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Sharafaldin ENK, Sim MS, Lim SK, Alhussieni K, Huri HZ. Precision medicine in lupus nephritis. Clin Chim Acta 2024; 562:119894. [PMID: 39068963 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2024.119894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Lupus nephritis (LN) is a prominent manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), characterized by diverse clinical and histopathological features, imposing a substantial burden on patients. Although the exact cause of SLE remain undetermined, several genetic, epigenetics, hormonal, and other factors are implicated in LN pathogenesis. The management of LN rely on invasive renal biopsies, while the standard therapy of the proliferative form of LN remains empirical and relies on indiscriminate immunosuppressants (IS). These treatments exhibit unsatisfactory remission rates, trigger recurrent renal flares, and entail grave adverse effects (ADEs). The advent of precision medicine into LN entails a concentrated effort to pinpoint essential biomarkers, reshaping the landscape of LN management. The primary objective of this review is to synthesize and summarize existing research findings by elucidating the most prevalent immunological, genetic, and epigenetic alterations and deliberate on management strategies that can pave the way for precision medicine in tackling LN. Novel clinical biomarker such as serum anti-complement component 1q (anti-C1q), with urinary markers including neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP1) and tumour necrosis-like weak inducers of apoptosis (TWEAK) are strongly correlated with LN. These biomarkers have good sensitivity and specificity and perform better than conventional biomarkers in assessing LN activity. Similarly, more renal-specific genetic and epigenetic alteration have been correlated with LN susceptibility and severity. This includes variants of hyaluronan synthase 2 (HAS2), and platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRA). In the future, integrating clinical, genetic, epigenetic, and targeted therapies holds promise for guiding precision medicine and improving LN outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maw Shin Sim
- Precision Medicine and Omics Centre (PrOmiC), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; Department of Pharmaceutical Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Soo Kun Lim
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, 59100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kawthar Alhussieni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Hasniza Zaman Huri
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; Precision Medicine and Omics Centre (PrOmiC), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
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2
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Ranjan S, Panda AK. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii immunoglobulins and its association with systemic lupus erythematosus: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lupus 2024:9612033241273048. [PMID: 39129197 DOI: 10.1177/09612033241273048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The exact cause of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is still unknown. However, hormonal, genetic, and environmental factors may play significant roles in its development. Infection has been recognized as a crucial trigger for SLE development. Several studies have reported a higher prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infections in patients with SLE than in healthy individuals. However, these results were inconsistent. Therefore, this study aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies to provide a definitive conclusion regarding the relationship between T. gondii infection and SLE. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted a comprehensive search across diverse databases using an array of search tools to uncover pertinent literature. Following the stringent application of the inclusion and exclusion criteria, we carefully selected the appropriate reports for our meta-analysis. Using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software v4, we analyzed the data and determined the prevalence of antibodies against T. gondii in patients affected with SLE. To investigate the correlation between T. gondii seropositivity and SLE, we computed the risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS Eleven studies were considered eligible for inclusion in the present study. The prevalence of anti-IgG and IgM antibodies against T. gondii was 33.9% and 7.7%, respectively. A significant association between T. gondii IgG seropositivity and SLE was observed when compared to the controls (risk ratio = 2.14, 95% CI = 1.42 to 3.22, p = .000). However, IgM seropositivity against T. gondii was comparable between patients with SLE and healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS In summary, this study suggests that T. gondii IgG is more prevalent in patients with SLE than in healthy individuals in areas where T. gondii infections are more frequent. However, an exact cause-and-effect relationship still needs to be established. Therefore, additional research is necessary to validate these findings and to investigate the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shovit Ranjan
- Department of Zoology, Kolhan University, Chaibasa, India
| | - Aditya K Panda
- Department of Biotechnology, ImmGen EvSys Laboratory, Berhampur University, Berhampur, India
- Centre of Excellence on Bioprospecting of Ethno-pharmaceuticals of Southern Odisha (CoE-BESO), Berhampur University, Berhampur, India
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3
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Naithani U, Jain P, Sachan A, Khare P, Gabrani R. MicroRNA as a potential biomarker for systemic lupus erythematosus: pathogenesis and targeted therapy. Clin Exp Med 2023; 23:4065-4077. [PMID: 37921874 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-023-01234-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/05/2023]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease associated with hyperactive innate and adaptive immune systems that cause dermatological, cardiovascular, renal, and neuropsychiatric problems in patients. SLE's multifactorial nature and complex pathogenesis present significant challenges in its clinical classification. In addition, unpredictable treatment responses in patients emphasize the need for highly specific and sensitive SLE biomarkers that can assist in understanding the exact pathogenesis and, thereby, lead to the identification of novel therapeutic targets. Recent studies on microRNA (miRNA), a non-coding region involved in the regulation of gene expression, indicate its importance in the development of the immune system and thus in the pathogenesis of various autoimmune disorders such as SLE. miRNAs are fascinating biomarker prospects for SLE categorization and disease monitoring owing to their small size and high stability. In this paper, we have discussed the involvement of a wide range of miRNAs in the regulation of SLE inflammation and how their modulation can be a potential therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urshila Naithani
- Department of Biotechnology, A 10, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Sector-62, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201309, India
| | - Priyanjal Jain
- Department of Biotechnology, A 10, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Sector-62, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201309, India
| | - Aastha Sachan
- Department of Biotechnology, A 10, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Sector-62, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201309, India
| | - Prachi Khare
- Department of Biotechnology, A 10, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Sector-62, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201309, India
| | - Reema Gabrani
- Department of Biotechnology, A 10, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Sector-62, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201309, India.
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Rao IR, Kolakemar A, Shenoy SV, Prabhu RA, Nagaraju SP, Rangaswamy D, Bhojaraja MV. Hydroxychloroquine in nephrology: current status and future directions. J Nephrol 2023; 36:2191-2208. [PMID: 37530940 PMCID: PMC10638202 DOI: 10.1007/s40620-023-01733-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxychloroquine is one of the oldest disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs in clinical use. The drug interferes with lysosomal activity and antigen presentation, inhibits autophagy, and decreases transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Owing to its immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, anti-thrombotic effect, hydroxychloroquine has been an integral part of therapy for systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritis for several decades. The therapeutic versatility of hydroxychloroquine has led to repurposing it for other clinical conditions, with recent studies showing reduction in proteinuria in IgA nephropathy. Research is also underway to investigate the efficacy of hydroxychloroquine in primary membranous nephropathy, Alport's syndrome, systemic vasculitis, anti-GBM disease, acute kidney injury and for cardiovascular risk reduction in chronic kidney disease. Hydroxychloroquine is well-tolerated, inexpensive, and widely available and therefore, should its indications expand in the future, it would certainly be welcomed. However, clinicians should be aware of the risk of irreversible and progressive retinal toxicity and rarely, cardiomyopathy. Monitoring hydroxychloroquine levels in blood appears to be a promising tool to evaluate compliance, individualize the dose and reduce the risk of retinal toxicity, although this is not yet standard clinical practice. In this review, we discuss the existing knowledge regarding the mechanism of action of hydroxychloroquine, its utility in lupus nephritis and other kidney diseases, the main adverse effects and the evidence gaps that need to be addressed in future research. Created with Biorender.com. HCQ, hydroxychloroquine; GBM, glomerular basement membrane; mDC, myeloid dendritic cell; MHC, major histocompatibility complex; TLR, toll-like receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indu Ramachandra Rao
- Department of Nephrology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India, 576104.
| | - Ashwija Kolakemar
- Department of Nephrology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India, 576104
| | - Srinivas Vinayak Shenoy
- Department of Nephrology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India, 576104
| | - Ravindra Attur Prabhu
- Department of Nephrology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India, 576104
| | - Shankar Prasad Nagaraju
- Department of Nephrology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India, 576104
| | - Dharshan Rangaswamy
- Department of Nephrology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India, 576104
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Kim A, Choi SJ, Song GG, Kim JH, Jung JH. Characterization of virus-mediated autoimmunity and the consequences for pathological process in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Rheumatol 2023; 42:2799-2809. [PMID: 37369873 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-023-06597-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION/OBJECTIVES This study aimed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) using gene expression-based computational methodologies to analyze disease-immune interactions, which affect the development and progression of SLE. METHOD Twenty-six patients with SLE and 46 healthy controls were selected from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. The significantly enriched immune and virus-related gene lists were computed and visualized by using the DEGs from the gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). Quantification of 38 immune cells was performed in determining the impact of immune cells on the virus mediated immunity in SLE by using ImmQuant algorithm. RESULTS Thirty-nine upregulated and 57 downregulated were identified in SLE patient compared to the healthy controls. Upregulated genes were significantly implicated in Gene Ontology gene sets as cytokine mediated signaling, secretion, and exocytosis in immune response pathways in 26 female SLE patients. In addition, these genes were enriched in hepatitis C, influenza A, measles, Epstein-Barr virus, and herpes simplex virus 1 infection in Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways. Especially, FCGR1A, IRF7, OAS2, CAMP, MX1, OAS3, OAS1, DEFA3, ISG15, and RSAD2 were involved in virus mediated SLE mechanism, and the expression for OAS1, OAS2, and IRF7 was closely associated with the quantities of colony forming unit-monocyte and colony forming unit-granulocyte. CONCLUSIONS Identifying virus-mediated SLE genes and quantifies of immune cells were used to understand the pathological process and perform early diagnosis of female SLE, and will lead to clinical tools for treating SLE in patients. Key Points • Using gene expression-based computational methodologies, the 57 immune and viral genes were significantly upregulated in 26 SLE patients. • The identified three key viral genes such as OAS1, OAS2, and IF7 were closely associated with colony-forming unit-monocytes and colony-forming unit-granulocytes, which affect the virus mediated immunity in SLE. • The viral genes and quantifies of immune cells are useful in understanding pathogenesis of SLE, and this will provide clinical strategies of potential treatment choices in SLE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahreum Kim
- Department of Education and Training, CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Jae Choi
- Department of Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwan Gyu Song
- Department of Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Hang Kim
- Department of Education and Training, CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Internal Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae Hyun Jung
- Department of Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Republic of Korea.
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Keskinyan VS, Lattanza B, Reid-Adam J. Glomerulonephritis. Pediatr Rev 2023; 44:498-512. [PMID: 37653138 DOI: 10.1542/pir.2021-005259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Glomerulonephritis (GN) encompasses several disorders that cause glomerular inflammation and injury through an interplay of immune-mediated mechanisms, host characteristics, and environmental triggers, such as infections. GN can manifest solely in the kidney or in the setting of a systemic illness, and presentation can range from chronic and relatively asymptomatic hematuria to fulminant renal failure. Classic acute GN is characterized by hematuria, edema, and hypertension, the latter 2 of which are the consequence of sodium and water retention in the setting of renal impairment. Although presenting signs and symptoms and a compatible clinical history can suggest GN, serologic and urinary testing can further refine the differential diagnosis, and renal biopsy can be used for definitive diagnosis. Treatment of GN can include supportive care, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockade, immunomodulatory therapy, and renal transplant. Prognosis is largely dependent on the underlying cause of GN and can vary from a self-limited course to chronic kidney disease. This review focuses on lupus nephritis, IgA nephropathy, IgA vasculitis, and postinfectious GN.
