1
|
Forbes CE. On the neural networks of self and other bias and their role in emergent social interactions. Cortex 2024; 177:113-129. [PMID: 38848651 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2024.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Extensive research has documented the brain networks that play an integral role in bias, or the alteration and filtration of information processing in a manner that fundamentally favors an individual. The roots of bias, whether self- or other-oriented, are a complex constellation of neural and psychological processes that start at the most fundamental levels of sensory processing. From the millisecond information is received in the brain it is filtered at various levels and through various brain networks in relation to extant intrinsic activity to provide individuals with a perception of reality that complements and satisfies the conscious perceptions they have for themselves and the cultures in which they were reared. The products of these interactions, in turn, are dynamically altered by the introduction of others, be they friends or strangers who are similar or different in socially meaningful ways. While much is known about the various ways that basic biases alter specific aspects of neural function to support various forms of bias, the breadth and scope of the phenomenon remains entirely unclear. The purpose of this review is to examine the brain networks that shape (i.e., bias) the self-concept and how interactions with similar (ingroup) compared to dissimilar (outgroup) others alter these network (and subsequent interpersonal) interactions in fundamental ways. Throughout, focus is placed on an emerging understanding of the brain as a complex system, which suggests that many of these network interactions likely occur on a non-linear scale that blurs the lines between network hierarchies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chad E Forbes
- Social Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA; Florida Atlantic University Stiles-Nicholson Brain Institute, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jo HJ, Park C, Lee E, Lee JH, Kim J, Han S, Kim J, Kim EJ, Kim E, Kim JJ. Neural Effects of One's Own Voice on Self-Talk for Emotion Regulation. Brain Sci 2024; 14:637. [PMID: 39061378 PMCID: PMC11274574 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14070637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
One's own voice undergoes unique processing that distinguishes it from others' voices, and thus listening to it may have a special neural basis for self-talk as an emotion regulation strategy. This study aimed to elucidate how neural effects of one's own voice differ from those of others' voices on the implementation of emotion regulation strategies. Twenty-one healthy adults were scanned using fMRI while listening to sentences synthesized in their own or others' voices for self-affirmation and cognitive defusion, which were based on mental commitments to strengthen one's positive aspects and imagining metaphoric actions to shake off negative aspects, respectively. The interaction effect between voice identity and strategy was observed in the superior temporal sulcus, middle temporal gyrus, and parahippocampal cortex, and activity in these regions showed that the uniqueness of one's own voice is reflected more strongly for cognitive defusion than for self-affirmation. This interaction was also seen in the precuneus, suggesting intertwining of self-referential processing and episodic memory retrieval in self-affirmation with one's own voice. These results imply that unique effects of one's own voice may be expressed differently due to the degree of engagement of neural sharpening-related regions and self-referential networks depending on the type of emotion regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hye-jeong Jo
- Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; (H.-j.J.); (E.K.)
| | - Chanmi Park
- HCI Lab, Cognitive Science, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; (C.P.); (E.L.); (J.K.)
| | - Eunyoung Lee
- HCI Lab, Cognitive Science, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; (C.P.); (E.L.); (J.K.)
| | - Jee Hang Lee
- Department of Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence, Sangmyung University, Seoul 03016, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jinwoo Kim
- HCI Lab, Cognitive Science, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; (C.P.); (E.L.); (J.K.)
| | - Sujin Han
- Department of Communication, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; (S.H.); (J.K.)
| | - Joohan Kim
- Department of Communication, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; (S.H.); (J.K.)
| | - Eun Joo Kim
- Graduate School of Education, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea;
| | - Eosu Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; (H.-j.J.); (E.K.)
