finally, we discuss how this affective aspect of our experience of objects overlaps with what affordances are conceptualized to be, calling for further reexamination of the relationship between affordances and emotions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Ribeiro Felippin
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neurophysiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Post-Graduation Program in Biological Sciences, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ivo Lopes Azevedo
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neurophysiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Post-Graduation Program in Biological Sciences, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ghislain Saunier
- Laboratory of Motor Cognition, Department of Anatomy, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém, Brazil
- Post-Graduation Program in Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém, Brazil
| | - Les Keniston
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Kentucky College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of Pikeville, Pikeville, KY, United States
| | - Anaelli Aparecida Nogueira-Campos
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neurophysiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Post-Graduation Program in Rehabilitation Sciences and Physical-Functional Performance, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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7
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Graton A, Fezzi H, Le Jeune N. When feeling is for seeing: comparing the effects of motivated perception between fear and anger on ambiguous threatening stimuli. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2024; 88:379-388. [PMID: 37682323 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-023-01867-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
We do not see the world as it is: distortions of visual perception can occur depending on the goals we wish to achieve ("wishful seeing"). Following functionalist theories of emotions (e.g., "feeling is for doing"), visual perception biases could also be involved in the link between emotion and specific behavior. Previous research has shown that anger can modify visual perception towards ambiguous menacing stimuli, or that fear can similarly direct our attention and perception towards threatening stimuli (e.g., weapons). The aim of our research was to replicate these effects by directly comparing the effects of these two emotions on perceptual biases and by relying on general mixed models to control Type I errors and reduce the risk related to the non-independence between observations. Our results partially replicate a perceptual bias toward threatening objects for both emotions although this effect depends on the type of stimulus and of the emotional dimension involved. These results are discussed in terms of the impact of emotions in attentional and perceptual processes and in relation to alternative theoretical explanations for motivated perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Graton
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, LIP/PC2S, Grenoble, France.
| | - Hélène Fezzi
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, LIP/PC2S, Grenoble, France
| | - Noémie Le Jeune
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, LIP/PC2S, Grenoble, France
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8
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Magalhães AC, Silva F, Lameirinha I, Rodrigues M, Soares SC. Think positive! Resolving human motion ambiguity in the presence of disease threat. Cogn Emot 2024; 38:71-89. [PMID: 37847269 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2023.2269831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Recently, approach-avoidance tendencies and visual perception biases have been increasingly studied using bistable point-light walkers (PLWs). Prior studies have found a facing-the-viewer bias when one is primed with general threat stimuli (e.g. angry faces), explained by the "error management theory", as failing to detect a threat as approaching is riskier than the opposite. Importantly, no study has explored how disease threat - linked to the behavioural immune system - might affect this bias. This study aimed to explore whether disease-signalling cues can alter how we perceive the motion direction of ambiguous PLWs. Throughout 3 experiments, participants indicated the motion direction of a bistable PLW previously primed with a control or disease-signalling stimuli - that is, face with a surgical mask (Experiment 1), sickness sound (Experiment 2), or face with a disease cue (Experiment 3). Results showed that sickness cues do not significantly modulate the perception of approach-avoidance behaviours. However, a pattern emerged in Experiments 2 and 3, suggesting that sickness stimuli led to more facing away percepts. Unlike other types of threat, this implies that disease-related threat stimuli might trigger a distinct perceptual bias, indicating a preference to avoid a possible infection source. Nonetheless, this finding warrants future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Magalhães
- William James Center for Research, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Fábio Silva
- William James Center for Research, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Inês Lameirinha
- Department of Education and Psychology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Mariana Rodrigues
- Department of Education and Psychology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sandra C Soares
- William James Center for Research, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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9
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Diller SJ, Hämpke J, Lo Coco G, Jonas E. Unveiling the influence of the Italian mafia as a Dark Triad threat on individuals' affective states and the power of defense mechanisms. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11986. [PMID: 37491557 PMCID: PMC10368718 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38597-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The present research investigated whether the Italian mafia as a Dark Triad threat increased threat-related affective states and explored how thinking about defense mechanisms may help to reduce these states. For this, we conducted a multi-method experimental study with Italians (N = 253). The quantitative results show that the mafia as a threat manipulation increased threat-related affective states in terms of higher behavioral inhibition (BIS) and lower behavioral activation (BAS). The qualitative results further depict proximal and distal defense mechanisms to reduce this threat, which can be categorized into models of threat and defense. Exploratory analyses indicate that naming distal defenses positively affected the increase of BAS. Additionally, when participants had higher levels of BIS after the threat, naming more defenses and proximal defenses positively affected the decrease of BIS. Further qualitative results provide valuable information on effective personal and societal buffers for the perceived threat of the Italian mafia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra J Diller
- Seeburg Castle University, Seekirchen am Wallersee, Austria.
- LMU Center for Leadership and People Management, Munich, Germany.
| | | | | | - Eva Jonas
- University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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10
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Dapor C, Sperandio I, Meconi F. Fading boundaries between the physical and the social world: Insights and novel techniques from the intersection of these two fields. Front Psychol 2023; 13:1028150. [PMID: 36861005 PMCID: PMC9969107 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1028150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the subtle interactions between sensory input and social cognition in visual perception. We suggest that body indices, such as gait and posture, can mediate such interactions. Recent trends in cognitive research are trying to overcome approaches that define perception as stimulus-centered and are pointing toward a more embodied agent-dependent perspective. According to this view, perception is a constructive process in which sensory inputs and motivational systems contribute to building an image of the external world. A key notion emerging from new theories on perception is that the body plays a critical role in shaping our perception. Depending on our arm's length, height and capacity of movement, we create our own image of the world based on a continuous compromise between sensory inputs and expected behavior. We use our bodies as natural "rulers" to measure both the physical and the social world around us. We point out the necessity of an integrative approach in cognitive research that takes into account the interplay between social and perceptual dimensions. To this end, we review long-established and novel techniques aimed at measuring bodily states and movements, and their perception, with the assumption that only by combining the study of visual perception and social cognition can we deepen our understanding of both fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Dapor
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
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11
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Nir N, Halperin E, Park J. The Dual Effect of COVID-19 on Intergroup Conflict in the Korean Peninsula. THE JOURNAL OF CONFLICT RESOLUTION 2022; 66:1908-1930. [PMID: 38603278 PMCID: PMC9198559 DOI: 10.1177/00220027221107088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
The coronavirus pandemic has fundamentally shifted the way human beings interact, both as individuals and groups, in the face of such a widespread outbreak. This paper seeks to investigate the effects of COVID-19 on intergroup emotions and attitudes within an intractable intergroup conflict, specifically, through the lens of the Korean conflict. Using a two-wave, cross-sectional design, this study was able to track the profound psychological changes in intergroup emotions and attitudes both prior to the pandemic and during its onslaught. Results of these two wave representative samples show that South Korean citizens demonstrated higher levels of fear of their neighbors in North Korea after the outbreak of COVID-19 than before. In turn, this led to increased societal support of hostile government policies towards North Koreans. Conversely, the same participants exhibited higher levels of empathy towards North Koreans during the pandemic, which led to a higher willingness to collaborate with their outgroup. This dual effect on intergroup emotions within intractable conflicts brings forth new avenues from which societies may be able to restrain the destructive influence of the COVID-19 threat on intergroup relations - as well as harvesting its constructive potential for reconciling warring intergroup relations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimrod Nir
- Faculty of Social Science, The Hebrew University of
Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Eran Halperin
- Faculty of Social Science, The Hebrew University of
Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Juhwa Park
- Korea Institute for National
Unification, Seocho-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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12
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Giocondo F, Borghi AM, Baldassarre G, Caligiore D. Emotions Modulate Affordances-Related Motor Responses: A Priming Experiment. Front Psychol 2022; 13:701714. [PMID: 35756268 PMCID: PMC9215344 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.701714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, research on affordances and emotions follows two separate routes. For the first time, this article explicitly links the two phenomena by investigating whether, in a discrimination task (artifact vs. natural object), the motivational states induced by emotional images can modulate affordances-related motor response elicited by dangerous and neutral graspable objects. The results show faster RTs: (i) for both neutral and dangerous objects with neutral images; (ii) for dangerous objects with pleasant images; (iii) for neutral objects with unpleasant images. Overall, these data support a significant effect of emotions on affordances. The article also proposes a brain neural network underlying emotions and affordance interplay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora Giocondo
- Laboratory of Embodied Natural and Artificial Intelligence, Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna M Borghi
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianluca Baldassarre
- Laboratory of Embodied Natural and Artificial Intelligence, Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council, Rome, Italy.,AI2Life s.r.l., Innovative Start-up, ISTC-CNR Spin-off, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Caligiore
- AI2Life s.r.l., Innovative Start-up, ISTC-CNR Spin-off, Rome, Italy.,Computational and Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
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13
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Čehajić‐Clancy S. Development of positive intergroup emotions amongst youth in contexts affected or threatened by conflict. Acta Paediatr 2022; 111:1862-1865. [PMID: 35546292 PMCID: PMC9544574 DOI: 10.1111/apa.16404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Social‐psychological research has established the importance of positive emotions for creating and maintaining positive intergroup relations in contexts affected or threatened by conflict (intergroup reconciliation). Building on existing body of evidence, we conceptualised intergroup reconciliation as a process aimed at regulating negative intergroup emotions such as hatred and creating more positive and relationship functional emotions such as trust. This review presents theoretical and empirical insights into the emotion regulation perspective on intergroup reconciliation. Regulation of negative intergroup emotions amongst youths affected by conflict is feasible through social‐psychological interventions.