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Dukaew N, Thongkumkoon P, Sirikaew N, Dissook S, Sakuludomkan W, Tongjai S, Thiennimitr P, Na Takuathung M, Benjanuwattra J, Kongthaweelert P, Koonrungsesomboon N. Gut Microbiota-Mediated Pharmacokinetic Drug-Drug Interactions between Mycophenolic Acid and Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole in Humans. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1734. [PMID: 37376182 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15061734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycophenolic acid (MPA) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) are commonly prescribed together in certain groups of patients, including solid organ transplant recipients. However, little is known about the pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions (DDIs) between these two medications. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the effects of TMP-SMX on MPA pharmacokinetics in humans and to find out the relationship between MPA pharmacokinetics and gut microbiota alteration. This study enrolled 16 healthy volunteers to take a single oral dose of 1000 mg mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), a prodrug of MPA, administered without and with concurrent use of TMP-SMX (320/1600 mg/day) for five days. The pharmacokinetic parameters of MPA and its glucuronide (MPAG) were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography. The composition of gut microbiota in stool samples was profiled using a 16S rRNA metagenomic sequencing technique during pre- and post-TMP-SMX treatment. Relative abundance, bacterial co-occurrence networks, and correlations between bacterial abundance and pharmacokinetic parameters were investigated. The results showed a significant decrease in systemic MPA exposure when TMP-SMX was coadministered with MMF. Analysis of the gut microbiome revealed altered relative abundance of two enriched genera, namely the genus Bacteroides and Faecalibacterium, following TMP-SMX treatment. The relative abundance of the genera Bacteroides, [Eubacterium] coprostanoligenes group, [Eubacterium] eligens group, and Ruminococcus appeared to be significantly correlated with systemic MPA exposure. Coadministration of TMP-SMX with MMF resulted in a reduction in systemic MPA exposure. The pharmacokinetic DDIs between these two drugs were attributed to the effect of TMP-SMX, a broad-spectrum antibiotic, on gut microbiota-mediated MPA metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahathai Dukaew
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, 110 Intawaroros Road, Sriphoom, Muang, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Clinical Research Center for Food and Herbal Product Trials and Development (CR-FAH), Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Patcharawadee Thongkumkoon
- Center of Multidisciplinary Technology for Advanced Medicine (CMUTEAM), Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Nutnicha Sirikaew
- Center of Multidisciplinary Technology for Advanced Medicine (CMUTEAM), Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Sivamoke Dissook
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Center for Research and Development of Natural Products for Health, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Wannachai Sakuludomkan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, 110 Intawaroros Road, Sriphoom, Muang, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Clinical Research Center for Food and Herbal Product Trials and Development (CR-FAH), Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Siripong Tongjai
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Parameth Thiennimitr
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Mingkwan Na Takuathung
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, 110 Intawaroros Road, Sriphoom, Muang, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Clinical Research Center for Food and Herbal Product Trials and Development (CR-FAH), Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Juthipong Benjanuwattra
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - Prachya Kongthaweelert
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Nut Koonrungsesomboon
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, 110 Intawaroros Road, Sriphoom, Muang, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Clinical Research Center for Food and Herbal Product Trials and Development (CR-FAH), Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Center of Multidisciplinary Technology for Advanced Medicine (CMUTEAM), Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
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Mok CC, Ho LY, Chan KL, Tse SM, To CH. Circulating Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9 (PCSK9) is Associated with Disease Activity and Risk of Incident Cardiovascular Disease in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Inflammation 2023:10.1007/s10753-023-01821-6. [PMID: 37148453 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-023-01821-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
To study the relationship of serum PCSK9 and disease activity and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Consecutive patients who fulfilled ≥ 4 ACR criteria for SLE and consented for a biomarker study in 2009-2013 were included. Stored serum samples were assayed for PCSK9. PCSK9 levels were correlated with SLE disease activity scores. Patients were divided into two groups according to the median PCSK9 level and new MACEs over time were evaluated. The effect of PCSK9 level on MACEs and mortality was studied by Cox regression, adjusted for confounders. A total of 539 SLE patients were studied (93% women, age 41.9 ± 14.0 years). The median PCSK9 level at baseline was 220 ng/ml. Patients with higher PCSK9 (≥ 220 ng/ml; n = 269) had significantly higher SLE disease activity index (SLEDAI) than those with lower PCSK9 (< 220 ng/ml; n = 270). PCSK9 levels were significantly higher in patients with active renal than active non-renal SLE, which in turn were significantly higher than those with inactive SLE or healthy controls. PCSK9 level correlated with SLEDAI in the overall population (ρ = 0.30; p < 0.001). Over 91.3 ± 18.6 months, 29 patients developed 31 MACEs and 40 patients succumbed (25% for vascular events). The cumulative incidence of MACEs at 5 years was 4.8% in the higher PCSK9 and 1.1% in the lower PCSK9 group (HR2.51[1.11-5.70]; p = 0.03). Cox regression revealed higher PCSK9 was significantly associated with MACEs (HR1.003[1.000-1.005] per ng/ml; p = 0.02) independent of age, sex, renal function, baseline disease activity score, traditional atherosclerotic risk factors, antiphospholipid antibody and the use of aspirin/warfarin, statins and immunosuppressive drugs. PCSK9 level was also independently associated with all-cause (HR1.002[1.000-1.004] per ng/ml; p = 0.03) and vascular mortality (HR1.004[1.000-1.007]; p = 0.04). We concluded that serum PCSK9 level correlates with SLE disease activity. Higher serum PCSK9 levels are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular events and mortality in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Chiu Mok
- Department of Medicine, Tuen Mun Hospital, Tsing Chung Koon Road, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Ling Yin Ho
- Department of Medicine, Tuen Mun Hospital, Tsing Chung Koon Road, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kar Li Chan
- Department of Medicine, Tuen Mun Hospital, Tsing Chung Koon Road, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Sau Mei Tse
- Department of Medicine, Tuen Mun Hospital, Tsing Chung Koon Road, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chi Hung To
- Departments of Medicine, Pok Oi Hospital, Hong Kong, China
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Rojas-Rivera JE, García-Carro C, Ávila AI, Espino M, Espinosa M, Fernández-Juárez G, Fulladosa X, Goicoechea M, Macía M, Morales E, Porras LFQ, Praga M. Consensus document of the Spanish Group for the Study of the Glomerular Diseases (GLOSEN) for the diagnosis and treatment of lupus nephritis. Nefrologia 2023; 43:6-47. [PMID: 37211521 DOI: 10.1016/j.nefroe.2023.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
A significant number of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (between 20% and 60% according to different reported series) develop lupus nephritis in the course of its evolution, which directly influences their quality of life and vital prognosis. In recent years, the greater knowledge about the pathogenesis of systemic lupus and lupus nephritis has allowed relevant advances in the diagnostic approach and treatment of these patients, achieving the development of drugs specifically aimed at blocking key pathogenic pathways of the disease. Encouragingly, these immunomodulatory agents have shown in well-powered, randomized clinical trials good clinical efficacy in the medium-term, defined as proteinuria remission and preservation of kidney function, with an acceptable safety profile and good patient tolerability. All this has made it possible to reduce the use of corticosteroids and other potentially more toxic therapies, as well as to increase the use of combined therapies. The present consensus document carried out by the Glomerular Diseases Working Group of the Spanish Society of Nephrology (GLOSEN), collects in a practical and summarized, but rigorous way, the best currently available evidence about the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of lupus nephritis patients, including cases of special situations, with the main objective of providing updated information and well-founded clinical recommendations to treating physicians, to improve the diagnostic and therapeutic approach to our patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge E Rojas-Rivera
- Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Servicio de Nefrología e Hipertensión, Madrid, Spain; Department of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Servicio de Nefrología, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Clara García-Carro
- Hospital Universitario Clínico San Carlos, Servicio de Nefrología. Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ana I Ávila
- Hospital Dr. Peset, Servicio de Nefrología, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mar Espino
- Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Servicio de Nefrología, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mario Espinosa
- Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Servicio de Nefrología, Cordoba, Spain
| | | | - Xavier Fulladosa
- Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Servicio de Nefrología, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marian Goicoechea
- Hospital Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Servicio de Nefrología, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Macía
- Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria, Servicio de Nefrología, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Enrique Morales
- Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Servicio de Nefrología, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Servicio de Nefrología, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Servicio de Nefrología, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis F Quintana Porras
- Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Servicio de Nefrología, Barcelona, Spain; Departamento de Medicina, Universidad de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Servicio de Nefrología, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Praga
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Servicio de Nefrología, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Servicio de Nefrología, Madrid, Spain
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10
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邵 苗, 郭 惠, 雷 玲, 赵 清, 丁 艳, 林 进, 吴 锐, 于 峰, 李 玉, 苗 华, 张 莉, 杜 燕, 焦 瑞, 庞 丽, 龙 丽, 栗 占, 李 茹. [A multicenter study on the tolerance of intravenous low-dose cyclophosphamide in systemic lupus erythematosus]. BEIJING DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE BAN = JOURNAL OF PEKING UNIVERSITY. HEALTH SCIENCES 2022; 54:1112-1116. [PMID: 36533341 PMCID: PMC9761823 DOI: 10.19723/j.issn.1671-167x.2022.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the safety of low-dose cyclophosphamide and high-dose cyclophosphamide in the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS A total of 1 022 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus from 24 hospitals in China between March 2017 to July 2018 were enrolled. Their clinical manifestations, laboratory tests, adverse events, reasons for stopping receiving intravenous cyclophosphamide and comorbidities were collected. Among them, 506 SLE patients received short-interval low-dose intravenous cyclophosphamide therapy (SILD IV-CYC, 400 mg every two weeks), and 256 patients underwent high-dose cyclophosphamide therapy (HD IV-CYC, 500 mg/m2 of body surface area every month), the side effects between the two groups were compared, the remaining 260 SLE patients were treated with IV-CYC irregularly. Moreover, a total of 377 patients in SILD IV-CYC group and 214 patients in HD IV-CYC group had medical records of the reasons for stopping recei-ving IV-CYC. The reasons for stopping receiving IV-CYC in these two groups were analyzed. RESULTS In this study, only 40.27%(238/591)of the SLE patients stopped receiving intravenous cyclophosphamide for the causes of disease improvement, however, up to 33.67% (199/591) of the patients for the reason of drug-related side effects. There were 83 patients out of 214 (38.79%) with high-dose intravenous cyclophosphamide treatment who stopped receiving IV-CYC for the drug-related side effects, which was significantly higher than that in the low-dose cyclophosphamide group (30.77%, 116/337, P=0.048). Of theses 506 patients in SILD IV-CYC group, 88 (17.39%) patients experienced gastrointestinal reactions, 66 (13.04%) suffered from infections, 49 (9.68%) had myelosuppression and 68 (13.44%) had alopecia, respectively. Among the 256 patients in the HD IV-CYC group, 80 (31.25%) experienced gastrointestinal reactions, 57 (22.27%) suffered from infections, 51 (19.92%) had myelosuppression and 49 (19.14%) had alopecia. Moreover, 71 (25.18%) of 282 female patients with age between 16 to 45 years in SILD IV-CYC group had abnormal menstruation, while menstrual disorder occurred in 39.72% (56/141) patients of HD IV-CYC group. There was no difference of drug-induced hepatic injury, hemorrhagic cystitis and fatigue between the two groups. CONCLUSION Low-dose cyclophosphamide showed a lower prevalence of adverse events than high-dose cyclophosphamide in systemic lupus erythematosus patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- 苗 邵
- 北京大学人民医院风湿免疫科,北京 100044Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - 惠芳 郭
- 河北医科大学第二医院风湿免疫科,石家庄 050000Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, China
| | - 玲彦 雷
- 河北医科大学第二医院风湿免疫科,石家庄 050000Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, China
| | - 清 赵
- 河南大学淮河医院风湿免疫科,河南开封 475000Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, Henan, China
| | - 艳杰 丁
- 河南大学淮河医院风湿免疫科,河南开封 475000Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, Henan, China
| | - 进 林
- 浙江大学医学院附属第一医院风湿免疫科,杭州 310003Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - 锐 吴
- 南昌大学第一附属医院风湿免疫科,南昌 330006Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - 峰 于
- 北京大学第一医院肾内科,北京 100034Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
| | - 玉翠 李
- 山西白求恩医院风湿免疫科,太原 030032Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Taiyuan 030032, China
| | - 华丽 苗
- 山西白求恩医院风湿免疫科,太原 030032Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Taiyuan 030032, China
| | - 莉芸 张
- 山西白求恩医院风湿免疫科,太原 030032Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Taiyuan 030032, China
| | - 燕 杜
- 浙江大学医学院附属第二医院风湿免疫科,杭州 310009Department of Rheumatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - 瑞英 焦
- 呼伦贝尔市人民医院风湿免疫科,内蒙古呼伦贝尔 021008Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Hulunbuir People's Hospital, Hulunbuir 021008, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - 丽霞 庞
- 呼伦贝尔市人民医院风湿免疫科,内蒙古呼伦贝尔 021008Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Hulunbuir People's Hospital, Hulunbuir 021008, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - 丽 龙
- 四川省人民医院风湿免疫科,成都 610071Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu 610071, China
| | - 占国 栗
- 北京大学人民医院风湿免疫科,北京 100044Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - 茹 李
- 北京大学人民医院风湿免疫科,北京 100044Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
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11