- Department of Psychiatry and Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Jin Kim
- Department of Psychiatry and Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Del Toro J, Wang MT. Stereotypes in the classroom's air: Classroom racial stereotype endorsement, classroom engagement, and STEM achievement among Black and White American adolescents. Dev Sci 2023; 26:e13380. [PMID: 36851843 DOI: 10.1111/desc.13380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Initiatives promoting diversity, equity, and inclusion in predominantly White contexts, including STEM fields, have primarily relied on approaches to increase the representation of minoritized individuals. However, an increase in the representation of minoritized individuals is only one step of the process, as the present study suggests that explicit beliefs about particular racial groups' abilities also matter. The present article examined whether classroom racial stereotype endorsement about science and math disadvantaged Black American adolescents relative to their White American peers. Across two longitudinal studies with 533 and 1,189 adolescents (N-adolescents = 1722; N-classrooms = 86; 45% Black American, 55% White American; 51% females; M-age = 13-14), classroom pro-White/anti-Black stereotype endorsement in the fall term predicted better science and math achievement scores for White American adolescents and lower science and math achievement scores for Black American adolescents at the end of the academic year. Student- and teacher-reported student engagement in science and math classrooms mediated the longitudinal relations between classroom pro-White/anti-Black stereotype endorsement and students' achievement scores. Results suggest that classrooms may be important conduits for communicating racial stereotypes that create racially hostile STEM learning environments. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Using a longitudinal sample of 1722 adolescents enrolled in 86 classrooms, the present study examined the consequences of classroom racial stereotype endorsement during adolescence. White American adolescents demonstrated favorable achievement scores in science and math when their classmates endorsed traditional, or pro-White/anti-Black, stereotypes. Black American adolescents showed worse achievement scores in science and math when their classmates endorsed pro-White/anti-Black stereotypes. Classroom engagement mediated the longitudinal relations between classroom pro-White/anti-Black stereotype endorsement and achievement scores for both Black and White American adolescents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Del Toro
- University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ming-Te Wang
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang X, Jiao L. A Sense of Scarcity Enhances the Above-Average Effect in Social Comparison. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:826. [PMID: 37887476 PMCID: PMC10604485 DOI: 10.3390/bs13100826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Scarcity refers to a state in which an individual's resources do not satisfy his/her needs. A sense of scarcity evokes negative emotions. A fundamental strategy for coping with this negative threat is for people to emphasize the desirability of their personal traits. In this study, a 2 (sense of scarcity: high or low) × 2 (valence: positive or negative) mixed-design experiment was conducted to examine whether and how a sense of scarcity affected one's self-evaluation. Participants were assigned randomly to a high- or low-scarcity group. The chances of assistance rendered to an individual during a word puzzle task were manipulated to induce a high or low sense of scarcity. Then, participants were asked to make positive and negative trait judgments of themselves compared with their average peers. The results showed that people judged their personalities to be more desirable (i.e., more positive and less negative traits) than their average peers, manifesting the above-average effect. More importantly, people with a high sense of scarcity manifested a greater above-average effect than those with a low sense of scarcity. This study suggests that people could highlight their positive aspects to cope with predicaments in social life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Wang
- College of Psychology, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610000, China;
| | - Lan Jiao
- College of Teacher Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315000, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Boyle CC, Bower JE, Eisenberger NI, Irwin MR. Stress to inflammation and anhedonia: Mechanistic insights from preclinical and clinical models. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 152:105307. [PMID: 37419230 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Anhedonia, as evidenced by impaired pleasurable response to reward, reduced reward motivation, and/or deficits in reward-related learning, is a common feature of depression. Such deficits in reward processing are also an important clinical target as a risk factor for depression onset. Unfortunately, reward-related deficits remain difficult to treat. To address this gap and inform the development of effective prevention and treatment strategies, it is critical to understand the mechanisms that drive impairments in reward function. Stress-induced inflammation is a plausible mechanism of reward deficits. The purpose of this paper is to review evidence for two components of this psychobiological pathway: 1) the effects of stress on reward function; and 2) the effects of inflammation on reward function. Within these two areas, we draw upon preclinical and clinical models, distinguish between acute and chronic effects of stress and inflammation, and address specific domains of reward dysregulation. By addressing these contextual factors, the review reveals a nuanced literature which might be targeted for additional scientific inquiry to inform the development of precise interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chloe C Boyle
- Norman Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA, USA.
| | - Julienne E Bower
- Norman Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA, USA; Department of Psychology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Michael R Irwin
- Norman Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Barkoukis V, Harris PR, Rowe R, Lazuras L. Self-Affirmation and Image/Performance Enhancing Drug Use in Recreational Exercise. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2023; 94:698-706. [PMID: 35452365 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2022.2046253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: The use of image and performance enhancement drugs (IPEDs) in recreational sport represents an emerging public health and societal problem. The present study investigated whether self-affirmation changed exercisers' intentions to use IPEDs, via the effects of mental construal and message acceptance. Method: Sixty-eight exercisers who self-reported IPEDs use participated in the study and were randomly assigned to either a self-affirmation or a control group. All participants read a health-related message about the 10 consequences of IPEDs and subsequently completed a survey measuring message acceptance, mental construal, doping intentions and IPEDs-related social cognitive variables. Results: There were no significant differences between the self-affirmed and the control groups. Hierarchical linear regression analysis further showed that message acceptance, subjective norms, and situational temptation were significantly associated with intentions to use IPEDs. Conclusion: Our findings raise the possibility that for recreational exercisers IPED's use is seen mostly as a health-related matter than a socio-moral transgression.
