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Fink PB, Wheeler AR, Smith WR, Brant-Zawadzki G, Lieberman JR, McIntosh SE, Van Tilburg C, Wedmore IS, Windsor JS, Hofmeyr R, Weber D. Wilderness Medical Society Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Treatment of Acute Pain in Austere Environments: 2024 Update. Wilderness Environ Med 2024; 35:198-218. [PMID: 38651342 DOI: 10.1177/10806032241248422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The Wilderness Medical Society (WMS) convened an expert panel to develop evidence-based guidelines for the management of pain in austere environments. Recommendations are graded based on the quality of supporting evidence as defined by criteria put forth by the American College of Chest Physicians. This is an update of the 2014 version of the "WMS Practice Guidelines for the Treatment of Acute Pain in Remote Environments" published in Wilderness & Environmental Medicine 2014; 25:41-49.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick B Fink
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Albert R Wheeler
- Department of Emergency Medicine, St. John's Health, Jackson, WY
| | - William R Smith
- Department of Emergency Medicine, St. John's Health, Jackson, WY
| | | | | | - Scott E McIntosh
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | | | - Ian S Wedmore
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD
| | | | - Ross Hofmeyr
- Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - David Weber
- Mountain Rescue Collective, LLC, Park City, UT
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de Grunt MN, de Jong B, Hollmann MW, Ridderikhof ML, Weenink RP. Parenteral, Non-Intravenous Analgesia in Acute Traumatic Pain-A Narrative Review Based on a Systematic Literature Search. J Clin Med 2024; 13:2560. [PMID: 38731088 PMCID: PMC11084350 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13092560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Traumatic pain is frequently encountered in emergency care and requires immediate analgesia. Unfortunately, most trauma patients report sustained pain upon arrival at and discharge from the Emergency Department. Obtaining intravenous access to administer analgesics can be time-consuming, leading to treatment delay. This review provides an overview of analgesics with both fast onset and parenteral, non-intravenous routes of administration, and also indicates areas where more research is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Midas N. de Grunt
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Amsterdam UMC, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (M.N.d.G.); (B.d.J.); (M.W.H.)
| | - Bianca de Jong
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Amsterdam UMC, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (M.N.d.G.); (B.d.J.); (M.W.H.)
| | - Markus W. Hollmann
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Amsterdam UMC, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (M.N.d.G.); (B.d.J.); (M.W.H.)
| | - Milan L. Ridderikhof
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Robert P. Weenink
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Amsterdam UMC, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (M.N.d.G.); (B.d.J.); (M.W.H.)
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Ornelas RC, Silva LD, de Macedo LR, de Matos IM. Scorpion Stings in Minas Gerais (Brazil): A Monocentric Retrospective Study Evaluating All Envenoming Cases of Local Scorpionism. Wilderness Environ Med 2023; 34:442-450. [PMID: 37558612 DOI: 10.1016/j.wem.2023.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We aim to provide better insights into the demographic, epidemiological, and seasonal characteristics of scorpion envenomation reported in the Rio Doce Valley, Brazil. METHODS We conducted this monocentric retrospective descriptive study with data on Investigation Forms of Accidents by Venomous Animals, only envenoming cases of scorpion stings, between January 1, 2017 and December 31, 2020, belonging to the compulsory notification system of the Municipal Hospital of Governador Valadares. RESULTS There were 3032 accidents, and the male-to-female ratio was 1.17:1 (male, 54%; females, 46%). Accidents occurred every month, but there was an increase in June, July, and October to January. In most cases, the time between the scorpion sting and medical care was between 1 and 3 h (n=1304; 43%). The most frequent clinical and systemic manifestations were pain at the bite site (94%) and vagal symptoms (7%). Cases were mild (n=2750, 91%), moderate (n=221, 7%), and severe (n=56, 2%). Children younger than 10 y constituted the most cases, 522 (17%). There was a significant difference between clinical severity and age (P<0.01). Ten patients developed acute pulmonary edema. Two 4-y-old children died. All severely envenomated patients as well as 74% and 2% of mild and moderately envenomated patients, respectively, received specific scorpion antivenoms. CONCLUSIONS Scorpion envenomation is of greater severity in children aged <10 y. The clinical presentation includes mainly local pain associated with vagal symptoms. Accidents occur every month, but there was an increase in June, July, and October to January.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel C Ornelas
- Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Campus Governador Valadares, Brazil
| | - Letícia D Silva
- Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Campus Governador Valadares, Brazil
| | - Leandro R de Macedo
- Department of Economics, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Campus Governador Valadares, Brazil
| | - Ione M de Matos
- Department of Basic Life Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Campus Governador Valadares, Brazil.