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Sakamoto AP, Silva CA, Islabão AG, Novak GV, Molinari B, Nogueira PK, Pereira RMR, Saad-Magalhães C, Clemente G, Piotto DP, Aikawa NE, Pitta AC, Trindade VC, Appenzeller S, Carvalho LM, Rabelo-Junior CN, Fonseca AR, Sztajnbok FR, Santos MC, Bica BE, Sena EG, Moraes AJ, Fraga MM, Robazzi TC, Spelling PF, Scheibel IM, Cavalcanti AS, Matos EN, Guimarães LJ, Santos FP, Mota LMH, Bonfá E, Terreri MT. Chronic kidney disease in patients with childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus. Pediatr Nephrol 2022; 38:1843-1854. [PMID: 36409367 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-022-05811-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lupus nephritis (LN) is a frequent manifestation of childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus (cSLE) with a potential risk for kidney failure and poor outcomes. This study aimed to evaluate stages III, IV, and V of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and investigate risk factors for CKD in cSLE patients. METHODS We performed a nationwide observational cohort study in 27 pediatric rheumatology centers, including medical charts of 1528 cSLE patients. Data were collected at cSLE diagnosis, during follow-up, and at last visit or death, between September 2016 and May 2019. RESULTS Of 1077 patients with LN, 59 (5.4%) presented with CKD, 36/59 (61%) needed dialysis, and 7/59 (11.8%) were submitted for kidney transplantation. After Bonferroni's correction for multiple comparisons (p < 0.0013), determinants associated with CKD were higher age at last visit, urinary biomarker abnormalities, neuropsychiatric involvement, higher scores of disease activity at last visit and damage index, and more frequent use of methylprednisolone, cyclosporine, cyclophosphamide, and rituximab. In the regression model analysis, arterial hypertension (HR = 15.42, 95% CI = 6.12-38.83, p ≤ 0.001) and biopsy-proven proliferative nephritis (HR = 2.83, 95%CI = 1.70-4.72, p ≤ 0.001) increased the risk of CKD, while children using antimalarials had 71.0% lower CKD risk ((1.00-0.29) × 100%) than children not using them. The Kaplan-Meier comparison showed lower survival in cSLE patients with biopsy-proven proliferative nephritis (p = 0.02) and CKD (p ≤ 0.001). CONCLUSIONS A small number of patients manifested CKD; however, frequencies of dialysis and kidney transplantation were relevant. This study reveals that patients with cSLE with hypertension, proliferative nephritis, and absence of use of antimalarials exhibited higher hazard rates of progression to CKD. A higher resolution version of the Graphical abstract is available as Supplementary information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P Sakamoto
- Pediatric Rheumatology Unit, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Clovis A Silva
- Pediatric Rheumatology Unit, Children's Institute, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aline G Islabão
- Pediatric Rheumatology Unit, Hospital da Crianca de Brasilia Jose Alencar, Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - Glaucia V Novak
- Pediatric Rheumatology Unit, Children's Institute, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Molinari
- Pediatric Rheumatology Unit, Children's Institute, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo K Nogueira
- Pediatric Nephrology Unit, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rosa M R Pereira
- Division of Rheumatology Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Claudia Saad-Magalhães
- Pediatric Rheumatology Division, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP)-Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Gleice Clemente
- Pediatric Rheumatology Unit, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniela P Piotto
- Pediatric Rheumatology Unit, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Nadia E Aikawa
- Division of Rheumatology Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana C Pitta
- Pediatric Rheumatology Unit, Children's Institute, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vitor C Trindade
- Pediatric Rheumatology Unit, Children's Institute, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Simone Appenzeller
- Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Traumatology-School of Medical Science-University of Campinas (UNICAMP), SP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Luciana M Carvalho
- Pediatric Rheumatology Unit, Ribeirao Preto Medical School-University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Adriana R Fonseca
- Pediatric Rheumatology Unit, Rio de Janeiro Federal University (IPPMG-UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Flavio R Sztajnbok
- Pediatric Rheumatology Unit, Pedro Ernesto University Hospital, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Maria C Santos
- Pediatric Rheumatology Unit, Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericordia de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Blanca E Bica
- Rheumatology Division, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Hospital Universitario Clementino Fraga Filho, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Evaldo G Sena
- Pediatric Rheumatology Unit, Lauro Wanderley University Hospital, Universidade Federal da Paraiba, Joao Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Ana J Moraes
- Pediatric Rheumatology Unit, Federal University of Para, Belem, PA, Brazil
| | - Melissa M Fraga
- Pediatric Rheumatology Unit, Hospital Infantil Darcy Vargas, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Teresa C Robazzi
- Pediatric Rheumatology Unit, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Paulo F Spelling
- Pediatric Rheumatology Unit, Hospital Evangelico de Curitiba, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Iloite M Scheibel
- Pediatric Rheumatology Unit, Hospital Crianca Conceicao, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Andre S Cavalcanti
- Pediatric Rheumatology Unit, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Erica N Matos
- Pediatric Rheumatology Unit, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | | | - Flavia P Santos
- Pediatric Rheumatology Unit, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Licia M H Mota
- Rheumatology Unit, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Eloisa Bonfá
- Division of Rheumatology Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria T Terreri
- Pediatric Rheumatology Unit, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Shao M, Miao M, Zhang X, Zhang X, An Y, Guo H, Lei L, Zhao Q, Ding Y, Lin J, Wu R, Yu F, Li Y, Miao H, Zhang L, Du Y, Jiao R, Pang L, Long L, Yao X, Shi X, Wang F, Cui L, Zhang L, Liu S, Lu F, Luo K, Zhao S, Wang Y, Wu X, Wang Q, Liu H, Song S, Zhou X, Zhang X, Shi S, Zhu H, Chen Y, Yu H, Wu J, Yu R, Fan W, Liu S, Xu J, Chen Z, Shi L, He J, Zhang X, Li Z, Li R. Comparison of short interval and low dose (SILD) with high dose of cyclophosphamide in the susceptibility to infection in SLE: a multicentrereal-world study. Lupus Sci Med 2022; 9:9/1/e000779. [DOI: 10.1136/lupus-2022-000779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ObjectiveInfection is a major cause of death in patients with SLE. This study aimed to explore the infection rate in patients with SLE receiving a low dose of intravenous cyclophosphamide (IV-CYC).MethodsClinical parameters of 1022 patients with SLE from 24 hospitals in China were collected. Patients were divided into the short-interval and lower-dose (SILD, 400 mg every 2 weeks) IV-CYC group and the high-dose (HD, 500 mg/m2of body surface area every month) IV-CYC group. The clinical data and infection rate between the two groups were compared.ResultsCompared with HD IV-CYC, the infection rate of the SILD IV-CYC group was significantly lower (13.04% vs 22.27%, p=0.001). Respiratory tract infection (10.28% vs 15.23%, p=0.046) and skin/soft tissue infection (1.78% vs 4.3%, p=0.040) were significantly decreased in the SILD IV-CYC group. Moreover, infections occurred most likely in patients with SLE with leucopenia (OR 2.266, 95% CI 1.322 to 3.887, p=0.003), pulmonary arterial hypertension (OR 2.756, 95% CI 1.249 to 6.080, p=0.012) and >15 mg/day of glucocorticoid (OR 2.220, 95% CI 1.097 to 4.489, p=0.027).ConclusionsSILD IV-CYC showed a lower frequency of infection events than high-dose IV-CYC in patients with SLE.
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Documento de consenso del Grupo de Estudio de Enfermedades Glomerulares de la Sociedad Española de Nefrología (GLOSEN) para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de la nefritis lúpica. Nefrologia 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nefro.2022.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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14
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Huang H, Ma X, Xu L, Wang X, Shi D, Zhao F, Zhang Y. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection and atherosclerosis in a young man with systemic lupus erythematosus: A case report and literature review. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:951188. [PMID: 36035908 PMCID: PMC9402264 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.951188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is a rare coronary artery disease that frequently occurs in young, female patients without risk factors, and conservative treatment is often recommended for its management. The patient reported here is a male patient with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Case summary We described a 28-year-old man with SLE who presented with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), and was diagnosed with SCAD through a long dissection of the left anterior descending branch (LAD) by coronary angiography. The patient was treated with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with stent implantation. Ten years later, he developed in-stent stenosis and other coronary atherosclerosis and was retreated with PCIs. Based on this case and according to the literature review, the existing treatment and prognosis of SLE with spontaneous coronary artery dissection and atherosclerosis are discussed. Conclusion Cardiovascular complications should be considered in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, although they may not initially be atherosclerotic diseases. Attention should be paid to distinguish spontaneous coronary dissection in order to minimize missed or delayed diagnoses and take appropriate managements, as well as the development of atherosclerosis in SLE patients, and timely intervention has a better prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Huang
- Graduate School of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojuan Ma
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Linjie Xu
- Graduate School of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dazhuo Shi
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Dazhuo Shi
| | - Fuhai Zhao
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Fuhai Zhao
| | - Ying Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Ying Zhang
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Wakiya R, Ueeda K, Shimada H, Nakashima S, Kameda T, Miyatake N, Kato M, Miyagi T, Sugihara K, Mizusaki M, Mino R, Kadowaki N, Dobashi H. Supplemental hydroxychloroquine therapy regulates adipokines in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus with stable disease. Clin Rheumatol 2022; 41:3345-3353. [PMID: 35849246 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-022-06282-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), a higher frequency of atherosclerotic lesions is associated with poor prognosis. Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) has been reported to improve the lifespan and the prognosis of dyslipidaemia in patients with SLE, but the mechanism is unclear. We investigated the effect of supplemental HCQ treatment on the levels of serum cytokines associated with atherosclerosis in patients with stable SLE. METHODS Patients with SLE who received supplemental HCQ and maintained low disease activity between January 2016 and September 2020 were included in this study. Disease activity was assessed using Safety of Estrogens in Lupus National Assessment-SLE Disease Activity Index, Cutaneous Lupus Erythematous Disease Area and Severity Index, and Lupus Low Disease Activity State. Serum complement titres, anti-dsDNA antibodies, and serum cytokines (adiponectin, resistin, and leptin) were analyzed before and after HCQ treatment. RESULTS Forty-one patients (4 males and 37 females, mean age 41.3 ± 13.2 years) were included. Serum adiponectin levels were significantly increased after 3 months of HCQ treatment compared to baseline, and serum resistin levels were significantly reduced. The change in serum resistin level after HCQ administration was correlated with a significant reduction in serum TNF-α, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and IL-1RA levels. CONCLUSIONS Supplemental HCQ treatment in patients with SLE improved adipokine levels. HCQ may improve prognosis by controlling disease activity in SLE and reducing risk factors for atherosclerosis. Key Points • Hydroxychloroquine has been reported to improve the prognosis of dyslipidaemia in patients with SLE, but the underlying mechanism is unclear. • In this study, hydroxychloroquine improved adipokine levels in patients with SLE, implicating adipokines as a potential mechanism underlying the benefit of hydroxychloroquine on dyslipidaemia. • Supplemental hydroxychloroquine should be considered in patients with SLE harboring lipid abnormalities and risk factors for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risa Wakiya
- Division of Hematology, Rheumatology and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa, 761-0793, Japan.
| | - Kiyo Ueeda
- Division of Hematology, Rheumatology and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa, 761-0793, Japan
| | - Hiromi Shimada
- Division of Hematology, Rheumatology and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa, 761-0793, Japan
| | - Shusaku Nakashima
- Division of Hematology, Rheumatology and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa, 761-0793, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kameda
- Division of Hematology, Rheumatology and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa, 761-0793, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Miyatake
- Department of Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Mikiya Kato
- Division of Hematology, Rheumatology and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa, 761-0793, Japan
| | - Taichi Miyagi
- Division of Hematology, Rheumatology and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa, 761-0793, Japan
| | - Koichi Sugihara
- Division of Hematology, Rheumatology and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa, 761-0793, Japan
| | - Mao Mizusaki
- Division of Hematology, Rheumatology and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa, 761-0793, Japan
| | - Rina Mino
- Division of Hematology, Rheumatology and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa, 761-0793, Japan
| | - Norimitsu Kadowaki
- Division of Hematology, Rheumatology and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa, 761-0793, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Dobashi
- Division of Hematology, Rheumatology and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa, 761-0793, Japan
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Leonardo H, Carrascosa M, Arreola R, Herrera-Méndez M. Causes of mortality associated with autoimmune rheumatic disease in a referral hospital. REUMATOLOGIA CLINICA 2022; 18:304-308. [PMID: 34531169 DOI: 10.1016/j.reumae.2021.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The causes of mortality among rheumatic diseases vary widely between geographic areas and cannot be generalized, however, they are frequently associated with the aggressiveness of the clinical presentation and the secondary effects of the therapy used. The main purpose of this study was to characterize the causes of death in a group of patients with autoimmune rheumatic disease. For this purpose, a retrospective study was carried out over a period of 10 years (2009-2019), deceased patients were included from a referral centre in Guatemala City, the records were reviewed in search of demographic and clinical variables. In total, 185 deceased patients were identified from 898 admissions during that period, 85.9% were women and the main disease reported was systemic lupus erythematosus in 49.7% of the cases. Among the causes of mortality, infections were reported in 53% and those attributed to disease activity in 15% of cases. The main conclusion is that that most of the deaths were of infectious origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herberth Leonardo
- Unidad de Reumatología, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital Roosevelt, Ciudad de Guatemala, Guatemala; Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Escuela de Estudios de Postgrado, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Ciudad de Guatemala, Guatemala
| | - Miriam Carrascosa
- Unidad de Reumatología, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital Roosevelt, Ciudad de Guatemala, Guatemala; Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Escuela de Estudios de Postgrado, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Ciudad de Guatemala, Guatemala
| | - Ricardo Arreola
- Unidad de Reumatología, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital Roosevelt, Ciudad de Guatemala, Guatemala; Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Escuela de Estudios de Postgrado, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Ciudad de Guatemala, Guatemala
| | - Maynor Herrera-Méndez
- Unidad de Reumatología, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital Roosevelt, Ciudad de Guatemala, Guatemala; Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Escuela de Estudios de Postgrado, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Ciudad de Guatemala, Guatemala.
