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Santos NE, Mendes JC, Braga SS. The Gemstone Cyborg: How Diamond Films Are Creating New Platforms for Cell Regeneration and Biointerfacing. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041626. [PMID: 36838614 PMCID: PMC9968187 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Diamond is a promising material for the biomedical field, mainly due to its set of characteristics such as biocompatibility, strength, and electrical conductivity. Diamond can be synthesised in the laboratory by different methods, is available in the form of plates or films deposited on foreign substrates, and its morphology varies from microcrystalline diamond to ultrananocrystalline diamond. In this review, we summarise some of the most relevant studies regarding the adhesion of cells onto diamond surfaces, the consequent cell growth, and, in some very interesting cases, the differentiation of cells into neurons and oligodendrocytes. We discuss how different morphologies can affect cell adhesion and how surface termination can influence the surface hydrophilicity and consequent attachment of adherent proteins. At the end of the review, we present a brief perspective on how the results from cell adhesion and biocompatibility can make way for the use of diamond as biointerface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nádia E. Santos
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Instituto de Telecomunicações and University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Joana C. Mendes
- Instituto de Telecomunicações and University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Correspondence: (J.C.M.); (S.S.B.)
| | - Susana Santos Braga
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Correspondence: (J.C.M.); (S.S.B.)
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Itai S, Suzuki K, Kurashina Y, Kimura H, Amemiya T, Sato K, Nakamura M, Onoe H. Cell-encapsulated chitosan-collagen hydrogel hybrid nerve guidance conduit for peripheral nerve regeneration. Biomed Microdevices 2020; 22:81. [PMID: 33201329 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-020-00536-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nerve guidance conduits (NGCs) composed of biocompatible polymers have been attracting attention as an alternative for autograft surgery in peripheral nerve regeneration. However, the nerve tissues repaired by NGCs often tend to be inadequate and lead to functional failure because of the lack of cellular supports. This paper presents a chitosan-collagen hydrogel conduit containing cells to induce peripheral nerve regeneration with cellular support. The conduit composed of two coaxial hydrogel layers of chitosan and collagen is simply made by molding and mechanical anchoring attachment with holes made on the hydrogel tube. A chitosan layer strengthens the conduit mechanically, and a collagen layer provides a scaffold for cells supporting the axonal extension. The conduits of different diameters (outer diameter approximately 2-4 mm) are fabricated. The conduit is bioabsorbable with lysozyme, and biocompatible even under bio absorption. In the neuron culture demonstration, the conduit containing Schwann cells induced the extension of the axon of neurons directed to the conduit. Our easily fabricated conduit could help the high-quality regeneration of peripheral nerves and contribute to the nerve repair surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Itai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan
| | - Karin Suzuki
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan
| | - Yuta Kurashina
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsutacho, Midori-Ku, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Hiroo Kimura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Amemiya
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kazuki Sato
- Institute for Integrated Sports Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Masaya Nakamura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Onoe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan.
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Luzzi S, Giotta Lucifero A, Brambilla I, Trabatti C, Mosconi M, Savasta S, Foiadelli T. The impact of stem cells in neuro-oncology: applications, evidence, limitations and challenges. ACTA BIO-MEDICA : ATENEI PARMENSIS 2020; 91:51-60. [PMID: 32608375 PMCID: PMC7975826 DOI: 10.23750/abm.v91i7-s.9955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stem cells (SCs) represent a recent and attractive therapeutic option for neuro-oncology, as well as for treating degenerative, ischemic and traumatic pathologies of the central nervous system. This is mainly because of their homing capacity, which makes them capable of reaching the inaccessible SC niches of the tumor, therefore, acting as living drugs. The target of the study is a comprehensive overview of the SC-based therapies in neuro-oncology, also highlighting the current translational challenges of this type of approach. METHODS An online search of the literature was carried out on the PubMed/MEDLINE and ClinicalTrials.gov websites, restricting it to the most pertinent keywords regarding the systematization of the SCs and their therapeutic use for malignant brain tumors. A large part of the search was dedicated to clinical trials. Only preclinical and clinical data belonging to the last 5 years were shortlisted. A further sorting was implemented based on the best match and relevance. RESULTS The results consisted in 96 relevant articles and 31 trials. Systematization involves a distinction between human embryonic, fetal and adult, but also totipotent, pluripotent or multipotent SCs. Mesenchymal and neuronal SCs were the most studied for neuro-oncological illnesses. 30% and 50% of the trials were phase I and II, respectively. CONCLUSION Mesenchymal and neuronal SCs are ideal candidates for SCs-based therapy of malignant brain tumors. The spectrum of their possible applications is vast and is mainly based on the homing capacity toward the tumor microenvironment. Availability, delivery route, oncogenicity and ethical issues are the main translational challenges concerning the use of SCs in neuro-oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabino Luzzi
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Alice Giotta Lucifero
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Ilaria Brambilla
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Pediatrics, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Uni-versity of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Chiara Trabatti
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Pediatrics, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Uni-versity of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Mario Mosconi
- c and Traumatology Unit, Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Salvatore Savasta
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Pediatrics, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Uni-versity of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Thomas Foiadelli
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Pediatrics, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Uni-versity of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
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Neural stem cell therapy of foetal onset hydrocephalus using the HTx rat as experimental model. Cell Tissue Res 2020; 381:141-161. [PMID: 32065263 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03182-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Foetal onset hydrocephalus is a disease starting early in embryonic life; in many cases it results from a cell junction pathology of neural stem (NSC) and neural progenitor (NPC) cells forming the ventricular zone (VZ) and sub-ventricular zone (SVZ) of the developing brain. This pathology results in disassembling of VZ and loss of NSC/NPC, a phenomenon known as VZ disruption. At the cerebral aqueduct, VZ disruption triggers hydrocephalus while in the telencephalon, it results in abnormal neurogenesis. This may explain why derivative surgery does not cure hydrocephalus. NSC grafting appears as a therapeutic opportunity. The present investigation was designed to find out whether this is a likely possibility. HTx rats develop hereditary hydrocephalus; 30-40% of newborns are hydrocephalic (hyHTx) while their littermates are not (nHTx). NSC/NPC from the VZ/SVZ of nHTx rats were cultured into neurospheres that were then grafted into a lateral ventricle of 1-, 2- or 7-day-old hyHTx. Once in the cerebrospinal fluid, neurospheres disassembled and the freed NSC homed at the areas of VZ disruption. A population of homed cells generated new multiciliated ependyma at the sites where the ependyma was missing due to the inherited pathology. Another population of NSC homed at the disrupted VZ differentiated into βIII-tubulin+ spherical cells likely corresponding to neuroblasts that progressed into the parenchyma. The final fate of these cells could not be established due to the protocol used to label the grafted cells. The functional outcomes of NSC grafting in hydrocephalus remain open. The present study establishes an experimental paradigm of NSC/NPC therapy of foetal onset hydrocephalus, at the etiologic level that needs to be further explored with more analytical methodologies.