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Carvalho ÉS, Oliveira I, Nascimento TP, da Silva Neto AV, Leal BAS, Araújo FQ, Julião BFV, Souza ARN, Abrahim AW, Macedo BBO, de Oliveira JTS, Wen FH, Pucca MB, Monteiro WM, Sachett JAG. Prospecting Local Treatments Used in Conjunction with Antivenom Administration Following Envenomation Caused by Animals: A Systematic Review. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15050313. [PMID: 37235348 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15050313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Envenomation caused by venomous animals may trigger significant local complications such as pain, edema, localized hemorrhage, and tissue necrosis, in addition to complications such as dermonecrosis, myonecrosis, and even amputations. This systematic review aims to evaluate scientific evidence on therapies used to target local effects caused by envenomation. The PubMed, MEDLINE, and LILACS databases were used to perform a literature search on the topic. The review was based on studies that cited procedures performed on local injuries following envenomation with the aim of being an adjuvant therapeutic strategy. The literature regarding local treatments used following envenomation reports the use of several alternative methods and/or therapies. The venomous animals found in the search were snakes (82.05%), insects (2.56%), spiders (2.56%), scorpions (2.56%), and others (jellyfish, centipede, sea urchin-10.26%). In regard to the treatments, the use of tourniquets, corticosteroids, antihistamines, and cryotherapy is questionable, as well as the use of plants and oils. Low-intensity lasers stand out as a possible therapeutic tool for these injuries. Local complications can progress to serious conditions and may result in physical disabilities and sequelae. This study compiled information on adjuvant therapeutic measures and underscores the importance of more robust scientific evidence for recommendations that act on local effects together with the antivenom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Érica S Carvalho
- School of Health Sciences, Amazonas State University, Manaus 69050030, Amazonas, Brazil
- Department of Teaching and Research, Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado Tropical Medicine Foundation, Manaus 69040000, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Isadora Oliveira
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040903, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thaís P Nascimento
- School of Health Sciences, Amazonas State University, Manaus 69050030, Amazonas, Brazil
- Department of Teaching and Research, Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado Tropical Medicine Foundation, Manaus 69040000, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Vilhena da Silva Neto
- School of Health Sciences, Amazonas State University, Manaus 69050030, Amazonas, Brazil
- Department of Teaching and Research, Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado Tropical Medicine Foundation, Manaus 69040000, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Brenda A S Leal
- School of Health Sciences, Amazonas State University, Manaus 69050030, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Felipe Q Araújo
- School of Health Sciences, Amazonas State University, Manaus 69050030, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Bruno F V Julião
- School of Health Sciences, Amazonas State University, Manaus 69050030, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Andrea R N Souza
- School of Health Sciences, Amazonas State University, Manaus 69050030, Amazonas, Brazil
- Department of Teaching and Research, Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado Tropical Medicine Foundation, Manaus 69040000, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Andreza W Abrahim
- School of Health Sciences, Amazonas State University, Manaus 69050030, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Bruna B O Macedo
- Department of Teaching and Research, Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado Tropical Medicine Foundation, Manaus 69040000, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Jéssica T S de Oliveira
- Department of Teaching and Research, Alfredo da Matta Foundation, Manaus 69065130, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Fan Hui Wen
- Butantan Institute, São Paulo 05501000, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Manuela B Pucca