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Petri M. Drug monitoring in systemic lupus erythematosus. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2022; 64:102225. [PMID: 35490454 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2022.102225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is not yet accepted by systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) treatment guidelines. Studies in SLE, however, have proven benefit in three areas: identification of non-adherence or poor adherence; targets for clinical benefit; and ranges of toxicity. This review covers the data on three medications commonly used for SLE, drawing on studies from both the SLE and non-SLE literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Petri
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, 1830 E. Monument Street, Suite 7500, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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A Mohammed RH, Lotfy Fayed H, Ibrahim Emara N. Mortality and disease related comorbidities in systemic lupus erythematosus: Data from an Egyptian cohort. Lupus 2022; 31:628-636. [DOI: 10.1177/09612033221081691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune disorder with significant disease-related comorbidity and considerably high mortality. Aim of the work Explore the survival rates and the spectrum of disease related comorbidities in an Egyptian cohort afflicted by SLE. Methods This is a single center observational cohort study performed in one of the leading medical Schools governmental hospitals for teaching and training in the North African region and Middle East sectors Kasr Alainy School of Medicine—Cairo University. Inclusion criteria: the investigators of the research question went for planned review of the medical records of adult SLE patients ≥16 years classified according to American College of Rheumatology (ACR) 1997 SLE classification criteria set forth by Hochberg, 1997 who received longitudinal clinical care during the time period from 1999 to 2019. Exclusion criteria: patients seen only once, other collagen vascular diseases, endocrinal, cardiovascular, or other multisystem disease diagnosed prior to the onset of SLE. Data analysis Survival was determined from the time of SLE diagnosis to the last contact or date of death. The cumulative probability of survival was estimated using Kaplan–Meier method. Differences in survival between patient groups were determined using the long-rank test. Results The study included records of two hundred and two SLE patients, 184 (91.1%) were females and 18 (8.9%) patients were males. The mean age at the time of diagnosis was 26.71 ± 7.93 years with a mean follow-up between mean: 6.6 ± 4.58 years, 34.15% had damage in at least one of the organ systems by Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics American college of rheumatology damage index SLICC/ACR-DI in the first 6 months. Considering an outcome label of dead or alive at the end of follow-up period, results showed a total of 52 mortalities, 88.5% were females and 11.5% were males, mean age at death onset was 30.9 ± 8.8 years. Results of the Kaplan–Meier survival curve showed an overall cumulative probability of survival at 5, 10, 15, and 20 years after SLE diagnosis was 82.9, 68.8, 51.4, and 20.4%, respectively. Conclusion The cumulative probability of survival at 5, 10, 15, and 20 years after SLE diagnosis was 82.9, 68.8, 51.4, and 20.4%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hala Lotfy Fayed
- Department of Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Dima A, Jurcut C, Chasset F, Felten R, Arnaud L. Hydroxychloroquine in systemic lupus erythematosus: overview of current knowledge. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis 2022; 14:1759720X211073001. [PMID: 35186126 PMCID: PMC8848057 DOI: 10.1177/1759720x211073001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The antimalarial hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) has demonstrated several crucial properties for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Herein, we reviewed the main HCQ pharmacologic features, detailed its mechanism of action, and summarized the existing guidelines and recommendations for HCQ use in rheumatology with a systematic literature search for the randomized controlled trials focused on lupus. HCQ has been shown to decrease SLE activity, especially in mild and moderate disease, to prevent disease flare and to lower the long-term glucocorticoid need. The numerous benefits of HCQ are extended to pregnancy and breastfeeding period. Based on cohort studies, antithrombotic and metabolic HCQ’s effects were shown, including lipid-lowering properties, which might contribute to an improved cardiovascular risk. Moreover, early HCQ use in antinuclear antibodies positive individuals might delay the progression to SLE. Finally, HCQ has a significant favorable impact on long-term outcomes such as damage accrual and mortality in SLE. Based on these multiple benefits, HCQ is now the mainstay long-term treatment in SLE, recommended by current guidelines in all patients unless contraindications or side effects. The daily dose associated with the best compromise between efficacy and safety is matter of debate. The concern regarding retinal toxicity rather than proper efficacy data is the one that dictated the daily dosage of ⩽5 mg/kg/day actual body weight currently agreed upon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Dima
- Department of Rheumatology, Colentina Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ciprian Jurcut
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dr. Carol Davila Central Military Emergency University Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - François Chasset
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Hôpital Tenon, Paris, France; Faculté de Médecine, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Renaud Felten
- National Reference Center for Rare Auto-immune and Systemic Diseases Est Sud-Est (RESO), Strasbourg, France
- Department of Rheumatology, Les Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Laurent Arnaud
- National Reference Center for Rare Auto-immune and Systemic Diseases Est Sud-Est (RESO), Strasbourg, France
- Department of Rheumatology, Les Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Inserm UMR-S 1109, Strasbourg, France
- Service de Rhumatologie, Hôpital de Hautepierre, 1, avenue Molière BP 83049, 67098 Strasbourg Cedex, France
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20
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Molooghi K, Sheybani F, Naderi H, Mirfeizi Z, Morovatdar N, Baradaran A. Central nervous system infections in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lupus Sci Med 2022; 9:9/1/e000560. [PMID: 34980679 PMCID: PMC8724813 DOI: 10.1136/lupus-2021-000560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies on central nervous system (CNS) infections in patients with SLE, in order to describe their clinical and microbiological characteristics, and outcomes. A systematic search of PubMed/Medline and Embase electronic databases was performed (March 2021) to identify all published studies on CNS infections and their characteristics in patients with SLE. A random-effects model was adopted and findings were reported with 95% CI. Overall, 6 studies involving 17 751 patients with SLE and 209 SLE cases with CNS infection were included in our meta-analysis. The frequency rate of CNS infections in patients with SLE was 0.012 (95% CI: 0.008 to 0.018). Meningitis was the most common clinical syndrome (93.5%, n=109/114, 95% CI: 82.6% to 97.8%) and Cryptococcus neoformans (35.9%, n=55, 95% CI: 27.2% to 45.7%) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (27.1%, n=43, 95% CI: 14.6% to 44.8%) were the most common causative pathogens. Our patient-pool showed a mean SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) score of 7.9 (95% CI: 6.1 to 9.6), while 92.4% (n=72/76, 95% CI: 83.0% to 96.8%) of cases were on oral systemic corticosteroids, with a prednisone equivalent mean daily dose of 30.9 mg/day (95% CI: 18.0 to 43.7). Our meta-analysis revealed a mortality rate of 29.0% (95% CI: 15.0% to 48.6%). Clinicians should maintain a high index of suspicion for cryptococcal and tuberculosis (TB) meningitis in patients with SLE with suspected CNS infection, particularly in those with higher SLEDAI and on higher doses of systemic corticosteroids. In conclusion, initiation of empiric antituberculous treatment for patients with SLE who are highly suspected to have CNS TB is warranted while awaiting the results of diagnostic tests. Antifungals might also be potentially useful empirically in patients with SLE who are suspected to have fungal CNS infections. However, with respect to side effects such as toxicity and high cost of antifungals, decision regarding early antifungal therapy should be guided by early and less time-consuming fungal diagnostic tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasra Molooghi
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fereshte Sheybani
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Naderi
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zahra Mirfeizi
- Rheumatic Diseases Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Negar Morovatdar
- Clinical Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ashkan Baradaran
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Imaizumi C, Ogura T, Inoue Y, Takakura Y, Katagiri T, Takenaka S, Ito H, Mizushina K, Hirata A, Kameda H. Reduced Rate of Disease Flares in Japanese Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: An Altered Balance between the Use of Glucocorticoids and Immunosuppressants in Recent Decades. Intern Med 2022; 61:3189-3196. [PMID: 36328585 PMCID: PMC9683803 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.7609-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study examined whether or not the disease control in Japanese patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) had improved in recent years and its possible association with altered balance between the use of glucocorticoids and immunosuppressants. Methods We enrolled Japanese patients with SLE who visited our medical center during 2013-2017 (Group A, 75 patients) and compared them with patients encountered during 1999-2003 (Group B, 69 patients; not overlapping with Group A). Patient background characteristics, doses of glucocorticoids, and the use of immunosuppressants at the times of SLE onset and disease flares were reviewed from the medical records. Disease flare was defined as new British Isles Lupus Assessment Group 2004 A or B scores in at least one system. Results Lupus nephritis and neuropsychiatric manifestations were less frequently observed in Group A than in Group B (p=0.042 and p=0.045, respectively). Although the initial glucocorticoid dosage was similar between the groups, the inclusion rate of immunosuppressants in the initial SLE treatment was significantly higher in Group A than in Group B (56% vs. 6% in Group B, p<0.001). The median number of SLE flares per person-year was significantly lower in Group A than in Group B (0 vs. 0.3, respectively, p<0.001), and a propensity score-matched analysis indicated the association of SLE flare with the non-use of immunosuppressants in the initial treatment (p=0.012). The rates of infectious diseases and other complications were similar between the groups. Conclusion The recent aggressive use of immunosuppressants in Japan resulted in a reduction in the rate of SLE flare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Imaizumi
- Department of Hematology, Nephrology, and Rheumatology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Takehisa Ogura
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, Japan
| | - Yuki Inoue
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, Japan
| | - Yuto Takakura
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, Japan
| | - Takaharu Katagiri
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, Japan
| | - Sayaka Takenaka
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, Japan
| | - Hideki Ito
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, Japan
| | - Kennosuke Mizushina
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, Japan
| | - Ayako Hirata
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, Japan
| | - Hideto Kameda
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, Japan
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Yang Y, Jiang H, Wang C, Jiang N, Wu C, Zhang S, Jiang W, Peng J, Weng L, Zhao J, Wang Q, Li M, Du B, Zhao Y, Zeng X. Clinical Characteristics and Prognoses of Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Hospitalized for Pulmonary Infections. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:732681. [PMID: 34660641 PMCID: PMC8511406 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.732681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To identify factors associated with mortality in SLE patients who were hospitalized for pulmonary infections (PIs). Methods: This single-center retrospective study analyzed the characteristics and risk factors for mortality in 95 SLE patients hospitalized for PIs. Results: Ninety-five SLE patients had 97 episodes of hospitalization for PIs, and 33 of these episodes (34.02%) led to death. Death from PI was associated with a higher neutrophil count (6.30 vs. 4.201 × 109/L, p < 0.01), immunoglobulin G (6.20 vs. 9.82 g/L, p = 0.01), serum creatinine (126.00 vs. 73.00 μmol/L, p = 0.01), proteinuria (2.99 vs. 0.54 g/day, p < 0.01), cardiopulmonary involvement (57.58 vs. 34.38%, p < 0.05), SLE disease activity index (SLEDAI; 11.00 vs. 6.00, p < 0.05), and opportunistic infections (78.79 vs. 45.31%, p < 0.05). Demographic characteristics, antibody/complements, bacterial infection, and primary treatment before infection (including corticosteroid and immunosuppressants) had no effect. Multivariate analysis indicated cardiopulmonary involvement (HR: 2.077; 95%CI: 1.022-4.220; p = 0.043) and opportunistic infection (HR: 2.572; 95%CI: 1.104-5.993; p = 0.029) were independent risk factors for mortality. High-dose steroid pulse therapy (HR: 0.982; 95%CI: 0.410-2.350; p = 0.982) and first-line immunosuppressant therapy (HR: 1.635; 95%CI: 0.755-3.542, p = 0.212) had no effect on mortality. Conclusion: Cardiopulmonary involvement and opportunistic infection were independent risk factors for mortality for SLE patients hospitalized for PIs. Use of high-dose pulse steroids and or immunosuppressants before hospitalization had no significant effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Yang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Peking Union Medical College, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Taiyuan, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Peking Union Medical College, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chuhan Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Peking Union Medical College, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Peking Union Medical College, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chanyuan Wu
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Peking Union Medical College, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shangzhu Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Peking Union Medical College, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Peking Union Medical College, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinmin Peng
- Department of Medicine Intensive Care Unit, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Peking Union Medical College, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Weng
- Department of Medicine Intensive Care Unit, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Peking Union Medical College, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiuliang Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Peking Union Medical College, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Peking Union Medical College, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mengtao Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Peking Union Medical College, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Du