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Luzzi S, Crovace AM, Del Maestro M, Giotta Lucifero A, Elbabaa SK, Cinque B, Palumbo P, Lombardi F, Cimini A, Cifone MG, Crovace A, Galzio R. The cell-based approach in neurosurgery: ongoing trends and future perspectives. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02818. [PMID: 31844735 PMCID: PMC6889232 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Examination of the current trends and future perspectives of the cell-based therapies in neurosurgery. METHODS A PubMed/MEDLINE-based systematic review has been performed combining the main Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) regarding the cell- and tissue-based therapies with the "Brain", "Spinal Cord", "Spine" and "Skull" MeSH terms. Only articles in English published in the last 10 years and pertinent to neurosurgery have been selected. RESULTS A total of 1,173 relevant articles have been chosen. Somatic cells and gene-modification technologies have undergone the greatest development. Immunotherapies and gene therapies have been tested for the cure of glioblastoma, stem cells mainly for brain and spinal cord traumatic injuries. Stem cells have also found a rationale in the treatment of the cranial and spinal bony defects, and of the intervertebral disc degeneration, as well.Most of the completed or ongoing trials concerning the cell-based therapies in neurosurgery are on phase 2. Future perspectives involve the need to overcome issues related to immunogenicity, oncogenicity and routes for administration. Refinement and improvement of vector design and delivery are required within the gene therapies. CONCLUSION The last decade has been characterised by a progressive evolution of neurosurgery from a purely mechanical phase to a new biological one. This trend has followed the rapid and parallel development of translational medicine and nanotechnologies.The introduction of new technologies, the optimisation of the already existing ones, and the reduction of costs are among the main challenges of the foreseeable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabino Luzzi
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Polo Didattico "Cesare Brusotti", Viale Brambilla, 74, Pavia, 27100, Italy
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Viale C. Golgi, 19, Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | - Alberto Maria Crovace
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Piazza G. Cesare, 11 – Policlinico di Bari, Bari, 70124, Italy
| | - Mattia Del Maestro
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Viale C. Golgi, 19, Pavia, 27100, Italy
- PhD School in Experimental Medicine, Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Polo Didattico "Cesare Brusotti", Viale Brambilla, 74, Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | - Alice Giotta Lucifero
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Polo Didattico "Cesare Brusotti", Viale Brambilla, 74, Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | - Samer K. Elbabaa
- Pediatric Neurosurgery, Pediatric Neuroscience Center of Excellence, Arnold Palmer Hospital for Children, 1222 S. Orange Avenue, 2nd Floor, MP 154, Orlando, FL, 32806, USA
| | - Benedetta Cinque
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Building Delta 6, via Coppito, L'Aquila, 67100, Italy
| | - Paola Palumbo
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Building Delta 6, via Coppito, L'Aquila, 67100, Italy
| | - Francesca Lombardi
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Building Delta 6, via Coppito, L'Aquila, 67100, Italy
| | - Annamaria Cimini
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Building Delta 6, via Coppito, L'Aquila, 67100, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Cifone
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Building Delta 6, via Coppito, L'Aquila, 67100, Italy
| | - Antonio Crovace
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Piazza G. Cesare, 11 – Policlinico di Bari, Bari, 70124, Italy
| | - Renato Galzio
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Polo Didattico "Cesare Brusotti", Viale Brambilla, 74, Pavia, 27100, Italy
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Viale C. Golgi, 19, Pavia, 27100, Italy
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Mazurová Y. New Therapeutic Approaches for the Treatment of Huntington’s Disease. ACTA MEDICA (HRADEC KRÁLOVÉ) 2019. [DOI: 10.14712/18059694.2019.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The use of transplantation (TR) of fetal neural tissue as a therapeutic method started much later in patients suffering from Huntington’s disease (HD) than in those with Parkinson’s disease. The clinical trial, following a wide range of animal experiments (neurotoxic models and newly also transgenic mice), includes about 30 HD patients until now. Because of limited use of the human fetal tissue by ethical and technical concerns, there is necessity to search for the alternative sources for neural grafting. The first attempt with xenotransplantation (in 12 HD patients) and with TR of encapsulated genetically modified cells (in 6 HD patients) was performed, but no appreciable improvement of status in any of those patients was noted. Since no effective pharmacological treatment of HD is available, the TR of fetal neural tissue is now the only therapeutic approach which provides a reduction of symptoms in most of grafted patients. The possibilities are enormous offered by neural stem cells, optionally by embryonic stem cells, which could be expanded in cultures, cloned or genetically modified and then grafted into the patient’s brain. On the other hand, the neural progenitor and stem cells, normally present within the subependymal layer of the lateral brain ventricles also in adulthood, might be induced to become an endogenous source of glia and neurons participating in the brain’s repair.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder affecting the basal nuclei, causing motor and cognitive disorders. Bearing in mind that standard treatments are ineffective in delaying the disease progression, alternative treatments capable of eliminating symptoms and reversing the clinical condition have been sought. Possible alternative treatments include cell therapy, especially with the use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). REVIEW SUMMARY MSC are adult stem cells which have demonstrated remarkable therapeutic power in parkinsonian animals due to their differentiation competence, migratory capacity and the production of bioactive molecules. This review aims to analyze the main studies involving MSC and PD in more than a decade of studies, addressing their different methodologies and common characteristics, as well as suggesting perspectives on the application of MSC in PD. CONCLUSIONS The results of MSC therapy in animal models and some clinical trials suggest that such cellular therapy may slow the progression of PD and promote neuroregeneration. However, further research is needed to address the limitations of an eventual clinical application.