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14
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Sit RWS, Lai HHK, Dong D, Wang B, Wong MCS, Chung RYN, Wong SYS. Explaining the Psychosocial Effects of COVID-19 Among Older Hong Kong Chinese People-A Qualitative Analysis. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2022; 35:206-214. [PMID: 35245995 PMCID: PMC8899837 DOI: 10.1177/08919887221078563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Social distancing and "stay-at-home" orders are essential to contain the coronavirus outbreak; however, there are growing concerns about physical and other mental distress in older people. Apart from quantitative data, their feelings, thoughts, and experience are essential to inform the implementation of patient-centered health care policy. AIM This study explained the psychosocial effects of COVID-19 on Hong Kong Chinese older people. DESIGN AND SETTING This was a qualitative study. Twenty-three participants aged between 63 and 86 were recruited in primary care through purposive sampling. METHOD Semi-structured in-depth telephone interviews were conducted to explore participants' experience during the COVID-19 pandemic. Grounded theory was used to analyze the data. RESULTS Three themes, nine subthemes, and 24 quotes were identified. The 3 themes included the psychological response of fear, annoyance, and worrisome; social isolation leading to loneliness and physical exhaustion; and the coping strategies in adversity. Fear was the major emotional response, which was not entirely explained by the uncertainty of the disease, but also the embedded routines norms and values. Loneliness was aggravated by the depleted family and community support. Physical distancing had intensified ones physical demand on self-care, especially among those with comorbid illnesses. The use of digital tools and telecommunications maintained the social connection, but the overexposure had led to a vicious cycle of anxiety and distress. CONCLUSION Self-isolation has disproportionately affected older individuals whose only social contact is out of the home. Online technologies can be harnessed to provide social support networks and a sense of belonging, but its adaptive and positive uses should be encouraged. Interventions can also involve more frequent telephone contact with significant others, close family and friends, voluntary organizations, or health-care professionals, or community outreach teams. Enhancing the values of older people's in calamity through active engagement may also potentially reduce the detrimental effect of social isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina W.-S. Sit
- Division of Family Medicine and
Primary Health Care, Jockey Club School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine,
The
Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong
Kong,Regina W.-S. Sit, Division of Family
Medicine and Primary Health Care, Jockey Club School of Public Health, Faculty
of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 4/F, School of Public Health,
Prince of Wales Hospital, New Town, Hong Kong.
| | - Harmony Hoi Ki Lai
- Division of Family Medicine and
Primary Health Care, Jockey Club School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine,
The
Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong
Kong
| | - Dong Dong
- Division of Health System, Policy
and Management, Jockey Club School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine,
The
Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong
Kong
| | - Bo Wang
- Division of Family Medicine and
Primary Health Care, Jockey Club School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine,
The
Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong
Kong
| | - Martin Chi-sang Wong
- Division of Family Medicine and
Primary Health Care, Jockey Club School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine,
The
Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong
Kong
| | - Roger Yat-Nork Chung
- Division of Health System, Policy
and Management, Jockey Club School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine,
The
Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong
Kong
| | - Samuel Y.-S. Wong
- Division of Family Medicine and
Primary Health Care, Jockey Club School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine,
The
Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong
Kong
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15
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Lüönd AM, Wolfensberger L, Wingenbach TSH, Schnyder U, Weilenmann S, Pfaltz MC. Don't get too close to me: depressed and non-depressed survivors of child maltreatment prefer larger comfortable interpersonal distances towards strangers. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2022; 13:2066457. [PMID: 35957629 PMCID: PMC9359181 DOI: 10.1080/20008198.2022.2066457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood maltreatment (CM) is frequently linked to interpersonal problems such as difficulties in social relationships, loneliness, and isolation. These difficulties might partly stem from troubles regulating comfortable interpersonal distance (CIPD). OBJECTIVE We experimentally investigated whether CM manifests in larger CIPD and whether all subtypes of CM (i.e., physical, emotional, or sexual abuse and physical or emotional neglect) affect CIPD. METHODS Using the stop-distance method (i.e. a team member approached participants until the latter indicated discomfort), we assessed CIPD in 84 adults with a self-reported history of CM (24 with depressive symptoms) and 57 adult controls without a history of CM (without depressive symptoms). RESULTS Adults with CM showed a larger CIPD (Mdn = 86 cm) than controls (Mdn = 68 cm), and CIPD was largest for those with CM combined with current depressive symptoms (Mdn = 145 cm) (p's < .047). In the latter group, all subtypes of CM were associated with a larger CIPD compared to controls (p's < .045). In the CM group without depressive symptoms, only those with emotional abuse (p = .040) showed a larger CIPD than controls. CONCLUSIONS These results add to findings of differential socio-emotional long-term consequences of CM, depending upon the subtype of CM. Future research should explore whether a larger CIPD has a negative impact on social functioning in individuals exposed to CM, particularly in those with depressive symptoms. HIGHLIGHTS Adults with child maltreatment (CM) prefer larger physical distances.• This effect is more pronounced in those with CM and depressive symptoms.• Troubled regulation of physical distance might contribute to interpersonal problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia M Lüönd
- Medical Faculty, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Department of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Wolfensberger
- Medical Faculty, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Department of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Tanja S H Wingenbach
- Medical Faculty, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Department of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Sonja Weilenmann
- Medical Faculty, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Department of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Monique C Pfaltz
- Medical Faculty, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Department of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Department of Psychology and Social Work, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
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16
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Fini C, Tummolini L, Borghi AM. Contextual modulation of preferred social distance during the Covid-19 pandemic. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23726. [PMID: 34887441 PMCID: PMC8660879 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02905-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Social distancing during a pandemic might be influenced by different attitudes: people may decide to reduce the risk and protect themselves from viral contagion, or they can opt to maintain their habits and be more exposed to the infection. To better understand the underlying motivating attitudes, we asked participants to indicate in an online platform the interpersonal distance from different social targets with professional/social behaviors considered more or less exposed to the virus. We selected five different social targets: a cohabitant, a friend working in a hospital, a friend landed from an international flight, a friend who is back from a cycling ride, or a stranger. In order to measure the realistic and the symbolic perceived threat, we administered the Brief 10-item COVID-19 threat scale. Moreover, in order to measure the risk attitude in different domains, the participants were also asked to fill in the Domain-Specific Risk-Taking DOSPERT scale. Results reveal a general preference for an increased distance from a stranger and the friends who are considered to be more exposed to the virus: the friend working in a hospital or landed from an international flight. Moreover, the interpersonal distance from friends is influenced by the perception of Realistic Threat measured through the Integrated Covid Threat Scale and the Health/Safety Risk Perception/Assumption as measured by the DOSPERT scale. Our results show the flexible and context-dependent nature of our representation of other people: as the social categories are not unchangeable fixed entities, the bodily (e.g., spatial) attitudes towards them are an object of continuous attunement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Fini
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology and Health Studies, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Luca Tummolini
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council (CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - A M Borghi
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology and Health Studies, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council (CNR), Rome, Italy
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17
