Effects of fish oil and sunflower oil supplementations on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rat

Ameliorative effect of selenium nanoparticles and fish oil on cisplatin and gamma irradiation-induced nephrotoxicity in male albino rats

Cisplatin (CP) is a major antineoplastic drug for the treatment of solid tumors, however, its clinical utility is limited by nephrotoxicity. Also, radiotherapy is an important treatment modality for many malignancies. The present studies were performed to test whether fish oil (FO) and/or selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) administration have an ameliorative effect on CP and γ-irradiation induced nephrotoxicity. FO and/or SeNPs were administered to male albino rats daily for 12 days before being intraperitoneally injected with a single dose of CP (10 mg/kg body weight) and whole body exposed to a single dose of γ-radiation (0.7 Gy). Biochemical analysis and histopathological examination were performed. Pretreatment with FO and/or SeNPs before the administration of CP and exposure to γ-radiation significantly reduced CP- and γ-radiation-induced high levels of serum urea and creatinine and renal tumor necrosis factor-α, caspase-3 and cyclooxygenase-2, also they significantly prevented renal total antioxidant capacity levels decrease and ameliorated the levels of most studied trace elements. The histopathological results supported the biochemical findings of this study. The administration of FO and/or SeNPs might be useful for preventing nephrotoxicity which can be caused by CP and radiotherapy during the treatment of various malignancies.

Studies on the protective effect of dietary fish oil on uranyl-nitrate-induced nephrotoxicity and oxidative damage in rat kidney

Human and animal exposure demonstrates that uranium is nephrotoxic. However, attempts to reduce it were not found suitable for clinical use. Dietary fish oil (FO) enriched in omega-3 fatty acids reduces the severity of cardiovascular and renal diseases. Present study investigates the protective effect of FO on uranyl nitrate (UN)-induced renal damage. Rats prefed with experimental diets for 15 days, given single nephrotoxic dose of UN (0.5mg/kg body weight) intraperitoneally. After 5d of UN treatment, serum/urine parameters, enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism, brush border membrane (BBM), oxidative stress and phosphate transport were analyzed in rat kidney. UN nephrotoxicity was characterized by increased serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen. UN increased the activity of lactate dehydrogenase and NADP-malic enzyme whereas decreased malate, isocitrate and glucose-6-phophate dehydrogenases; glucose-6-phophatase, fructose-1, 6-bisphosphatase and BBM enzyme activities. UN caused oxidant/antioxidant imbalances as reflected by increased lipid peroxidation, activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and decreased catalase activity. Feeding FO alone increased activities of enzymes of glucose metabolism, BBM, oxidative stress and Pi transport. UN-elicited alterations were prevented by FO feeding. However, corn oil had no such effects and was not similarly effective. In conclusion, FO appears to protect against UN-induced nephrotoxicity by improving energy metabolism and antioxidant defense mechanism.

Studies on the protective effect of dietary fish oil on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity and oxidative damage in rat kidney

Gentamicin (GM)-induced nephrotoxicity limits its long-term clinical use. Several agents/strategies were attempted to prevent GM nephrotoxicity but were not found suitable for clinical practice. Dietary fish oil (FO) retard the progression of certain types of cancers, cardiovascular and renal disorders. We aimed to evaluate protective effect of FO on GM-induced renal proximal tubular damage. The rats were pre-fed experimental diets for 10 days and then received GM (80 mg/kg body weight/day) treatment for 10 days while still on diet. Serum/urine parameters, enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism, brush border membrane (BBM), oxidative stress and phosphate transport in rat kidney were analyzed. GM nephrotoxicity was recorded by increased serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen. GM increased the activities of lactate and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenases whereas decreased malate, isocitrate dehydrogenases; glucose-6 and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatases; superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and BBM enzymes. In contrast, FO alone increased enzyme activities of carbohydrate metabolism, BBM and oxidative stress. FO feeding to GM treated rats markedly enhanced resistance to GM elicited deleterious effects and prevented GM-induced decrease in 32Pi uptake across BBM. Dietary FO supplementation ameliorated GM-induced specific metabolic alterations and oxidative damage due to its intrinsic biochemical/antioxidant properties.

Gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats ameliorated and healing effects of resveratrol

In this study, we aimed to investigate the possible protective effect of resveratrol on gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity. Experiments were carried out in male Wistar rats weighing 200-250 g. Gentamicin sulfate (80 mg/kg per day i.p.), resveratrol (10 mg/kg per day i.p.) and gentamicin together with resveratrol were administered for 6 d. The animals were sacrificed 24 h after the last injection. Urine, blood samples and tissue samples were collected from the animals on the seventh day of the treatment before they were sacrificed. Kidneys were collected for histopathological studies and fixed in 10% buffered formalin solution. Tissue samples were stored at -70 degrees C in liquid nitrogen for the determination of glutathione (GSH), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), malondialdehyde (MDA) and catalase (CAT). Glutathione assay was determined by the method of Beutler et al. GST amounts were measured by the method of Habig et al. Catalase activity was tested by Aebi's method and MDA was determined according to Thayer's method. Blood urea level was significantly increased in the gentamicin treated group. The study showed lowered levels of urea and creatinine levels in resveratrol administered groups when compared with gentamicin administered rats, and the difference was statistically significant. It has been determined that resveratrol caused statistically significant decrease in lipid peroxidation and reduced the level of catalase. Histopathological examination showed that resveratrol prevented partly gentamicin induced tubular damage. The results histopathologically demonstrated that resveratrol has a protective effect against gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity, lipid peroxidation and cellular damage in rats.