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Wang L, Schlagal CR, Gao J, Hao Y, Dunn TJ, McGrath EL, Labastida JA, Yu Y, Feng SQ, Liu SY, Wu P. Oligodendrocyte differentiation from human neural stem cells: A novel role for c-Src. Neurochem Int 2018; 120:21-32. [PMID: 30041015 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Human neural stem cells (hNSCs) can differentiate into an oligodendrocyte lineage to facilitate remyelination in patients. Molecular mechanisms underlying oligodendrocyte fate specification remains unknown, hindering the development of efficient methods to generate oligodendrocytes from hNSCs. We have found that Neurobasal-A medium (NB) is capable of inducing hNSCs to oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs). We identified several signaling molecules are altered after cultivation in NB medium, including Akt, ERK1/2 and c-Src. While sustained activation of Akt and ERK1/2 during both NB induction and subsequent differentiation was required for OPC differentiation, c-Src phosphorylation was increased temporally during the period of NB induction. Both pharmacological inhibition and RNA interference confirmed that a transient elevation of phospho-c-Src is critical for OPC induction. Furthermore, inactivation of c-Src inhibited phosphorylation of Akt and ERK1/2. In summary, we identified a novel and critical role of c-Src in guiding hNSC differentiation to an oligodendrocyte lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Wang
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA; Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 58 Zhongshan Er Rd, Yuexiu Qu, Guangzhou Shi, Guangdong Sheng, China
| | - Caitlin R Schlagal
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Junling Gao
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Yan Hao
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA; Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Rd, Heping Qu, 300051, China
| | - Tiffany J Dunn
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Erica L McGrath
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Javier Allende Labastida
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Yongjia Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Shi-Qing Feng
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Rd, Heping Qu, 300051, China
| | - Shao-Yu Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 58 Zhongshan Er Rd, Yuexiu Qu, Guangzhou Shi, Guangdong Sheng, China
| | - Ping Wu
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
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Neurospheres from neural stem/neural progenitor cells (NSPCs) of non-hydrocephalic HTx rats produce neurons, astrocytes and multiciliated ependyma: the cerebrospinal fluid of normal and hydrocephalic rats supports such a differentiation. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 373:421-438. [PMID: 29651556 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-2828-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Fetal onset hydrocephalus and abnormal neurogenesis are two inseparable phenomena turned on by a cell junction pathology first affecting neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) and later the multiciliated ependyma. The neurological impairment of children born with hydrocephalus is not reverted by derivative surgery. NSPCs and neurosphere (NE) grafting into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of hydrocephalic fetuses thus appears as a promising therapeutic procedure. There is little information about the cell lineages actually forming the NE as they grow throughout their days in vitro (DIV). Furthermore, there is no information on how good a host the CSF is for grafted NE. Here, we use the HTx rat, a model with hereditary hydrocephalus, with the mutation expressed in about 30% of the litter (hyHTx), while the littermates develop normally (nHTx). The investigation was designed (i) to establish the nature of the cells forming 4 and 6-DIV NE grown from NSPCs collected from PN1/nHTx rats and (ii) to study the effects on these NEs of CSF collected from nHTx and hyHTx. Immunofluorescence analyses showed that 90% of cells forming 4-DIV NEs were non-committed multipotential NSPCs, while in 6-DIV NE, 40% of the NSPCs were already committed into neuronal, glial and ependymal lineages. Six-DIV NE further cultured for 3 weeks in the presence of fetal bovine serum, CSF from nHTx or CSF from hyHTx, differentiated into neurons, astrocytes and βIV-tubulin+ multiciliated ependymal cells that were joined together by adherent junctions and displayed synchronized cilia beating. This supports the possibility that ependymal cells are born from subpopulations of NSC with their own time table of differentiation. As a whole, the findings indicate that the CSF is a supportive medium to host NE and that NE grafted into the CSF have the potential to produce neurons, glia and ependyma.
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Abstract
Hype slang. n. 1. Excessive publicity and the ensuing commotion. 2. Exaggerated or extravagant claims made especially in advertising or promotional material. (Source: The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, third edition)
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Affiliation(s)
- D. F. Emerich
- Alkermes, Inc., 64 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA 02139
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health Sciences Center, Detroit, MI 48202
| | - Jieli Chen
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health Sciences Center, Detroit, MI 48202
| | - Michael Chopp
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health Sciences Center, Detroit, MI 48202
- Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309
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Borlongan CV, Sanberg PR. Article Commentary: Neural Transplantation in the New Millenium. Cell Transplant 2017. [DOI: 10.3727/000000002783985558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cesario V. Borlongan
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Medical College of Georgia; Research and Affiliations Service Line, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912-3200
| | - Paul R. Sanberg
- Center for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurological Surgery and Neuroscience Program, University of South Florida College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL 33612
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Kajiwara K, Ogata SI, Tanihara M. Promotion of Neurite Outgrowth from Fetal Hippocampal Cells by TNF-α Receptor 1-Derived Peptide. Cell Transplant 2017; 14:665-672. [DOI: 10.3727/000000005783982639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), FasL, and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) induce apoptosis or inflammation through binding to their specific receptors, TNFR1, Fas, and DR5, respectively. We have previously reported ligand-binding and cell death-inhibiting synthetic peptides, which were designed based on the crystal structure of a ligand–receptor complex and the homology of the amino acid sequence among the death receptor family members. Here we show that, among these death receptor-derived peptides, the TNFR1-derived peptide specifically arrested cell proliferation and promoted cell adhesion of fetal rat (E16) hippocampal cells, and promoted neurite outgrowth from hippocampus-derived neurospheres cultured with the addition of the peptide or cultured on a peptide-coated surface. Furthermore, among these death receptor-derived peptides, marked neurite outgrowth was observed only when the neurospheres were cultured on a TNFR1-derived peptide-conjugated covalently cross-linked alginate gel. The neurites from the neurospheres positively immunostained with an antibody against neurofilaments. These results suggest that the TNFR1-derived peptide promotes neuronal differentiation of the hippocampal neural stem cells and the TNFR1-derived peptide-conjugated covalently cross-linked alginate gel may be a useful material for assisting neural stem cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumi Kajiwara
- Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630–0192, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Ogata
- Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630–0192, Japan
| | - Masao Tanihara
- Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630–0192, Japan
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwaine F. Emerich
- Department of Neuroscience, Alkermes, Inc, 64 Sidney Street, Cambridge MA 02139
| | - Heather C. Salzberg
- Department of Neuroscience, Alkermes, Inc, 64 Sidney Street, Cambridge MA 02139
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Yao Y, Huang C, Gu P, Wen T. Combined MSC-Secreted Factors and Neural Stem Cell Transplantation Promote Functional Recovery of PD Rats. Cell Transplant 2016; 25:1101-13. [DOI: 10.3727/096368915x689938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cell transplantation has enormous potential for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders like Parkinson's disease (PD). Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have attracted much attention because they can secrete a wide variety of cellular factors that promote cell growth. In this study, we prepared a conditioned medium (CM) using lyophilized MSC culture medium that contained the secretome of MSCs and applied this CM to the culture of neural stem cells (CM-NSCs) for the transplantation of PD model rats. Quantitative realtime PCR, Western blot, and immunocytochemistry were used to identify cell differentiation and expression of dopaminergic neuron-specific genes in vitro. Behavioral tests including rotational behavior and MWM training tests were also performed to assess the recovery. Our results indicated that combined treatment of CM and neural stem cell transplantation can significantly reduce apomorphine-induced rotational asymmetry and improve spatial learning ability. The CM-NSCs were able to differentiate into dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and medial forebrain bundle (MFB), and migrated around the lesion site. They showed a higher activity than untreated NSCs in cell survival, migration, and behavior improvement in the dopa-deficit rat model. These findings suggest that the neural stem cells treated with conditioned medium possess a great potential as a graft candidate for the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yao