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Sun C, Chen J, Chen Y, Tang R. The Influence of Induced Emotions on Distance and Size Perception and on the Grip Scaling During Grasping. Front Psychol 2021; 12:651885. [PMID: 34650465 PMCID: PMC8507847 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.651885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that our perception of stimulus properties can be affected by the emotional nature of the stimulus. It is not clear, however, how emotions affect visually-guided actions toward objects. To address this question, we used toy rats, toy squirrels, and wooden blocks to induce negative, positive, and neutral emotions, respectively. Participants were asked to report the perceived distance and the perceived size of a target object resting on top of one of the three emotion-inducing objects; or to grasp the same target object either without visual feedback (open-loop) or with visual feedback (closed-loop) of both the target object and their grasping hand during the execution of grasping. We found that the target object was perceived closer and larger, but was grasped with a smaller grip aperture in the rat condition than in the squirrel and the wooden-block conditions when no visual feedback was available. With visual feedback present, this difference in grip aperture disappeared. These results showed that negative emotion influences both perceived size and grip aperture, but in opposite directions (larger perceived size but smaller grip aperture) and its influence on grip aperture could be corrected by visual feedback, which revealed different effects of emotion to perception and action. Our results have implications on the understanding of the relationship between perception and action in emotional condition, which showed the novel difference from previous theories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuyang Sun
- Department of Psychology, School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Juan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, China.,Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, China
| | - Yuting Chen
- Department of Psychology, School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rixin Tang
- Department of Psychology, School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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18
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Obrenovic B, Du J, Godinic D, Baslom MMM, Tsoy D. The Threat of COVID-19 and Job Insecurity Impact on Depression and Anxiety: An Empirical Study in the USA. Front Psychol 2021; 12:648572. [PMID: 34484024 PMCID: PMC8411708 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.648572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic causes a general concern regarding the overall mental health of employees worldwide, policymakers across nations are taking precautions for curtailing and scaling down dispersion of the coronavirus. In this study, we conceptualized a framework capturing recurring troublesome elements of mental states such as depression and general anxiety, assessing them by applying standard clinical inventory. The study explores the extent to which danger control and fear control under the Extended Parallel Processing Model (EPPM) threat impact job insecurity, with uncertainty phenomenon causing afflicting effect on the experiential nature of depression heightened by anxiety. With the aim to explore the job insecurity relationship with anxiety and depression, and measure the impact of EPPM threat, an empirical study was conducted in the United States on a sample of 347 white collar employees. Demographic data, EPPM threat, job insecurity, anxiety, and depression data were collected via a standardized questionnaire during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The questionnaire consisting of multi-item scales was distributed online. All the scale items were evaluated on a 5-point Likert scale. SEM software AMOS version 23 was used to perform confirmatory factor analysis with maximum likelihood estimation. In the structural model, relationships between the threat of COVID-19, job insecurity, anxiety, and depression were assessed. The findings of the study suggest that job insecurity has a significant impact on depression and anxiety, whereas the threat of COVID-19 has a significant impact on depression. Mediating effects of job insecurity and EPPM threat impact on anxiety were not established in the study. The study contributes to the apprehension of the repercussions of major environmental disruptions on normal human functioning, and it investigates the effects of self-reported protective behaviors on risk perception. The study also explains the underlying mechanisms of coping behavior as possible antecedents to mental disorders. When subjected to stressful events, heightened psychological arousal causes physical and psychological challenges of affected employees to manifest as behavioral issues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jianguo Du
- School of Management, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | | | | | - Diana Tsoy
- School of Media and Communication, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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19
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Dolan P, Henwood A. Five Steps Towards Avoiding Narrative Traps in Decision-Making. Front Psychol 2021; 12:694032. [PMID: 34456807 PMCID: PMC8387819 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.694032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Narratives provide simple rules about how we ought to live and what our priorities ought to be. They are especially appealing in times of high uncertainty. Using the uncertainty surrounding Covid-19 as an illustration, we show how a narrative to preserve life has become dominant, and we illustrate how it has been reinforced by several behavioural biases. We argue that being able to identify and critically evaluate the impact of dominant narratives is vital to ensuring optimal decision-making. To facilitate this, we offer five recommendations-the ABCDE of decision-making-that can help to reduce the "narrative trap" in decision-making in any uncertain environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amanda Henwood
- London School of Economics and Political Science, London, United Kingdom
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20
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Massaccesi C, Chiappini E, Paracampo R, Korb S. Large Gatherings? No, Thank You. Devaluation of Crowded Social Scenes During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Psychol 2021; 12:689162. [PMID: 34135838 PMCID: PMC8201791 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.689162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In most European countries, the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic (spring 2020) led to the imposition of physical distancing rules, resulting in a drastic and sudden reduction of real-life social interactions. Even people not directly affected by the virus itself were impacted in their physical and/or mental health, as well as in their financial security, by governmental lockdown measures. We investigated whether the combination of these events had changed people's appraisal of social scenes by testing 241 participants recruited mainly in Italy, Austria, and Germany in an online, preregistered study conducted about 50 days after the beginning of the COVID-19 outbreak in Europe. Images depicting individuals alone, in small groups (up to four people), and in large groups (more than seven people) were rated in terms of valence, arousal, and perceived physical distance. Pre-pandemic normative ratings were obtained from a validated database (OASIS). Several self-report measures were also taken, and condensed into four factors through factor analysis. All images were rated as more arousing compared to the pre-pandemic period, and the greater the decrease in real-life physical interactions reported by participants, the higher the ratings of arousal. As expected, only images depicting large gatherings of people were rated less positively during, compared to before, the pandemic. These ratings of valence were, however, moderated by a factor that included participants' number of days in isolation, relationship closeness, and perceived COVID-19 threat. Higher scores on this factor were associated with more positive ratings of images of individuals alone and in small groups, suggesting an increased appreciation of safer social situations, such as intimate and small-group contacts. The same factor was inversely related to the perceived physical distance between individuals in images of small and large groups, suggesting an impact of lockdown measures and contagion-related worries on the representation of interpersonal space. These findings point to rapid and compelling psychological and social consequences of the lockdown measures imposed during the COVID-19 pandemic on the perception of social groups. Further studies should assess the long-term impact of such events as typical everyday life is restored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Massaccesi
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Emilio Chiappini
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Riccardo Paracampo
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Art and Sciences (KNAW), Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sebastian Korb
- Department of Psychology, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom
- Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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21
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Tashjian SM, Zbozinek TD, Mobbs D. A Decision Architecture for Safety Computations. Trends Cogn Sci 2021; 25:342-354. [PMID: 33674206 PMCID: PMC8035229 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2021.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Accurately estimating safety is critical to pursuing nondefensive survival behaviors. However, little attention has been paid to how the human brain computes safety. We conceptualize a model that consists of two components: (i) threat-oriented evaluations that focus on threat value, imminence, and predictability; and (ii) self-oriented evaluations that focus on the agent's experience, strategies, and ability to control the situation. Our model points to the dynamic interaction between these two components as a mechanism of safety estimation. Based on a growing body of human literature, we hypothesize that distinct regions of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) respond to threat and safety to facilitate survival decisions. We suggest safety is not an inverse of danger, but reflects independent computations that mediate defensive circuits and behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Tashjian
- Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
| | - Tomislav D Zbozinek
- Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Dean Mobbs
- Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Computation and Neural Systems, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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22
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Fumero A, Marrero RJ, Rivero F, Alvarez-Pérez Y, Bethencourt JM, González M, Peñate W. Neuronal Correlates of Small Animal Phobia in Human Subjects through fMRI: The Role of the Number and Proximity of Stimuli. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11040275. [PMID: 33810230 PMCID: PMC8065419 DOI: 10.3390/life11040275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain regions involved in small-animal phobia include subcortical and cortical areas. The present study explored the neuronal correlates of small-animal phobia through fMRI data to determine whether a manipulation of number and proximity parameters affects the neurobiology of the processing of feared stimuli. The participants were 40 individuals with phobia and 40 individuals without phobia (28.7% male and 71.3% female). They watched videos of real and virtual images of spiders, cockroaches and lizards in motion presented more or less nearby with one or three stimuli in the different conditions. The results suggested a differential brain activity between participants with and without phobia depending on the proximity and number of phobic stimuli. Proximity activated the motor response marked by the precentral gyrus and the cingulate gyrus. By contrast, the number of stimuli was associated with significant sensory activity in the postcentral gyrus and ventromedial prefrontal cortex. We also observed a greater activity in the occipital cortex when exploring the number compared to the proximity factor. Threatening stimuli presented nearby and those presented in greater numbers generated an intense phobic response, suggesting a different emotion regulation strategy. Based on these findings, exposure therapies might consider including proximity to the threat and number of stimuli as key factors in treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ascensión Fumero
- Departamento de Psicología Clínica, Psicobiología y Metodología, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; (R.J.M.); (F.R.); (J.M.B.); (M.G.); (W.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Rosario J. Marrero
- Departamento de Psicología Clínica, Psicobiología y Metodología, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; (R.J.M.); (F.R.); (J.M.B.); (M.G.); (W.P.)
| | - Francisco Rivero
- Departamento de Psicología Clínica, Psicobiología y Metodología, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; (R.J.M.); (F.R.); (J.M.B.); (M.G.); (W.P.)
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Europea de Canarias, 38300 La Orotava, Tenerife, Spain
| | | | - Juan Manuel Bethencourt
- Departamento de Psicología Clínica, Psicobiología y Metodología, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; (R.J.M.); (F.R.); (J.M.B.); (M.G.); (W.P.)
| | - Manuel González
- Departamento de Psicología Clínica, Psicobiología y Metodología, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; (R.J.M.); (F.R.); (J.M.B.); (M.G.); (W.P.)
| | - Wenceslao Peñate
- Departamento de Psicología Clínica, Psicobiología y Metodología, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; (R.J.M.); (F.R.); (J.M.B.); (M.G.); (W.P.)
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23
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Ruggiero G, Rapuano M, Cartaud A, Coello Y, Iachini T. Defensive functions provoke similar psychophysiological reactions in reaching and comfort spaces. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5170. [PMID: 33664292 PMCID: PMC7933359 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83988-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The space around the body crucially serves a variety of functions, first and foremost, preserving one's own safety and avoiding injury. Recent research has shown that emotional information, in particular threatening facial expressions, affects the regulation of peripersonal-reaching space (PPS, for action with objects) and interpersonal-comfort space (IPS, for social interaction). Here we explored if emotional facial expressions may similarly or differently affect both spaces in terms of psychophysiological reactions (cardiac inter-beat intervals: IBIs, i.e. inverse of heart rate; Skin Conductance Response amplitude: SCR amplitude) and spatial distance. Through Immersive Virtual Reality technology, participants determined reaching-distance (PPS) and comfort-distance (IPS) from virtual confederates exhibiting happy/angry/neutral facial expressions while being approached by them. During these interactions, spatial distance and psychophysiological reactions were recorded. Results revealed that when interacting with angry virtual confederates the distance increased similarly in both comfort-social and reaching-action spaces. Moreover, interacting with virtual confederates exhibiting angry rather than happy or neutral expressions provoked similar psychophysiological activations (SCR amplitude, IBIs) in both spaces. Regression analyses showed that psychophysiological activations, particularly SCR amplitude in response to virtual confederates approaching with angry expressions, were able to predict the increase of PPS and IPS. These findings suggest that self-protection functions could be the expression of a common defensive mechanism shared by social and action spaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Ruggiero
- Laboratory of Cognitive Science and Immersive Virtual Reality, CS-IVR, Department of Psychology, University of Campania L. Vanvitelli, Viale Ellittico, 31, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - M. Rapuano
- Laboratory of Cognitive Science and Immersive Virtual Reality, CS-IVR, Department of Psychology, University of Campania L. Vanvitelli, Viale Ellittico, 31, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - A. Cartaud
- grid.503422.20000 0001 2242 6780UMR 9193 - SCALab - Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives, CNRS, CHU Lille, University of Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Y. Coello
- grid.503422.20000 0001 2242 6780UMR 9193 - SCALab - Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives, CNRS, CHU Lille, University of Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - T. Iachini
- Laboratory of Cognitive Science and Immersive Virtual Reality, CS-IVR, Department of Psychology, University of Campania L. Vanvitelli, Viale Ellittico, 31, 81100 Caserta, Italy
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24
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Coello Y, Cartaud A. The Interrelation Between Peripersonal Action Space and Interpersonal Social Space: Psychophysiological Evidence and Clinical Implications. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:636124. [PMID: 33732124 PMCID: PMC7959827 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.636124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The peripersonal space is an adaptive and flexible interface between the body and the environment that fulfills a dual-motor function: preparing the body for voluntary object-oriented actions to interact with incentive stimuli and preparing the body for defensive responses when facing potentially harmful stimuli. In this position article, we provide arguments for the sensorimotor rooting of the peripersonal space representation and highlight the variables that contribute to its flexible and adaptive characteristics. We also demonstrate that peripersonal space represents a mediation zone between the body and the environment contributing to not only the control of goal-directed actions but also the organization of social life. The whole of the data presented and discussed led us to the proposal of a new theoretical framework linking the peripersonal action space and the interpersonal social space and we highlight how this theoretical framework can account for social behaviors in populations with socio-emotional deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Coello
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Lille, UMR 9193-SCALab-Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives, Lille, France
| | - Alice Cartaud
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Lille, UMR 9193-SCALab-Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives, Lille, France
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25
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Having a secret reduces charitable giving. JOURNAL OF PACIFIC RIM PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1017/prp.2020.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Secrecy involves the active concealment of information from others, which can cause undesirable consequences for cognitive, perceptual and health psychology, but empirical research linking secrecy to charitable behaviors remains relatively scarce. This research examined whether secrecy weakens people’s desire to engage in charitable behaviors. Two experiments demonstrated that as a mental burden, secrets decreased people’s donation desire, including their intentions to volunteer and donate, and their tangible charitable behavior. In Experiment 1, recalling a personal secret increased the tendency to donate less money than recalling a neutral experience. Study 2 showed that this weakening effect of secrecy on charitable behaviors is mediated by fatigue (but not negative affect).
