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Kim WH, Lee DH, Kim JE, Jeong HW, Chung JO, Roh J, Kim W, Fu X, Shim SM. Characterization of the intestinal transport mechanism of polystyrene microplastics (MPs) and the potential inhibitory effect of green tea extracts on MPs intestinal absorption. Toxicol In Vitro 2024; 97:105813. [PMID: 38522493 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2024.105813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
The aims of the current study included characterizing the intestinal transport mechanism of polystyrene microplastics (MPs) with different charges and sizes in the intestinal epithelial cell model and determining the inhibitory effect of green tea extracts (GTEs) on the intestinal absorption of MPs in Caco-2 cells. The smaller sizes, which included diameters of 0.2 μm, of amine-modified MPs compared to either larger size (1 μm diameter, or carboxylate-MPs (0.2 and 1 μm diameter) significantly lowered the cell viability of caco-2 cells that were measured by MTT assay (p < 0.05). The transported amount (particles/mL of the cell media) of amine-modified MPs by the Caco-2 cell, was not dependent according to the concentrations, energy, or temperature, but it was higher than the carboxylate-modified MPs. The co-treatment of GTEs with the amine-modified MPs inhibited Caco-2 cell cytotoxicity as well as reduced the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in HepG2 generated by the exposure of amine-modified MPs. The GTEs co-treatment also increased trans-epithelial electrical resistances (TEER) and reduced the transportation of Lucifer Yellow via the Caco-2 monolayer compared to only the amine-modified MPs exposure. The GTEs treatment led to a decrease in the number of amine-modified MPs transported to the basal side of the Caco-2 monolayer. The results from our study suggest that the consumption of GTEs could enhance the intestinal barrier function by recovering intestinal epithelial cell damage induced by MPs, which resulted in a decrease of the intestinal absorption of MPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Hyun Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sejong University, 98 Gunja-dong, Seoul 143-747, South Korea
| | - Dong-Ho Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sejong University, 98 Gunja-dong, Seoul 143-747, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Eun Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sejong University, 98 Gunja-dong, Seoul 143-747, South Korea
| | - Hyun Woo Jeong
- Healthcare Research Division, AMOREPACIFIC Research and Innovation (R&I) Center, 1920, Yonggu-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Jin-Oh Chung
- Healthcare Research Division, AMOREPACIFIC Research and Innovation (R&I) Center, 1920, Yonggu-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - JongHwa Roh
- Healthcare Research Division, AMOREPACIFIC Research and Innovation (R&I) Center, 1920, Yonggu-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - WanGi Kim
- Healthcare Research Division, AMOREPACIFIC Research and Innovation (R&I) Center, 1920, Yonggu-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Xiaoting Fu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266005, China
| | - Soon-Mi Shim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sejong University, 98 Gunja-dong, Seoul 143-747, South Korea.
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Mohamed WA, Hassanen EI, Mansour HA, Ibrahim MA, Azouz RA, Mahmoud MA. Novel insights on the probable mechanism associated with histamine oral model-inducing neuropathological and behavioral toxicity in rats. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2024; 38:e23653. [PMID: 38348711 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Histamine (HIS) is an important chemical mediator that causes vasodilation and contributes to anaphylactic reactions. Recently, HIS is an understudied neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, and its potential role in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration is a critical area of research. So, the study's goal is to investigate the consequences of repeated oral intake of HIS on the rat's brain and explore the mechanistic way of its neurotoxicity. Thirty male rats were divided into three groups (n = 10). The following treatments were administered orally to all rats every day for 14 days. Group (1) was given distilled water, whereas groups (2 & 3) were given HIS at dosage levels 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight (BWT), respectively. Brain tissue samples were collected at 7- and 14-days from the beginning of the experiment. Our results revealed that continuous oral administration of HIS at both doses for 14 days significantly reduced the BWT and induced severe neurobehavioral changes, including depression, dullness, lethargy, tremors, abnormal walking, and loss of spatial learning and memory in rats. In all HIS receiving groups, HPLC data showed a considerable raise in the HIS contents of the brain. Additionally, the daily consumption of HIS causes oxidative stress that is dose- and time-dependent which is characterized by elevation of malondialdehyde levels along with reduction of catalase activity and reduced glutathione levels. The neuropathological lesions were commonly observed in the cerebrum, striatum, and cerebellum and confirmed by the immunohistochemistry staining that demonstrating moderate to strong caspase-3 and inducible nitric oxide synthase expressions in all HIS receiving groups, mainly those receiving 500 mg/kg HIS. NF-κB, TNF-α, and IL-1β gene levels were also upregulated at 7- and 14-days in all HIS groups, particularly in those getting 500 mg/kg. We concluded that ROS-induced apoptosis and inflammation was the essential mechanism involved in HIS-mediated neurobehavioral toxicity and histopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wafaa A Mohamed
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Eman I Hassanen
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hayam A Mansour
- Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Marwa A Ibrahim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Rehab A Azouz
- Department of Toxicology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud A Mahmoud
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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Mohamed Azar KAH, Ezhilarasan D, Shree Harini K. Coleus vettiveroides ethanolic root extract induces cytotoxicity by intrinsic apoptosis in HepG2 cells. J Appl Toxicol 2024; 44:245-259. [PMID: 37661188 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) contributes to more than 80% of all primary cancers globally and ranks fourth in cancer-related deaths, due to the lack of an effective, definite therapeutic drug. Coleus vettiveroides (CV) has been used in Indian traditional medicine to treat diabetes, liver ailments, skin diseases, leukoderma, and leprosy. This study investigates the anticancer effect of CV ethanolic root extract in HepG2 cells. HepG2 cells were treated with CV extract, and its cytotoxicity was analyzed by MTT assay. AO/EB staining, propidium iodide staining, DCFH-DA assay, phalloidine staining, flow cytometry, and qPCR studies were performed for ROS expression, apoptosis and cell cycle analysis. The phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of quercetin and galangin in CV root extract. The results showed that CV inhibited the proliferation of HepG2 cells, with altered cellular and nuclear morphology. CV was also found to increase intracellular ROS levels and oxidative stress markers in HepG2 cells. CV significantly altered the actin microfilament distribution in HepG2 cells and caused cell cycle arrest at the sub G0 -G1 phase. CV also induced mitochondria-mediated apoptosis, as evidenced by increased expression of p53, Bax, cytochrome C, Apaf-1, PARP, caspase-3 and caspase-9, and downregulated Bcl-2 expression. Therefore, CV exerts its anticancer effect by inducing mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, cytoskeletal disorganization, cell cycle arrest, and mitochondria-mediated apoptosis, and it could be a potent therapeutic option for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadmad Abdul Hameed Mohamed Azar
- Department of Pharmacology, Koppal Institute of Medical Sciences, Koppal, India
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, India
| | - Devaraj Ezhilarasan
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, India
| | - Karthik Shree Harini
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, India
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Stepin EA, Sushko ES, Vnukova NG, Churilov GN, Rogova AV, Tomilin FN, Kudryasheva NS. Effects of Endohedral Gd-Containing Fullerenols with a Different Number of Oxygen Substituents on Bacterial Bioluminescence. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:708. [PMID: 38255785 PMCID: PMC10815327 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Gadolinium (Gd)-containing fullerenols are perspective agents for magnetic resonance imaging and cancer research. They combine the unique paramagnetic properties of Gd with solubility in water, low toxicity and antiradical activity of fullerenols. We compared the bioeffects of two Gd-containing fullerenols with a different number of oxygen groups-20 and 42: Gd@C82O20H14 and Gd@C82O42H32. The bioluminescent bacteria-based assay was applied to monitor the toxicity of fullerenols, bioluminescence was applied as a signal physiological parameter, and bacterial enzyme-based assay was used to evaluate the fullerenol effects on enzymatic intracellular processes. Chemiluminescence luminol assay was applied to monitor the content of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in bacterial and enzymatic media. It was shown that Gd@C82O42H32 and Gd@C82O20H14 inhibited bacterial bioluminescence at >10-1 and >10-2 gL-1, respectively, revealing a lower toxicity of Gd@C82O42H32. Low-concentration (10-3-10-1 gL-1) bacterial bioluminescence activation by Gd@C82O42H32 was observed, while this activation was not found under exposure to Gd@C82O20H14. Additional carboxyl groups in the structure of Gd@C82O42H32 were determined by infrared spectroscopy and confirmed by quantum chemical calculations. The groups were supposed to endow Gd@C82O42H32 with higher penetration ability through the cellular membrane, activation ability, lower toxicity, balancing of the ROS content in the bacterial suspensions, and lower aggregation in aqueous media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evsei A. Stepin
- Biophysics Department, School of Fundamental Biology and Biotechnology, Siberian Federal University, 660041 Krasnoyarsk, Russia; (E.A.S.); (E.S.S.)
| | - Ekaterina S. Sushko
- Biophysics Department, School of Fundamental Biology and Biotechnology, Siberian Federal University, 660041 Krasnoyarsk, Russia; (E.A.S.); (E.S.S.)
- Institute of Biophysics SB RAS, FRC KSC SB RAS, 660036 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
- Institute of Physics SB RAS, FRC KSC SB RAS, 660036 Krasnoyarsk, Russia; (N.G.V.); (G.N.C.); (F.N.T.)
| | - Natalia G. Vnukova
- Institute of Physics SB RAS, FRC KSC SB RAS, 660036 Krasnoyarsk, Russia; (N.G.V.); (G.N.C.); (F.N.T.)