- Laboratory of Molecular Neural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Huang
- Laboratory of Molecular Neural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Gu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tieqiao Wen
- Laboratory of Molecular Neural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
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Fan HC, Ho LI, Chi CS, Cheng SN, Juan CJ, Chiang KL, Lin SZ, Harn HJ. Current proceedings of cerebral palsy. Cell Transplant 2015; 24:471-85. [PMID: 25706819 DOI: 10.3727/096368915x686931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral palsy (CP) is a complicated disease with varying causes and outcomes. It has created significant burden to both affected families and societies, not to mention the quality of life of the patients themselves. There is no cure for the disease; therefore, development of effective therapeutic strategies is in great demand. Recent advances in regenerative medicine suggest that the transplantation of stem cells, including embryonic stem cells, neural stem cells, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, umbilical cord blood cells, and human embryonic germ cells, focusing on the root of the problem, may provide the possibility of developing a complete cure in treating CP. However, safety is the first factor to be considered because some stem cells may cause tumorigenesis. Additionally, more preclinical and clinical studies are needed to determine the type of cells, route of delivery, cell dose, timing of transplantation, and combinatorial strategies to achieve an optimal outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hueng-Chuen Fan
- Department of Pediatrics, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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Fan HC, Ho LI, Chi CS, Chen SJ, Peng GS, Chan TM, Lin SZ, Harn HJ. Polyglutamine (PolyQ) diseases: genetics to treatments. Cell Transplant 2015; 23:441-58. [PMID: 24816443 DOI: 10.3727/096368914x678454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The polyglutamine (polyQ) diseases are a group of neurodegenerative disorders caused by expanded cytosine-adenine-guanine (CAG) repeats encoding a long polyQ tract in the respective proteins. To date, a total of nine polyQ disorders have been described: six spinocerebellar ataxias (SCA) types 1, 2, 6, 7, 17; Machado-Joseph disease (MJD/SCA3); Huntington's disease (HD); dentatorubral pallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA); and spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy, X-linked 1 (SMAX1/SBMA). PolyQ diseases are characterized by the pathological expansion of CAG trinucleotide repeat in the translated region of unrelated genes. The translated polyQ is aggregated in the degenerated neurons leading to the dysfunction and degeneration of specific neuronal subpopulations. Although animal models of polyQ disease for understanding human pathology and accessing disease-modifying therapies in neurodegenerative diseases are available, there is neither a cure nor prevention for these diseases, and only symptomatic treatments for polyQ diseases currently exist. Long-term pharmacological treatment is so far disappointing, probably due to unwanted complications and decreasing drug efficacy. Cellular transplantation of stem cells may provide promising therapeutic avenues for restoration of the functions of degenerative and/or damaged neurons in polyQ diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hueng-Chuen Fan
- Department of Pediatrics, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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Hosseini M, Moghadas M, Edalatmanesh MA, Hashemzadeh MR. Xenotransplantation of human adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells in a rodent model of Huntington’s disease: motor and non-motor outcomes. Neurol Res 2014; 37:309-19. [DOI: 10.1179/1743132814y.0000000456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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19
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Zhang S, Xie R, Zhao T, Yang X, Han L, Ye F, Lei T, Wan F. Neural stem cells preferentially migrate to glioma stem cells and reduce their stemness phenotypes. Int J Oncol 2014; 45:1989-96. [PMID: 25176161 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioma stem cells (GSCs), characterized by self-renewal, multi-potentiality and tumorigenicity, are responsible for the tumor propagation, recurrence and resistance to traditional treatments, representing a critical therapeutic target. Neural stem cells (NSCs) possess inherent tropism to brain tumor cells and inhibit their growth. However, there is a limited understanding of the mechanism underlying NSC tropism and the effect of NSC migration on GSC stemness phenotypes. In the present study, we showed that GSCs exhibited enhanced chemotaxis for NSC tropism compared with their differentiated cells. Chemokines secreted by GSCs contributed to the targeted migration of NSCs. Hypoxia enhanced NSC tropism via the upregulated chemokine expression of GSCs, such as VEGF, EGF and bFGF. In vitro migration of NSCs induced GSC differentiation and reduced stem-like phenotypes. Moreover, in vivo data provided direct evidence that transplanted NSCs could migrate to GSCs from either the homolateral or contralateral brain injection site, which prolonged the survival of grafted mice. Taken together, these findings show that NSCs preferentially migrate to GSCs and reduce their stemness phenotypes, raising the intriguing possibility that the targeted migration of NSCs can be applied as a novel therapeutic strategy to target these intractable brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suojun Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery and Chinese-German Lab of Molecular Neurooncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, P.R. China
| | - Ruifan Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery and Chinese-German Lab of Molecular Neurooncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, P.R. China
| | - Tianyuan Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery and Chinese-German Lab of Molecular Neurooncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, P.R. China
| | - Xiong Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery and Chinese-German Lab of Molecular Neurooncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, P.R. China
| | - Lin Han
- Department of Neurosurgery and Chinese-German Lab of Molecular Neurooncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, P.R. China
| | - Fei Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery and Chinese-German Lab of Molecular Neurooncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, P.R. China
| | - Ting Lei
- Department of Neurosurgery and Chinese-German Lab of Molecular Neurooncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, P.R. China
| | - Feng Wan
- Department of Neurosurgery and Chinese-German Lab of Molecular Neurooncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, P.R. China
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Nakaji-Hirabayashi T, Kitano H. Interleukin-10 chimeric protein to protect transplanted neural progenitor cells from immune responses. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:8598-8607. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tb01413h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Novel system for protecting transplanted cells from inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - H. Kitano
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering
- University of Toyama
- Toyama 930-8555, Japan
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Sontag CJ, Nguyen HX, Kamei N, Uchida N, Anderson AJ, Cummings BJ. Immunosuppressants affect human neural stem cells in vitro but not in an in vivo model of spinal cord injury. Stem Cells Transl Med 2013; 2:731-44. [PMID: 23981724 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2012-0175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical immunosuppression protocols use calcineurin inhibitors, such as cyclosporine A (CsA) or tacrolimus (FK506), or mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors, such as sirolimus (rapamycin). These compounds alter immunophilin ligand signaling pathways, which are known to interact downstream with mediators for human neural stem cell (hNSC) differentiation and proliferation, suggesting that immunosuppressants may directly alter hNSC properties. We investigated whether immunosuppressants can exert direct effects on the differentiation, proliferation, survival, and migration of human central nervous system-derived stem cells propagated as neurospheres (hCNS-SCns) in vitro and in an in vivo model of spinal cord injury. We identified unique, immunosuppressant-dependent effects on hCNS-SCns differentiation and proliferation in vitro. All immunosuppressants tested increased neuronal differentiation, and CsA and rapamycin inhibited proliferation in vitro. No immunosuppressant-mediated effects on hCNS-SCns survival or migration in vitro were detected. These data suggested that immunosuppressant administration could alter hCNS-SCns properties in vivo. We tested this hypothesis by administering immunosuppressants to constitutively immunodeficient spinal cord injured mice and assessed survival, proliferation, differentiation, and migration of hCNS-SCns after 14 weeks. In parallel, we administered immunosuppressants to immunocompetent spinal cord injury (SCI) mice and also evaluated hCNS-SCns engraftment and fate. We identified no effect of immunosuppressants on the overall hCNS-SCns fate profile in either xenotransplantation model. Despite a lower level of human cell engraftment in immunocompetent SCI mice, functional locomotor recovery was observed in animals receiving hCNS-SCns transplantation with no evidence of allodynia. These data suggest that local cues in the microenvironment could exert a stronger influence on hCNS-SCns than circulating levels of immunosuppressants; however, differences between human and rodent metabolism/pharmokinetics and xenograft versus allograft paradigms could be determining factors.