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26
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Mustile M, Giocondo F, Caligiore D, Borghi AM, Kourtis D. Motor Inhibition to Dangerous Objects: Electrophysiological Evidence for Task-dependent Aversive Affordances. J Cogn Neurosci 2021; 33:826-839. [PMID: 33571078 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Previous work suggests that perception of an object automatically facilitates actions related to object grasping and manipulation. Recently, the notion of automaticity has been challenged by behavioral studies suggesting that dangerous objects elicit aversive affordances that interfere with encoding of an object's motor properties; however, related EEG studies have provided little support for these claims. We sought EEG evidence that would support the operation of an inhibitory mechanism that interferes with the motor encoding of dangerous objects, and we investigated whether such mechanism would be modulated by the perceived distance of an object and the goal of a given task. EEGs were recorded by 24 participants who passively perceived dangerous and neutral objects in their peripersonal, boundary, or extrapersonal space and performed either a reachability judgment task or a categorization task. Our results showed that greater attention, reflected in the visual P1 potential, was drawn by dangerous and reachable objects. Crucially, a frontal N2 potential, associated with motor inhibition, was larger for dangerous objects only when participants performed a reachability judgment task. Furthermore, a larger parietal P3b potential for dangerous objects indicated the greater difficulty in linking a dangerous object to the appropriate response, especially when it was located in the participants' extrapersonal space. Taken together, our results show that perception of dangerous objects elicits aversive affordances in a task-dependent way and provides evidence for the operation of a neural mechanism that does not code affordances of dangerous objects automatically, but rather on the basis of contextual information.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Anna M Borghi
- National Research Council, Rome, Italy.,Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
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27
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Luo C, Li Y, Chen A, Tang Y. What triggers online help-seeking retransmission during the COVID-19 period? Empirical evidence from Chinese social media. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241465. [PMID: 33141860 PMCID: PMC7608884 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The past nine months witnessed COVID-19's fast-spreading at the global level. Limited by medical resources shortage and uneven facilities distribution, online help-seeking becomes an essential approach to cope with public health emergencies for many ordinaries. This study explores the driving forces behind the retransmission of online help-seeking posts. We built an analytical framework that emphasized content characteristics, including information completeness, proximity, support seeking type, disease severity, and emotion of help-seeking messages. A quantitative content analysis was conducted with a probability sample consisting of 727 posts. The results illustrate the importance of individual information completeness, high proximity, instrumental support seeking. This study also demonstrates slight inconformity with the severity principle but stresses the power of anger in help-seeking messages dissemination. As one of the first online help-seeking diffusion analyses in the COVID-19 period, our research provides a reference for constructing compelling and effective help-seeking posts during a particular period. It also reveals further possibilities for harnessing social media's power to promote reciprocal and cooperative actions as a response to this deepening global concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Luo
- School of Journalism and Communication, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Department of Communication, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Yuru Li
- Centre for Media, Communication & Information Research, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Anfan Chen
- School of Humanity and Social Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yulong Tang
- Institute of Communication Studies, Communication University of China, Beijing, China
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28
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Cole S, Dominick JK, Balcetis E. Out of Reach and Under Control: Distancing as a Self-Control Strategy. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2020; 47:939-952. [PMID: 32900272 DOI: 10.1177/0146167220949813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In a world where they are inundated with potential temptations, how are successful dieters able to resist the urge to give in to unhealthy foods? Four studies suggest distance is one tool that may enable people to forego temptation. People with strong goals to eat healthy preferred to be farther away from unhealthy foods (Study 1a), which was associated with feeling less tempted by and less likely to give in to them (Study 1b). In addition, successful self-regulators with goals to restrict unhealthy eating perceptually represented the distance to unhealthy foods as greater than the distance to healthy foods (Study 2). Moreover, in a week-long food diary study, distancing from temptations helped people make healthier food choices (Study 3). The studies suggest that successful self-regulators' motivations to avoid unhealthy foods are reflected in the way they structure and perceive the world. Distancing may allow people space to make healthier choices.
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29
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Picco S, Pedreira ME, Fernández RS. Psychometric validation of the survey of autobiographical memory: confirmatory factor analysis and network analysis. Memory 2020; 28:1037-1050. [PMID: 32870072 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2020.1812662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Autobiographical memory (AM) represents the ability to remember personal experiences. There are several laboratory or neuropsychological tasks to assess different aspects of memory function. However, there has been little research on self-reported AM ability. The Survey of Autobiographical Memory (SAM) is a self-report questionnaire, developed to assess individual differences in AM. Evidence for the factor structure and network properties of the SAM is still needed. Here, using an integral approach, we validated the SAM using a Multiple Correspondence Analysis (Study 1) as in the original study, a Confirmatory Factor Analysis (Study 2), and a Network Analysis (Study 3) using two large independent samples (total n = 2896). We first replicated the original findings, then confirmed the existence of 4 factors and found that the Episodic and Semantic categories were the most central ones. Finally, we found between "groups" differences for Gender and Anxiety. Overall, three different methods revealed a robust profile of the SAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soledad Picco
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE)- CONICET, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria E Pedreira
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE)- CONICET, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rodrigo S Fernández
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE)- CONICET, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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30
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Shahzad F, Du J, Khan I, Fateh A, Shahbaz M, Abbas A, Wattoo MU. Perceived Threat of COVID-19 Contagion and Frontline Paramedics' Agonistic Behaviour: Employing a Stressor-Strain-Outcome Perspective. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E5102. [PMID: 32679748 PMCID: PMC7400234 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17145102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Historically, infectious diseases have been the leading cause of human psychosomatic strain and death tolls. This research investigated the recent threat of COVID-19 contagion, especially its impact among frontline paramedics treating patients with COVID-19, and their perception of self-infection, which ultimately increases their agonistic behaviour. Based on the stressor-strain-outcome paradigm, a research model was proposed and investigated using survey-based data through a structured questionnaire. The results found that the perceived threat of COVID-19 contagion (emotional and cognitive threat) was positively correlated with physiological anxiety, depression, and emotional exhaustion, which led toward agonistic behaviour. Further, perceived social support was a key moderator that negatively affected the relationships between agonistic behaviour and physiological anxiety, depression, and emotional exhaustion. These findings significantly contributed to the current literature concerning COVID-19 and pandemic-related effects on human behaviour. This study also theorized the concept of human agonistic behaviour, which has key implications for future researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fakhar Shahzad
- School of Management, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Jianguo Du
- School of Management, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Imran Khan
- Department of Management Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab 63100, Pakistan; (I.K.); (M.U.W.)
| | - Adnan Fateh
- Faculty of Business and Accountancy, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia;
| | - Muhammad Shahbaz
- Lyallpur Business School, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan;
| | - Adnan Abbas
- School of Economics and Management, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China;
| | - Muhammad Umair Wattoo
- Department of Management Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab 63100, Pakistan; (I.K.); (M.U.W.)