Collapse
|
7
|
Dutcher JM. Brain Reward Circuits Promote Stress Resilience and Health: Implications for Reward-Based Interventions. CURRENT DIRECTIONS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2023; 32:65-72. [PMID: 37234195 PMCID: PMC10211312 DOI: 10.1177/09637214221121770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
From the COVID-19 global pandemic to racial injustice and the continued impact of climate change on communities across the globe, the last couple of years have demonstrated the need for a greater understanding of how to protect people from the negative consequences of stress. Here, I outline a perspective on how the brain's reward system might be an important, but often understudied, protective mechanism for stress resilience and stress-related health outcomes. I describe work suggesting that reward system engagement inhibits the stress response and is associated with improved health outcomes including reduced depressive symptomatology and slowed cancer progression. I then highlight important future directions for translational research and illustrate the value of this perspective for improving behavioral interventions in clinical psychology and beyond.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janine M Dutcher
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chen X, Liu J, Luo YJ, Feng C. Brain Systems Underlying Fundamental Motivations of Human Social Conformity. Neurosci Bull 2023; 39:328-342. [PMID: 36287291 PMCID: PMC9905476 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-022-00960-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
From birth to adulthood, we often align our behaviors, attitudes, and opinions with a majority, a phenomenon known as social conformity. A seminal framework has proposed that conformity behaviors are mainly driven by three fundamental motives: a desire to gain more information to be accurate, to obtain social approval from others, and to maintain a favorable self-concept. Despite extensive interest in neuroimaging investigation of social conformity, the relationship between brain systems and these fundamental motivations has yet to be established. Here, we reviewed brain imaging findings of social conformity with a componential framework, aiming to reveal the neuropsychological substrates underlying different conformity motivations. First, information-seeking engages the evaluation of social information, information integration, and modification of task-related activity, corresponding to brain networks implicated in reward, cognitive control, and tasks at hand. Second, social acceptance involves the anticipation of social acceptance or rejection and mental state attribution, mediated by networks of reward, punishment, and mentalizing. Third, self-enhancement entails the excessive representation of positive self-related information and suppression of negative self-related information, ingroup favoritism and/or outgroup derogation, and elaborated mentalizing processes to the ingroup, supported by brain systems of reward, punishment, and mentalizing. Therefore, recent brain imaging studies have provided important insights into the fundamental motivations of social conformity in terms of component processes and brain mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinling Chen
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510631, China
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
- Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Jiaxi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510631, China
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
- Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Yue-Jia Luo
- Department of Applied Psychology, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, 266113, China.
- The State Key Lab of Cognitive and Learning, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
- The Research Center of Brain Science and Visual Cognition, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650506, China.
- College of Teacher Education, Qilu Normal University, Jinan, 250200, China.
| | - Chunliang Feng
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510631, China.
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China.
- Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China.
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
McGregor I, Tran A, Auger E, Britton E, Hayes J, Elnakouri A, Eftekhari E, Sharpinskyi K, Arbiv OA, Nash K. Higher power dynamics: How meaning search and self-transcendence inspire approach motivation and magnanimity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2022.104350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
10
|
Jessop DC, Harris PR, Gibbons T. Individual differences in spontaneous self-affirmation predict well-being. SELF AND IDENTITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/15298868.2022.2079711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Timothy Gibbons
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
- Clinical Informatics Research Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yang Z, Wildschut T, Izuma K, Gu R, Luo YLL, Cai H, Sedikides C. Patterns of brain activity associated with nostalgia: a social-cognitive neuroscience perspective. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2022; 17:1131-1144. [PMID: 35560158 PMCID: PMC9714426 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsac036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Nostalgia arises from tender and yearnful reflection on meaningful life events or important persons from one's past. In the last two decades, the literature has documented a variety of ways in which nostalgia benefits psychological well-being. Only a handful of studies, however, have addressed the neural basis of the emotion. In this prospective review, we postulate a neural model of nostalgia. Self-reflection, autobiographical memory, regulatory capacity and reward are core components of the emotion. Thus, nostalgia involves brain activities implicated in self-reflection processing (medial prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex and precuneus), autobiographical memory processing (hippocampus, medial prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex and precuneus), emotion regulation processing (anterior cingulate cortex and medial prefrontal cortex) and reward processing (striatum, substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area and ventromedial prefrontal cortex). Nostalgia's potential to modulate activity in these core neural substrates has both theoretical and applied implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziyan Yang