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Zhang S, Luo X, Wan F, Lei T. The roles of hypoxia-inducible factors in regulating neural stem cells migration to glioma stem cells and determinating their fates. Neurochem Res 2012; 37:2659-66. [PMID: 22991140 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-012-0879-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Revised: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The mortality of patients with malignant gliomas remains high despite the advancement in multi-modal therapy including surgery, radio- and chemotherapy. Glioma stem cells (GSCs), sharing some characteristics with normal neural stem cells (NSCs), contribute to the cellular origin for primary gliomas and the recurrence of malignant gliomas after current conventional therapy. Accordingly, targeting GSCs proves to be a promising avenue of therapeutic intervention. The specific tropism of NSCs to GSCs provides a novel platform for targeted delivery of therapeutic agents. Tropism and mobilization of NSCs are enhanced by hypoxia through upregulating chemotactic cytokines and activating several signaling pathways. Moreover, hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) produced under hypoxic microenvironment of the stem cell niche play critical roles in the growth and stemness phenotypes regulation of both NSCs and GSCs. However, the definite cellular and molecular mechanisms of HIFs involvement in the process remain obscure. In this review, we focus on the pivotal roles of HIFs in migration of NSCs to GSCs and potential roles of HIFs in dictating the fates of migrated NSCs and targeted GSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suojun Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Avenue 1095#, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
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Karalkin PA, Lupatov AY, Burunova VV, Holodenko IV, Yarygin KN, Moldaver MV, Poltavtseva RA, Pavlovich SV, Sukhikh GT. Immunoregulatory Properties of Human Stem Cells of Mesenchymal and Ectodermal Origin after Their Transplantation to BALB/c Mice. Bull Exp Biol Med 2012; 153:118-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s10517-012-1658-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Edalatmanesh MA, Bahrami AR, Hosseini E, Hosseini M, Khatamsaz S. Neuroprotective effects of mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in animal model of cerebellar degeneration. Neurol Res 2012; 33:913-20. [PMID: 22080991 DOI: 10.1179/1743132811y.0000000036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cerebellum has been considered a key structure for the processes involved in sensorimotor integration ultimately leading to motor planning and execution of coordinated movement. Thus, motor deficits and behavioral changes can be associated with cerebellar degeneration. METHODS Here, the chemical neurotoxin pyridine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid (quinolinic acid, QA) used to create partially cerebellar degeneration in adult Wistar rats suitable for use in stem cell transplantation studies. Stereotaxicaly administration of QA (0.2 mmol) in the right cerebellar hemisphere (folia VI) caused noticeable motor disturbance in all treated animals. Forty-eights hours after causing lesion, rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were transplanted into damaged cerebellar hemisphere. We investigated the role of MSC transplantation in forms of motor and non-motor learning that involves the cerebellum and its neuroprotective effects in Purkinje cells loss. RESULTS CM-Dil labeling showed that the transplanted MSCs survived and migrated in the cerebellum 6 weeks after transplantation. The MSC-transplanted group showed markedly improved functional performance on the rotating rod test (P≤0.0001) and beam walking test (P≤0.0001) during 6 weeks compared with the controls. For non-motor learning, we used passive avoidance learning test in 3 weeks after transplantation. The results showed that MSC transplantation prevented the development of memory deficit caused by cerebellar degeneration (P≤0.001). Stereological analysis in 6 weeks after transplantation showed that QA significantly decreases Purkinje cells in vehicle-treated rats and MSC transplantation is neuroprotective and decreases Purkinje cell loss in MSC-treated rats (P≤0.0001). CONCLUSION The results indicate that transplantation of MSCs can significantly reduce the behavioral and neuroanatomical abnormalities of these animals during 6 weeks after engraftment. According to results of this assay, cell therapy by means of bone marrow-derived adult stem cells promises for treatment of cerebellar diseases.