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31
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Bavel JJV, Baicker K, Boggio PS, Capraro V, Cichocka A, Cikara M, Crockett MJ, Crum AJ, Douglas KM, Druckman JN, Drury J, Dube O, Ellemers N, Finkel EJ, Fowler JH, Gelfand M, Han S, Haslam SA, Jetten J, Kitayama S, Mobbs D, Napper LE, Packer DJ, Pennycook G, Peters E, Petty RE, Rand DG, Reicher SD, Schnall S, Shariff A, Skitka LJ, Smith SS, Sunstein CR, Tabri N, Tucker JA, Linden SVD, Lange PV, Weeden KA, Wohl MJA, Zaki J, Zion SR, Willer R. Using social and behavioural science to support COVID-19 pandemic response. Nat Hum Behav 2020. [PMID: 32355299 DOI: 10.31234/osf.io/y38m9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic represents a massive global health crisis. Because the crisis requires large-scale behaviour change and places significant psychological burdens on individuals, insights from the social and behavioural sciences can be used to help align human behaviour with the recommendations of epidemiologists and public health experts. Here we discuss evidence from a selection of research topics relevant to pandemics, including work on navigating threats, social and cultural influences on behaviour, science communication, moral decision-making, leadership, and stress and coping. In each section, we note the nature and quality of prior research, including uncertainty and unsettled issues. We identify several insights for effective response to the COVID-19 pandemic and highlight important gaps researchers should move quickly to fill in the coming weeks and months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay J Van Bavel
- Department of Psychology & Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Katherine Baicker
- University of Chicago Harris School of Public Policy, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Paulo S Boggio
- Social and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Center for Health and Biological Sciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Valerio Capraro
- Department of Economics, Middlesex University London, London, UK
| | - Aleksandra Cichocka
- School of Psychology, University of Kent, Kent, UK
- Department of Psychology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Mina Cikara
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Alia J Crum
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - James N Druckman
- Department of Political Science, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - John Drury
- Department of Social Psychology, University of Sussex, Sussex, UK
| | - Oeindrila Dube
- University of Chicago Harris School of Public Policy, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Naomi Ellemers
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Eli J Finkel
- Department of Psychology and the Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - James H Fowler
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health and Department of Political Science, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Michele Gelfand
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Shihui Han
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Jolanda Jetten
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Shinobu Kitayama
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Dean Mobbs
- Department of Humanities and Social Sciences and Computation and Neural Systems Program, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Lucy E Napper
- Department of Psychology and Health, Medicine & Society Program, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, USA
| | | | - Gordon Pennycook
- Hill/Levene Schools of Business, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Ellen Peters
- School of Journalism and Communication, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Richard E Petty
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - David G Rand
- Sloan School and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephen D Reicher
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St. Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Simone Schnall
- Department of Psychology University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Bennett Institute for Public Policy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Azim Shariff
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Linda J Skitka
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sandra Susan Smith
- Department of Sociology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Cass R Sunstein
- Harvard Law School, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Nassim Tabri
- Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joshua A Tucker
- Department of Politics, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Paul van Lange
- Institute for Brain and Behavior Amsterdam, Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kim A Weeden
- Department of Sociology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Michael J A Wohl
- Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jamil Zaki
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sean R Zion
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Robb Willer
- Department of Sociology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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32
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Using social and behavioural science to support COVID-19 pandemic response. Nat Hum Behav 2020; 4:460-471. [PMID: 32355299 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-020-0884-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2053] [Impact Index Per Article: 513.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic represents a massive global health crisis. Because the crisis requires large-scale behaviour change and places significant psychological burdens on individuals, insights from the social and behavioural sciences can be used to help align human behaviour with the recommendations of epidemiologists and public health experts. Here we discuss evidence from a selection of research topics relevant to pandemics, including work on navigating threats, social and cultural influences on behaviour, science communication, moral decision-making, leadership, and stress and coping. In each section, we note the nature and quality of prior research, including uncertainty and unsettled issues. We identify several insights for effective response to the COVID-19 pandemic and highlight important gaps researchers should move quickly to fill in the coming weeks and months.
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33
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Lyons BA, Akin H, Stroud NJ. Proximity (Mis)perception: Public Awareness of Nuclear, Refinery, and Fracking Sites. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2020; 40:385-398. [PMID: 31454092 PMCID: PMC7027911 DOI: 10.1111/risa.13387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Whether on grounds of perceived safety, aesthetics, or overall quality of life, residents may wish to be aware of nearby energy sites such as nuclear reactors, refineries, and fracking wells. Yet people are not always accurate in their impressions of proximity. Indeed, our data show that only 54% of Americans living within 25 miles of a nuclear site say they do, and even fewer fracking-proximal (30%) and refinery-proximal (24%) residents respond accurately. In this article, we analyze factors that could either help people form more accurate perceptions or distort their impressions of proximity. We evaluate these hypotheses using a large national survey sample and corresponding geographic information system (GIS) data. Results show that among those living in close proximity to energy sites, those who perceive greater risk are less likely to report living nearby. Conversely, social contact with employees of these industries increases perceived proximity regardless of actual distance. These relationships are consistent across each site type we examine. Other potential factors-such as local news use-may play a role in proximity perception on a case-by-case basis. Our findings are an important step toward a more generalizable understanding of how the public forms perceptions of proximity to risk sites, showing multiple potential mechanisms of bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A. Lyons
- Department of CommunicationUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
- Department of PoliticsUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
| | - Heather Akin
- Missouri School of Journalism, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural ResourcesUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMOUSA
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34
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Mishra NP, Das SS, Yadav S, Khan W, Afzal M, Alarifi A, Kenawy ER, Ansari MT, Hasnain MS, Nayak AK. Global impacts of pre- and post-COVID-19 pandemic: Focus on socio-economic consequences. SENSORS INTERNATIONAL 2020; 1:100042. [PMID: 34766044 PMCID: PMC7510561 DOI: 10.1016/j.sintl.2020.100042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
On March 11, 2020, the novel Corona virus disease (COVID-19), was described as a pandemic by World Health Organization (WHO). Globally, the COVID-19 has not only affected the public health socially but also has rigorously affected economically. Substantial declines in income, increase in unemployment, and distractions in the transportation, amenities, and industrial sectors are amongst the major concerns of the pandemic disease extenuation. Furthermore, the governments of most of the countries underestimated the menaces of COVID-19 spread and were typically responsive for the calamities in their respective countries. As outbreak of this pandemic is not likely to wane in the nearby future, preventive actions are prerequisite to prevent infection spread, save people lives and also to save the economic affluence. In this review, based on the present knowledge and available literature, we have demonstrated the various aspects of pre-and post-COVID-19 effects over the social and economic phases worldwide. Moreover, the evidence based data have been summarized regarding threats, social influences, scientific upgrades, moral dynamics, stress and adapting in the pre- and post- COVID-19 situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nt Pramathesh Mishra
- Department of Pharmacy, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Pharmacy, Lucknow, 227101, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sabya Sachi Das
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, 835 215, Jharkhand, India
| | - Shalini Yadav