- Department of Solid State Physics and Nanotechnology, School of Engineering Physics and Radioelectronics, Siberian Federal University, 660074 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Grigoriy N. Churilov
- Institute of Physics SB RAS, FRC KSC SB RAS, 660036 Krasnoyarsk, Russia; (N.G.V.); (G.N.C.); (F.N.T.)
- Department of Solid State Physics and Nanotechnology, School of Engineering Physics and Radioelectronics, Siberian Federal University, 660074 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Anastasia V. Rogova
- Department of Physical and Inorganic Chemistry, School of Non-Ferrous Metals and Materials Science, Siberian Federal University, 660025 Krasnoyarsk, Russia;
- Laboratory for Digital Controlled Drugs and Theranostics, FRC KSC SB RAS, 660036 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Felix N. Tomilin
- Institute of Physics SB RAS, FRC KSC SB RAS, 660036 Krasnoyarsk, Russia; (N.G.V.); (G.N.C.); (F.N.T.)
- Department of Physical and Inorganic Chemistry, School of Non-Ferrous Metals and Materials Science, Siberian Federal University, 660025 Krasnoyarsk, Russia;
- Laboratory for Digital Controlled Drugs and Theranostics, FRC KSC SB RAS, 660036 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Nadezhda S. Kudryasheva
- Biophysics Department, School of Fundamental Biology and Biotechnology, Siberian Federal University, 660041 Krasnoyarsk, Russia; (E.A.S.); (E.S.S.)
- Institute of Biophysics SB RAS, FRC KSC SB RAS, 660036 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
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Chen WJ, Gupta D, Yang M, Yang F, Feng N, Song J, Wood MJA, Qiu L, Chen J. A Purposefully Designed pH/GSH-Responsive MnFe-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks as Cascade Nanoreactor for Enhanced Chemo-Chemodynamic-Starvation Synergistic Therapy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2303403. [PMID: 37649230 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202303403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as promising novel therapeutics for treating malignancies due to their tunable porosity, biocompatibility, and modularity to functionalize with various chemotherapeutics drugs. However, the design and synthesis of dual-stimuli responsive MOFs for controlled drug release in tumor microenvironments are vitally essential but still challenging. Meanwhile, the catalytic effect of metal ions selection and ratio optimization in MOFs for enhanced chemodynamic therapy (CDT) is relatively unexplored. Herein, a series of MnFe-based MOFs with pH/glutathione (GSH)-sensitivity are synthesized and then combined with gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) and cisplatin prodrugs (DSCP) as a cascade nanoreactor (SMnFeCGH) for chemo-chemodynamic-starvation synergistic therapy. H+ and GSH can specifically activate the optimal SMnFeCGH nanoparticles in cancer cells to release Mn2+/4+ /Fe2+/3+ , Au NPs, and DSCP rapidly. The optimal ratio of Mn/Fe shows excellent H2 O2 decomposition efficiency for accelerating CDT. Au NPs can cut off the energy supply to cancer cells for starvation therapy and strengthen CDT by providing large amounts of H2 O2 . Then H2 O2 is catalyzed by Mn2+ /Fe2+ to generate highly toxic •OH with the depletion of GSH. Meanwhile, the reduced DSCP accelerates cancer cell regression for chemotherapy. The ultrasensitivity cascade nanoreactor can enhance the anticancer therapeutic effect by combining chemotherapy, CDT, and starvation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jun Chen
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Dhanu Gupta
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Meiyang Yang
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Fuwei Yang
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- Tumor Precise Intervention and Translational Medicine Laboratory, The Affiliated Taian City Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Taian, 271000, China
| | - Ning Feng
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Junling Song
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Matthew J A Wood
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK
- MDUK Oxford Neuromuscular Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Lipeng Qiu
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Jinghua Chen
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
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Vuletić S, Bekić M, Tomić S, Nikolić B, Cvetković S, Ganić T, Mitić-Ćulafić D. Could alder buckthorn (Frangula alnus Mill) be a source of chemotherapeutics effective against hepato- and colorectal carcinoma? An in vitro study. MUTATION RESEARCH. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2023; 892:503706. [PMID: 37973300 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2023.503706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Among numerous types of cancer, hepatocellular and colorectal carcinoma are important causes of mortality. Given the nature of these cancer types and their resistance, it is of great importance to find new chemotherapeutics and therapy targets, so plant products seem to be an excellent choice in such search. The main goal of this study was to investigate anticancer activity of Frangula alnus ethyl-acetate extract (FA) and its dominant constituent emodin (E) on hepatocellular and colorectal carcinoma cell lines, HepG2 and HCT116, as well as on normal MRC-5 fibroblasts. Cytotoxicity was investigated in MTT test and both FA and E showed strong reduction of cell viability in cancer cells. Flow cytometer analysis demonstrated that FA and E led to G1 phase arrest and slight accumulation of cells in the G2/M phase; additionally, annexinV-FITC/7AAD dying showed that FA and E decreased cell viability and triggered apoptosis in all cell lines. FA and E evidenced strong genotoxic potential in comet assay performed on all cell lines, while tests measuring antioxidative potential (DPPH and TBA) demonstrated strong effect of FA. It could be concluded that both FA and E have significant anticancer activity against hepatocellular and colorectal carcinoma cell lines HepG2 and HCT116, but notable selectivity was not observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefana Vuletić
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Studentski trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Marina Bekić
- University of Belgrade, Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy, INEP, Banatska 31b, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sergej Tomić
- University of Belgrade, Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy, INEP, Banatska 31b, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Biljana Nikolić
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Studentski trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Stefana Cvetković
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Studentski trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tea Ganić
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Studentski trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dragana Mitić-Ćulafić
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Studentski trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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Chebaro Z, Abdallah R, Badran A, Hamade K, Hijazi A, Maresca M, Mesmar JE, Baydoun E. Study of the antioxidant and anti-pancreatic cancer activities of Anchusa strigosa aqueous extracts obtained by maceration and ultrasonic extraction techniques. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1201969. [PMID: 37593172 PMCID: PMC10427766 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1201969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a highly aggressive malignancy and a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Moreover, the incidence and mortality rates for pancreatic cancer are projected to keep increasing. A major challenge in the treatment of pancreatic cancer is the lack of effective screening approaches, which contributes to its poor prognosis, indicating the need for new treatment regimens and alternative therapies, such as herbal medicine. The medicinal plant A. strigosa, which is widely distributed in the Eastern Mediterranean region, is a short prickly plant from the Boraginaceae family that has been widely used in traditional medicine for treating various diseases. Nevertheless, its effect on human pancreatic cancer remains poorly investigated. In the present study, we screened the phytochemical content of Anchusa strigosa aqueous extracts obtained by maceration and ultrasound-assisted methods (ASM and ASU, respectively) and evaluated their antioxidant effects. We also investigated their anticancer effects and possible underlying mechanisms. The results show that both extracts were rich in bioactive molecules, with slight differences in their composition. Both extracts exhibited remarkable antioxidant potential and potent radical-scavenging activity in vitro. Additionally, non-cytotoxic concentrations of both extracts attenuated cell proliferation in a time- and concentration-dependent manner, which was associated with a decrease in the proliferation marker Ki67 and an induction of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Furthermore, the extracts increased the aggregation of pancreatic cancer cells and reduced their migratory potential, with a concomitant downregulation of integrin β1. Finally, we showed that the ASM extract caused a significant decrease in the levels of COX-2, an enzyme that has been linked to inflammation, carcinogenesis, tumor progression, and metastasis. Taken together, our findings provide evidence that A. strigosa extracts, particularly the extract obtained using the maceration method, have a potential anticancer effect and may represent a new resource for the design of novel drugs against pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziad Chebaro
- Platforme de Recherche et D’analyse en Sciences de L’environnement (EDST-PRASE), Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rola Abdallah
- Department of Biology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Adnan Badran
- Department of Nutrition, University of Petra, Amman, Jordan
| | - Kamar Hamade
- UMRT INRE 1158 BioEcoAgro, Laboratorie BIOPI, University of Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Akram Hijazi
- Platforme de Recherche et D’analyse en Sciences de L’environnement (EDST-PRASE), Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Marc Maresca
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSM2, Marseille, France
| | | | - Elias Baydoun
- Department of Biology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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Kalairajan S, K K K, P G. Red Cell Distribution Width in Chronic Liver Disease: An Observational Study. Cureus 2023; 15:e40158. [PMID: 37431329 PMCID: PMC10329736 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.40158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic liver diseases (CLDs) encompass a group of conditions that are marked by diminished liver function due to ongoing inflammation or damage. This study aimed to establish a relationship between the red cell distribution width (RDW) and two scoring systems, namely the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score and Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP) score, in individuals diagnosed with CLDs. METHODS The study was carried out at Aarupadai Veedu Medical College & Hospital, Pondicherry, India, following approval from the Institutional Ethical Committee in the Department of General Medicine and Gastroenterology. It involved 50 patients aged 18 years and above who were diagnosed with CLD. The RDW of all selected patients was measured using a three-part autoanalyzer, and its correlation with the MELD and CTP scores was examined. Data analysis was performed using IBM SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences), version 21.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY), with a significance level set at p < 0.05. RESULTS When comparing the baseline characteristics including age, gender, and encephalopathy, no statistically significant differences were found between RDW-standard deviation (RDW-SD) and RDW-corpuscular value (RDW-CV) (p > 0.05). However, a statistically significant correlation was observed between the presence of ascites and RDW-CV values (p = 0.029). Furthermore, there was a significant association between the CTP score and RDW-SD (p < 0.0001). The association between the MELD score and RDW-SD was also found to be statistically significant (p = 0.006). Similarly, statistically significant results were obtained between the MELD score and RDW-CV (p = 0.034). CONCLUSION The utilization of RDW holds promise as a convenient and effective tool for evaluating the severity of individuals with CLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sankar Kalairajan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Aarupadai Veedu Medical College and Hospital, Vinayaka Mission's Research Foundation (DU), Pondicherry, IND
| | - Kavitha K K
- Department of Microbiology, Swamy Vivekanandha Medical College Hospital and Research Institute, Tiruchengode, IND
| | - Govindaraj P
- Department of Internal Medicine, Aarupadai Veedu Medical College and Hospital, Vinayaka Mission's Research Foundation (DU), Pondicherry, IND