- Medical School, Federal University of Roraima, Boa Vista 69310000, Roraima, Brazil
- Health Sciences Postgraduate Program, Federal University of Roraima, Boa Vista 69310000, Roraima, Brazil
| | - Wuelton M Monteiro
- School of Health Sciences, Amazonas State University, Manaus 69050030, Amazonas, Brazil
- Department of Teaching and Research, Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado Tropical Medicine Foundation, Manaus 69040000, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline A G Sachett
- School of Health Sciences, Amazonas State University, Manaus 69050030, Amazonas, Brazil
- Department of Teaching and Research, Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado Tropical Medicine Foundation, Manaus 69040000, Amazonas, Brazil
- Department of Teaching and Research, Alfredo da Matta Foundation, Manaus 69065130, Amazonas, Brazil
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Turgut K, Yavuz E, Gülaçtı U, Aydın İ, Sönmez C, Aktaş N, Arslan E. In Reply to Dr Mohanty et al. Wilderness Environ Med 2023:S1080-6032(23)00010-8. [PMID: 36925386 DOI: 10.1016/j.wem.2023.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kasım Turgut
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Research and Training Hospital, Adiyaman University, Adiyaman, Turkey
| | - Erdal Yavuz
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Research and Training Hospital, Adiyaman University, Adiyaman, Turkey
| | - Umut Gülaçtı
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Research and Training Hospital, Adiyaman University, Adiyaman, Turkey
| | - İrfan Aydın
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Research and Training Hospital, Adiyaman University, Adiyaman, Turkey
| | - Cihat Sönmez
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Research and Training Hospital, Adiyaman University, Adiyaman, Turkey
| | - Nurettin Aktaş
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Research and Training Hospital, Adiyaman University, Adiyaman, Turkey
| | - Ebru Arslan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Research and Training Hospital, Adiyaman University, Adiyaman, Turkey
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Elmourid A, Boussaa S, El Hidan MA, Amahmid O, Touloun O. Epidemiological, toxicological and physiopathological characteristics of scorpion stings and their management in Morocco: A literature review. Acta Trop 2023; 239:106812. [PMID: 36596437 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
All around the world, scorpion envenomation represents a public health issue. In Morocco, it represents the first cause of poisoning. The aim of this review is to highlight the epidemiological, toxicological and physiopathological characteristics of scorpion stings and envenomation in Morocco as well as their management. According to the bibliography, the most areas affected by scorpion stings and envenomation are those in the center and south of Morocco. Lethality rate is more important in children than adult. Age, admission class, season, serum venom concentration, and the time elapsed between the scorpion sting and medical intervention are risk factors for a poor prognosis. Until now, we have only known the LD50 of 14 scorpion species from three genera: Androctonus, Buthus and Hottentota, and only 6 species, out of 61 moroccan scorpions, have been assessed for their venom toxicity on mice organs. The venom of harmful moroccan scorpions induces several histopathological changes in the myocardium, brain, liver, pulmonary alveoli, and kidneys in rats, as well as severe consequences in the lungs with intra-alveolar hemorrhage. There was also a significant increase in serum enzyme levels of aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), creatine phosphokinase (CPK), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), as well as high levels of plasma albumin, creatine and glucose. In the absence of a specific treatment, the management of scorpion envenomation is based only on symptomatic therapy. We noted a widely use of traditional remedies. Despite the magnitude of the scorpion problem in Morocco, it remains understudied and continues to claim lives, particularly given the lack of an efficient etiological cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdessamad Elmourid
- Polyvalent Team in Research and Development (EPVRD), Department of Biology & Geology, Polydisciplinary Faculty, University, Sultan My Slimane, Beni Mellal, 23030, Morocco.