- Abha Biotechnology, Noida, 201301, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Wasim Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Javitri Institute of Medical Sciences &Pharmacy Division, Lucknow, 227302, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mohd Afzal
- Catalytic Chemistry Chair, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Alarifi
- Catalytic Chemistry Chair, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - El-Refaie Kenawy
- Polymer Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Tahir Ansari
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, Semenyih, Selangor, 43500, Malaysia
| | - Md Saquib Hasnain
- Department of Pharmacy, Shri Venkateshwara University, NH-24, Rajabpur, Gajraula, Amroha, 244236, U.P., India
| | - Amit Kumar Nayak
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Seemanta Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mayurbhanj, 757086, Odisha, India
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35
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Dynamic distance: Use of visual and verbal means of communication as social signals. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2019.103849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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36
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Balcetis E, Cole S. Clarifying Conundrums: How Goal Hierarchies Resolve Seeming Contradictions in Motivated Responding. PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/1047840x.2019.1646047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily Balcetis
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Shana Cole
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
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37
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Cornwell JFM, Scholer AA, Higgins ET. Approach and Avoidance Dynamics: How Expanding the Scope Informs Motivation Science. PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/1047840x.2019.1646059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James F. M. Cornwell
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Leadership, United States Military Academy, West Point, New York
| | | | - E. Tory Higgins
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, New York
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38
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Balcetis E, Riccio MT, Duncan DT, Cole S. Keeping the Goal in Sight: Testing the Influence of Narrowed Visual Attention on Physical Activity. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2019; 46:485-496. [PMID: 31322053 DOI: 10.1177/0146167219861438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Rates of physical inactivity continue to rise in the United States. With this work, we tested the efficacy of a strategy affecting the scope of visual attention designed to promote walking as a form of exercise. Specifically, we examined the influence of narrowed attention on the frequency (Studies 1a, 1b, and 3) and efficiency (Studies 2 and 4) of physical activity in general (Studies 1 and 2) and within exercise bouts measured across multiple days (Studies 3 and 4). We provide convergent evidence by investigating both individual differences in (Studies 1 and 2) and experimentally manipulated patterns of visual attention orienting (Studies 3 and 4). We discuss implications of attentional strategies for self-regulation and fitness.
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39
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The role of arousal in boundary judgement errors. Mem Cognit 2019; 47:968-982. [PMID: 30888643 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-019-00914-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Eyewitnesses to a crime rely heavily on their visual memory; however, there are many ways that the details of visual scenes can be missed, or distorted. In particular, for emotional scenes, the "boundaries" are narrowed at retrieval, whereas central details-such as a weapon-are remembered in greater detail. This phenomenon is known as boundary restriction, the reverse of boundary extension whereby people tend to expand the boundaries of a neutral scene at retrieval. In the present series of experiments, we investigated whether arousal is the element of an emotional scene that leads to increased boundary restriction or reduced boundary extension. We presented neutral images to participants either with or without a stress-inducing noise. In Experiment 1a and 1b, at test, participants viewed the image they originally viewed next to the same image but with narrower or wider boundaries and selected which of the two images they originally viewed. In Experiment 2, at test, participants viewed the identical image they originally viewed, but were told the boundaries had been changed. Participants selected the extent to which the images at test had restricted or extended boundaries compared to their memory of the original image. When the noise stressor was present, participants made more boundary restriction errors-selecting the image with narrower boundaries than the original-and fewer boundary extension errors than when the noise was absent. Our data suggest that arousal plays a key role in boundary judgements.
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40
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Hansen J, Steinmetz J. Motivated level of construal: How temperature affects the construal level of state-relevant stimuli. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-018-09750-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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41
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Liu P, Wang X, Cao G, Li J, Zhang J, Cao R. A sequential trial effect based on the motor interference effect from dangerous objects: An ERP study. Brain Behav 2018; 8:e01112. [PMID: 30176195 PMCID: PMC6192396 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aims to investigate whether processing a prepared response toward a dangerous object in a previous trial influences subsequent trial processing. METHODS The design manipulated the Go/NoGo factor of the current trial, the target dangerousness of the previous trial and that of the current trial. RESULTS In current Go trials, the behavioral results revealed a classical motor interference effect in trials that were preceded by a safe trial (a longer reaction time (RT) and a larger error rate for the previous safe and current dangerous (sD) condition than for the previous safe and current safe (sS) condition). However, the motor interference effect diminished in trials that were preceded by a dangerous trial (insignificant differences in the mean RTs and error rates between the previous dangerous and current dangerous (dD) condition and the previous dangerous and current safe (dS) condition). The event-related potential (ERP) results identified more positive P2 and parietal P3 amplitudes (indicating attentional resource allocation) for the dD condition than for the dS condition. However, the P2 and parietal P3 amplitudes of the sD condition did not significantly differ from those of the sS condition. DISCUSSIONS These results support the hypothesis that the avoidance motivation elicited by a dangerous target in a previous trial may indicate a dangerous situation, which leads to recruitment of more attentional resources allocated to the subsequent dangerous trial. Therefore, RTs are improved and errors are reduced in the consecutive dangerous condition, subsequently decreasing the motor interference effect in trials preceded by a dangerous trial compared with trials preceded by a safe trial. However, analysis of current NoGo trials revealed that none of the main effects or interactions reached significance in both the behavioral and ERP results, indicating that the hypothesis holds true only if the prepared response needs to be executed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Liu
- School of Public Management, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaoyi Wang
- School of Economics and Management, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Gai Cao
- School of Public Management, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jia Li
- Mental Health Education Center of Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- School of Public Management, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Rong Cao
- School of Public Management, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
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Fini C, Verbeke P, Sieber S, Moors A, Brass M, Genschow O. The influence of threat on perceived spatial distance to out-group members. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2018; 84:757-764. [PMID: 30191315 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-018-1091-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A classic example of discriminatory behavior is keeping spatial distance from an out-group member. To explain this social behavior, the literature offers two alternative theoretical options that we label as the "threat hypothesis" and the "shared-experience hypothesis". The former relies on studies showing that out-group members create a sense of alertness. Consequently, potentially threatening out-group members are represented as spatially close allowing the prevention of costly errors. The latter hypothesis suggests that the observation of out-group members reduces the sharing of somatosensory experiences and, thus, increases the perceived physical distance between oneself and others. In the present paper, we pitted the two hypotheses against each other. In Experiment 1, Caucasian participants expressed multiple implicit "Near/Far" spatial categorization judgments from a Black-African Avatar and a White-Caucasian Avatar located in a 3D environment. Results indicate that the Black-African Avatar was categorized as closer to oneself, as compared with the White-Caucasian Avatar, providing support for "the threat hypothesis". In Experiment 2, we tested to which degree perceived threat contributes to this categorization bias by manipulating the avatar's perceived threat orthogonally to group membership. The results indicate that irrespective of group membership, threatening avatars were categorized as being closer to oneself as compared with no threatening avatars. This suggests that provided information about a person and not the mere group membership influences perceived distance to the person.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Fini
- Department of Psychology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. .,Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Pieter Verbeke
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sophie Sieber
- Social Cognition Center Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Agnes Moors