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Elshibani FA, Mohammed HA, Abouzied AS, Kh. Abdulkarim A, Khan RA, Almahmoud SA, Huwaimel B, Alamami AJ. Phytochemical and biological activity profiles of Thymbra linearifolia: An exclusively native species of Libyan Green Mountains. ARAB J CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2023.104775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
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10
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Nazam N, Jabir NR, Ahmad I, Alharthy SA, Khan MS, Ayub R, Tabrez S. Phenolic Acids-Mediated Regulation of Molecular Targets in Ovarian Cancer: Current Understanding and Future Perspectives. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:274. [PMID: 37259418 PMCID: PMC9962268 DOI: 10.3390/ph16020274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a global health concern with a dynamic rise in occurrence and one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. Among different types of cancer, ovarian cancer (OC) is the seventh most diagnosed malignant tumor, while among the gynecological malignancies, it ranks third after cervical and uterine cancer and sadly bears the highest mortality and worst prognosis. First-line treatments have included a variety of cytotoxic and synthetic chemotherapeutic medicines, but they have not been particularly effective in extending OC patients' lives and are associated with side effects, recurrence risk, and drug resistance. Hence, a shift from synthetic to phytochemical-based agents is gaining popularity, and researchers are looking into alternative, cost-effective, and safer chemotherapeutic strategies. Lately, studies on the effectiveness of phenolic acids in ovarian cancer have sparked the scientific community's interest because of their high bioavailability, safety profile, lesser side effects, and cost-effectiveness. Yet this is a road less explored and critically analyzed and lacks the credibility of the novel findings. Phenolic acids are a significant class of phytochemicals usually considered in the nonflavonoid category. The current review focused on the anticancer potential of phenolic acids with a special emphasis on chemoprevention and treatment of OC. We tried to summarize results from experimental, epidemiological, and clinical studies unraveling the benefits of various phenolic acids (hydroxybenzoic acid and hydroxycinnamic acid) in chemoprevention and as anticancer agents of clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazia Nazam
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine & Stem Cell Research, Amity University, Noida 201301, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Nasimudeen R. Jabir
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Research and Development, PRIST University, Vallam, Thanjavur 613403, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Iftikhar Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21362, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saif A. Alharthy
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21362, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Shahnawaz Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rashid Ayub
- Technology and Innovation Unit, Department of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shams Tabrez
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21362, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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11
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Garshasbi HR, Naghib SM. Smart Stimuli-responsive Alginate Nanogels for Drug Delivery Systems and Cancer Therapy: A Review. Curr Pharm Des 2023; 29:3546-3562. [PMID: 38115614 DOI: 10.2174/0113816128283806231211073031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Nanogels are three-dimensional networks at the nanoscale level that can be fabricated through physical or chemical processes using polymers. These nanoparticles' biocompatibility, notable stability, efficacious drug-loading capacity, and ligand-binding proficiency make them highly suitable for employment as drug-delivery vehicles. In addition, they exhibit the ability to react to both endogenous and exogenous stimuli, which may include factors such as temperature, illumination, pH levels, and a diverse range of other factors. This facilitates the consistent administration of the drug to the intended site. Alginate biopolymers have been utilized to encapsulate anticancer drugs due to their biocompatible nature, hydrophilic properties, and cost-effectiveness. The efficacy of alginate nano gel-based systems in cancer treatment has been demonstrated through multiple studies that endorse their progress toward clinical implementation. This paper comprehensively reviews alginate and its associated systems in drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Reza Garshasbi
- Nanotechnology Department, School of Advanced Technologies, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), Tehran 1684613114, Iran
| | - Seyed Morteza Naghib
- Nanotechnology Department, School of Advanced Technologies, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), Tehran 1684613114, Iran
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12
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Anticancer activity of retinoic acid against breast cancer cells derived from an Iraqi patient. J Taibah Univ Med Sci 2022; 18:579-586. [PMID: 36818177 PMCID: PMC9906016 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtumed.2022.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Breast cancer is one of the most lethal diseases in women, both worldwide and in Iraq. The high mortality rate is attributed primarily to the chemoresistance to conventional therapeutics. The search for effective and safe treatments is critical. One promising agent that has shown activity against various cancer types is retinoic acid (RA). Methods RA was tested against a panel of international breast cancer cell lines and compared with Iraqi patient-derived hormone-independent breast cancer cells through MTT viability assays. Cytopathology was assessed under an inverted microscope, and apoptotic induction was evaluated with acridine orange propidium iodide assays. Results AMJ13 breast cancer cells were more sensitive to killing induced by RA than MCF-7 and CAL-51 cells. By contrast, normal HBL-100 cells showed a negligible effect. Cytological changes were observed in all cancer cells treated with RA, whereas no changes were observed in normal HBL-100 cells. Iraqi patient-derived breast cancer cells showed a higher percentage of cells undergoing apoptosis after RA treatment than the other breast cancer cells. Conclusion We suggest RA as a possible breast cancer treatment with potential for clinical application with high safety.
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13
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Zhang J, Zhu Y, Si J, Wu L. Metabolites of medicine food homology-derived endophytic fungi and their activities. Curr Res Food Sci 2022; 5:1882-1896. [PMID: 36276242 PMCID: PMC9579210 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2022.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Medicine food homology (MFH) substances not only provide essential nutrients as food but also have corresponding factors that can prevent and help treat nutritional imbalances, chronic disease, and other related issues. Endophytic fungi associated with plants have potential for use in drug discovery and food therapy. However, the endophytic fungal metabolites from MFH plants and their effects have been overlooked. Therefore, this review focuses on the various biological activities of 108 new metabolites isolated from 53 MFH-derived endophytic fungi. The paper explores the potential nutritional and medicinal value of metabolites of MFH-derived endophytic fungi for food and medical applications. This research is important for the future development of effective, safe, and nontoxic therapeutic nutraceuticals for the prevention and treatment of human diseases.
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14
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Gheena S, Ezhilarasan D, Shree Harini K, Rajeshkumar S. Syringic acid and silymarin concurrent administration inhibits sodium valproate-induced liver injury in rats. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2022; 37:2143-2152. [PMID: 35543257 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Sodium valproate (SV) is a well-known anti-epileptic drug, also used to control convulsions, bipolar disorders and migraines. SV has been shown to induce liver toxicity in clinical subjects. Syringic acid (SA), a natural polyphenolic compound has potential antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and several beneficial effects. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated hepatoprotective effect of SA against SV-induced liver injury in rats. Wistar rats were treated with SV orally at a dose of 500 mg/kg, once daily, for 14 days. Another three groups of rats were administered with SV and concurrently treated with SA (40 and 80 mg/kg) and silymarin (SIL) (100 mg/kg) for 14 days. SV administration for 14 days caused significant (p < .001) elevation of liver transaminases and ALP in serum. Liver MDA level was significantly (p < .001) increased with a concomitant decrease (p < .001) in enzymic antioxidants activities in SV administered rats. SV administration also caused the upregulation of proinflammatory markers such as tumor necrosis factor α, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, nuclear factor kappa B, cyclooxygenase-2 and Interleukin 6 expressions in liver tissue. Histopathological studies also revealed the presence of inflammatory cell infiltration and hepatocellular necrosis upon SV administration. At both doses, concurrent administration of SA and SIL significantly (p < .001) inhibited the liver transaminase activities in serum, oxidative stress, and proinflammatory markers expression in liver tissue. Our current results suggest that SA can be a promising herbal drug that can inhibit SV-induced hepatotoxicity when administered together due its potential anti-inflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukumaran Gheena
- Department of Oral Pathology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Devaraj Ezhilarasan
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Karthik Shree Harini
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shanmugam Rajeshkumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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15
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Silk fibroin and Nettle extract promote wound healing in a rat model: A histological and morphometrical study. Acta Histochem 2022; 124:151930. [DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2022.151930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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16
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Raina S, Sharma V, Sheikh ZN, Kour N, Singh SK, Zari A, Zari TA, Alharby HF, Hakeem KR. Anticancer Activity of Cordia dichotoma against a Panel of Human Cancer Cell Lines and Their Phytochemical Profiling via HPLC and GCMS. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27072185. [PMID: 35408583 PMCID: PMC9000789 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The current study was conducted to examine the in vitro anticancer potential of Cordia dichotoma (bark, leaves, pulp and seed). The plant material was collected from UT of J&K and methodical bioassays were carried out on ten human cancer cell lines (Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 (MCF-7), M.D. Anderson-Metastatic Breast (MDA-MB-231), Neuroblastoma-2a (N2A), SH-SY5Y, U-251, HCT-116, SW-620, A-549, MIA PaCa-2, Panc-1) from five different origins (breast, CNS, colon, lung, pancreas) respectively. Methanolic extracts were produced and fractions were then obtained from the extracts and evaluated for cytotoxicity. Mechanistic assays, HPLC, and GCMS profiling were performed on the highest active fraction. The Sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay determined the in vitro cytotoxicity. The findings revealed that the bark portion had in vitro cytotoxicity against the A-549 human lung cancer cell line. To our knowledge, this is the first study to show that the plant’s bark has anticancer properties and induced chromatin condensation, confirmed cell death via ROS generation, and significantly decreased colony formation in A-549 cell line from lung origin in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, HPLC and GCMS investigations indicated the presence of a number of bioactive molecules such as gallic acid (144,969.86) uV*sec, caffeic acid (104.26) uV*sec, ferulic acid (472.87) uV*sec, vanillic acid (13,775.39) uV*sec, palmitic acid (18.34%), cis vaccenic acid (28.81%), etc. and one of the compounds was reported for the first time from the bark. As a result of its promising efficacy, it may become an essential cancer chemopreventive or chemotherapeutic medication for patients with lung carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa Raina
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, Main Campus Chatha, Jammu 180009, India; (S.R.); (Z.N.S.); (N.K.)
| | - Vikas Sharma
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, Main Campus Chatha, Jammu 180009, India; (S.R.); (Z.N.S.); (N.K.)