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Nakaji-Hirabayashi T, Kato K, Iwata H. Improvement of neural stem cell survival in collagen hydrogels by incorporating laminin-derived cell adhesive polypeptides. Bioconjug Chem 2012; 23:212-21. [PMID: 22229651 DOI: 10.1021/bc200481v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cell transplantation is a potential methodology for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. However, the therapeutic effect is limited by poor viability of transplanted cells. To overcome this problem, we hypothesized that a dual step approach, whereby providing an adhesive substrate for transplanted cells and, at the same time, by preventing the infiltration of activated microglia into the site of transplantation promotes the cell survival. To establish above conditions, attempts were made to prepare 3-D matrices using collagen hydrogels that incorporated integrin-binding polypeptides derived from laminin-1. Tandem combinations of laminin globular domains as well as a single globular domain 3 were prepared using recombinant DNA technology as a fusion with hexahistidine and bound to metal chelated surfaces to screen for the adhesion and proliferation of neural stem cells (NSCs). In addition, a small peptide derived from laminin γ1 chain was prepared and heterodimerized with the globular domain-containing chimeric proteins to evaluate for the enhancement of integrin-mediated cell adhesion. As a result, a heterodimer consisting of the globular domain 3 of the laminin α1 chain and the peptide from the laminin γ1 chain was selected as the best candidate among the polypeptides studied here for the incorporation into a collagen hydrogel. It was shown that the survival of NSCs was indeed promoted in the collagen hydrogel incorporating the heterodimer compared to the pure collagen hydrogel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Nakaji-Hirabayashi
- Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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26
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Modarresi F, Faghihi MA, Patel NS, Sahagan BG, Wahlestedt C, Lopez-Toledano MA. Knockdown of BACE1-AS Nonprotein-Coding Transcript Modulates Beta-Amyloid-Related Hippocampal Neurogenesis. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2011; 2011:929042. [PMID: 21785702 PMCID: PMC3139208 DOI: 10.4061/2011/929042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Revised: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 04/07/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating neurological disorder and the main cause of dementia in the elderly population worldwide. Adult neurogenesis appears to be upregulated very early in AD pathogenesis in response to some specific aggregates of beta-amyloid (Aβ) peptides, exhausting the neuronal stem cell pools in the brain. Previously, we characterized a conserved nonprotein-coding antisense transcript for β-secretase-1 (BACE1), a critical enzyme in AD pathophysiology. We showed that the BACE1-antisense transcript (BACE1-AS) is markedly upregulated in brain samples from AD patients and promotes the stability of the (sense) BACE1 transcript. In the current paper, we examine the relationship between BACE1, BACE1-AS, adult neurogenesis markers, and amyloid plaque formation in amyloid precursor protein (APP) transgenic mice (Tg-19959) of various ages. Results. Consistent with previous publications in other APP overexpressing mouse models, we found adult neurogenesis markers to be noticeably upregulated in Tg-19959 mice very early in the development of the disease. Knockdown of either one of BACE1 or BACE1-AS transcripts by continuous infusion of locked nucleic acid- (LNA-) modified siRNAs into the third ventricle over the period of two weeks caused concordant downregulation of both transcripts in Tg-19959 mice. Downregulation of BACE1 mRNA was followed by reduction of BACE1 protein and insoluble Aβ. Modulation of BACE1 and BACE1-AS transcripts also altered oligomeric Aβ aggregation pattern, which was in turn associated with an increase in neurogenesis markers at the RNA and protein level. Conclusion. We found alterations in the RNA and protein concentrations of several adult neurogenesis markers, as well as non-protein-coding BACE1-AS transcripts, in parallel with the course of β-amyloid synthesis and aggregation in the brain of Tg15999 mice. In addition, by knocking down BACE1 or BACE1-AS (thereby reducing Aβ production and plaque deposition), we were able to modulate expression of these neurogenesis markers. Our findings suggest a distortion of adult neurogenesis that is associated with Aβ production very early in amyloid pathogenesis. We believe that these alterations, at the molecular level, could prove useful as novel therapeutic targets and/or as early biomarkers of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Modarresi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1501 NW 10th Avenue Miami, FL 33136, USA
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Edalatmanesh MA, Bahrami AR, Hosseini E, Hosseini M, Khatamsaz S. Bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in cerebellar degeneration: a behavioral study. Behav Brain Res 2011; 225:63-70. [PMID: 21741411 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Revised: 06/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In addition to its key role in complex motor function, the cerebellum is increasingly recognized to have a role in cognition. Thus, motor and cognitive deficits can be associated with cerebellar degeneration. After unilateral lesion in cerebellum (folia VI) was caused by Quinolinic acid, CM-DiI labeled mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which were isolated and purified from bone marrow, were transplanted into the damaged folium. Motor function was assessed using the cylinder test, rotarod, hanging wire and beam balance during 6 weeks after transplantation. Cognitive function was assessed using the Morris water maze learning paradigm in 3 weeks after transplantation. Six weeks after transplantation surviving MSCs were detectable in QA-treated animals. The MSC-transplanted group showed markedly improved functional performance in spatial memory, motor learning, locomotor asymmetry, dysmetria, abnormality in neuromuscular strength and equilibrium 2-6 weeks compared with the controls. We found that cerebellar lesions produced deficits (folia VI) in motor and cognitive aspects of a spatial task. The results indicate that transplantation of MSCs can significantly reduce the behavioral abnormalities of these animals during six weeks after engraftment. According to results of this assay, cell therapy by means of bone marrow derived adult stem cells promises for treatment of cerebellar diseases.
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Shafiee A, Kabiri M, Ahmadbeigi N, Yazdani SO, Mojtahed M, Amanpour S, Soleimani M. Nasal septum-derived multipotent progenitors: a potent source for stem cell-based regenerative medicine. Stem Cells Dev 2011; 20:2077-91. [PMID: 21401444 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2010.0420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Thus far, autologous adult stem cells have attracted great attention for clinical purposes. In this study, we aimed at identifying and comprehensively characterizing a subpopulation of multipotent cells within human nasal septal cartilage. We also conducted a comparative investigation with other well-established stem cells such as bone marrow-mesenchymal stem cells, adipose tissue-mesenchymal stem cells, and unrestricted somatic stem cells. The isolated clonal population was characterized using immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, reverse transcriptase, and real-time polymerase chain reaction. Nasal septal progenitors (NSP) expressed critical pluripotency and mesoectodermal stem cell markers. They also shared many characteristics with MSC in expression of CD90, CD105, CD106, CD166, and HLA-ABC and lack of expression of CD34, CD45, and HLA-DR. NSP distinctly presented CD133 (Prominin-1). These cells could proliferate rapidly in vitro with a higher clonogenic potential and showed a longer lifespan than other studied cells. This population bears some other multipotent properties in showing a high capacity to be differentiated into other lineages including chondrocytes, osteocytes, and neural-like cell types. Another strong/positive feature of this population was their ability to be safely expanded ex vivo with no susceptibility to chromosomal abnormality or tumorigenicity both in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, NSP could be considered as an alternative autologous cell source that can bring them to the top of therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Shafiee
- Stem Cell Biology Department, Stem Cell Technology Research Center, Tehran, Iran