| | - Samia Boussaa
- ISPITS-Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques, Ministry of Health and Social Protection, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Moulay Abdelmounaim El Hidan
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Valorization of Natural Resources, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Omar Amahmid
- Department of Life and Earth Sciences, (Biology /Geology Research Units), Regional Centre for Careers of Education and Training Crmef Marrakech-Safi, Marrakesh Morocco
| | - Oulaid Touloun
- Polyvalent Team in Research and Development (EPVRD), Department of Biology & Geology, Polydisciplinary Faculty, University, Sultan My Slimane, Beni Mellal, 23030, Morocco
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Turgut K, Yavuz E, Gülaçtı U, Aydın İ, Sönmez C, Aktaş N, Arslan E. Comparison of Intravenous Paracetamol, Dexketoprofen Trometamol, or Topical Lidocaine Use for Pain Relief in Scorpion Stings: A Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Study. Wilderness Environ Med 2022; 33:379-385. [PMID: 36229383 DOI: 10.1016/j.wem.2022.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION After a scorpion sting, patients commonly present to hospitals with pain. Our study sought to compare the analgesic efficacy of IV paracetamol, IV dexketoprofen trometamol, topical lidocaine, and placebo in patients reporting pain after presenting with a history of scorpion sting. METHODS This double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study was conducted in the emergency department of a tertiary hospital. Adult patients who presented with the complaint of pain after a scorpion sting and did not have systemic findings were randomly assigned to 1 of the following 4 groups: IV paracetamol, IV dexketoprofen trometamol, topical lidocaine, and placebo. The visual analog scale scores were measured at the time of presentation to the emergency department and at 30 and 60 min to determine the pain intensity. RESULTS The study included 106 patients, of whom 30 were in the paracetamol group, 26 in the dexketoprofen trometamol group, 25 in the topical lidocaine group, and 25 in the placebo group. We did not find a different analgesic effect among the groups in the first 30 min (P=0.185). IV paracetamol, dexketoprofen trometamol, and topical lidocaine did not show different analgesic effects in the first 60 min (P>0.05). IV paracetamol and dexketoprofen trometamol were found to provide a more effective analgesia than the placebo at 60 min (P<0.05). The analgesic effects of topical lidocaine and placebo did not differ (P=0.330). CONCLUSIONS IV paracetamol and IV dexketoprofen trometamol provided analgesia in the first 60 min, similar to topical lidocaine but superior to placebo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasım Turgut
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Research and Training Hospital, Adiyaman University, Adiyaman, Turkey
| | - Erdal Yavuz
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Research and Training Hospital, Adiyaman University, Adiyaman, Turkey.
| | - Umut Gülaçtı
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Research and Training Hospital, Adiyaman University, Adiyaman, Turkey
| | - İrfan Aydın
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Research and Training Hospital, Adiyaman University, Adiyaman, Turkey
| | - Cihat Sönmez
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Research and Training Hospital, Adiyaman University, Adiyaman, Turkey
| | - Nurettin Aktaş
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Research and Training Hospital, Adiyaman University, Adiyaman, Turkey
| | - Ebru Arslan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Research and Training Hospital, Adiyaman University, Adiyaman, Turkey
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Ahmadi S, Knerr JM, Argemi L, Bordon KCF, Pucca MB, Cerni FA, Arantes EC, Çalışkan F, Laustsen AH. Scorpion Venom: Detriments and Benefits. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8050118. [PMID: 32408604 PMCID: PMC7277529 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8050118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Scorpion venom may cause severe medical complications and untimely death if injected into the human body. Neurotoxins are the main components of scorpion venom that are known to be responsible for the pathological manifestations of envenoming. Besides neurotoxins, a wide range of other bioactive molecules can be found in scorpion venoms. Advances in separation, characterization, and biotechnological approaches have enabled not only the development of more effective treatments against scorpion envenomings, but have also led to the discovery of several scorpion venom peptides with interesting therapeutic properties. Thus, scorpion venom may not only be a medical threat to human health, but could prove to be a valuable source of bioactive molecules that may serve as leads for the development of new therapies against current and emerging diseases. This review presents both the detrimental and beneficial properties of scorpion venom toxins and discusses the newest advances within the development of novel therapies against scorpion envenoming and the therapeutic perspectives for scorpion toxins in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Ahmadi
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark; (J.M.K.); (L.A.); (M.B.P.); (F.A.C.)