- Correspondence: (V.S.); (K.R.H.)
| | - Zahid Nabi Sheikh
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, Main Campus Chatha, Jammu 180009, India; (S.R.); (Z.N.S.); (N.K.)
| | - Navneet Kour
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, Main Campus Chatha, Jammu 180009, India; (S.R.); (Z.N.S.); (N.K.)
| | - Shashank K. Singh
- Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India;
| | - Ali Zari
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (A.Z.); (T.A.Z.); (H.F.A.)
| | - Talal A. Zari
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (A.Z.); (T.A.Z.); (H.F.A.)
| | - Hesham F. Alharby
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (A.Z.); (T.A.Z.); (H.F.A.)
| | - Khalid Rehman Hakeem
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (A.Z.); (T.A.Z.); (H.F.A.)
- Princess Dr Najla Bint Saud Al-Saud Center for Excellence Research in Biotechnology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Public Health, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh
- Correspondence: (V.S.); (K.R.H.)
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17
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Neurobehavioral Toxicity Induced by Carbendazim in Rats and the Role of iNOS, Cox-2, and NF-κB Signalling Pathway. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:1956-1971. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03581-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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18
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Thangavelu L, Geetha RV, Devaraj E, Dua K, Chellappan DK, Balusamy SR. Acacia catechu seed extract provokes cytotoxicity via apoptosis by intrinsic pathway in HepG2 cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2022; 37:446-456. [PMID: 34800081 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Acacia catechu Willd (Fabaceae) is a thorny tree widely distributed in India and commonly used as traditional Ayurvedic medicine for various ailments. The current study evaluates the cytotoxic potentials of A. catechu ethanolic seed extract (ACSE) in HepG2 cells, a human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line. The HepG2 cells were treated with 0.1, 0.3, 1, 3, 10, 30, 100, 300 and 1000 μg/ml of ACSE and the cytotoxic effect was evaluated by MTT and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage assays. The IC50 of ACSE was found at 77.04 μg/ml and therefore, further studies were carried out with the concentrations of 35 and 70 μg/ml. The intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and apoptosis-related morphological changes were evaluated. Gene expressions of Bax, Bcl-2, cytochrome C (Cyt-c), caspases-9 and 3 were analyzed by qPCR. The ACSE treatments caused LDH leakage was associated with an increased ROS generation. The increased ROS generation was associated with the downregulation of intracellular antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase and reduced glutathione content. AO/EB and PI staining also confirmed chromatin condensation and apoptosis. The flow cytometric analysis showed an accumulation of HepG2 cells at sub G0/G1 (apoptotic) phase upon ACSE treatments. The ACSE induced cytotoxicity and oxidative stress were related to increased apoptotic marker gene expressions such as Bax, Cyt-c, caspase-9 and 3, and decreased anti-apoptotic marker Bcl-2. The current finding suggests that ACSE has apoptosis-inducing potential via the mitochondrial pathway in HepG2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Thangavelu
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Royapuram Veeraragavan Geetha
- Department of Microbiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ezhilarasan Devaraj
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kamal Dua
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Dinesh Kumar Chellappan
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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19
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Mohammed HA, Khan RA. Anthocyanins: Traditional Uses, Structural and Functional Variations, Approaches to Increase Yields and Products' Quality, Hepatoprotection, Liver Longevity, and Commercial Products. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042149. [PMID: 35216263 PMCID: PMC8875224 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthocyanins are water-soluble, colored compounds of the flavonoid class, abundantly found in the fruits, leaves, roots, and other parts of the plants. The fruit berries are prime sources and exhibit different colors. The anthocyanins utility as traditional medicament for liver protection and cure, and importance as strongest plants-based anti-oxidants have conferred these plants products different biological activities. These activities include anti-inflammation, liver protective, analgesic, and anti-cancers, which have provided the anthocyanins an immense commercial value, and has impelled their chemistry, biological activity, isolation, and quality investigations as prime focus. Methods in extraction and production of anthocyanin-based products have assumed vital economic importance. Different extraction techniques in aquatic solvents mixtures, eutectic solvents, and other chemically reactive extractions including low acid concentrations-based extractions have been developed. The prophylactic and curative therapy roles of the anthocyanins, together with no reported toxicity has offered much-needed impetus and economic benefits to these classes of compounds which are commercially available. Information retrieval from various search engines, including the PubMed®, ScienceDirect®, Scopus®, and Google Scholar®, were used in the review preparation. This imparted an outlook on the anthocyanins occurrence, roles in plants, isolation-extraction, structures, biosynthetic as well as semi- and total-synthetic pathways, product quality and yields enhancements, including uses as part of traditional medicines, and uses in liver disorders, prophylactic and therapeutic applications in liver protection and longevity, liver cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma. The review also highlights the integrated approach to yields maximizations to meet the regular demands of the anthocyanins products, also as part of the extract-rich preparations together with a listing of marketed products available for human consumption as nutraceuticals/food supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamdoon A. Mohammed
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 51452, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11371, Egypt
- Correspondence: (H.A.M.); (R.A.K.)
| | - Riaz A. Khan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 51452, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (H.A.M.); (R.A.K.)
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20
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A Review of the Effects of Olive Oil-Cooking on Phenolic Compounds. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27030661. [PMID: 35163926 PMCID: PMC8838846 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The fate of phenolic compounds in oil and food during cooking vary according to the type of cooking. From a nutritional point of view, reviews largely suggest a preference for using extra-virgin olive oil at a low temperature for a short time, except for frying and microwaving, for which there appears to be no significant advantages compared to olive oil. However, due to the poorly pertinent use of terminology, the different protocols adopted in studies aimed at the same objective, the different type and quality of oils used in experiments, and the different quality and quantity of PC present in the used oils and in the studied vegetables, the evidence available is mainly contradictory. This review tries to reanalyse the main experimental reports on the fate, accessibility and bioavailability of phenolic compounds in cooking oils and cooked vegetables, by considering different cooking techniques and types of oil and foods, and distinguishing experimental findings obtained using oil alone from those in combination with vegetables. The re-analysis indicates that incomplete and contradictory observations have been published in the last few years and suggests that further research is necessary to clarify the impact of cooking techniques on the phenolic compounds in oil and vegetables during cooking, especially when considering their nutritional properties.