- Department of Medicine Intensive Care Unit, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Peking Union Medical College, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Peking Union Medical College, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zeng
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Peking Union Medical College, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Bultink IEM, de Vries F, van Vollenhoven RF, Lalmohamed A. Mortality, causes of death and influence of medication use in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus vs matched controls. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2021; 60:207-216. [PMID: 32653901 PMCID: PMC8312724 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keaa267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives We wanted to estimate the magnitude of the risk from all-cause, cause-specific and
sex-specific mortality in patients with SLE and relative risks compared with matched
controls and to evaluate the influence of exposure to medication on risk of mortality in
SLE. Methods We conducted a population-based cohort study using the Clinical Practice Research
Datalink, Hospital Episode Statistics and national death certificates (from 1987 to
2012). Each SLE patient (n = 4343) was matched with up to six controls
(n = 21 780) by age and sex. Cox proportional hazards models were
used to estimate overall and cause-specific mortality rate ratios. Results Patients with SLE had a 1.8-fold increased mortality rate for all-cause mortality
compared with age- and sex-matched subjects [adjusted hazard ratio (HR) = 1.80, 95% CI:
1.57, 2.08]. The HR was highest in patients aged 18–39 years (adjusted HR = 4.87, 95%
CI: 1.93, 12.3). Mortality rates were not significantly different between male and
female patients. Cumulative glucocorticoid use raised the mortality rate, whereas the HR
was reduced by 45% with cumulative low-dose HCQ use. Patients with SLE had
increased cause-specific mortality rates for cardiovascular disease, infections,
non-infectious respiratory disease and for death attributable to accidents or suicide,
whereas the mortality rate for cancer was reduced in comparison to controls. Conclusion British patients with SLE had a 1.8-fold increased mortality rate compared with the
general population. Glucocorticoid use and being diagnosed at a younger age were
associated with an increased risk of mortality. HCQ use significantly reduced the
mortality rate, but this association was found only in the lowest cumulative dosage
exposure group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene E M Bultink
- Department of Rheumatology, Amsterdam Rheumatology and immunology Center, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam
| | - Frank de Vries
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology & Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht University, Utrecht.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht
| | - Ronald F van Vollenhoven
- Department of Rheumatology, Amsterdam Rheumatology and immunology Center, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam
| | - Arief Lalmohamed
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology & Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht University, Utrecht.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Leonardo H, Carrascosa M, Arreola R, Herrera-Méndez M. Causes of Mortality Associated with Autoimmune Rheumatic Disease in a Referral Hospital. REUMATOLOGIA CLINICA 2021; 18:S1699-258X(21)00090-5. [PMID: 33875392 DOI: 10.1016/j.reuma.2021.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The causes of mortality among rheumatic diseases vary widely between geographic areas and cannot be generalized, however, they are frequently associated with the aggressiveness of the clinical presentation and the secondary effects of the therapy used. The main purpose of this study was to characterize the causes of death in a group of patients with autoimmune rheumatic disease. For this purpose, a retrospective study was carried out over a period of 10 years (2009 to 2019), deceased patients were included from a referral centre in Guatemala City, the records were reviewed in search of demographic and clinical variables. In total, 185 deceased patients were identified from 898 admissions during that period, 85.9% were women and the main disease reported was systemic lupus erythematosus in 49.7% of the cases. Among the causes of mortality, infections were reported in 53% and those attributed to disease activity in 15% of cases. The main conclusion is that that most of the deaths were of infectious origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herberth Leonardo
- Unidad de Reumatología, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital Roosevelt, Ciudad de Guatemala, Guatemala; Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Escuela de Estudios de Postgrado, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Ciudad de Guatemala, Guatemala
| | - Miriam Carrascosa
- Unidad de Reumatología, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital Roosevelt, Ciudad de Guatemala, Guatemala; Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Escuela de Estudios de Postgrado, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Ciudad de Guatemala, Guatemala
| | - Ricardo Arreola
- Unidad de Reumatología, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital Roosevelt, Ciudad de Guatemala, Guatemala; Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Escuela de Estudios de Postgrado, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Ciudad de Guatemala, Guatemala
| | - Maynor Herrera-Méndez
- Unidad de Reumatología, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital Roosevelt, Ciudad de Guatemala, Guatemala; Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Escuela de Estudios de Postgrado, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Ciudad de Guatemala, Guatemala.
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25
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Dima A, Jurcut C, Arnaud L. Hydroxychloroquine in systemic and autoimmune diseases: Where are we now? Joint Bone Spine 2021; 88:105143. [PMID: 33515791 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2021.105143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), one of the oldest drugs used in rheumatology, came recently into attention as one of the potential therapies tested for the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 disease treatment. Used initially as an antimalarial, then translated to rheumatic diseases, HCQ has been used in a wide range of pathologies, including infectious diseases, immune disorders, diabetes, dyslipidemia, or neoplasia. Regarding systemic diseases, HCQ is the mainstay treatment for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), where, according to last European guidelines, it is proposed to all SLE patients unless contraindicated or with side effects. HCQ proved positive impact in SLE on robust outcomes, such as accrual damage, disease activity and survival, but also pleiomorphic effects, including decrease in the need for glucocorticoids, reduction in the risk of neonatal lupus, lower fasting glucose and protection against diabetes, thrombotic risk, dyslipidemia, infections, etc. Moreover, HCQ can be used during pregnancy and breast-feeding. Besides SLE, the role for HCQ in the anti-phospholipid syndrome and Sjögren's disease is still under debate. On the contrary, recent advances showed only limited interest for rheumatoid arthritis, especially due the lack of structural damage prevention. There are still no strong data to sustain the HCQ use in other systemic diseases. In this review, we summarised the utility and efficacy of HCQ in different clinical conditions relevant for rheumatology practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Dima
- Department of rheumatology, Colentina clinical hospital, 020125 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ciprian Jurcut
- Department of internal medicine, Dr. Carol Davila Central Military Emergency University Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Laurent Arnaud
- National reference centre for rare auto-immune and systemic diseases Est Sud-Est (RESO), 67000 Strasbourg, France; Department of rheumatology, hôpitaux universitaires de Strasbourg, 67098 Strasbourg, France; Université de Strasbourg, Inserm UMR-S 1109, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
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Ruiz-Irastorza G, Bertsias G. Treating systemic lupus erythematosus in the 21st century: new drugs and new perspectives on old drugs. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2021; 59:v69-v81. [PMID: 33280011 PMCID: PMC7719039 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keaa403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Besides treating acute flares, the management of SLE should aim at preventing organ damage accrual and drug-associated harms, improving health-related quality of life and prolonging survival. At present, therapy is based on combinations of antimalarials (mainly HCQ), considered the backbone of SLE treatment, glucocorticoids and immunosuppressive drugs. However, these regimens are not universally effective and a substantial degree of damage can be caused by exposure to glucocorticoids. In this review we provide a critical appraisal of the efficacy and safety of available treatments as well as a brief discussion of potentially novel compounds in patients with SLE. We emphasize the use of methylprednisolone pulses for moderate–severe flares, followed by low–moderate doses of oral prednisone with quick tapering to maintenance doses of ≤5 mg/day, as well as the prompt institution of immunosuppressive drugs in the setting of severe disease but also as steroid-sparing agents. Indications for the use of biologic agents, namely belimumab and rituximab, in refractory or organ-threatening disease are also presented. We conclude by proposing evidence- and experience-based treatment strategies tailored to the clinical scenario and prevailing organ involvement that can aid clinicians in managing this complex disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Ruiz-Irastorza
- Autoimmune Diseases Research Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, University of the Basque Country, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Bilbao, Spain
| | - George Bertsias
- Rheumatology, Clinical Immunology and Allergy, University of Crete Medical School and University Hospital of Iraklio, Iraklio, Greece
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Aldarmaki R, Al Khogali HI, Al Dhanhani AM. Hospitalization in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus at Tawam Hospital, United Arab Emirates (UAE): Rates, causes, and factors associated with length of stay. Lupus 2021; 30:845-851. [PMID: 33497303 DOI: 10.1177/0961203321990086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a relapsing and remitting multiorgan disease associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The survival rate of patients with SLE has recently improved, which was associated with increased morbidity and hospitalization rates. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the rate and causes of hospitalization in patients with SLE and explore factors associated with increased length of stay (LOS). METHODS Patients who visited rheumatology clinics (Tawam hospital, United Arab Emirates (UAE)) and fulfilled the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) SLE criteria were identified. Retrospective charts were reviewed to determine previous admissions. Demographic data, reason for hospitalization, duration of hospitalization, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, number of specialist consultations, medications used, and SLE characteristics at time of admission were collected. The hospitalization rate was calculated as the number of hospitalized patients divided by the total number of patients with the disease. We performed multivariable regression analysis for factors associated with increased LOS. RESULTS A total of 91 patients with SLE (88 women and 3 men) met the inclusion criteria with a mean disease duration of 10.2 years (SD 5.5). A total of 222 admissions were identified, and 66 of 91 patients were admitted at least once. The mean crude hospitalization rate calculated was 29.8%. The primary reason for admission was pregnancy (29%), SLE activity (24%), and infection (20%). When combining primary and secondary reasons, the proportion of admissions due to SLE activity increased to 32%. The mean LOS was 5.9 (SD 6.0) days. About 7% of admitted patients required ICU admission. In multivariable analysis, patients with lupus nephritis, complications during hospitalization, and increased number of specialists consultations and who were admitted to ICU and started new medication were all associated with increased LOS. CONCLUSION A significant proportion of patients with SLE were hospitalized during their disease course. The hospitalization rate in this study appears to be higher than those reported elsewhere. Disease flare is the leading cause of admission in patients with SLE in this relatively young cohort. Lupus nephritis has been found to be significantly related to longer LOS. Measurements taken to reduce the incidence and severity of flares would likely decrease hospitalization rate and LOS in patients with SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Aldarmaki
- Medical Intern, College of Medicine & Health Science, UAE University, Al Ain, UAE
| | | | - Ali M Al Dhanhani
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine & Health Science, UAE University, Al Ain, UAE
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Chen J, Peng L, Zhao Z, Yang Q, Yin F, Liu M, Luo X, He C, He Y. HDAC1 potentiates CD4 + T cell activation by inhibiting miR-124 and promoting IRF1 in systemic lupus erythematosus. Cell Immunol 2021; 362:104284. [PMID: 33550188 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2021.104284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease leading to considerable morbidity worldwide, which can be developed from a breakdown in immunological tolerance, resulting in T cell hyperactivation. T cell hyperactivation has been implicated in the tissue damage associated with many diseases. Although many researchers have identified the involvement of T-cell receptor-associated signaling molecules in T-cell activation, the mechanisms underlying this process are yet to be elaborated. In the current study, we set out to reveal a novel transcriptional mechanism required for CD4 + T cell immunoactivity involved in SLE. First of all, miR-124 was experimentally determined to be under-expressed in peripheral blood samples of SLE patients relative to healthy individuals. We further isolated CD4 + T cells from the peripheral blood samples of SLE patients and healthy individuals, and found that miR-124 was poorly expressed in peripheral blood-derived CD4 + T cells of SLE patients. Subsequent experiments demonstrated that re-expression of miR-124 inhibited the immunoactivity of CD4 + T cells from SLE patients, which was achieved through the down-regulation of IRF1 since dual-luciferase reporter gene assay findings indicated that miR-124 could target IRF1. In addition, HDAC1 was found to be enriched at the miR-124 promoter resulting in inhibition of miR-124 expression, thereby promoting the immunoactivity of CD4 + T cells. In conclusion, we identify that as a stimulator of CD4 + T cell immunoactivity, HDAC1 may be implicated in the immunopathology of SLE. The study will open up new avenues to explore future immunotherapy strategies for SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, PR China.
| | - Lihui Peng
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, PR China
| | - Zixia Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, PR China
| | - Qiuyu Yang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, PR China
| | - Feng Yin
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, PR China
| | - Mao Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, PR China
| | - Xiao Luo
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, PR China
| | - Chengsong He
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, PR China
| | - Yue He
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, PR China.