- Correspondence should be addressed to Huajian Cai, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Beijing 100101, China. E-mail:
| | - Tim Wildschut
- Center for Research on Self and Identity, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Keise Izuma
- School of Economics and Management, Kochi University of Technology, Kochi 780-8515, Japan
| | - Ruolei Gu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing 100101, China,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu L L Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing 100101, China,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huajian Cai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing 100101, China,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Constantine Sedikides
- Center for Research on Self and Identity, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Huppin M, Malamuth NM. Priming Self-Affirmation Reduces the Negative Impact of High Rape Myth Acceptance: Assessing Women's Perceptions and Judgments of Sexual Assault. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP3728-NP3749. [PMID: 32840169 DOI: 10.1177/0886260520951312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Researchers have theorized and empirically shown that compared with low rape myth acceptance (RMA) individuals, those high in RMA are more likely to discount rape prevention messages. These researchers have urged the development of approaches to counteract the defensiveness and related processes that are presumed to cause such discounting. In the present research we empirically tested the effectiveness of a self-affirmation approach designed to reduce defensiveness to and increase engagement with important but potentially self-threatening information about sexual assault. Female participants classified as low or high in RMA were randomly assigned to either a self-affirmation or no-affirmation control condition and then read about a controversial case of campus sexual assault. We found support for the effectiveness of such a self-affirmation intervention for high-RMA women. Specifically, on a questionnaire administered after the exposure, affirmed high-RMA women relative to the control group reported greater endorsement of the realistic use of the "yes means yes" standard of consent, higher self-standards in defining consensual sexual behavior, increases in perceived knowledge of available resources for sexual assault victims, lower support of rape myths, and greater support for punishing someone convicted of sexual assault. As expected, for women low in RMA there were no significant differences in reporting on these measures between the affirmation condition and the no-affirmation condition. From an agentic perspective these results are encouraging. This approach may merit further development as part of an intervention for reducing biased processing and increasing the effectiveness of consent campaigns and other sexual violence prevention programs.
Collapse
|
13
|
Weller JA, Vineyard J, Klein WMP. Self‐affirmation
reduces uncertainty aversion for potential gains. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 52:277-286. [PMID: 35937756 PMCID: PMC9355230 DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Decisions about one's health are often accompanied by uncertain outcomes, which may be either positively or negatively valenced. The presence of this uncertainty, which can range along a continuum from risk to ambiguity (i.e., decisions in which the outcome probabilities are known or unknown), can be perceived as threatening, and individuals tend to be averse to uncertain outcomes, and will attempt to avoid uncertainty when possible. We proposed that one way to reduce uncertainty aversion could be to provide opportunities to affirm one's core values, or "self-affirmation." Prior research has suggested that self-affirmation promotes health behaviour by providing a buffer against potential threats to the self. However, the degree to which self-affirmation affects decision-making is still unclear. Across two studies, we tested the effects of a self-affirmation manipulation on risk (Study 1) and ambiguity (Study 2) preferences for both potential gains and losses. In both studies, we found that, compared to the non-affirmed group, affirmed individuals were more accepting of uncertainty when the decision involved potential gains, but not for potential losses. Further, for risky decisions, the increased acceptance of uncertainty came at the expense of making choices consistent with expected value, such that self-affirmed individuals made more disadvantageous choices than non-affirmed individuals. Our results suggest both benefits and costs of self-affirmation in the context of risky choice, an important finding given the many applications of self-affirmation in behavioral decision making contexts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jared Vineyard