Effects of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in early renal insufficiency in dogs

Dietary supplementation with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) alters the course of experimental kidney disease in dogs. In particular, supplementation with omega-6 PUFAs hastens the decline of kidney function, and omega-3 PUFAs are renoprotective. We investigated the early stages of renal insufficiency to determine whether PUFA supplementation altered the magnitude of hypercholesterolemia or glomerular hemodynamics. Two months after 11/12 nephrectomy, dogs were randomly divided into three groups of 6 animals each. Each group of dogs was then fed a low-fat basal diet supplemented with one of three sources of lipid to achieve a final concentration of 15% added fat. Fat sources were rich in omega-3 PUFAs (menhaden fish oil, group FO), omega-6 PUFAs (safflower oil, group SO), or saturated fatty acids (beef tallow, group C). Early in renal insufficiency, before significant kidney damage, group FO had a lower (P<.05) serum cholesterol concentration and tended to have a lower urinary prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and thromboxane A2 (TxA2) excretion than group C. In contrast, group SO had a higher mean glomerular capillary pressure (P<.05) and more glomerular enlargement (P<.05) and tended to have higher eicosanoid excretion rates than group C. These differences in lipid metabolism, glomerular hypertension and hypertrophy, and urinary eicosanoid metabolism could explain, in part, the beneficial effects of omega-3 PUFAs and the detrimental effects of omega-6 PUFAs when administered on a long-term basis in this model of renal insufficiency.

Protective effects of vitamin e and probucol against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats

Gentamicin (GM) is widely used as a bactericidal agent for the treatment of severe gram negative infections, however, its clinical use is partially limited due to its nephrotoxicity. Recent evidence suggests a role of reactive oxygen metabolites in GM nephrotoxicity. The present study was designed to investigate a possible potential protective role of vitamin E and/or probucol against GM nephrotoxicity. GM was administered to rats in a single dose of (150 mg kg(-1)i.p.), while vitamin E (250 mg kg(-1)i.m.) and/or probucol (60 mg kg(-1)i.m.) were given once daily for 3 consecutive days prior to GM administration. GM-induced nephrotoxicity was evidenced by marked elevations in serum urea and creatinine levels, urinary activity of N-acetyl-beta- d -glucosaminidase (NAG) and gamma-glutamyl-transferase (gamma-GT). Also, GM caused significant increases in kidney content of malondialdehyde (MDA), and significant decreases in kidney content of reduced non-protein sulphydryls (NPSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. Vitamin E pretreatment significantly lowered the elevated serum urea and creatinine levels, and urinary activity of NAG and gamma-GT. In addition, vitamin E ameliorated the rise in renal content of MDA and enhanced the renal NPSH content as well as SOD activity. Similarly, probucol significantly inhibited the elevations in urea and creatinine levels and enhanced renal NPSH content and SOD activity. Simultaneous use of vitamin E and probucol was more effective in mitigating disturbances in the assessed parameters. The present work indicates that, due to their antioxidant activity, vitamin E and probucol have potential protective effects against GM nephrotoxicity.

Beneficial effects of chronic administration of dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in dogs with renal insufficiency

Dietary supplementation with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) alters the course of experimental renal disease in rats. However, chronic renal disease in other laboratory animals and in human beings frequently responds differently to experimental manipulations. We investigated the effects of variations in dietary PUFA composition on the chronic course of induced renal disease in dogs. Two months after 15/16 nephrectomy, dogs were randomly divided into three groups of seven animals each. For the next 20 months, each group of dogs was fed a low-fat basal diet supplemented with one of three sources of lipid to achieve a final concentration of 15% added fat. Fat sources provided omega-3 PUFA (menhaden fish oil, group FO), omega-6 PUFA (safflower oil, group SO), or saturated fatty acids (beef tallow, group BT). Throughout the dietary trial, the magnitude of proteinuria and the plasma concentrations of creatinine, cholesterol, and triglyceride were lower in group FO. The mean overall glomerular filtration rate was 0.89+/-0.18 ml/min per kilogram of body weight in group SO, a value that was significantly less (p < 0.05) than the corresponding values for groups BT and FO (1.21+/-0.18 and 1.43+/-0.20 ml/min/kg, respectively). Renal interstitial fibrosis also was significantly elevated in group SO. The extents of mesangial matrix expansion, glomerulosclerosis, and renal interstitial cellular infiltrate were similar in groups BT and SO, but lower (p < 0.05) in group FO. We conclude that supplementation with omega-6 PUFA enhanced renal injury; supplementation with omega-3 PUFA was renoprotective.