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21
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Pei J, Velu P, Zareian M, Feng Z, Vijayalakshmi A. Effects of Syringic Acid on Apoptosis, Inflammation, and AKT/mTOR Signaling Pathway in Gastric Cancer Cells. Front Nutr 2022; 8:788929. [PMID: 34970579 PMCID: PMC8712439 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.788929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is one of the most common cancer and deadly disease worldwide. Despite substantial advances made in the treatment of gastric cancer, existing therapies still encounter bottlenecks. Chemotherapy, for instance, could lead to serious side effects, high drug resistance and treatment failure. Phytochemical-derived compounds from plants offer novel strategies as potent drug molecules in cancer therapy. Given the low toxicity and higher tolerance rate of naturally occurring compounds, the present study evaluated the effects of syringic acid on cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, mitochondrial membrane potential, apoptosis, and inflammatory responses in gastric cancer cell line (AGS). AGS cells were treated with various concentrations (5-40 μg/mL) of syringic acid for 24 h, after which cytotoxicity was analyzed. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), antioxidant enzyme activities, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP, Δψ m), cell morphologies, the expression of apoptotic markers and protein expression patterns were also investigated. Results indicated that syringic acid-treated cells developed anti-cancer activities by losing MMP, cell viability, and enhancing intracellular ROS. Syringic acid selectively developed apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner via enhanced regulation of caspase-3, caspase-9 and Poly ADP-ribose Polymerase (PARP) whereas decreasing the expression levels of p53 and BCL-2. Syringic acid also lowered activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) whereas Thio Barbituric Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS) increased. Syringic acid suppressed gastric cancer cell proliferation, inflammation, and induced apoptosis by upregulating mTOR via AKT signaling pathway. The study suggests syringic acid may constitute a promising chemotherapeutic candidate for gastric cancer treatment. Our study is the first report on the anti-cancer effects of syringic acid against gastric cancer cells via apoptosis, inhibition of inflammation, and the suppression of the mTOR/AKT signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjin Pei
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Qinba State Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Ecological Environment, QinLing-Bashan Mountains Bioresources Comprehensive Development C. I. C, Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China
| | - Periyannan Velu
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Qinba State Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Ecological Environment, QinLing-Bashan Mountains Bioresources Comprehensive Development C. I. C, Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China
| | - Mohsen Zareian
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Zili Feng
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Qinba State Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Ecological Environment, QinLing-Bashan Mountains Bioresources Comprehensive Development C. I. C, Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China
| | - Annamalai Vijayalakshmi
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Qinba State Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Ecological Environment, QinLing-Bashan Mountains Bioresources Comprehensive Development C. I. C, Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China
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22
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Vigneshwaran R, Ezhilarasan D, Rajeshkumar S. Inorganic titanium dioxide nanoparticles induces cytotoxicity in colon cancer cells. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2021.108920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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23
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Ezhilarasan D. Deciphering the toxicological role of Porphyromonas gingivalis derived endotoxins in liver diseases. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 88:103755. [PMID: 34662732 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2021.103755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a most prevalent and infectious multifactorial inflammatory disease and is characterized by the progressive destruction of the tooth-supporting tissues. Porphyromonas gingivalis, a Gram‑negative oral anaerobe, mainly causes periodontitis and it is one of the most important risk factors responsible for aggravation of existing systemic diseases. Several experimental and clinical studies have shown the positive association between periodontitis and different forms of liver disease. Periodontal diseases increase the prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases and cirrhosis. Infected periodontium and pathogens in the periodontal microenvironments release pathogen-associated molecular patterns such as peptidoglycan, lipopolysaccharides, gingipain, fimbria, bacterial DNA, etc, and damage-associated molecular patterns such as interleukins-1α, β, - 8, and galectin-3, etc. These virulence factors and cytokines enter the bloodstream, disseminate into the whole body, and induce a variety of systemic pathological effects, including liver diseases (steatosis and fibrosis). Maintaining oral hygiene by scaling and root planning significantly improves liver damage in patients with periodontitis. Dentists and physicians should have more awareness in understanding the bidirectional nature of the relationship between oral and systemic diseases. Importantly, periodontitis condition aggravates simple fatty liver into fibrotic disease and therefore, the aim of this review is to understand the possible link between periodontitis and liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devaraj Ezhilarasan
- Department of Pharmacology, The Blue Lab, Molecular Medicine and Toxicology Division, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600 077, India.
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Ditty MJ, Ezhilarasan D. β-sitosterol induces reactive oxygen species-mediated apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line. AVICENNA JOURNAL OF PHYTOMEDICINE 2021; 11:541-550. [PMID: 34804892 PMCID: PMC8588954 DOI: 10.22038/ajp.2021.17746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Objective: It is of interest to investigate the anti-proliferative effect of β-sitosterol (BS) on human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cell line. Materials and Methods: β-sitosterol treatments (0.6 and 1.2 mM/ml) were done in HepG2 and after 24 hr, cell viability was evaluated by MTT assay. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulating potential of BS was assessed by dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein diacetate staining. Morphology related to apoptosis was investigated by acridine orange and ethidium bromide dual staining. Cytochrome c and caspase 3 expressions were evaluated by immunofluorescence and western blot analyses. Results: β-sitosterol induced cytotoxicity (p<0.001) and intracellular ROS in HepG2 cells in a dose-dependent manner. BS treatments accumulated induced intracellular ROS accumulation which led to membrane damage and mitochondrial toxicity. At the molecular level, BS treatments induced cytochrome c release from mitochondria and enhanced the protein expressions (p<0.05 vs 0.6 mM/ml and p<0.001 vs 1.2 mM/ml) of both caspase 3 and cleaved caspase 3. Conclusion: β-sitosterol induced ROS accumulation which plays a critical role in apoptosis via the intrinsic pathway in HepG2 cells. The present investigation paves the way for further in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary J Ditty
- Department of Pharmacology, The Blue Lab, Molecular Medicine and Toxicology Division, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Devaraj Ezhilarasan
- Department of Pharmacology, The Blue Lab, Molecular Medicine and Toxicology Division, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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25
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Ezhilarasan D, Ali D, Varghese R. Sesamol induces cytotoxicity via mitochondrial apoptosis in SCC-25 cells. Hum Exp Toxicol 2021; 40:S423-S433. [PMID: 34586880 DOI: 10.1177/09603271211047926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Sesamol is the main constituent of sesame seed oil and is obtained from Sesamum indicum. Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most common neoplasms affecting the oral cavity. In this study, we investigated the cytotoxic potentials of sesamol on human oral squamous carcinoma (SCC-25) cells. Human oral squamous carcinoma cells were treated with different concentrations (62.5, 125, and 250 μM/mL) of sesamol for 24 h. Cytotoxicity was analyzed by 3- (4, 5- dimethylthiazol -2- yl) -2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) expression was investigated by dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein diacetate assay. Apoptosis-related morphology was analyzed by acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining. Caspase-9 expression was analyzed by confocal microscopic double immunofluorescence staining. Mitochondrial apoptosis-related markers are analyzed using qPCR. Sesamol treatment caused a significant cytotoxic effect in OSCC cells. Sesamol-induced cytotoxic effect was associated with intracellular ROS generation. Sesamol treatments induced a significant increase in the early and late apoptotic cells. This treatment also induced caspase-9 expression in OSCC cells. Sesamol treatments caused downregulation of Harvey rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (HRAS) expression at protein and gene levels. Sesamol treatment modulates intrinsic apoptotic marker gene expression in OSCC cells. Overall results confirm the anti-cancer potential of sesamol and it seems to be a promising candidate for OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ezhilarasan
- Department of Pharmacology, The Blue Laboratory, Molecular Medicine and Toxicology Division, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, 194347Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, India
| | - D Ali
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - R Varghese
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, 37442University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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Alzahrani AJ. Potent antioxidant and anticancer activities of the methanolic extract of Calligonum comosum (L'Her) fruit hairs against human hepatocarcinoma cells. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:5283-5289. [PMID: 34466106 PMCID: PMC8380993 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a devastating and aggressive disease that is globally ranked as the second-leading cause of deaths despite the relentless efforts being directed towards the discovery of novel chemotherapeutic drugs. Plants naturally produce a plethora of secondary metabolites that play a crucial role as effective therapeutic agents. Cancer treatment rely primarily on chemo- and radio-therapeutic strategies that suffers from known side effects. Recently, the strategy of controlling cancer progression by use of plant-derived natural products have extensively attracted research interests. In this study, the antioxidant and anticancer activities of the methanolic extract of Calligonum comosum (MeCc) fruit hairs were investigated. According to DPPH and ABTS assays, MeCc exhibited potent antioxidant capacity as it displayed significant free-radical scavenging activity. Results of the MTT cytotoxicity assay revealed that the MeCc exhibited potent anti-proliferation activity (IC50 = 10.4 µg/ml) that is specific against human hepatocarcinoma cells (HepG2), as only marginally harmful effect against non-cancerous control BJ-1 cells was detected. Results of the RT-qPCR gene expression analyses indicated that MeCc resulted in significant overexpression of mRNA transcript levels of the pro-apoptotic genes p53, caspase-3 and Bax, while downregulating the level of Bcl-2, an anti-apoptotic marker gene. Immunoblotting of the protein expression levels for the same markers showed similar pattern to that observed in RT-qPCR profiling. While the levels of p53, caspase-3 and Bax proteins exhibited significant increase, the protein level of Bcl-2 was significantly reduced. In conclusion, it is proposed that the observed specific anticancer activity of MeCc against HepG2 cells takes place via the engagement of apoptosis. This highlights the value of C. comosum as a source of potent natural anticancer agents and warrants further investigation to identify the active principals involved.
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Sodium Valproate, a Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor, Provokes Reactive Oxygen Species-Mediated Cytotoxicity in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells. J Gastrointest Cancer 2021; 52:138-144. [PMID: 32006341 DOI: 10.1007/s12029-020-00370-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Sodium valproate (SV), a novel class of histone deacetylases (HDACs) inhibitors commonly used as an antiepileptic drug. HDAC inhibitors are known to possess anticancer potentials. In this study, we investigated the cytotoxic potential of SV in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2 cells) cell line. METHODS MTT assay was used to analyze cytotoxicity. Intracellular ROS and cytochrome c expression were analyzed by fluorescence microscopy. Morphology-related apoptosis was analyzed by dual staining with acridine orange/ethidium bromide. Caspase 3 protein expression was investigated by Western blotting analysis. RESULTS Sodium valproate treatments in HepG2 cells caused significant and dose-dependent cytotoxicity. Intracellular ROS was remarkably increased in the cells which are treated with SV and caused early and late apoptosis as evidenced by dual staining. SV-treated cells expressed cytochrome c and caspase 3 protein expression. CONCLUSION These results suggest the cytotoxic potentials of SV in HepG2 cells. This study may give an important clue for the inclusion of SV as an adjuvant along with standard anticancer agents after necessary in vivo and clinical studies.