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Barber MRW, Hanly JG, Su L, Urowitz MB, St Pierre Y, Romero-Diaz J, Gordon C, Bae SC, Bernatsky S, Wallace DJ, Merrill JT, Isenberg DA, Rahman A, Ginzler EM, Petri M, Bruce IN, Dooley MA, Fortin PR, Gladman DD, Sanchez-Guerrero J, Steinsson K, Ramsey-Goldman R, Khamashta MA, Aranow C, Mackay M, Alarcón GS, Manzi S, Nived O, Jönsen A, Zoma AA, van Vollenhoven RF, Ramos-Casals M, Ruiz-Irastorza G, Lim SS, Kalunian KC, Inanc M, Kamen DL, Peschken CA, Jacobsen S, Askanase A, Farewell V, Stoll T, Buyon J, Clarke AE. Economic Evaluation of Damage Accrual in an International Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Inception Cohort Using a Multistate Model Approach. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2020; 72:1800-1808. [PMID: 31609532 DOI: 10.1002/acr.24092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is a paucity of data regarding health care costs associated with damage accrual in systemic lupus erythematosus. The present study was undertaken to describe costs associated with damage states across the disease course using multistate modeling. METHODS Patients from 33 centers in 11 countries were enrolled in the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics (SLICC) inception cohort within 15 months of diagnosis. Annual data on demographics, disease activity, damage (SLICC/American College of Rheumatology Damage Index [SDI]), hospitalizations, medications, dialysis, and selected procedures were collected. Ten-year cumulative costs (Canadian dollars) were estimated by multiplying annual costs associated with each SDI state by the expected state duration using a multistate model. RESULTS A total of 1,687 patients participated; 88.7% were female, 49.0% were white, mean ± SD age at diagnosis was 34.6 ± 13.3 years, and mean time to follow-up was 8.9 years (range 0.6-18.5 years). Mean annual costs were higher for those with higher SDI scores as follows: $22,006 (Canadian) (95% confidence interval [95% CI] $16,662, $27,350) for SDI scores ≥5 versus $1,833 (95% CI $1,134, $2,532) for SDI scores of 0. Similarly, 10-year cumulative costs were higher for those with higher SDI scores at the beginning of the 10-year interval as follows: $189,073 (Canadian) (95% CI $142,318, $235,827) for SDI scores ≥5 versus $21,713 (95% CI $13,639, $29,788) for SDI scores of 0. CONCLUSION Patients with the highest SDI scores incur 10-year cumulative costs that are ~9-fold higher than those with the lowest SDI scores. By estimating the damage trajectory and incorporating annual costs, data on damage can be used to estimate future costs, which is critical knowledge for evaluating the cost-effectiveness of novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John G Hanly
- Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Li Su
- University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Murray B Urowitz
- Toronto Western Hospital and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yvan St Pierre
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | - Sang-Cheol Bae
- Hanyang University Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Daniel J Wallace
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and University of California, Los Angeles
| | | | | | | | - Ellen M Ginzler
- State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn
| | - Michelle Petri
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ian N Bruce
- Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester and Central Manchester University Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Paul R Fortin
- CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Dafna D Gladman
- Toronto Western Hospital and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Cynthia Aranow
- Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York
| | - Meggan Mackay
- Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York
| | | | - Susan Manzi
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | - Asad A Zoma
- Hairmyres Hospital, East Kilbride, Scotland, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Søren Jacobsen
- Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anca Askanase
- Hospital for Joint Diseases, New York University Seligman Center for Advanced Therapeutics, New York, New York
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Battaglia M, Garrett-Sinha LA. Bacterial infections in lupus: Roles in promoting immune activation and in pathogenesis of the disease. J Transl Autoimmun 2020; 4:100078. [PMID: 33490939 PMCID: PMC7804979 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtauto.2020.100078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial infections of the lung, skin, bloodstream and other tissues are common in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus) and are often more severe and invasive than similar infections in control populations. A variety of studies have explored the changes in bacterial abundance in lupus patients, the rates of infection and the influence of particular bacterial species on disease progression, using both human patient samples and mouse models of lupus. OBJECTIVE The aim of this review is to summarize human and mouse studies that describe changes in the bacterial microbiome in lupus, the role of a leaky gut in stimulating inflammation, identification of specific bacterial species associated with lupus, and the potential roles of certain common bacterial infections in promoting lupus progression. METHODS Information was collected using searches of the Pubmed database for articles relevant to bacterial infections in lupus and to microbiome changes associated with lupus. RESULTS The reviewed studies demonstrate significant changes in the bacterial microbiome of lupus patients as compared to control subjects and in lupus-prone mice compared to control mice. Furthermore, there is evidence supporting the existence of a leaky gut in lupus patients and in lupus-prone mice. This leaky gut may allow live bacteria or bacterial components to enter the circulation and cause inflammation. Invasive bacterial infections are more common and often more severe in lupus patients. These include infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pneumoniae and mycobacteria. These bacterial infections can trigger increased immune activation and inflammation, potentially stimulating activation of autoreactive lymphocytes and leading to worsening of lupus symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Together, the evidence suggests that lupus predisposes to infection, while infection may trigger worsening lupus, leading to a feedback loop that may reinforce autoimmune symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Battaglia
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Lee Ann Garrett-Sinha
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
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Mok CC, Ho LY, Chan KL, Tse SM, To CH. Trend of Survival of a Cohort of Chinese Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Over 25 Years. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:552. [PMID: 33015102 PMCID: PMC7516076 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To revisit the trend of survival of systemic lupus erythematosus in a cohort of Chinese patients over 25 years. Methods: Patients who fulfilled the 1997 ACR criteria for SLE and were followed in our hospital since 1995 were included. Patients were stratified into two groups according to the year of diagnosis: (1) 1995-2004 and (2) 2005-2018. Survival of patients was studied by Kaplan-Meier analysis. Organ damage as assessed by the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics (SLICC) damage index (SDI) and causes of death in the first 10 years of SLE onset was compared between the two groups. Cox regression was used to study factors associated with survival. Results: A total of 1,098 SLE patients were registered in our database. After excluding 157 patients diagnosed outside the time period of 1995-2018, 941 patients were studied (92% women). All were ethnic Chinese. The mean age of SLE onset was 35.1 ± 14.4 years, and the mean duration of observation was 13.1 ± 6.6 years. Seventy-seven (8.2%) patients were lost to follow-up. Groups 1 and 2 consisted of 364 and 577 patients, respectively. The mean SDI score at 10 years of disease onset was significantly higher in group 1 than group 2 patients (1.01 ± 1.43 vs. 0.57 ± 0.94; p < 0.01), particularly in the neuropsychiatric, musculoskeletal, and gonadal domains. Within 10 years of SLE onset, 32 (8.8%) patients in group 1 and 25 (4.3%) patients in group 2 died (p = 0.005). The 5- and 10-year cumulative survival rates were 93.6 and 91.0% in group 1 and 96.5 and 94.2% in group 2 patients, respectively (log-rank test p = 0.048). Infection accounted for more than half of the deaths in both groups. More group 1 than group 2 patients died of vascular events, but the difference was not statistically significant. Cox regression showed that the age of SLE onset and damage score accrued at 10 years, but not the time period in which SLE was diagnosed, were significantly associated with mortality. Conclusions: The improvement in survival of our SLE patients is probably related to the accrual of less organ damage in the past 15 years.
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Rickmann A, Al-Nawaiseh S, Ramirez L, Röhrig S, Ladewig M, Szurman P, Szurman G. Progressive Makulopathie trotz Absetzen der Chloroquin-Therapie – Multimodale Bildgebung und Review der Literatur. Ophthalmologe 2020; 117:917-925. [DOI: 10.1007/s00347-019-00994-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Tanaka Y, O'Neill S, Li M, Tsai IC, Yang YW. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Targeted literature review of the epidemiology, current treatment and disease burden in the Asia Pacific region. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2020; 74:187-198. [PMID: 32841537 DOI: 10.1002/acr.24431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To understand the epidemiology, current treatment and disease burden of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in the Asia Pacific region (APAC). METHODS A targeted literature review of published evidence on SLE in APAC was conducted, using the MEDLINE® database (2008-2018), conference proceedings and other supplementary sources. RESULTS The review identified 70 studies conducted in China (n=15), Japan (n=13), Taiwan (n=12), Korea (n=9), Australia (n=7), Hong Kong (n=6), Singapore (n=4), and multiple places within the APAC region (n=4). Incidence rates (per 100,000 per year) ranged from 0.9-8.4, while prevalence rates ranged from 3.7-127 (per 100,000); however, recent data was limited. Asian SLE patients were reported to have higher disease severity, activity (higher SLE disease activity index scores) and organ damage accrual; along with increased morbidity, mortality, and susceptibility to renal involvement compared with other ethnicities in APAC. The risk of developing SLE is higher in the Asian population. Routinely used SLE therapies included belimumab, hydroxychloroquine, cyclophosphamide, tacrolimus, azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil, and corticosteroids; however, prescribing patterns varied across the region. Increased disease activity was associated with high economic burden and poor quality of life for SLE patients in APAC. CONCLUSION SLE remains a disease with a significant unmet medical need for an innovative therapy that is well-tolerated and effective for patients in APAC. Further evidence is required to better characterize the disease and fully capture the burden and impact of SLE in APAC. This review has highlighted where there is a paucity of data from patients across the APAC region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiya Tanaka
- The First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Sean O'Neill
- Department of Rheumatology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Clinical School, University of Sydney, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mengtao Li
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Immunologic Diseases, Ministry of Science & Technology, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - I-Ching Tsai
- Janssen: Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, 11F, No.2, Sec.3, Minsheng East Rd, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Wen Yang
- Janssen Global Services, LLC, Horsham, PA, USA
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Ruiz-Irastorza G, Ugarte A, Ruiz-Arruza I, Khamashta M. Seventy years after Hench’s Nobel prize: revisiting the use of glucocorticoids in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2020; 29:1155-1167. [DOI: 10.1177/0961203320930099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In 1950, Hench, Kendall and Reichstein were awarded with the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine for the isolation and first therapeutic use of glucocorticoids. Since then, they have become one of the main agents in the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The use of high-dose oral glucocorticoids (usually 1 mg/kg/day of prednisone equivalent) have become the rule for treating moderate to severe lupus activity. In addition, tapering schemes have not been well defined, all this leading to prolonged exposures to potentially damaging amounts of glucocorticoids. Several studies have shown that glucocorticoids are a major cause of toxicity in SLE in a dose-dependent manner, with prolonged doses greater than 7.5 mg/day being associated with damage accrual. Thus, there is an urgent need for different therapeutic schedules that can achieve a rapid and durable control of lupus activity while reducing the many unwanted effects of glucocorticoids. Recent data show that pulses of methyl-prednisolone are an effective first-line therapy to treat lupus flares (not only severe ones) without major short or long-term toxicity and allowing a reduction in oral prednisone doses. Universal use of hydroxychloroquine – always recommended, infrequently accomplished – and early therapy with immunosuppressive drugs also help control SLE and reduce prednisone load. Results from observational studies confirm the more rapid achievement of remission and the reduction of long-term damage using these combination schedules with reduced prednisone doses. Seventy years after their first therapeutic use, we are learning to use glucocorticoids in a more efficient and safe manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Ruiz-Irastorza
- Hospital Universitario Cruces, BioCruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, University of the Basque Country, Spain
| | - Amaia Ugarte
- Hospital Universitario Cruces, BioCruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, University of the Basque Country, Spain
| | - Ioana Ruiz-Arruza
- Hospital Universitario Cruces, BioCruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, University of the Basque Country, Spain
| | - Munther Khamashta
- Department of Women and Children’s Health, St Thomas Hospital, London
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disorder that affects almost every organ system and it is treated with immunomodulation and immunosuppression. SLE patients have an intrinsically dysfunctional immune system which is exacerbated by disease activity and leaves them vulnerable to infection. Treatment with immunosuppression increases susceptibility to infection, while hydroxychloroquine use decreases this risk. Infectious diseases are a leading cause of hospitalization and death. AREAS COVERED This narrative review provides an overview of recent epidemiology and predictors of infections in SLE, delineates the risk of infection by therapeutic agent, and provides suggestions for risk mitigation. Articles were selected from Pubmed searches conducted between September 2019 and January 2020. EXPERT OPINION Despite the large burden of infection, effective and safe preventative care such as universal hydroxychloroquine use and vaccination are underutilized. Future efforts should be directed to quality improvement, glucocorticoid reduction, and validation of risk indices that identify patients at the highest risk of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan R W Barber
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Calgary , Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ann E Clarke
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Calgary , Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Provide an update of studies published in last 2 years on the outcomes and therapies in childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematous (cSLE). RECENT FINDINGS Additional evidence has been provided about the benefits of universal hydroxychloroquine in SLE patients, although antimalarial maculopathy may be more prevalent than previously thought. Recent studies support lower glucocorticoid doses than used in the past may provide comparable therapeutic benefits, and cSLE patients can mount adequate immunogenic response and sustain long-term seroprotective titers when vaccinated. Long-term studies of adults with cSLE confirmed that damage accrual increases with disease duration. Cardiovascular disease, renal transplants, replacement arthroplasties, and myocardial infarctions occur between 20 and 40 years of age. Higher prednisone doses predicted higher damage trajectory and antimalarial exposure was protective. There were no prospective clinical trials published in pediatric patients with cSLE, but positive results from phase II trials with bariticinib and ustekinumab in adult SLE may raise the expectation that these drugs could be beneficial when used in cSLE. SUMMARY The dire need for more clinical trials and licensed medications for cSLE persist as well as decreasing damage accrual.