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Zahir T, Chen YF, MacDonald JF, Leipzig N, Tator CH, Shoichet MS. Neural stem/progenitor cells differentiate in vitro to neurons by the combined action of dibutyryl cAMP and interferon-gamma. Stem Cells Dev 2010; 18:1423-32. [PMID: 19355840 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2008.0412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplantation of neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) is a promising strategy for repair of the diseased/injured central nervous system (CNS); however, controlling their differentiation remains a significant hurdle. This study is aimed at controlling differentiation and specifically at screening exogenous factors to direct NSPC differentiation into neurons in vitro. In this study, adult rat SVZ-derived NSPCs were treated with several factors and screened individually and in combination for changes in cellular morphology, neuronal marker expression, quantitative real-time qRT-PCR, and electrophysiological properties. These in vitro screens showed that of all the different treatments, dibutyryl cyclic AMP (dbcAMP) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) enhanced neuronal differentiation most significantly compared to the 1% fetal bovine serum (FBS) controls. Importantly, the combined treatment of NSPCs with dbcAMP and IFN-gamma promoted greater neuronal differentiation as reflected by an increase in beta-III tubulin expression and morphological differentiation. Interestingly, the neurons that were generated from the NSPCs in vitro in the presence of dbcAMP and IFN-gamma, alone or in combination, responded to exogenous glutamate (Glu), but not gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), indicating that these neurons express glutamate receptors. These NSPC-derived neurons may be promising for neural regenerative strategies in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasneem Zahir
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
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The effect of ultra-nanocrystalline diamond films on the proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells. Biomaterials 2009; 30:3428-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.03.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2008] [Accepted: 03/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Edalatmanesh MA, Matin MM, Neshati Z, Bahrami AR, Kheirabadi M. Systemic transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells can reduce cognitive and motor deficits in rats with unilateral lesions of the neostriatum. Neurol Res 2009; 32:166-72. [PMID: 19570323 DOI: 10.1179/174313209x409025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is an inherited neurodegenerative disorder that usually occurs in the third or fourth decades of life. Stem cell therapy is one of the approaches for HD treatment. Since mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have the ability to migrate into the lesioned site, we transplanted rat bone marrow-derived MSCs intravenously, following unilateral intrastriatal lesion made by quinolinic acid (QA) in Wistar rats. QA administration caused widespread neuropathological deficits similar to those found in HD, including impairments in motor and cognitive functions. Animals receiving MSCs exhibited significant improvement in motor and cognitive performance compared with sham group animals that did not receive cells. Animals were tested by apomorphine-induced rotations, beam walk, cylinder and hang wire tests at different times after cell transplantation. Results indicate that systemic transplantation of MSCs can significantly reduce the behavioral abnormalities of these animals. This method of systemic injection has a great advantage over invasive surgical techniques for transplantation of cells at the lesioned site.
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Aizawa Y, Leipzig N, Zahir T, Shoichet M. The effect of immobilized platelet derived growth factor AA on neural stem/progenitor cell differentiation on cell-adhesive hydrogels. Biomaterials 2008; 29:4676-83. [PMID: 18801569 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2008] [Accepted: 08/22/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) hold great promise in regenerative medicine; however, controlling their differentiation to a desired phenotype within a defined matrix is challenging. To guide the differentiation of NSPCs, we first created a cell-adhesive matrix of agarose modified with glycine-arginine-glycine-aspartic acid-serine (GRGDS) and then demonstrated the multipotentiality of NSPCs to differentiate to the three primary cell types of the central nervous system on this matrix: neurons, oligodendrocytes and astrocytes. We then examined whether immobilized platelet derived growth factor AA (PDGF-AA) would promote differentiation similarly to the same soluble factor and found similar percentages of NSPCs differentiated to oligodendrocytes as determined by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Interestingly, the gene expression of the differentiated oligodendrocytes was similar for 2', 3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase (CNPase) but different for myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) in the presence of soluble PDGF-AA vs. immobilized PDGF-AA. These results demonstrate for the first time, that it is possible to control the differentiation of NSPCs, and specifically to oligodendrocytes, in cell-adhesive matrices with immobilized PDGF-AA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukie Aizawa
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Canada
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Nakaji-Hirabayashi T, Kato K, Arima Y, Iwata H. Oriented immobilization of epidermal growth factor onto culture substrates for the selective expansion of neural stem cells. Biomaterials 2007; 28:3517-29. [PMID: 17482256 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2007] [Accepted: 04/12/2007] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
To develop a culture substrate that allows efficient expansion of neural stem cells (NSCs), epidermal growth factor (EGF) was immobilized onto the Ni(II)-chelated surface of a glass-based substrate through coordination of Ni(II) to the histidine tag that was fused to the C-terminal of EGF using recombinant technology. For the preparation of the nickel-chelated surface, a thin gold layer was deposited to the glass surface, and then the self-assembled monolayer of alkanethiol terminated with trivalent carboxylic acids was formed on gold and chelated with Ni(II) ions. In the preparation of a monolayer, triethylene glycol-terminated alkanethiol was mixed with carboxylic acid-terminated alkanethiol at various compositions in order to reduce the non-specific adsorption of EGF. The surface analysis of the monolayers was performed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy, and contact angle measurements. Surface plasmon resonance analyses and protein assays were performed for characterizing EGF-immobilized surfaces. The proliferation and differentiation of rat fetal NSCs were examined on the EGF-chelated substrates to assess quantitatively the effects of alkanethiol composition on the efficiency of stem cell amplification. It was shown that the amplification efficiency was dependent on the alkanethiol composition. This result could be attributed to the difference in the surface density of chelated EGF. Under the optimal condition, 98% of proliferated cells expressed NSC marker. In addition, these cells could be subcultured for further expansion, while retained their multipotency. We concluded that the substrate developed here provides the efficient method for the highly selective expansion of NSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Nakaji-Hirabayashi
- Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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Redondo C, López-Toledano MA, Lobo MVT, Gonzalo-Gobernado R, Reimers D, Herranz AS, Paíno CL, Bazán E. Kainic acid triggers oligodendrocyte precursor cell proliferation and neuronal differentiation from striatal neural stem cells. J Neurosci Res 2007; 85:1170-82. [PMID: 17342781 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate is an excitatory amino acid that serves important functions in mammalian brain development through alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate (AMPA)/ kainate receptor stimulation. Neural stem cells with self-renewal and multilineage potential are a useful tool to study the signals involved in the regulation of brain development. We have investigated the role played by AMPA/kainate receptors during the differentiation of neural stem cells derived from fetal rat striatum. The application of 1 and 10 microM kainic acid increased significantly the phosphorylation of the cyclic AMP response element binding protein (CREB), raised bromodeoxyuridine incorporation in O4-positive oligodendrocyte precursors, and increased the number of O1-positive cells in the cultures. Increased CREB phosphorylation and proliferation were prevented by the AMPA receptor antagonist 4-4(4-aminophenyl)-1,2-dihydro-1-methyl-2-propylcarbamoyl-6,7-methylenedioxyphthalazine (SYM 2206) and by protein kinase A and protein kinase C inhibitors. Cultures treated with 100 microM kainic acid showed decreased proliferation, a lower proportion of O1-positive cells, and apoptosis of O4-positive cells. None of these effects were prevented by SYM 2206, suggesting that kainate receptors take part in these events. We conclude that AMPA receptor stimulation by kainic acid promotes the proliferation of oligodendrocyte precursors derived from neural stem cells through a mechanism that requires the activation of CREB by protein kinase A and C. In the neurons derived from these cells, either AMPA or kainate receptor stimulation produces neuritic growth and larger cell bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Redondo