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosafety, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Eşkisehir Osmangazi University, TR-26040 Eşkisehir, Turkey;
- Correspondence: (S.A.); (A.H.L.); Tel.: +45-7164-6042 (S.A.); +45-2988-1134 (A.H.L.)
| | - Julius M. Knerr
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark; (J.M.K.); (L.A.); (M.B.P.); (F.A.C.)
| | - Lídia Argemi
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark; (J.M.K.); (L.A.); (M.B.P.); (F.A.C.)
| | - Karla C. F. Bordon
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto—São Paulo 14040-903, Brazil; (K.C.F.B.); (E.C.A.)
| | - Manuela B. Pucca
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark; (J.M.K.); (L.A.); (M.B.P.); (F.A.C.)
- Medical School, Federal University of Roraima, Boa Vista, Roraima 69310-000, Brazil
| | - Felipe A. Cerni
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark; (J.M.K.); (L.A.); (M.B.P.); (F.A.C.)
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto—São Paulo 14040-903, Brazil; (K.C.F.B.); (E.C.A.)
| | - Eliane C. Arantes
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto—São Paulo 14040-903, Brazil; (K.C.F.B.); (E.C.A.)
| | - Figen Çalışkan
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosafety, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Eşkisehir Osmangazi University, TR-26040 Eşkisehir, Turkey;
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, TR-26040 Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Andreas H. Laustsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark; (J.M.K.); (L.A.); (M.B.P.); (F.A.C.)
- Correspondence: (S.A.); (A.H.L.); Tel.: +45-7164-6042 (S.A.); +45-2988-1134 (A.H.L.)
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Chang AK, Bijur PE, Ata A, Campbell C, Pearlman S, White D, Chertoff A, Restivo A, Gallagher EJ. Randomized Clinical Trial of Intravenous Acetaminophen as an Analgesic Adjunct for Older Adults With Acute Severe Pain. Acad Emerg Med 2019; 26:402-409. [PMID: 30118582 DOI: 10.1111/acem.13556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Older adults are at risk for undertreatment of pain. We examined intravenous (IV) acetaminophen as an analgesic adjunct to IV opioids in the care of older emergency department (ED) patients with acute severe pain. METHODS This was a randomized clinical trial conducted in two EDs in the Bronx, New York. Eligible adults aged 65 years and older with acute severe pain were randomized to 0.5 mg of IV hydromorphone and 1 g of IV acetaminophen or 0.5 mg of IV hydromorphone and 100 mL of normal saline placebo. The primary outcome was the between group difference in improvement of numerical rating scale (NRS) pain scores at 60 minutes. Secondary outcomes were the between-group differences in the proportion of patients who chose to forgo additional pain medications at 60 minutes; the proportion who developed side effects; the proportion who required rescue analgesia; and between-group differences in NRS pain scores at 5, 15, 30, and 45 minutes. RESULTS Eighty-one patients were allocated to each arm. Eighty patients in the IV acetaminophen arm and 79 patients in the placebo arm had sufficient data for analysis. At 60 minutes, patients in the hydromorphone + IV acetaminophen group improved by 5.7 NRS units while those in the hydromorphone + placebo group improved by 5.2 NRS units, for a difference of 0.6 NRS units (95% confidence interval [CI] = -0.4 to 1.5). A total of 28.7% of patients in the hydromorphone + IV acetaminophen group wanted more analgesia at 60 minutes versus 29.1% in the hydromorphone + placebo group, for a difference of -0.4% (95% CI = -14.3% to 13.5%). These differences were neither clinically nor statistically significant. Safety profiles were similar in both groups. CONCLUSION In this randomized clinical trial, the addition of IV acetaminophen to IV hydromorphone as an adjunctive analgesic for acute, severe, pain in older adults provided neither clinically nor statistically superior pain relief when compared to hydromorphone alone within the first hour of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew K. Chang
- Department of Emergency Medicine Albany Medical College AlbanyNY
| | - Polly E. Bijur
- Department of Emergency Medicine Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx NY
| | - Ashar Ata
- Department of Emergency Medicine Albany Medical College AlbanyNY
| | - Caron Campbell
- Department of Emergency Medicine Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx NY
| | - Scott Pearlman
- Department of Emergency Medicine Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx NY
| | - Deborah White
- Department of Emergency Medicine Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx NY
| | - Andrew Chertoff
- Department of Emergency Medicine Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx NY
| | - Andrew Restivo
- Department of Emergency Medicine Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx NY
| | - E. John Gallagher
- Department of Emergency Medicine Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx NY