- Department of Psychology Idaho State University Pocatello Idaho USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hu W, Yang J. Reward anticipation buffers neuroendocrine and cardiovascular responses to acute psychosocial stress in healthy young adults. Stress 2021; 24:805-813. [PMID: 33970772 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2021.1923690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Research over the last 10 years suggests that the brain's reward system plays a crucial role in stress resilience. Notably, reward processing includes both an anticipatory (cue-triggered "wanting") phase and a consummatory ("liking") phase. However, previous studies manipulated rewards via direct reward administration, which makes it difficult to isolate the buffering effect of anticipating the reward stimulus. In the current study, we designed a paradigm to manipulate participants into generating reward anticipation or not and investigated whether reward anticipation can buffer psychological, neuroendocrine, and cardiovascular responses to psychosocial stress. A sample of 78 healthy young adults underwent the Trier Social Stress Test or placebo-Trier Social Stress Test after a reward anticipation task. Results showed that reward anticipation relieved subjective stress feelings, as well as the overall cortisol secretion and the increased heart rate induced by psychosocial stress. Taken together, these findings expanded our understanding of the role the reward system plays in stress resilience, and the possible psychological mechanism of the buffering effect for future stress study was also discussed.HIGHLIGHTSReward processing includes both an anticipatory and consummatory phasesThe buffering effect of anticipating the reward stimulus requires elucidationWe examined if said anticipation buffers varied responses to psychosocial stressReward anticipation relieved subjective stress, cortisol secretion, and heart rateWe clarified the role of the reward system in stress resilience.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiyu Hu
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Juan Yang
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Dutcher JM, Eisenberger NI, Woo H, Klein WMP, Harris PR, Levine JM, Creswell JD. Neural mechanisms of self-affirmation's stress buffering effects. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2021; 15:1086-1096. [PMID: 32248237 PMCID: PMC7657454 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsaa042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-affirmation can buffer stress responses across different contexts, yet the neural mechanisms for these effects are unknown. Self-affirmation has been shown to increase activity in reward-related neural regions, including the ventral striatum and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC). Given that reward-related prefrontal cortical regions such as the VMPFC are involved in reducing neurobiological and behavioral responses to stress, we hypothesized that self-affirmation would activate VMPFC and also reduce neural responses to stress in key neural threat system regions such as the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and anterior insula (AI). We explored this hypothesis using self-affirmation and evaluative stress tasks following a within-subjects design in the fMRI scanner. Consistent with prior work, self-affirmation blocks led to lower self-reported stress and improved performance. With respect to neural activity, compared to control blocks, self-affirmation blocks led to greater VMPFC activity, and subsequently less left AI (but not dACC) activity during stress task blocks. Functional connectivity analyses revealed greater connectivity between the VMPFC and left and right AI during self-affirmation compared to control. These findings begin to articulate the neural circuits involved in self-affirmation's effects during exposure to stressors, and more broadly specify neural reward-based responses to stressful situations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janine M Dutcher
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Naomi I Eisenberger
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Hayoung Woo
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - William M P Klein
- Behavioral Research Program, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Peter R Harris
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RH, UK
| | - John M Levine
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - John David Creswell
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ai M, Morris TP, Ordway C, Quinoñez E, D'Agostino F, Whitfield-Gabrieli S, Hillman CH, Pindus DM, McAuley E, Mayo N, de la Colina AN, Phillips S, Kramer AF, Geddes M. The Daily Activity Study of Health (DASH): A pilot randomized controlled trial to enhance physical activity in sedentary older adults. Contemp Clin Trials 2021; 106:106405. [PMID: 33945886 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2021.106405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Sedentary behavior increases the risk for multiple chronic diseases, early mortality, and accelerated cognitive decline in older adults. Interventions to reduce sedentary behavior among older adults are needed to improve health outcomes and reduce the burden on healthcare systems. We designed a randomized controlled trial that uses a self-affirmation manipulation and gain-framed health messaging to effectively reduce sedentary behavior in older adults. This message-based intervention lasts 6 weeks, recruiting 80 healthy but sedentary older adults from the community, between the ages of 60 and 95 years. Participants are randomly assigned to one of two groups: 1) an intervention group, which receives self-affirmation followed by gain-framed health messages daily or 2) a control group, which receives daily loss-framed health messages only. Objective physical activity engagement is measured by accelerometers. Accelerometers are deployed a week before, during, and the last week of intervention to examine potential changes in sedentary time and physical activity engagement. Participants undertake structural and functional (resting and task-based) MRI scans, neuropsychological tests, computerized behavioral measures, and neurobehavioral inventories at baseline and after the intervention. A 3-month follow-up assesses the long-term maintenance of any engendered behaviors from the intervention period. This study will assess the effectiveness of a novel behavioral intervention at reducing sedentarism in older adults and examine the neurobehavioral mechanisms underlying any such changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meishan Ai
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, USA.