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Yang L, Qu C, Jin J, Yang H, Pei L. Syringic acid regulates suppression of the STAT3/JNK/AKT pathway via inhibition of human ovarian teratoma cancer cell (PA-1) growth-in vitro study. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2021; 35:1-9. [PMID: 33759321 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Among the various gynaecological cancers, ovarian cancer (OC) is the third most severe cancer worldwide affecting women. Syringic acid (SRA) exhibits several hypoglycaemia, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. The study aimed to examine the proapoptotic activities of SRA on OC in PA-1 cells. SRA has been shown to decrease cell viability, increase the rate of cell apoptosis, and cause mitochondrial membrane potential to dissipate and induce over-accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species in PA-1 cells after 24 h of exposure. We examined the anticancer efficacy of SRA with its responsible molecular mechanism in the PA-1 cell lines of human OC. In a dose-dependent manner, SRA substantially suppressed cell proliferation and migration. SRA exhibited significant downregulation of cyclins including CDK2, CDK4, and Cyclin D1 responsible for cell-cycle regulation. The apoptosis-mediated anticancer activity was mainly mediated through caspase-3, caspase-8, caspase-9 and Bax upregulation, and Bcl-2 downregulation. We report that SRA significantly inhibits the expression of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), P65, and protein kinase B (AKT) pathways. These findings depict the effective inhibition of STAT3, p38, and AKT expression by SRA, making it a potential therapeutic candidate for human OC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Yang
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, General Hospital of Northern Theatre Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Changhong Qu
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, General Hospital of Northern Theatre Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Jiaxi Jin
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, General Hospital of Northern Theatre Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Hong Yang
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, General Hospital of Northern Theatre Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Lipeng Pei
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, General Hospital of Northern Theatre Command, Shenyang, China
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Carbamazepine, a Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor Induces Apoptosis in Human Colon Adenocarcinoma Cell Line HT-29. J Gastrointest Cancer 2021; 51:564-570. [PMID: 31407251 DOI: 10.1007/s12029-019-00286-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Colon cancer ranks fourth and is responsible for causing 10% cancer-related mortality in western countries. Its incidence is rising in many countries due to widespread adoption of the Western diet and lifestyle. Carbamazepine (CBZ) is a FDA-approved antiepileptic drug and a histone deacetylase inhibitor. The aim of this study is to evaluate the cytotoxic potentials of CBZ in human colon cancer cells (HT-29 cells). METHODS HT-29 cells were treated with 36 and 76 μg/ml of CBZ for 24 h. The cytotoxic effect was evaluated by MTT assay. The intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) expression was evaluated through dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein diacetate staining. Morphological changes related to apoptosis were evaluated by dual staining with acridine orange and ethidium bromide. Mitochondrial membrane potential was evaluated by rhodamine 123 staining. Immunofluorescence analysis of caspase 3 was done with confocal microscopy. RESULTS CBZ caused significant cytotoxicity in HT-29 cells and the effect was concentration dependent. CBZ treatments also caused significant expression of ROS in HT-29 cells. Dual staining showed early and late apoptotic cells and morphological alterations induced by the CBZ. Confocal microscopic studies confirmed the increased caspase 3 expression in CBZ-treated cells. CONCLUSION CBZ induced apoptosis in HT-29 cell through ROS generation and caspase 3 expression and these results pave the way for further in vivo studies.
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Nandhini JT, Ezhilarasan D, Rajeshkumar S. An ecofriendly synthesized gold nanoparticles induces cytotoxicity via apoptosis in HepG2 cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2021; 36:24-32. [PMID: 32794643 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Microbes have long been used for the synthesis of a variety of nanoparticles. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the primary liver cancer and it is the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. In this study, we have synthesized Enterococcus mediated gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and investigated their cytotoxic potential against human hepatocellular cancer cell line (HepG2). AuNPs were synthesized using Enterococcus sp. RMAA. HepG2 cells were treated with different concentrations of AuNPs for 24 hours and cytotoxicity was analyzed by MTT ((4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. AuNPs induced reactive oxygen species expression was analyzed by 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate staining. Morphological changes related to apoptosis was analyzed by annexin V/propidium iodide staining. Protein expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) was done by western blotting analysis. Bacterial-mediated AuNPs caused significant cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells. AuNPs treatment also caused the significant expression of ROS and morphological damage related to apoptosis. AuNPs treatments were responsible for the dislocation of cytochrome c from mitochondria to cytosol. The protein expression of PCNA was significantly decreased upon AuNPs treatment. These findings suggest that Enterococcus-mediated AuNPs can inhibit the proliferation of HepG2 cells via intracellular ROS mediated apoptosis, decreased PCNA expressions, and it may have the potential to treat HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Devaraj Ezhilarasan
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Chennai, India
- Biomedical Research Unit and Laboratory Animal Centre, Saveetha Dental College (SDC), Chennai, India
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Kumar A, Kumar D, Kumari K, Mkhize Z, Seru LK, Bahadur I, Singh P. Metal-ligand complex formation between ferrous or ferric ion with syringic acid and their anti-oxidant and anti-microbial activities: DFT and molecular docking approach. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Syringic Acid Alleviates Cesium-Induced Growth Defect in Arabidopsis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239116. [PMID: 33266116 PMCID: PMC7730055 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Syringic acid, a phenolic compound, serves a variety of beneficial functions in cells. Syringic acid increases in plants in response to cesium, and exogenous application of syringic acid resulted in a significant attenuation of cesium-induced growth defects in Arabidopsis. In addition, cesium or syringic acid application to plants also resulted in increased lignin deposition in interfascicular fibers. To better understand the role of lignin and syringic acid in attenuating cesium-induced growth defects, two mutants for Arabidopsis REDUCED EPIDERMAL FLUORESCENE 4 (REF4) and fourteen laccase mutants, some of which have lower levels of lignin, were evaluated for their response to cesium. These mutants responded differently to cesium stress, compared to control plants, and the application of syringic acid alleviated cesium-induced growth defects in the laccase mutants but not in the ref4 mutants. These findings imply that lignin plays a role in cesium signaling but the attenuation of cesium stress defects by syringic acid is mediated by regulatory components of lignin biosynthesis and not lignin biosynthesis itself. In contrast, syringic acid did not alleviate any low potassium-induced growth defects. Collectively, our findings provide the first established link between lignin and cesium stress via syringic acid in plants.
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Thakur RS, Devaraj E. Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers. triggers oxidative stress mediated apoptosis via intrinsic mitochondrial pathway in HepG2 cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2020; 35:1225-1233. [PMID: 32697429 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma is the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Lagerstroemia speciosa Pers. (Lythraceae) commonly known as Banaba has been used in different forms in traditional medicinal systems for treating various diseases which include diabetes and obesity. In this study, we investigated the cytotoxic potential of ethanolic Banaba leaf extract (EBLE) in HepG2 cells. The phytochemical analysis of EBLE was performed by HPTLC. HepG2 cells were treated with EBLE at 25, 50, 100, and 150 μg/mL concentrations, and cytotoxicity was evaluated by MTT assay. Oxidative stress was assessed by the evaluation of lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase, and reduced glutathione. Apoptosis-related morphology was investigated by acridine orange and ethidium bromide (AO/EB) dual staining. Mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) was evaluated by JC-1 staining. Apoptosis-related marker genes were evaluated by qPCR. HPTLC analysis confirmed the presence of corosolic acid (12.87 μg/mg), berberine (3.19 μg/mg), and gallic acid (2.94 μg/mg) in EBLE. EBLE treatments caused significant and concentration-dependent cytotoxicity and oxidative stress in HepG2 cells. Dual staining with AO/EB confirmed membrane distortion and nuclear chromatin condensation upon EBLE treatments. JC-I staining revealed the loss of ΔΨm. Furthermore, at a molecular level, EBLE treatments interfere with Bax/Bcl-2 homeostasis and induced the pro-apoptotic marker genes such as cytochrome c, Apaf-1, and caspases 9 and 3. EBLE treatments caused cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells, and this could be due to the induction of oxidative stress and apoptosis via the intrinsic or mitochondrial pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Singh Thakur
- Department of Pharmacology, Malla Reddy Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, India
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ezhilarasan Devaraj
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- Biomedical Research Unit and Laboratory Animal Centre, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Critical role of estrogen in the progression of chronic liver diseases. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2020; 19:429-434. [PMID: 32299655 DOI: 10.1016/j.hbpd.2020.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Estrogens regulate sexual function and also have a significant role in various pathophysiological processes. Estrogens have a non-reproductive role as the modulators of the immune system, growth, neuronal function, and metabolism. Estrogen receptors are expressed in the liver and their impaired expression and function are implicated with obesity and liver associated metabolic dysfunctions. The purpose of the current review is to discuss the disparity role of estrogens on several forms of liver diseases. DATA SOURCES A comprehensive search in PubMed and EMBASE was conducted using the keywords "estrogens and liver diseases", "estradiol and liver diseases", "hormones and liver diseases", "endocrine function in liver diseases", and "female hormones in liver diseases". Relevant papers published before September 30, 2019 were included. RESULTS The present review confirms the imperative role of estrogen in various forms of chronic liver diseases. Estrogens play a key role in maintaining homeostasis and make the liver less susceptible to several forms of chronic liver diseases in healthy premenopausal individuals. In contrast, clinical studies also showed increased estrogen levels with chronic liver diseases. CONCLUSIONS Several studies reported the protective role of estrogens in chronic liver diseases and this has been widely accepted and confirmed in experimental studies using ovariectomized rat models. However, in a few clinical studies, increased estrogen levels are also implicated in chronic liver diseases. Therefore, further studies are warranted at molecular level to explore the role of estrogen in various forms of chronic liver diseases.