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Aduriz-Lorenzo PM, Aduriz-Llaneza P, Araiz-Iribarren J, Khamashta MA. Current opinion on hydroxychloroquine-related retinal toxicity screening: where do we stand now? Lupus 2020; 29:671-675. [DOI: 10.1177/0961203320919499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Here, we review current hydroxychloroquine screening guidelines and controversies regarding specific screening tests and acceptance of the guidelines. Screening tests are described, and their predictive results are analysed, with special emphasis on early changes. Further research is needed to come to a conclusion about the efficacy of the new proposed dose.
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Fanouriakis A, Kostopoulou M, Cheema K, Anders HJ, Aringer M, Bajema I, Boletis J, Frangou E, Houssiau FA, Hollis J, Karras A, Marchiori F, Marks SD, Moroni G, Mosca M, Parodis I, Praga M, Schneider M, Smolen JS, Tesar V, Trachana M, van Vollenhoven RF, Voskuyl AE, Teng YKO, van Leew B, Bertsias G, Jayne D, Boumpas DT. 2019 Update of the Joint European League Against Rheumatism and European Renal Association-European Dialysis and Transplant Association (EULAR/ERA-EDTA) recommendations for the management of lupus nephritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2020; 79:713-723. [PMID: 32220834 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-216924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 430] [Impact Index Per Article: 107.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To update the 2012 EULAR/ERA-EDTA recommendations for the management of lupus nephritis (LN). METHODS Following the EULAR standardised operating procedures, a systematic literature review was performed. Members of a multidisciplinary Task Force voted independently on their level of agreeement with the formed statements. RESULTS The changes include recommendations for treatment targets, use of glucocorticoids and calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs) and management of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). The target of therapy is complete response (proteinuria <0.5-0.7 g/24 hours with (near-)normal glomerular filtration rate) by 12 months, but this can be extended in patients with baseline nephrotic-range proteinuria. Hydroxychloroquine is recommended with regular ophthalmological monitoring. In active proliferative LN, initial (induction) treatment with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF 2-3 g/day or mycophenolic acid (MPA) at equivalent dose) or low-dose intravenous cyclophosphamide (CY; 500 mg × 6 biweekly doses), both combined with glucocorticoids (pulses of intravenous methylprednisolone, then oral prednisone 0.3-0.5 mg/kg/day) is recommended. MMF/CNI (especially tacrolimus) combination and high-dose CY are alternatives, for patients with nephrotic-range proteinuria and adverse prognostic factors. Subsequent long-term maintenance treatment with MMF or azathioprine should follow, with no or low-dose (<7.5 mg/day) glucocorticoids. The choice of agent depends on the initial regimen and plans for pregnancy. In non-responding disease, switch of induction regimens or rituximab are recommended. In pure membranous LN with nephrotic-range proteinuria or proteinuria >1 g/24 hours despite renin-angiotensin-aldosterone blockade, MMF in combination with glucocorticoids is preferred. Assessment for kidney and extra-renal disease activity, and management of comorbidities is lifelong with repeat kidney biopsy in cases of incomplete response or nephritic flares. In ESKD, transplantation is the preferred kidney replacement option with immunosuppression guided by transplant protocols and/or extra-renal manifestations. Treatment of LN in children follows the same principles as adult disease. CONCLUSIONS We have updated the EULAR recommendations for the management of LN to facilitate homogenization of patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonis Fanouriakis
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology Unit, "Attikon" University Hospital, Athens, Greece.,Department of Rheumatology, "Asklepieion" General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Myrto Kostopoulou
- Department of Nephrology, "G. Gennimatas" General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Kim Cheema
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hans-Joachim Anders
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Aringer
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine III, University Medical Center & Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus at the TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ingeborg Bajema
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - John Boletis
- Nephrology Department and Renal Transplantation Unit, "Laikon" Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Frangou
- Department of Nephrology, Limassol General Hospital, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Frederic A Houssiau
- Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jane Hollis
- Lupus nurse specialist, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Adexandre Karras
- Department of Nephrology, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - Stephen D Marks
- University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Gabriella Moroni
- Nephrology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Mosca
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ioannis Parodis
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Rheumatology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Manuel Praga
- Nephrology Department, Research Institute Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre (i+12), Department of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Matthias Schneider
- Department of Rheumatology & Hiller Research Unit Rheumatology, UKD, Heinrich-Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Josef S Smolen
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine 3, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vladimir Tesar
- Department of Nephrology, 1st Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Maria Trachana
- Pediatric Immunology and Rheumatology Referral Center, First Pediatric Clinic, Hippokration Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ronald F van Vollenhoven
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alexandre E Voskuyl
- Rheumatology and Immunology Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Y K Onno Teng
- Centre of expertise for Lupus-, Vasculitis- and Complement-mediated Systemic autoimmune diseases, Department of Internal Medicine - section Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - George Bertsias
- Rheumatology, Clinical Immunology and Allergy, University Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, Greece
| | - David Jayne
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dimitrios T Boumpas
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology Unit, "Attikon" University Hospital, Athens, Greece .,Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Inflammation, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Pedrosa TN, Pasoto SG, Aikawa NE, Yuki EF, Borba EF, Filho JCF, Carricondo PC, Zanetti CB, Conde PG, Duarte NJ, Fontoura N, Romano P, Carvalho VM, Silva CA, Bonfa E. Understanding the dynamics of hydroxychloroquine blood levels in lupus nephritis. Lupus 2020; 29:560-568. [PMID: 32192398 DOI: 10.1177/0961203320912832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Objectives It is unknown if hydroxychloroquine blood level dynamics impact flare rates in lupus nephritis patients. We prospectively evaluated hydroxychloroquine levels to determine which blood-based patterns are more associated with disease activity. Methods In total, 82 lupus nephritis patients under a prescribed hydroxychloroquine dose of 4–5.5 mg/kg actual body weight (maximum 400 mg/day) for ≥3 months were evaluated at baseline and 7 months. Hydroxychloroquine blood levels were determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Flare was defined as increase ≥3 in the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index 2000 score and/or a change or increase in therapy. Results Overall, 9/82(11%) patients had flares during follow-up and had lower baseline hydroxychloroquine blood levels than those without flares (220.4 (53.5–1471.1) vs. 1006.3 (53.5–2137.8) ng/ml, p = 0.013). The hydroxychloroquine blood level cut-off that best predicted flares was 613.5 ng/ml (odds ratio = 8.67, 95% confidence interval: 1.66–45.18, p = 0.006). For 77 (94%) patients, the 7-month hydroxychloroquine level dynamics was evaluated and revealed: 59/77 (77%) had a persistent pattern of adequate (41/77(53%)) or fluctuating (18/77 (23%)) levels, with a low and comparable risk of flares (2/41 (5%) vs. 1/18 (5%), p = 1.000). The remaining group had persistent low levels (18/77 (23%)) and their flare frequency was significantly higher than the adequate group (5/18 (28%) vs. 2/41 (5%), p = 0.023). The frequencies of adequate/inadequate hydroxychloroquine blood levels in patients were comparable at baseline and 7 months (McNemar’s test, p = 0.480). Conclusion We provide novel evidence that hydroxychloroquine blood-level patterns (persistently low, adequate, or intermittent) have distinct impacts on flare rates in lupus nephritis patients. These findings reinforce the need of routine hydroxychloroquine measurements to maintain the appropriate blood levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana N Pedrosa
- Rheumatology Division, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandra G Pasoto
- Rheumatology Division, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nadia E Aikawa
- Rheumatology Division, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Pediatric Rheumatology Unit, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Emily Fn Yuki
- Rheumatology Division, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo F Borba
- Rheumatology Division, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Julio Cr Ferreira Filho
- Rheumatology Division, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Division of Central Laboratory, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pedro C Carricondo
- Ophtalmology Division, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caio B Zanetti
- Rheumatology Division, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paola G Conde
- Rheumatology Division, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nilo Jc Duarte
- Division of Central Laboratory, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nicole Fontoura
- Rheumatology Division, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paschoalina Romano
- Division of Central Laboratory, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Clovis A Silva
- Pediatric Rheumatology Unit, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eloisa Bonfa
- Rheumatology Division, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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40
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Yeo KJ, Chen HH, Chen YM, Lin CH, Chen DY, Lai CM, Chao WC. Hydroxychloroquine may reduce risk of Pneumocystis pneumonia in lupus patients: a Nationwide, population-based case-control study. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:112. [PMID: 32041539 PMCID: PMC7011312 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-4826-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) is increasingly being diagnosed in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) has been found to possess antifungal activities. We hence aimed to investigate the association between HCQ and PCP risk among patients with SLE. Methods Using the 1997–2013 nationwide claim data, we identified 24,343 newly-diagnosed SLE patients. We then identified 58 PCP cases and selected 348 non-PCP controls matching (1:6) by age, sex, disease duration and the year of PCP diagnosis date. The risk of PCP was assessed by determing odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) by using multivariable conditional logistic regression. Results The risk of PCP was associated with moderate to severe renal disease (OR 6.73, 95% CI 1.98–22.92), higher doses of glucocorticoids (≤5 mg/day, reference; 5–10 mg/day, OR 25.88, 95% CI 2.97–225.33; > 10 mg/day, OR 286.58, 95% CI 28.58–> 999), higher 3-month cumulative dose of cyclophosphamide (not use, reference; ≤1.4 g, OR 0.64, 95% CI 0.14–3.01; > 1.4 g, OR 11.52, 95% CI 1.97–67.39) and use of mycophenolate mofetil/mycophenolic acid (OR 50.79, 95% CI 5.32–484.77), whereas 3-month cumulative dose of HCQ was associated with a reduced risk of PCP among patients with SLE (not use, reference; ≤14 g, OR 0.69, 95% CI 0.21–2.24; > 14 g, OR 0.20, 95% CI 0.05–0.71). Conclusions This study demonstrated incident PCP was associated with mycophenolate mofetil/mycophenolic acid use and higher doses of cyclophosphamide or glucocorticoid, whereas the use of a higher dose of HCQ was associated with a reduced risk of PCP in lupus patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Jieh Yeo
- Rheumatology and Immunology Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Hua Chen
- Department of the Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Science and Rong-Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Public Health and Community Medicine Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Industrial Engineering and Enterprise Information, Tung Hai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ming Chen
- Department of the Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Science and Rong-Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Heng Lin
- Department of the Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Healthcare Management, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Der-Yuan Chen
- Rheumatology and Immunology Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Translational Medicine Laboratory, Rheumatic Diseases Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ming Lai
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan. .,Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Wen-Cheng Chao
- Department of the Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan. .,Department of Industrial Engineering and Enterprise Information, Tung Hai University, Taichung, Taiwan. .,Department of Critical Care Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan. .,Department of Business Administration, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua, Taiwan.
