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Zhang Y, Liu J, Wang C, Liu J, Lu W. Toll-Like Receptors Gene Polymorphisms in Autoimmune Disease. Front Immunol 2021; 12:672346. [PMID: 33981318 PMCID: PMC8107678 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.672346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are important initiators of the immune response, both innate and acquired. Evidence suggests that gene polymorphisms within TLRs cause malfunctions of certain key TLR-related signaling pathways, which subsequently increases the risk of autoimmune diseases. We illustrate and discuss the current findings on the role of Toll-like receptor gene polymorphisms in numerous autoimmune diseases in this review, such as type 1 diabetes mellitus, Graves’ disease, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and multiple sclerosis. The study of genetic variation in TLRs in different populations has shown a complex interaction between immunity and environmental factors. This interaction suggests that TLR polymorphisms affect the susceptibility to autoimmune diseases differently in various populations. The identification of Toll-like receptor gene polymorphisms can expand our understanding of the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, which will subsequently guide effective medical management and provide insight into prognosis and advanced treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingchi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Changlun Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Junxian Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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IRAK family in inflammatory autoimmune diseases. Autoimmun Rev 2020; 19:102461. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Molgora M, Supino D, Mantovani A, Garlanda C. Tuning inflammation and immunity by the negative regulators IL-1R2 and IL-1R8. Immunol Rev 2018; 281:233-247. [PMID: 29247989 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-1 receptor family members (ILRs) and Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs) are key players in immunity and inflammation and are tightly regulated at different levels. Most cell types, including cells of the innate and adaptive immune system express ILRs and TLRs. In addition, IL-1 family members are emerging as key players in the differentiation and function of innate and adaptive lymphoid cells. IL-1R2 and IL-1R8 (also known as TIR8 or SIGIRR) are members of the ILR family acting as negative regulators of the IL-1 system. IL-1R2 binds IL-1 and the accessory protein IL-1RAcP without activating signaling and can be released as a soluble form (sIL-1R2), thus modulating IL-1 availability for the signaling receptor. IL-1R8 dampens ILR- and TLR-mediated cell activation and it is a component of the receptor recognizing human IL-37. Here, we summarize our current understanding of the structure and function of IL-1R2 and IL-1R8, focusing on their role in different pathological conditions, ranging from infectious and sterile inflammation, to autoimmunity and cancer-related inflammation. We also address the emerging evidence regarding the role of IL-1R8 as a crucial checkpoint molecule in NK cells in anti-cancer and antiviral activity and the potential therapeutic implications of IL-1R8 blockade in specific pathological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Molgora
- Department of Inflammation and Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Domenico Supino
- Department of Inflammation and Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Alberto Mantovani
- Department of Inflammation and Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy.,Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele (Milano), Italy.,The William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Cecilia Garlanda
- Department of Inflammation and Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy.,Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele (Milano), Italy
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Al-Qahtani AA, Lyroni K, Aznaourova M, Tseliou M, Al-Anazi MR, Al-Ahdal MN, Alkahtani S, Sourvinos G, Tsatsanis C. Middle east respiratory syndrome corona virus spike glycoprotein suppresses macrophage responses via DPP4-mediated induction of IRAK-M and PPARγ. Oncotarget 2018; 8:9053-9066. [PMID: 28118607 PMCID: PMC5354714 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus (MERS-CoV) is transmitted via the respiratory tract and causes severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome by infecting lung epithelial cells and macrophages. Macrophages can readily recognize the virus and eliminate it. MERS-CoV infects cells via its Spike (S) glycoprotein that binds on Dipeptidyl-Peptidase 4 (DPP4) receptor present on macrophages. Whether this Spike/DPP4 association affects macrophage responses remains unknown. Herein we demonstrated that infection of macrophages with lentiviral particles pseudotyped with MERS-CoV S glycoprotein results in suppression of macrophage responses since it reduced the capacity of macrophages to produce TNFα and IL-6 in naive and LPS-activated THP-1 macrophages and augmented LPS-induced production of the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10. MERS-CoV S glycoprotein induced the expression of the negative regulator of TLR signaling IRAK-M as well as of the transcriptional repressor PPARγ. Inhibition of DPP4 by its inhibitor sitagliptin or siRNA abrogated the effects of MERS-CoV S glycoprotein on IRAK-M, PPARγ and IL-10, confirming that its immunosuppressive effects were mediated by DPP4 receptor. The effect was observed both in THP-1 macrophages and human primary peripheral blood monocytes. These findings support a DPP4-mediated suppressive action of MERS-CoV in macrophages and suggest a potential target for effective elimination of its pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Al-Qahtani
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Research Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Konstantina Lyroni
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Marina Aznaourova
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Melpomeni Tseliou
- Laboratory of Virology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Mashael R Al-Anazi
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Research Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed N Al-Ahdal
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Research Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saad Alkahtani
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - George Sourvinos
- Laboratory of Virology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Christos Tsatsanis
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