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Biochemical and Molecular Investigation of In Vitro Antioxidant and Anticancer Activity Spectrum of Crude Extracts of Willow Leaves Salix safsaf. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9101295. [PMID: 33008079 PMCID: PMC7599573 DOI: 10.3390/plants9101295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Organic fractions and extracts of willow (Salix safsaf) leaves, produced by sequential solvent extraction as well as infusion and decoction, exhibited anticancer potencies in four cancerous cell lines, including breast (MCF-7), colorectal (HCT-116), cervical (HeLa) and liver (HepG2). Results of the MTT assay revealed that chloroform (CHCl3) and ethyl acetate (EtOAc)-soluble fractions exhibited specific anticancer activities as marginal toxicities were observed against two non-cancerous control cell lines (BJ-1 and MCF-12). Ultra-high-resolution mass spectrometry Q-Exactive™ HF Hybrid Quadrupole-Orbitrap™ coupled with liquid chromatography (UHPLC) indicated that both extracts are enriched in features belonging to major phenolic and purine derivatives. Fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis (FACS), employing annexin V-FITC/PI double staining indicated that the observed cytotoxic potency was mediated via apoptosis. FACS analysis, monitoring the increase in fluorescence signal, associated with oxidation of DCFH to DCF, indicated that the mechanism of apoptosis is independent of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Results of immunoblotting and RT-qPCR assays showed that treatment with organic fractions under investigation resulted in significant up-regulation of pro-apoptotic protein and mRNA markers for Caspase-3, p53 and Bax, whereas it resulted in a significant reduction in amounts of both protein and mRNA of the anti-apoptotic marker Bcl-2. FACS analysis also indicated that pre-treatment and co-treatment of human amniotic epithelial (WISH) cells exposed to the ROS H2O2 with EtOAc fraction provide a cytoprotective and antioxidant capacity against generated oxidative stress. In conclusion, our findings highlight the importance of natural phenolic and flavonoid compounds with unparalleled and unique antioxidant and anticancer properties.
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Elamine Y, Lyoussi B, Miguel MG, Anjos O, Estevinho L, Alaiz M, Girón-Calle J, Martín J, Vioque J. Physicochemical characteristics and antiproliferative and antioxidant activities of Moroccan Zantaz honey rich in methyl syringate. Food Chem 2020; 339:128098. [PMID: 33152883 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Zantaz honey is a monofloral variety produced from the melliferous plant Bupleurum spinosum (Apiaceae), a shrub that grows mainly in the Atlas Moroccan Mountains. Determination of the polyphenol composition revealed that methyl syringate accounts for more than 50% of total polyphenols, which represents a very useful parameter for the characterization of this monofloral honey. Epicatechin, syringic acid and catechin are also abundant. Caco-2 and THP-1 cells were used for determination of antioxidant and antiproliferative activities in Zantaz honey, respectively. All six commercial samples that were used for these studies exhibited antioxidant activity and inhibited cell proliferation. Interestingly, these activities had a positive correlation mainly with the content in methyl syringate and gallic acid. The recognition of health promoting activities in Zantaz honey should increase its commercial value, which would have a positive economic impact on the poor rural communities of Morocco where it is produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssef Elamine
- Laboratory of Natural Substances, Pharmacology, Environment, Modeling, Health and Quality of Life (SNAMOPEQ), University of Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah, Fez 30 000, Morocco; Instituto de la Grasa (C.S.I.C.), Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Edificio 46, Carretera de Utrera, km 1, 41013-Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Badiaa Lyoussi
- Laboratory of Natural Substances, Pharmacology, Environment, Modeling, Health and Quality of Life (SNAMOPEQ), University of Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah, Fez 30 000, Morocco
| | - Maria G Miguel
- Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Universidade do Algarve, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Edificio 8, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Ofélia Anjos
- Instituto Politécnico de Castelo Branco, 6001-909 Castelo Branco, Portugal; Centro de Estudos Florestais, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal; Centro de Biotecnologia de Plantas da Beira Interior, 6001-909 Castelo Branco, Portugal
| | - Letícia Estevinho
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-252 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Manuel Alaiz
- Instituto de la Grasa (C.S.I.C.), Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Edificio 46, Carretera de Utrera, km 1, 41013-Sevilla, Spain
| | - Julio Girón-Calle
- Instituto de la Grasa (C.S.I.C.), Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Edificio 46, Carretera de Utrera, km 1, 41013-Sevilla, Spain
| | - Jesús Martín
- Fundación MEDINA, Avda del Conocimiento 34, 18016-Granada, Spain
| | - Javier Vioque
- Instituto de la Grasa (C.S.I.C.), Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Edificio 46, Carretera de Utrera, km 1, 41013-Sevilla, Spain
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Reactive Oxygen Species-Mediated Mitochondrial Dysfunction Triggers Sodium Valproate-Induced Cytotoxicity in Human Colorectal Adenocarcinoma Cells. J Gastrointest Cancer 2020; 52:899-906. [PMID: 32880040 DOI: 10.1007/s12029-020-00505-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the frequently diagnosed cancers worldwide. Currently used chemotherapeutic drugs have several side effects. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) enzyme inhibitors possess potential anti-cancer effects. Therefore, we investigated the cytotoxic potential of sodium valproate, a HDAC inhibitor in human colorectal adenocarcinoma (HT-29) cells. METHODS MTT assay was used to analyze the cytotoxicity of HT-29 cells. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) induction was evaluated by dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein diacetate staining. Dual staining with acridine orange/ethidium bromide was used to investigate the morphology-related apoptotic cell death. Mitochondrial membrane potential was analyzed by rhodamine 123 staining. E-cadherin protein expression was examined by immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS Sodium valproate at 2 and 4 mM/mL treatments significantly induced cytotoxicity. Increased intracellular ROS expression was observed in the cells treated with sodium valproate. This treatment also induced mitochondrial dissipation, apoptosis-related morphological damage, and E-cadherin expression in HT-29 cells. CONCLUSIONS Our present results suggest that sodium valproate is cytotoxic to HT-29 cells due to its pro-oxidative and apoptosis inducing potential. Sodium valproate can be used as an adjuvant along with standard chemotherapeutic agents in CRC patients after necessary in vivo and clinical studies.
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Velu P, Vijayalakshmi A, Vinothkumar V. Inhibiting the PI3K/Akt, NF-κB signalling pathways with syringic acid for attenuating the development of oral squamous cell carcinoma cells SCC131. J Pharm Pharmacol 2020; 72:1595-1606. [PMID: 32790092 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.13350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative effect of syringic acid (SRA) on oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) SCC131 cells via suppression of NF-κB-induced PI3K/Akt signalling pathway. METHODS The present study assesses the anticancer effects of SRA alongside human oral cancer (HOC) SCC131 cells through the fabrication of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and activated apoptosis. DAPI and Rh-123 staining were used to assess the apoptotic nuclear characteristic, mitochondrial membrane potential, cell adhesion and migration by fluorescence microscope with SRA treatment. KEY FINDINGS Syringic acid inhibits cell viability (IC50 values of 25 µm), adhesion, migration and induced apoptosis. MTT assay demonstrated SRA-induced apoptotic events, inhibition of invasion and angiogenic signalling in SCC131 cell line. Furthermore, SRA treated with SCC131 cells suppresses the protein expression of inflammatory, angiogenesis and PI3K/Akt signalling pathways. It is suggested that SRA prevents the translocation of NF-κB and PI3K/Akt activated products to the nucleus, thereby suppressing angiogenesis via downregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor. CONCLUSIONS Therefore, addition of SRA to SCC131 cells may provide a promising natural therapeutic strategy against squamous cell carcinomas with potential application in clinical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Periyannan Velu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Annamalai Vijayalakshmi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Veerasamy Vinothkumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India
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Zhao Y, Dang M, Zhang W, Lei Y, Ramesh T, Priya Veeraraghavan V, Hou X. Neuroprotective effects of Syringic acid against aluminium chloride induced oxidative stress mediated neuroinflammation in rat model of Alzheimer's disease. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.104009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Murali Iyangar R, Devaraj E. Silibinin Triggers the Mitochondrial Pathway of Apoptosis in Human Oral Squamous Carcinoma Cells. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2020; 21:1877-1882. [PMID: 32711410 PMCID: PMC7573425 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2020.21.7.1877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Silibinin, a natural polyphenolic flavonoid present in seed extracts of milk thistle (Silybum marianum). It has been shown to interact with various cancer-related cell signalling pathways in preclinical models, demonstrating promising anticancer effects in vitro and in vivo. Materials and Methods: The cytotoxic effect of silibinin was evaluated in human oral squamous carcinoma (SCC-25) cells by MTT assay. The apoptosis-related morphological changes were investigated by AO/EB dual staining. The cytochrome c, caspases-3, and -9, B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), and B-cell associated X protein (Bax) gene expressions were analysed by PCR. Results: We have shown that silibinin treatment for 24 h in SCC-25 cells induced cytotoxicity in a concentration-dependent manner. The cytotoxic potential was due to the induction of apoptosis via the release of mitochondrial cytochrome c into the cytosol and subsequent activation of caspases-3 and -9. Dual staining assay was further confirmed the induction of early apoptosis upon silibinin treatment. Conclusion: The results from this study show that silibinin can be considered as a promising drug candidate for the treatment of oral squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhika Murali Iyangar
- Department of Pharmacology, Biomedical Research Unit and Laboratory Animal Research Centre, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ezhilarasan Devaraj