| | | | - Cora Ordway
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, USA
| | | | | | | | - Charles H Hillman
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, USA; Department of Physical Therapy, Movement, & Rehabilitation Sciences, Northeastern University, USA
| | - Dominika M Pindus
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA; Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, USA; Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
| | - Edward McAuley
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA; Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, USA
| | - Nancy Mayo
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Canada
| | | | - Siobhan Phillips
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, USA
| | - Arthur F Kramer
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, USA; Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, USA
| | - Maiya Geddes
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Canada; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wang X, Zheng L, Li L, Sun P, Guo X. Actor or recipient role matters: Neural correlates of self-serving bias. Brain Behav 2021; 11:e02013. [PMID: 33497539 PMCID: PMC7994694 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION When involved in interpersonal events, people often play the role of an initiative actor (e.g., "I hit Tom") or a passive recipient (e.g., "Paul hit me"). Numerous studies have documented that people manifest a self-serving bias (SSB), that is, they tend to attribute positive interpersonal events to themselves and negative events to other external factors. Recent studies have identified the neural regions associated with the SSB; yet little is known about the neural mechanism of its modulation by the actor or recipient role. METHODS In this study, participants were scanned while they attributed the positive or negative events in which the self played the actor or recipient role. RESULTS The results showed that people manifested more SSB than non-SSB (NONSSB) attributions and spent less time on making the former. Importantly, more SSB attributions and shorter reaction times were found in the actor than in the recipient condition. Greater activity in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) was observed in responding to NONSSB than SSB attributions only in the actor condition. Furthermore, the greater the difference in dmPFC activity in responding to NONSSB and SSB attributions, the smaller the difference in corresponding attribution response. CONCLUSION The results suggest that people prefer making heuristic SSB attributions, and more cognitive resources are needed when they make NONSSB attributions. The activity of the dmPFC may be associated with inhibiting the heuristic SSB, especially when they play the actor role at interpersonal events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Wang
- School of PsychologySichuan Normal UniversityChengduChina
- School of Psychology and Cognitive ScienceEast China Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Li Zheng
- School of Psychology and Cognitive ScienceEast China Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional GenomicsMinistry of EducationShanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional GenomicsEast China Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology EducationEast China Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Lin Li
- School of Psychology and Cognitive ScienceEast China Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology EducationEast China Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Peng Sun
- School of Psychology and Cognitive ScienceEast China Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Xiuyan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional GenomicsMinistry of EducationShanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional GenomicsEast China Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology EducationEast China Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and School of Psychology and Cognitive ScienceEast China Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
On the benefits and costs of extrinsic emotion regulation to the provider: Toward a neurobehavioral model. Cortex 2020; 130:1-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2020.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
19
|
Tabibnia G. An affective neuroscience model of boosting resilience in adults. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 115:321-350. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
20
|
“Who Am I” and “How Should I Be”: a Systematic Review on Self-Concept and Avatar Identification in Gaming Disorder. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40429-020-00307-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose of Review
Gaming disorder (GD) appears to be associated with self-concept deficits and increased identification with one’s avatar. The goal of this literature review is to highlight study findings assessing psychological and neurobiological correlates of self-concept-related characteristics and avatar identification in GD.
Recent Findings
The review was based on three literature researches on GD: (1) self-esteem, (2) emotional, social, and academic self-concept domains and avatar identification, and (3) neurobiological correlates of self-concept and avatar identification. The results indicate that GD is associated with decreased self-esteem as well as deficits in physical, social, and emotional self-concept domains. A relatively stable relationship between higher avatar identification and GD was reported in addicted gamers. Furthermore, addicted gamers showed increased activation of brain regions associated with Theory-of-Mind processing while contemplating their own avatar.
Summary
The results point towards impairments in self-concept and increased identification with the virtual gaming character in addicted gamers. This virtual compensation fosters the formation of an idealized self-concept, which grows increasingly distant from their own self-image. Thus, additional empirically based psychological interventions should focus on the development of a realistic self-image by reducing the dysfunctional discrepancy between the ideal self and the real self.
Collapse
|
21
|
Cognitive control and reward/loss processing in Internet gaming disorder: Results from a comparison with recreational Internet game-users. Eur Psychiatry 2020; 44:30-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractAlthough playing of Internet games may lead to Internet gaming disorder (IGD), most game-users do not develop problems and only a relatively small subset experiences IGD. Game playing may have positive health associations, whereas IGD has been repeatedly associated with negative health measures, and it is thus important to understand differences between individuals with IGD, recreational (non-problematic) game use (RGU) and non-/low-frequency game use (NLFGU). Individuals with IGD have shown differences in neural activations from non-gamers, yet few studies have examined neural differences between individuals with IGD, RGU and NLFGU. Eighteen individuals with IGD, 21 with RGU and 19 with NFLGU performed a color-word Stroop task and a guessing task assessing reward/loss processing. Behavioral and functional imaging data were collected and compared between groups. RGU and NLFGU subjects showed lower Stroop effects as compared with those with IGD. RGU subjects as compared to those with IGD demonstrated less frontal cortical activation brain activation during Stroop performance. During the guessing task, RGU subjects showed greater cortico-striatal activations than IGD subjects during processing of winning outcomes and greater frontal brain during processing of losing outcomes. Findings suggest that RGU as compared with IGD subjects show greater executive control and greater activations of brain regions implicated in motivational processes during reward processing and greater cortical activations during loss processing. These findings suggest neural and behavioral features distinguishing RGU from IGD and mechanisms by which RGU may be motivated to play online games frequently yet avoid developing IGD.