- Department of Psychology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marcel Brass
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Oliver Genschow
- Social Cognition Center Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Weller M, Takahashi K, Watanabe K, Bülthoff HH, Meilinger T. The Object Orientation Effect in Exocentric Distances. Front Psychol 2018; 9:1374. [PMID: 30123172 PMCID: PMC6085577 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The object orientation effect describes shorter perceived distances to the front than to the back of oriented objects. The present work extends previous studies in showing that the object orientation effect occurs not only for egocentric distances between an observer and an object, but also for exocentric distances, that are between two oriented objects. Participants watched animated virtual humans (avatars) which were either facing each other or looking away, and afterward adjusted a bar to estimate the perceived length. In two experiments, participants judged avatars facing each other as closer than avatars facing away from each other. As the judged distance was between two objects and did not involve the observer, results rule out an explanation that observers perceive object fronts as closer to prepare for future interaction with them. The second experiment tested an explanation by predictive coding, this is the extrapolation of the current state of affairs to likely future states here that avatars move forward. We used avatars standing on bridges either connecting them or running orthogonal to the inter-avatar line thus preventing forward movement. This variation of walkability did not influence participants’ judgments. We conclude that if predictive coding was used by participants, they did not consider the whole scene layout for prediction, but concentrated on avatars. Another potential explanation of the effect assumes a general asymmetrical distribution of inter-person distances: people facing each other might typically be closer to each other than when facing away and that this asymmetry is reflected as a bias in perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Weller
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Katsumi Watanabe
- Department of Intermedia Art and Science, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Tobias Meilinger
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Tobias Meilinger,
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Cartaud A, Ruggiero G, Ott L, Iachini T, Coello Y. Physiological Response to Facial Expressions in Peripersonal Space Determines Interpersonal Distance in a Social Interaction Context. Front Psychol 2018; 9:657. [PMID: 29867639 PMCID: PMC5949865 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurate control of interpersonal distances in social contexts is an important determinant of effective social interactions. Although comfortable interpersonal distance seems to be dependent on social factors such as the gender, age and activity of the confederates, it also seems to be modulated by the way we represent our peripersonal-action space. To test this hypothesis, the present study investigated the relation between the emotional responses registered through electrodermal activity (EDA) triggered by human-like point-light displays (PLDs) carrying different facial expressions (neutral, angry, happy) when located in the participants peripersonal or extrapersonal space, and the comfort distance with the same PLDs when approaching and crossing the participants fronto-parallel axis on the right or left side. The results show an increase of the phasic EDA for PLDs with angry facial expressions located in the peripersonal space (reachability judgment task), in comparison to the same PLDs located in the extrapersonal space, which was not observed for PLDs with neutral or happy facial expressions. The results also show an increase of the comfort distance for PLDs approaching the participants with an angry facial expression (interpersonal comfort distance judgment task), in comparison to PLDs with happy and neutral ones, which was related to the increase of the physiological response. Overall, the findings indicate that comfort social space can be predicted from the emotional reaction triggered by a confederate when located within the observer’s peripersonal space. This suggests that peripersonal-action space and interpersonal-social space are similarly sensitive to the emotional valence of the confederate, which could reflect a common adaptive mechanism in specifying theses spaces to subtend interactions with both the physical and social environment, but also to ensure body protection from potential threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Cartaud
- Cognitive and Affective Sciences Laboratory, CNRS, UMR 9193, SCALab, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Gennaro Ruggiero
- Laboratory of Cognitive Science and Immersive Virtual Reality, CS-IVR, Department of Psychology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Vanvitelli, Italy
| | - Laurent Ott
- Cognitive and Affective Sciences Laboratory, CNRS, UMR 9193, SCALab, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Tina Iachini
- Laboratory of Cognitive Science and Immersive Virtual Reality, CS-IVR, Department of Psychology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Vanvitelli, Italy
| | - Yann Coello
- Cognitive and Affective Sciences Laboratory, CNRS, UMR 9193, SCALab, Université de Lille, Lille, France
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Mallinas SR, Crawford JT, Cole S. Political opposites do not attract: The effects of ideological dissimilarity on impression formation. JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND POLITICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.5964/jspp.v6i1.747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Past research shows that people like others who are similar to themselves, and that political partisans tend to dislike those with opposing viewpoints. Two studies examined how initial person impressions changed after discovering that the target held similar or dissimilar political beliefs. Using potential mates as targets, we found that participants liked targets less, were less romantically interested in targets, and rated targets as less attractive after discovering political dissimilarity with them. Further, they became more uncomfortable with targets after discovering ideological dissimilarity. Theoretical implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.
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Response inhibition or evaluation of danger? An event-related potential study regarding the origin of the motor interference effect from dangerous objects. Brain Res 2017; 1664:63-73. [PMID: 28365315 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have identified an interference effect from dangerous objects on prepared responses. However, its origin remains arguable. This study investigated the neural processes of this motor interference effect. The design adopted a motor priming paradigm mixed with a Go/NoGo task. Pictures of a left or right hand were used as primes, and green (Go signal) or red (NoGo signal) circles superimposed on dangerous or safe objects were used as targets. Participants were instructed to prepare the corresponding key press using the hand that was consistent with the handedness of the prime and not to execute until a Go signal appeared. Behavioral results indicated longer reaction times and a trend that participants made more errors for the dangerous condition than for the safe condition in the Go trials. However, the difference between the error rates for the dangerous and safe conditions did not emerge in the NoGo trials. Event-related potential analysis revealed a similar effect on the P3 component, which may reflect an assignment of cognitive resources to evaluate danger. More positive parietal P3 amplitudes were identified in response to the dangerous condition in the Go trials. However, the difference in the P3 amplitudes between the dangerous and safe conditions was not significant in the NoGo trials. Together, the motor interference effect from dangerous objects may originate from the danger evaluations. Furthermore, differences between the dangerous and safe conditions also emerged in the P1, posterior N1, P2, and posterior N2 components; the possible processes that underlie these components were discussed.
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Attention to body-parts varies with visual preference and verb-effector associations. Cogn Process 2017; 18:195-203. [PMID: 28185087 DOI: 10.1007/s10339-017-0792-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Theories of embodied conceptual meaning suggest fundamental relations between others' actions, language, and our own actions and visual attention processes. Prior studies have found that when people view an image of a neutral body in a scene they first look toward, in order, the head, torso, hands, and legs. Other studies show associations between action verbs and the body-effectors used in performing the action (e.g., "jump" with feet/legs; "talk" with face/head). In the present experiment, the visual attention of participants was recorded with a remote eye-tracking system while they viewed an image of an actor pantomiming an action and heard a concrete action verb. Participants manually responded whether or not the action image was a good example of the verb they heard. The eye-tracking results confirmed that participants looked at the head most, followed by the hands, and the feet least of all; however, visual attention to each of the body-parts also varied as a function of the effector associated with the spoken verb on image/verb congruent trials, particularly for verbs associated with the legs. Overall, these results suggest that language influences some perceptual processes; however, hearing auditory verbs did not alter the previously reported fundamental hierarchical sequence of directed attention, and fixations on specific body-effectors may not be essential for verb comprehension as peripheral visual cues may be sufficient to perform the task.
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Vance J, Stokes D. Noise, uncertainty, and interest: Predictive coding and cognitive penetration. Conscious Cogn 2017; 47:86-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Replicability, Response Bias, and Judgments, Oh My! A New Checklist for Evaluating the Perceptual Nature of Action-Specific Effects. PSYCHOLOGY OF LEARNING AND MOTIVATION 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.plm.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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