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Molgora M, Barajon I, Mantovani A, Garlanda C. Regulatory Role of IL-1R8 in Immunity and Disease. Front Immunol 2016; 7:149. [PMID: 27148268 PMCID: PMC4837151 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-1 receptor family members (ILRs) and toll-like receptors (TLRs) are characterized by the presence of a conserved intracellular domain and the toll-IL-1resistance (TIR) domain and are key players in immunity and inflammation. ILR and TLR signaling is tightly regulated at different levels. All cell types of the innate immune system express ILRs and TLRs. In addition, IL-1 family members are emerging as key players in the differentiation and function of innate and adaptive lymphoid cells. IL-1R8, also known as TIR8 or SIGIRR, is a fringe member of the ILR family and acts as a negative regulator of ILR and TLR signaling, which dampens ILR- and TLR-mediated cell activation. IL-1R8 is a component of the receptor recognizing human IL-37. Here, we summarize our current understanding of the structure and function of IL-1R8, focusing on its role in different pathological conditions, ranging from infectious and sterile inflammation to autoimmunity and cancer-related inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Molgora
- Department of Inflammation and Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center , Rozzano , Italy
| | | | - Alberto Mantovani
- Department of Inflammation and Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy; Humanitas University, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Cecilia Garlanda
- Department of Inflammation and Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center , Rozzano , Italy
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Abstract
Innate immune detection and subsequent immune responses rely on the initial recognition of pathogen specific molecular motifs. Foreign nucleic acids are key structures recognised by the immune system, recognition of which occurs mainly through the use of nucleic acid receptors including members of the Toll-like receptors, AIM2-like receptors, RIG-I-like receptors and intracellular DNA receptors. While the immune system is critically important in protecting the host from infection, it is of utmost importance that it is tightly regulated, in order to prevent recognition of self-nucleic acids and the subsequent development of autoimmunity. Defects in the mechanisms regulating such pathways, for example mutations in endonucleases that clear DNA, altered expression of nucleic acid sensors and defects in negative regulators of these signalling pathways involved in RNA/DNA sensing, have all been implicated in promoting the generation of autoimmune responses. This evidence, as reviewed here, suggests that novel therapeutics targeting these sensors and their downstream pathways may be of use in the treatment of patients with autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and primary Sjögren's syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhán Smith
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics and RCSI Research Institute, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephens Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Caroline Jefferies
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics and RCSI Research Institute, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephens Green, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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Dong GH, Gong JP, Li JZ, Luo YH, Li ZD, Li PZ, He K. Association Between Gene Polymorphisms of IRAK-M and the Susceptibility of Sepsis. Inflammation 2013; 36:1087-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-013-9641-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Wang C, Feng CC, Pan HF, Wang DG, Ye DQ. Therapeutic potential of SIGIRR in systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatol Int 2013; 33:1917-21. [PMID: 23546688 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-013-2733-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Single immunoglobulin IL-1-related receptor (SIGIRR), which is also known as Toll/interleukin-1 receptor 8, is a member of the interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R) family. Different from other typical IL-1R superfamily members, SIGIRR seems to exert negatively modulates in immune responses. Several previous studies demonstrated that SIGIRR influences chronic inflammatory or autoimmune diseases, such as intestinal inflammation, rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis. Recent work has explored the role of SIGIRR in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), for example, the role of SIGIRR protects the mice from hydrocarbon oil-induced lupus has been reported. These results indicate that SIGIRR may represent a novel target for the treatment of SLE. In this review, we will discuss the SIGIRR and the therapeutic potential of modulating the pathway in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, People's Republic of China
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Riva F, Bonavita E, Barbati E, Muzio M, Mantovani A, Garlanda C. TIR8/SIGIRR is an Interleukin-1 Receptor/Toll Like Receptor Family Member with Regulatory Functions in Inflammation and Immunity. Front Immunol 2012; 3:322. [PMID: 23112799 PMCID: PMC3482685 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-1R like receptors (ILRs) and Toll Like Receptors (TLRs) are key receptors of innate immunity, inflammation, and orientation of the adaptive response. They belong to a superfamily characterized by the presence of a conserved intracellular domain, the Toll/IL-1R (TIR) domain, which is involved in the activation of a signaling cascade leading to activation of transcription factors associated to inflammation. The activation of inflammatory responses and immunity by ILRs or TLRs signaling is potentially detrimental for the host in acute and chronic conditions and is tightly regulated at different levels by receptor antagonists, decoy receptors or signaling molecules, and miRNAs. Recent evidence suggests that the ILRs family member TIR8 (also known as SIGIRR) is a regulatory protein acting intracellularly to inhibit ILRs and TLRs signaling. In particular, current evidence suggests that TIR8/SIGIRR dampens TLRs-mediated activation and inhibits signaling receptor complexes of IL-1 family members associated with Th1 (IL-18), Th2 (IL-33), and Th17 (IL-1) differentiation. Studies with Tir8/Sigirr-deficient mice showed that the ability to dampen signaling from ILRs and TLRs family members makes TIR8/SIGIRR a key regulator of inflammation. Here, we summarize our current understanding of the structure and function of TIR8/SIGIRR, focusing on its role in different pathological conditions, ranging from infectious and sterile inflammation, to autoimmunity and cancer-related inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Riva
- Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, University of Milan Milan, Italy
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