Collapse
|
22
|
Cummings JR, Mamtora T, Tomiyama AJ. Non-food rewards and highly processed food intake in everyday life. Appetite 2019; 142:104355. [PMID: 31291596 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2019.104355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Reducing intake of highly processed, energy-dense food may prevent chronic disease. One proposed intervention strategy for reducing intake of these foods is to increase non-food reward experiences (e.g., music, socializing, art) in their place. However, research supporting this strategy has yet to establish temporal order between non-food reward experiences and highly processed food intake, and has yet to test mediators. The current study sought to build upon this literature with an ambulatory electronic diary study wherein the time-specific associations between non-food reward experiences and highly processed food intake were observed. A sample of 84 young adults reported on multiple types of non-food reward experiences and highly processed food intake hourly for two weekdays and two weekend days through an application on their personal electronic devices. Time-lagged analysis was employed to predict the odds of highly processed food intake in the following hour from non-food rewards experienced in the current hour. Secondary (e.g., receiving positive social feedback) and hedonic (e.g., viewing pleasant images) non-food reward experiences in the current hour predicted greater instead of lower odds of highly processed food intake in the following hour. These associations were mediated by increased subjective pleasure. Purely eudaimonic (e.g., affirming values), social (e.g., cooperating with others), and primary (e.g., having sex) reward experiences generally did not predict odds of highly processed food intake in the following hour. These results suggest that-at least for young adults-many non-food reward experiences may fail to reduce highly processed food intake, and some may even backfire. A different intervention strategy targeting reward processes implicated in highly processed food intake (e.g., interfering with conditioned learned associations) may prove a more promising avenue for improving physical health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenna R Cummings
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, 1285 Franz Hall, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Tanvi Mamtora
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, 1285 Franz Hall, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - A Janet Tomiyama
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, 1285 Franz Hall, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Double jeopardy – Double remedy? The effectiveness of self-affirmation for improving doubly disadvantaged students' mathematical performance. J Sch Psychol 2019; 75:58-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsp.2019.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
24
|
Reid AE, Field M, Jones A, DiLemma LCG, Robinson E. Social modelling of health behaviours: Testing self-affirmation as a conformity-reduction strategy. Br J Health Psychol 2019; 24:651-667. [PMID: 31081224 DOI: 10.1111/bjhp.12374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Social conformity negatively affects health. Exposure to peers who model unhealthy alcohol or food consumption increases personal consumption. Self-affirmation alters processes related to the motivations underlying conformity. We therefore tested whether self-affirmation reduces conformity to unhealthy behaviour and does so by reducing affiliation needs and/or increasing self-regulation. DESIGN In two studies, participants were randomized to one of four conditions in a 2 (low vs. high peer modelling) × 2 (self-affirmed vs. not) design. METHODS In Study 1 (N = 153), a confederate modelled low or high alcohol consumption. Participants' alcohol consumption was recorded; mimicry of confederates' sips was coded. In Study 2 (N = 122), written information indicated others' snack food intake during the study. Participants' food consumption was recorded. Affiliative interest was assessed in both studies. Inhibitory control and private self-awareness were assessed in Studies 1 and 2, respectively. RESULTS In Study 1, participants exposed to heavy drinking consumed significantly more alcohol and mimicked the confederate more frequently than participants exposed to the light drinking model. Self-affirmation did not reduce this tendency, nor did it affect affiliative interest or inhibitory control. Exploratory analysis supported that mimicry mediated the peer modelling-consumption relationship. In Study 2, participants ate more when they believed others had eaten a lot, as opposed to little. Self-affirmation did not reduce this tendency and did not affect affiliative interest. Self-affirmed participants had higher private self-awareness than those who were not self-affirmed, but self-awareness did not affect consumption. CONCLUSION Peer behaviour strongly influences personal consumption. Self-affirmation did not reduce behavioural conformity. Statement of contribution What is already known on this subject? Exposure to peers who engage in high consumption of alcohol and unhealthy foods is associated with increased personal consumption. Few studies have examined strategies to reduce conformity to consumption behaviours. What does this study add? Across two studies, self-affirmation did not reduce behavioural conformity, despite its' positive effects on private self-awareness. Conformity in face-to-face interactions is largely driven by mimicry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allecia E Reid
- Department of Psychology, Colby College, Waterville, Maine, USA.,Institute of Psychology, Health & Society, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Matt Field
- Institute of Psychology, Health & Society, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Andrew Jones
- Institute of Psychology, Health & Society, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Lisa C G DiLemma
- Institute of Psychology, Health & Society, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Eric Robinson
- Institute of Psychology, Health & Society, University of Liverpool, UK