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Randomized Controlled Trial of Intravenous Acetaminophen Versus Intravenous Hydromorphone for the Treatment of Acute Pain in the Emergency Department. Ann Emerg Med 2019; 73:133-140. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2018.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Al Abri S, Al Rumhi M, Al Mahruqi G, Shakir AS. Scorpion Sting Management at Tertiary and Secondary Care Emergency Departments. Oman Med J 2019; 34:9-13. [PMID: 30671178 PMCID: PMC6330186 DOI: 10.5001/omj.2019.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives We sought to review the management of scorpion stings in tertiary and secondary care emergency departments in Oman and determine physician’s knowledge of management protocols. Methods We conducted a retrospective study of all scorpion stings cases seen in Sultan Qaboos University Hospital (SQUH) emergency department (ED) from March 2016 to July 2017. Additionally, we conducted a survey of ED physicians regarding their management of scorpion stings in three different EDs including SQUH. Results The total number of scorpion stings seen at SQUH during the study period was 128. Localized pain was seen in 97.7% (n = 125), swelling in 14.8% (n = 19), and local redness in 7.0% (n = 9) of patients. Around 13.0% (n = 17) of patients were found to have systemic symptoms with tachycardia being the most common. Bedside clotting test was done for 11.7% (n = 15) of patients. The most commonly used treatment was local anesthesia (54.7%, n = 70). No patient received scorpion antivenom. In the 89 surveyed physicians the main management method used was analgesia (88.8%, n = 71) followed by local anesthesia (81.1%, n = 65). Most physicians (80.0%, n = 64) believed that local anesthesia was the most effective management. However, 32.5% (n = 26) ordered a whole blood bedside clotting test, 69.2% (n = 18) of which were junior doctors. Conclusions Most scorpion sting cases managed in SQUH had local symptoms. Tachycardia was the most common systemic manifestation. Bedside clotting test was not commonly ordered and mainly requested by junior doctors. Local anesthesia infiltration is the recommended management for scorpion sting. Analgesia was the main management followed by local anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suad Al Abri
- Toxicology Unit, Emergency Medicine Department, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman.,Accident and Emergency Medicine Department, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| | - Munira Al Rumhi
- Toxicology Unit, Emergency Medicine Department, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| | - Ghaitha Al Mahruqi
- Accident and Emergency Medicine Department, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| | - Ali Salih Shakir
- Accident and Emergency Medicine Department, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman
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Rodrigo C, Gnanathasan A. Management of scorpion envenoming: a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. Syst Rev 2017; 6:74. [PMID: 28390429 PMCID: PMC5385045 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-017-0469-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Scorpion stings cause an estimated 3000 deaths per annum worldwide. We conducted a systematic review of all controlled clinical trials related to scorpion sting management. METHODS We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science and CINAHL and included controlled prospective clinical trials (randomized or non-randomized). The following interventions were assessed: adults and children with scorpion stings treated with (a) steroids vs. placebo, (b) different methods of pain relief, (c) antivenom vs. supportive treatment, (d) prazosin vs. supportive treatment, (e) antivenom vs. prazosin and (f) antivenom plus prazosin vs. prazosin alone. When trials had comparative outcomes, they were combined in a meta-analysis. Data was analysed with Review Manager 5. Dichotomous data were compared with relative risk (RR), and continuous data were compared with mean differences using a fixed effect model. There is no PROSPERO registration number for this study. RESULTS Antivenom against Centruroides sp. are effective in reversing the clinical syndrome faster than no antivenom treatment in children (RR, 0.02; 95% CI, 0.01 to 0.06; 322 participants; three trials). Antivenom (against Mesobuthus tamulus) and prazosin combination is better than prazosin alone for faster resolution of symptoms (mean difference, -12.59 h; 95% CI, -14.01 to -11.17; 173 participants; three trials). CONCLUSIONS The polyvalent antivenom against Centruroides sp. in USA/Mexico and the monovalent antivenom against M. tamulus in India are effective for rapid resolution of symptoms. Prazosin is useful as an add-on therapy for M. tamulus stings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaturaka Rodrigo
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, 25, Kynsey Road, Colombo, 08, Sri Lanka.