- Department of Pharmacology, Biomedical Research Unit and Laboratory Animal Research Centre, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Abijeth B, Ezhilarasan D. Syringic acid induces apoptosis in human oral squamous carcinoma cells through mitochondrial pathway. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2020; 24:40-45. [PMID: 32508446 PMCID: PMC7269318 DOI: 10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_178_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Syringic acid (SA) has long been used as traditional medicine and is known to have antioxidant, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective and anticancer effects. Studies regarding the anticancer effect of SA against squamous carcinoma cell (SCC)-25, human oral SCC (OSCC) line has not been studied. Aim: This study was aimed to evaluate the cytotoxic potentials of SA in SCC-25 cells. Materials and Methods: Cytotoxic effect of SA was determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenylte trazolium bromide assay, using concentrations of 25 and 50 μM/mL for 24 h. At the end of the treatment period, apoptotic markers such as caspase 3 and 9, bcl-2, bax and cytochrome c were evaluated by semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. SA-induced morphological changes were investigated by acridine orange/ethidium bromide dual staining. Results: SA inhibited the proliferation and induced cytotoxicity in SCC-25 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. SA treatment caused apoptosis-related morphological changes as evidenced by the dual staining and the modulation of apoptotic marker gene expressions. SA treatments modulated bcl-2/bax homeostasis and increased the expressions of cytochrome c and caspases 3 and 9. Conclusion: SA specifically induces cell death and inhibits the proliferation in OSCC cells through intrinsic/mitochondrial apoptosis pathway, suggesting that SA may be an effective agent for the treatment of human OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhaskhar Abijeth
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Devaraj Ezhilarasan
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Raj R K, D E, S R. β‐Sitosterol‐assisted silver nanoparticles activates Nrf2 and triggers mitochondrial apoptosis via oxidative stress in human hepatocellular cancer cell line. J Biomed Mater Res A 2020; 108:1899-1908. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathiswar Raj R
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental CollegeSaveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS) Chennai Tamil Nadu India
| | - Ezhilarasan D
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental CollegeSaveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS) Chennai Tamil Nadu India
| | - Rajeshkumar S
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental CollegeSaveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS) Chennai Tamil Nadu India
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Vairavel M, Devaraj E, Shanmugam R. An eco-friendly synthesis of Enterococcus sp.-mediated gold nanoparticle induces cytotoxicity in human colorectal cancer cells. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:8166-8175. [PMID: 31900772 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-07511-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have become frequently used materials in biotechnological and biomedical applications including cancer. They can be commonly synthesized by biological and chemical methods. In the present study, we synthesized Enterococcus-mediated AuNPs and evaluated their cytotoxicity in human colorectal cancer cell line (HT-29). AuNPs are synthesized intracellularly using Enterococcus sp. RMAA. Characterization of AuNPs has done using UV spectrophotometry and transmission electron microscope. Cytotoxicity was evaluated by MTT assay. Intercellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) expression and apoptosis-related morphology were evaluated by dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate and acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining via fluorescence microscopy. JC-1 staining and caspase 3 immunofluorescence expression were analyzed by confocal microscopy. Enterococcus sp. RMAA-mediated AuNPs are spherical and induced concentration-dependent cytotoxicity in HT-29 cells. AuNP treatments also induced ROS and caspase-3 expressions and reduced the mitochondrial membrane potential. Morphology related to apoptotic changes was also noticed after AuNP treatments in HT-29 cells. The present study revealed that Enterococcus-derived AuNPs induced apoptotic cell death in HT-29 cells and suggests that AuNPs could be used as a pro apoptotic agent for colon cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathivadani Vairavel
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600077, India
| | - Ezhilarasan Devaraj
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600077, India.
- Biomedical Research Unit and Laboratory Animal Centre, Saveetha Dental College (SDC), Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600077, India.
| | - Rajeshkumar Shanmugam
- Nanomedicine Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600077, India
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Therapeutic Potential of Plant Phenolic Acids in the Treatment of Cancer. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10020221. [PMID: 32028623 PMCID: PMC7072661 DOI: 10.3390/biom10020221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally, cancer is the second leading cause of death. Different conventional approaches to treat cancer include chemotherapy or radiotherapy. However, these are usually associated with various deleterious effects and numerous disadvantages in clinical practice. In addition, there are increasing concerns about drug resistance. In the continuous search for safer and more effective treatments, plant-derived natural compounds are of major interest. Plant phenolics are secondary metabolites that have gained importance as potential anti-cancer compounds. Phenolics display a great prospective as cytotoxic anti-cancer agents promoting apoptosis, reducing proliferation, and targeting various aspects of cancer (angiogenesis, growth and differentiation, and metastasis). Phenolic acids are a subclass of plant phenolics, furtherly divided into benzoic and cinnamic acids, that are associated with potent anticancer abilities in various in vitro and in vivo studies. Moreover, the therapeutic activities of phenolic acids are reinforced by their role as epigenetic regulators as well as supporters of adverse events or resistance associated with conventional anticancer therapy. Encapsulation of phyto-substances into nanocarrier systems is a challenging aspect concerning the efficiency of natural substances used in cancer treatment. A summary of phenolic acids and their effectiveness as well as phenolic-associated advances in cancer treatment will be discussed in this review.
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Solai Prakash AK, Devaraj E. Cytotoxic potentials of S. cumini methanolic seed kernel extract in human hepatoma HepG2 cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2019; 34:1313-1319. [PMID: 31423742 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Syzygium cumini (Myrtaceae) is commonly called as Jamun or Jambolan. It has antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and antioxidant activities. Hepatocellular carcinoma is the most frequent and deadliest cancers worldwide. We investigated the cytotoxic potentials of S. cumini methanolic seed kernel extract against human hepatoma HepG2 cells. HepG2 cells were treated with 10, 20, and 40 μg/mL of seed kernel extract for 24 hours and cytotoxic analysis was performed by MTT assay. S. cumini induced apoptosis related morphological changes in HepG2 cells were analyzed by annexin V and propidium iodide double staining. Nuclear fragmentation and chromatin condensation were analyzed by Hoechst nuclear staining. Mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) was investigated by 5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1',3,3'-tetraethylbenzimidazolyl-carbocyanine iodide (JC-1) staining. Protein expressions of hepatocyte nuclear factor-1α (HFN-1α) was performed using western blotting. S. cumini treatments caused a significant and a concentration-dependent increase in the cytotoxicity of HepG2 cells. S. cumini treatments increased the percentage of cells in an early and late apoptosis stage. This treatment also caused chromatin condensation and nuclear fragmentation. Further, S. cumini treatments decreased MMP and also caused a significant downregulation of HFN-1α protein expression. The present study demonstrated that S. cumini seed extract induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells through decrease in MMP and downregulation of HFN-1α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwin Kumar Solai Prakash
- Department of Pharmacology, Biomedical Research Unit and Laboratory Animal Centre, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals (SDCH), Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University (SU), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ezhilarasan Devaraj
- Department of Pharmacology, Biomedical Research Unit and Laboratory Animal Centre, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals (SDCH), Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University (SU), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- Biomedical Research Unit and Laboratory Animal Centre, SDCH, SIMATS, SU, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Cho HD, Kim JH, Won YS, Moon KD, Seo KI. Inhibitory Effects of Pectinase-Treated Prunus Mume Fruit Concentrate on Colorectal Cancer Proliferation and Angiogenesis of Endothelial Cells. J Food Sci 2019; 84:3284-3295. [PMID: 31618463 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Pectinase is a well-known enzyme used in the food processing industry to produce fruit juice and concentrate. This study evaluated the anticancer and antiangiogenesis activities of pectinase-treated Prunus mume fruit concentrate (PC) and its phenolic components. PC treatment (250 to 1,000 µg/mL) resulted in decreased proliferation of SW480 human colorectal cancer cells through S-phase cell cycle arrest; however, equivalent concentrations of PC did not show toxicity toward CRL-1539 colon normal cells. Furthermore, PC-induced caspase-dependent apoptosis in SW480 cells, which was characterized by accumulation of apoptotic cell population, cell shrinkage, formation of apoptotic bodies, upregulation of proapoptotic Bax, cleaved PARP, caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9, and downregulation of antiapoptotic Bcl-2. Antiangiogenesis effects of PC were assessed using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). We found that PC did not inhibit HUVECs proliferation at concentrations of 500 to 1,500 µg/mL. In addition, treatment with PC at nontoxic concentrations (500 to 1,000 µg/mL) blocked vascular endothelial growth factor induced cell migration, invasion, capillary-like tube formation, and angiogenesis from rat aortic rings. HPLC-PDA analysis showed that there were at least four different phenolics including 5-HMF, neochlorogenic acid, protocatechuic acid, and syringic acid. Taken together, these results indicated that PC could be used as a good source of phenolic compounds with selective anticancer and antiangiogenesis activities. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Pectinases are one of the well-known enzyme used in the part of food processing. Treatment of pectinase is a useful strategy to reduce viscosity, turbidity, and pulp particles in the production of fruit juice, extract, and concentrate. In the present study, we found that pectinase-treated P. mume fruit concentrate significantly suppresses colorectal cancer proliferation and angiogenesis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. The significance of our findings is that pectinase-treated P. mume concentrate may be used as a commercial functional food material to inhibit colorectal cancer and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Dong Cho
- Dept. of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National Univ., Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Ho Kim
- Dept. of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National Univ., Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong-Seon Won
- Dept. of Biotechnology, Dong-A Univ., Busan, 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Deok Moon
- Dept. of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National Univ., Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwon-Il Seo
- Dept. of Biotechnology, Dong-A Univ., Busan, 49315, Republic of Korea
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