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Cooper JJ, Korb AS, Akil M. Bringing Neuroscience to the Bedside. FOCUS (AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIC PUBLISHING) 2019; 17:2-7. [PMID: 31975952 PMCID: PMC6493145 DOI: 10.1176/appi.focus.20180033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Clinical psychiatry has not historically expected practitioners to learn the basic science of psychiatric illness. Despite wide recognition that all effective psychiatric treatments have neurophysiological mechanisms, the field has struggled to integrate concepts of the mind and brain. Because of historical separations of clinical psychiatry and evolving neuroscience research, many psychiatric residency programs feel underresourced to teach clinically relevant neuroscience, and current residency graduates are not being prepared to integrate neuroscience findings into their practice. Significant strides have been made in the understanding of the neurobiology of psychiatric disorders. Similarly, the neurobiological mechanisms of a wide variety of treatments have been elucidated, spanning interventions from psychotherapy to physical exercise, electroconvulsive therapy, and modern neuromodulation techniques. The authors discuss strategies for integrating the language of clinical neuroscience into everyday psychiatric practice and review resources available to clinicians and trainees to help them acquire and practice these skills.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Cooper
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago (Cooper); Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles (Korb); Department of Psychiatry, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (Akil)
| | - Alexander S Korb
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago (Cooper); Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles (Korb); Department of Psychiatry, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (Akil)
| | - Mayada Akil
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago (Cooper); Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles (Korb); Department of Psychiatry, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (Akil)
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Dutcher JM, Creswell JD. The role of brain reward pathways in stress resilience and health. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 95:559-567. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
|
27
|
Finley AJ, Crowell AL, Schmeichel BJ. Self-affirmation enhances processing of negative stimuli among threat-prone individuals. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2018; 13:569-577. [PMID: 29873770 PMCID: PMC6022649 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsy036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-affirmation reduces defensive responding to self-threats. The present study extended beyond self-threats to assess affirmation’s influence on responses to negative emotional pictures as measured by the late positive potential (LPP), an event-related potential in the encephalogram that reflects motivational significance. Participants completed a trait measure of behavioral inhibition system (BIS) sensitivity. Then they affirmed (or did not affirm) a core personal value before viewing a series of emotionally evocative pictures. Affirming a core value increased LPP responses to negative emotional pictures among individuals higher in BIS. Self-affirmation thus appeared to alter the motivational significance of negative pictures among threat-prone individuals, consistent with a reduction in the defensive avoidance of aversive stimuli. These findings suggest that affirming values may influence responses associated with basic (non-self) motivational systems among individuals sensitive to threat.
Collapse
|
28
|
Gu R, Yang J, Shi Y, Luo Y, Luo YLL, Cai H. Be Strong Enough to Say No: Self-Affirmation Increases Rejection to Unfair Offers. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1824. [PMID: 27920742 PMCID: PMC5118568 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We propose that self-affirmation may endow people more psychological resources to buffer against the negative influence of rejecting unfair offers in the classic ultimatum game (UG) and further lead to a stronger tendency to reject those offers. We tested this possibility by conducting an event-related potential (ERP) study about the UG, with the ERP component P3 as an indirect indicator of psychological resources. Participants were randomly assigned to the affirmation or control condition and then completed the UG through electrophysiological recording. As expected, the behavioral data indicated that compared with unaffirmed ones, affirmed participants were more likely to reject unfair UG offers; the electrophysiological data indicated that compared to the unaffirmed, affirmed participants showed a greater P3 in response to the presentation of an offer. These findings suggest that psychological resources may play a role in rejecting others beyond the fairness concern, and additionally shed light on the neural mechanisms underlying self-affirmation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruolei Gu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Jing Yang
- College of Tourism, Huaqiao University Quanzhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Shi
- Faculty of Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong, China
| | - Yi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University Beijing, China
| | - Yu L L Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Huajian Cai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Expelling Stress for Primary School Teachers: Self-Affirmation Increases Positive Emotions in Teaching and Emotion Reappraisal. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:ijerph13050500. [PMID: 27187437 PMCID: PMC4881125 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13050500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present pilot study was to assess the effect of a brief work-related self-affirming implementation intention (WS-AII) on the well-being of primary school teachers. Participants were randomly allocated to one of two conditions: one in which they were asked to create a WS-AII or one in which they were asked to create a control implementation intention (C-II). State anxiety was measured pre- and post-manipulation, self-efficacy at post-manipulation only, and emotions in teaching and emotion regulation at baseline and at a two-week follow-up. There were statistically significant differences between the WS-AII condition and the control. Teachers who created work-related self-affirming implementation intentions reported an immediate reduction in state anxiety. Positive effects extended over the two-week period, with teachers in the WS-AII condition also reporting more positive emotions in teaching and the use of reappraisal emotion regulation strategies rather than emotion suppression. Results suggest that the integration of the WS-AII into existing organisational practice may be of benefit to the well-being of teachers and other highly stressed workers.
Collapse
|