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41
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Babaoğlu H, Li J, Goldman D, Magder LS, Petri M. Time to Lupus Low Disease Activity State in the Hopkins Lupus Cohort: Role of African American Ethnicity. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2020; 72:225-232. [PMID: 31507071 DOI: 10.1002/acr.24063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lupus low disease activity state (LLDAS) is a potential treat-to-target goal in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). This study determined predictors of time to reach LLDAS in a longitudinal cohort. METHODS Patients were grouped according to LLDAS status at cohort entry. Those who did not satisfy LLDAS at cohort entry were analyzed prospectively. The Kaplan-Meier approach was used to estimate the time to LLDAS. Cox regression was used to identify patient characteristics that were associated with time to LLDAS. RESULTS The probability of LLDAS attainment within 1 year was 52% for Caucasians, 36% for African Americans, and 33% for SLE patients with renal involvement. The median time to LLDAS was 1.1 years. In multivariable models, African American ethnicity, baseline prednisone >10 mg daily, hypocomplementemia, baseline damage, and baseline renal activity remained significant predictors of longer time to attain LLDAS, while disease duration <1 year and cutaneous activity were associated with earlier attainment. CONCLUSION LLDAS is potentially attainable in the majority of SLE patients. The time to LLDAS was found to be longer in African American patients with SLE. Characteristics of African American patients with SLE, such as renal activity and hypocomplementemia, were also independent predictors of slower attainment of LLDAS. These findings point to the need to include African American patients with SLE in both clinical and pharmaceutical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Babaoğlu
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, and Gazi University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Jessica Li
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Daniel Goldman
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Michelle Petri
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Babaoglu H, Li J, Goldman D, Magder LS, Petri M. Predictors of predominant Lupus Low Disease Activity State (LLDAS-50). Lupus 2019; 28:1648-1655. [PMID: 31694446 DOI: 10.1177/0961203319886028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AIM The Lupus Low Disease Activity State (LLDAS) is a potential treat to target goal in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). SLE patients in LLDAS for more than half of the observation time have about a 50% lower risk of new organ damage and have reduced mortality. We identified predictors of being in LLDAS ≥50% of the observation time. METHODS A total of 2228 SLE patients who had at least three clinical visits were included. Percentage of time in LLDAS was calculated based on the proportion of days under observation. LLDAS-50 was defined as being in LLDAS for ≥50% of the observation time. We used the stepwise selection procedure in logistic regression to identify predictors of LLDAS-50. RESULTS A total of 1169 (52.5%) SLE patients, but only 37.6% of African Americans, achieved LLDAS-50. In the multivariable model, African American ethnicity, hypocomplementemia, serositis, renal activity, arthritis, anti-RNP, anti-dsDNA, vasculitis, malar rash, discoid rash, thrombocytopenia, and immunosuppressive use were negative predictors of LLDAS-50. Older age at diagnosis, longer disease duration, higher education level, and greater percentage of time taking hydroxychloroquine remained positive predictors of LLDAS-50. CONCLUSION In this large cohort, only 52.5% achieved LLDAS-50. This proportion was even less in African Americans. A higher percentage of time taking hydroxychloroquine was a modifiable positive predictor of LLDAS-50. Anti-RNP, anti-dsDNA, and low complement were negatively associated with LLDAS-50. Our findings further emphasize the importance of inclusion of African Americans in clinical trials and hydroxychloroquine adherence in both clinical practice and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Babaoglu
- Division of Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gazi University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - J Li
- Division of Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - D Goldman
- Division of Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - L S Magder
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - M Petri
- Division of Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Smith EMD, Lythgoe H, Midgley A, Beresford MW, Hedrich CM. Juvenile-onset systemic lupus erythematosus: Update on clinical presentation, pathophysiology and treatment options. Clin Immunol 2019; 209:108274. [PMID: 31678365 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2019.108274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Juvenile-onset systemic lupus erythematosus (jSLE) accounts for up to 20% of all SLE patients. Key differences between juvenile- and adult-onset (aSLE) disease include higher disease activity, earlier development of damage, and increased use of immunosuppressive treatment in jSLE suggesting (at least partial) infectivity secondary to variable pathomechanisms. While the exact pathophysiology of jSLE remains unclear, genetic factors, immune complex deposition, complement activation, hormonal factors and immune cell dysregulation are involved to variable extents, promising future patient stratification based on immune phenotypes. Though less effective and potentially toxic, jSLE patients are treated based upon evidence from studies in aSLE cohorts. Here, age-specific clinical features of jSLE, underlying pathomechanisms, treatment options and disease outcomes will be addressed. Future directions to improve the care of jSLE patients, including implementation of the Single Hub and Access point for pediatric Rheumatology in Europe (SHARE) recommendations, biomarkers, treat to target and personalized medicine approaches are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve Mary Dorothy Smith
- Department of Women's & Children's Health, Institution of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Paediatric Rheumatology, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Eaton Rd, Liverpool L12 2AP, UK.
| | - Hanna Lythgoe
- Department of Paediatric Rheumatology, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Eaton Rd, Liverpool L12 2AP, UK
| | - Angela Midgley
- Department of Women's & Children's Health, Institution of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Michael William Beresford
- Department of Women's & Children's Health, Institution of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Paediatric Rheumatology, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Eaton Rd, Liverpool L12 2AP, UK
| | - Christian Michael Hedrich
- Department of Women's & Children's Health, Institution of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Paediatric Rheumatology, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Eaton Rd, Liverpool L12 2AP, UK.
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Disordered intestinal microbes are associated with the activity of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Clin Sci (Lond) 2019; 133:821-838. [PMID: 30872359 DOI: 10.1042/cs20180841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Intestinal dysbiosis is implicated in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE). However, the evidence of gut microbiome changes in SLE is limited, and the association of changed gut microbiome with the activity of SLE, as well as its functional relevance with SLE still remains unknown. Here, we sequenced 16S rRNA amplicon on fecal samples from 40 SLE patients (19 active patients, 21 remissive patients), 20 disease controls (Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) patients), and 22 healthy controls (HCs), and investigated the association of functional categories with taxonomic composition by Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States (PICRUSt). We demonstrated SLE patients, particularly the active patients, had significant dysbiosis in gut microbiota with reduced bacterial diversity and biased community constitutions. Amongst the disordered microbiota, the genera Streptococcus, Campylobacter, Veillonella, the species anginosus and dispar, were positively correlated with lupus activity, while the genus Bifidobacterium was negatively associated with the disease activity. PICRUSt analysis showed metabolic pathways were different between SLE and HCs, and also between active and remissive SLE patients. Moreover, we revealed that a random forest model could distinguish SLE from RA and HCs (area under the curve (AUC) = 0.792), and another random forest model could well predict the activity of SLE patients (AUC = 0.811). In summary, SLE patients, especially the active patients, show an apparent dysbiosis in gut microbiota and its related metabolic pathways. Amongst the disordered microflora, four genera and two species are associated with lupus activity. Furthermore, the random forest models are able to diagnose SLE and predict disease activity.
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Fanouriakis A, Bertsias G. Changing paradigms in the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus Sci Med 2019; 6:e000310. [PMID: 31168398 PMCID: PMC6519431 DOI: 10.1136/lupus-2018-000310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
SLE poses formidable therapeutic challenges due to its heterogeneity and treatment decisions often cannot be guided by data of high quality. In this review, we attempt to provide insights regarding the treatment of SLE in everyday clinical practice, based on contemporary evidence and our own personal experience. We focus on common therapeutic issues and dilemmas arising in routine care, including monitoring for retinal toxicity associated with hydroxychloroquine, handling of glucocorticoid regimens in order to minimise their adverse events, choice of immunosuppressive medications based on prevailing disease manifestations and optimal use of available biological agents (belimumab and rituximab). We also provide our view on the position of calcineurin inhibitors in the management of lupus nephritis and conclude with remarks on the future perspectives for this challenging disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonis Fanouriakis
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology Unit, 'Attikon' University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - George Bertsias
- Rheumatology, Clinical Immunology and Allergy, University Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, Greece
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Fava A, Petri M. Systemic lupus erythematosus: Diagnosis and clinical management. J Autoimmun 2019; 96:1-13. [PMID: 30448290 PMCID: PMC6310637 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 330] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a worldwide chronic autoimmune disease which may affect every organ and tissue. Genetic predisposition, environmental triggers, and the hormonal milieu, interplay in disease development and activity. Clinical manifestations and the pattern of organ involvement are widely heterogenous, reflecting the complex mosaic of disrupted molecular pathways converging into the SLE clinical phenotype. The SLE complex pathogenesis involves multiple cellular components of the innate and immune systems, presence of autoantibodies and immunocomplexes, engagement of the complement system, dysregulation of several cytokines including type I interferons, and disruption of the clearance of nucleic acids after cell death. Use of immunomodulators and immunosuppression has altered the natural course of SLE. In addition, morbidity and mortality in SLE not only derive from direct immune mediated tissue damage but also from SLE and treatment associated complications such as accelerated coronary artery disease and increased infection risk. Here, we review the diagnostic approach as well as the etiopathogenetic rationale and clinical evidence for the management of SLE. This includes 1) lifestyle changes such as avoidance of ultraviolet light; 2) prevention of comorbidities including coronary artery disease, osteoporosis, infections, and drug toxicities; 3) use of immunomodulators (i.e. hydroxychloroquine and vitamin D); and 4) immunosuppressants and targeted therapy. We also review new upcoming agents and regimens currently under study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Fava
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1830 East Monument Street, Suite 7500, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Michelle Petri
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1830 East Monument Street, Suite 7500, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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How can we define low disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus? Semin Arthritis Rheum 2018; 48:1035-1040. [PMID: 30415943 DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2018.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, low disease activity emerged as a state that is associated with improved long-term outcomes in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Our aim was to review the current concepts for low disease activity in SLE in order to serve as the basis of a future consensus for standardization. METHODS The PubMed database was searched for relevant articles from inception up to July 2018. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH terms) included "lupus" AND "low disease activity" OR "minimal disease activity". RESULTS Three different definitions of low disease activity in lupus have been proposed. Minimal disease activity (MDA) is defined as a clinical SLE Disease Activity Index 2000 (SLEDAI-2K)≤1 on antimalarials, immunosuppressives in standard doses and prednisone ≤5 mg/day. Low disease activity (LDA) allows for a clinical SLEDAI-2K≤2 maintained on antimalarials only. Lupus Low Disease Activity State (LLDAS) accepts a SLEDAI-2K≤4 with no activity from major organ systems, a Physician's Global Assessment of ≤1 with no new activity, prednisone dose ≤7.5 mg/day and standard doses of antimalarials, immunosuppressives and biologics. Active serology (anti-dsDNA and complement C3/C4) is not included in the MDA and LDA but counts towards disease activity in the LLDAS definition. All definitions were associated with less damage-accrual and mortality in the long-term that were comparable to those of clinical remission. CONCLUSIONS There is solid evidence that low disease activity is associated with improved outcomes in SLE and could serve as a therapeutic target in daily practice and clinical trials. Future research should focus on advancing a consensus for the best possible definition.
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Glucocorticoids and antimalarials in systemic lupus erythematosus: an update and future directions. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2018; 30:482-489. [DOI: 10.1097/bor.0000000000000527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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49
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Mesnyankina AA, Solovyev SK, Aseeva EA, Nasonov EL. THE EFFICIENCY OF BIOLOGICAL THERAPY AND THE FEATURES OF HUMORAL IMMUNITY IN PATIENTS WITH SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.14412/1995-4484-2018-302-309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Objective: to investigate the effect of various biological agents (BAs), including combined treatment with rituximab (RTM) and belimumab (BLM), on the activity of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and to evaluate their efficacy and impact on some parameters of humoral immunity.Subjects and methods. BAs were prescribed to 54 patients with a reliable diagnosis of SLE with high and medium activity according to SLEDAI-2K; 40 of them received RTM, 7 – BLM; 7 – combined therapy with RTM and BLM. Clinical and laboratory examinations were made in all the patients at the time of their inclusion and then every 3 months during a year. The results were assessed using SLEDAI-2K, BILAG index, Lupus Erythematosus National Assessment (SELENA)-SLEDAI Flare index (SFI) (a moderate, severe exacerbation), and SLE Responder Index (SRI).Results and discussion. At 3, 6, and 12 months after start of therapy, the use of BAs in all the patients resulted in a disease activity reduction. It was statistically significant (p < 0.00001) in the RTM group; and no statistical analysis was carried out in the BLM and RTM+BLM groups due to the small numbers of patients. At the same time, there was a progressive decrease in the levels of anti-double-stranded DNA (ds-DNA) antibodies (Abs) and an increase in the concentration of the complement fractions C3 and C4 in the RTM and RTM+BLM groups (p < 0.05) at one-year follow-up. After 12 months of therapy with BAs, there was a decrease in IgG (p < 0.02) and IgM (p < 0.03) levels; but overall it remained within the reference ranges. Prior to therapy, irreversible organ damages were recorded in 23 (42.6%) of the 54 patients. The increased damage index at 12 month was observed only in patients receiving RTM, which is probably due to the use of higher-dose glucocorticoids.Conclusion. All three methods of therapy with BAs in SLE patients demonstrated good efficiency shown as a significant decrease in clinical and laboratory activity measures that were assessed by SLEDAI-2K and the levels of anti-ds-DNA and complement components C3 and C4. The decrease in immunoglobulin levels did not go beyond the reference values. Therapy with BLM and RTM+BLM allowed for managing patients with the low and average doses of oral glucocorticoids, which contributed to the reduction of not only the activity, but also risk of irreversible organ damages.
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