| | - Ariaranee Gnanathasan
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, 25, Kynsey Road, Colombo, 08, Sri Lanka
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Sin B, Wai M, Tatunchak T, Motov SM. The Use of Intravenous Acetaminophen for Acute Pain in the Emergency Department. Acad Emerg Med 2016; 23:543-53. [PMID: 26824905 DOI: 10.1111/acem.12921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Acetaminophen (APAP) is a mainstay for pain management worldwide. The intravenous (IV) formulation has been widely used in Europe for more than 20 years in adults and children. In the United States, IV APAP obtained full approval from the Food and Drug Administration in 2010. There is emerging literature to suggest the use of IV APAP for pain reduction in the emergency department (ED). This evidence-based review examines the evidence pertaining to the use of IV APAP for acute pain control in the ED. METHODS The MEDLINE and EMBASE databases were searched. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that described or evaluated the use of IV APAP for acute pain in the ED were included. Duplicate articles, unpublished reports, abstracts, review articles, and non-English literature were excluded. The primary outcome of interest in this review was the difference in pain score between IV APAP and active comparator or placebo from baseline to a cutoff time specified in the original trials. Secondary outcome measures were the incidence of adverse events and reduction in the amount of adjuvant analgesics consumed by patients who received IV APAP. Methodologic quality of the trials was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation criteria. RESULTS Fourteen RCTs with various methodologic flaws, which enrolled a total of 1,472 patients, met the inclusion criteria. The level of evidence for the individual trials ranged from very low to moderate. In three of the 14 trials, a significant reduction in pain scores was observed in patients who received IV APAP. The first trial found a significant reduction in mean pain scores when IV APAP was compared to IV morphine at 30 minutes after drug administration (4.7 ± 2.3 vs. 2.9 ± 2.2). In the second trial, patients who received IV APAP reported of lower pain scores (31.7 ± 18 mm, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 8.2 to 25.2 mm) compared to those who received IV morphine (48.3 ± 14.1 mm, 95% CI = 8.2 to 25.2 mm), 15 minutes after drug administration. A third trial found a significant reduction (p = 0.005) in the mean pain scores when IV APAP was compared to intramuscular piroxicam at 90 minutes after drug administration. In the remaining eight trials, pain scores were not statistically different when IV APAP was compared to other pain medications. The incidence of side effects associated with IV APAP was very low. CONCLUSIONS Fourteen RCTs with various methodologic flaws provided limited evidence to support the use of IV APAP as the primary analgesic for acute pain control in patients who present to the ED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Billy Sin
- The Arnold & Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy; Long Island University; Brooklyn NY
- The Department of Pharmacy; Division of Pharmacotherapy Services; Emergency Department Clinical Research Program; Department of Emergency Medicine; The Brooklyn Hospital Center; Brooklyn NY
| | - Mabel Wai
- Yale New Haven Hospital; New Haven CT
| | - Tamara Tatunchak
- The Department of Pharmacy; Division of Pharmacotherapy Services; Emergency Department Clinical Research Program; Department of Emergency Medicine; The Brooklyn Hospital Center; Brooklyn NY
| | - Sergey M. Motov
- The Department of Emergency Medicine; Maimonides Medical Center; Brooklyn NY
- The SUNY Downstate Medical Center; Brooklyn NY
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Issin A. Local anaesthetic resistance in a young woman with history of scorpion bite. Indian J Anaesth 2015; 59:693-4. [PMID: 26644628 PMCID: PMC4645369 DOI: 10.4103/0019-5049.167495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Issin
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Mengucek Gazi Education and Research Hospital, Erzincan University, Erzincan, Turkey
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Borges A, Morales M, Loor W, Delgado M. Scorpionism in Ecuador: First report of severe and fatal envenoming cases from northern Manabí by Tityus asthenes Pocock. Toxicon 2015; 105:56-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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