- Servicio de Neurobiología, Departamento de Investigación, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
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35
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Nakajima M, Ishimuro T, Kato K, Ko IK, Hirata I, Arima Y, Iwata H. Combinatorial protein display for the cell-based screening of biomaterials that direct neural stem cell differentiation. Biomaterials 2006; 28:1048-60. [PMID: 17081602 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2006] [Accepted: 10/09/2006] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Neural stem cell (NSC) has emerged as a potential source for cell replacement therapy following traumatic injuries and degenerative diseases of the central nervous system. However, clinical applications of NSC further require technological advances especially for controlling differentiation of NSC. This study aimed at developing biomaterials that serve to expand undifferentiated NSC or to induce cells with specific phenotypes. Our approach is to construct composite biomaterials that consist of extracellular matrix components and growth factors. In order to optimize matrix-growth factor combinations, we conducted the parallel and rapid screening of composite biomaterials through assays using cell-based arrays. The photo-assisted patterning of an alkanethiol self-assembled monolayer was employed to achieve site-addressable combinatorial immobilization of natural and synthetic matrices incorporated with growth factors including epidermal growth factor (EGF), ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), nerve growth factor (NGF), and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3). NSC obtained from the rat embryonic striatum was cultured directly on the array to screen for cell adhesion, proliferation, and promotion of neuronal and glial specification. The results showed that the significant number of cells adhered to laminin-1, fibronectin, ProNectin, and poly(ethyleneimine). It was found that cells proliferated most extensively on a spot with immobilized EGF among the spots with different matrix-growth factor combinations. The results also showed that neuronal differentiation was promoted on the spots with immobilized NGF or NT-3, and astroglial differentiation with CNTF. Importantly, observed effects of growth factors were frequently altered depending on the type of co-immobilized matrices, suggesting synergic effects of adhesion and growth factor signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Nakajima
- Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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36
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Plotnikov EY, Marei MV, Podgornyi OV, Aleksandrova MA, Zorov DB, Sukhikh GT. Functional activity of mitochondria in cultured neural precursor cells. Bull Exp Biol Med 2006; 141:142-6. [PMID: 16929986 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-006-0114-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We studied mitochondrial transmembrane potential of neural precursor cells forming neurospheres in culture. Uneven energization of mitochondria in neurosphere cells was detected. Heterogeneity of cells by the mitochondrial potential increased with neurosphere enlargement during culturing. Decrease in the mitochondrial potential in the central cells in large spheres, presumably caused by insufficient diffusion of oxygen and nutrients, can provoke their damage and death. Population of cells with high mitochondrial potential responded to addition of the nuclear dye by a decrease in mitochondrial potential, which can indicate functioning of ABCG2 complex in these cells, characteristic of undifferentiated stem cells. These data will help to create optimum conditions for culturing of neural stem cells for the maintenance of their maximum functional and proliferative activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Yu Plotnikov
- A N Belozvorskii Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, M V Lomonosov Moscow State University.
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Zietlow R, Pekarik V, Armstrong RJE, Tyers P, Dunnett SB, Rosser AE. The survival of neural precursor cell grafts is influenced by in vitro expansion. J Anat 2006; 207:227-40. [PMID: 16185247 PMCID: PMC1571534 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00449.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic neural precursor cells (ENPs) provide a potential alternative for transplantation in neurodegenerative diseases, as they can be expanded in culture, avoiding many of the practical obstacles that limit the application of transplanting primary neurones. However, grafts of ENPs into animal models show variable survival and limited differentiation into neurones. The effect of expansion time on their ability to survive and differentiate may be an important factor in this and has not been examined directly. In these experiments, murine and human ENPs were expanded for short (4 weeks) and long (20 weeks) periods before transplantation into the adult rat striatum. Whereas grafts of both short- and long-term expanded human ENPs survived for 4 weeks following transplantation, by 20 weeks all long-term expanded grafts had disappeared. Murine ENPs behaved similarly: only grafts of short-term expanded ENPs survived at 12 weeks following transplantation. RT-PCR analysis of ENP cultures after 4 and 20 weeks of expansion demonstrated changes in expression of a number of different groups of genes. We conclude that long-term expansion of ENPs profoundly impairs their ability to survive long-term after transplantation into the adult brain. This has implications for the potential use of these cells for neural transplantation strategies.
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Wang TY, Sen A, Behie LA, Kallos MS. Dynamic behavior of cells within neurospheres in expanding populations of neural precursors. Brain Res 2006; 1107:82-96. [PMID: 16859652 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.05.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2005] [Revised: 05/30/2006] [Accepted: 05/30/2006] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Large-scale expansion of neural stem and progenitor cells will be essential for clinically treating the large number of patients suffering from neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease. Other applications of neural stem cell technology include further research in areas such as neural development or drug testing. Neural stem cells can be grown in vitro as tissue aggregates known as neurospheres, and in the current study, experiments were performed to determine the spatial arrangement and behavior of the cells within the neurosphere structure. A protocol utilizing sulfonated lipophilic fluorescent dyes was developed to effectively label populations of neural stem and progenitor cells without compromising cell density during culture. Cells retained the labels for at least 7 days. Using the labeling protocol, we discovered that the cells within the neurospheres were mobile and, moreover, the cells on the periphery of the neurospheres could migrate into the center of the neurospheres. Most important, the mixing time of two merging neurospheres was observed to be the same order of magnitude as the neural stem cell doubling time (approximately 20 h). This study is the first to show that the neurosphere system is dynamic, and these results will serve as a stepping stone to more in-depth studies of the neurosphere microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Y Wang
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility (PPRF), Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
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Miyan JA, Zendah M, Mashayekhi F, Owen-Lynch PJ. Cerebrospinal fluid supports viability and proliferation of cortical cells in vitro, mirroring in vivo development. Cerebrospinal Fluid Res 2006; 3:2. [PMID: 16549001 PMCID: PMC1450312 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8454-3-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2005] [Accepted: 03/20/2006] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The central nervous system develops around a fluid filled compartment. Recently, attention has turned to the potential role of the fluid (cerebrospinal fluid, CSF) in the developmental process. In particular, the cerebral cortex develops from the germinal epithelium adjacent to the CSF with regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation provided by cells adjacent to the fluid-filled subarachnoid space. Methods Histological analysis of fetal rat cortical sections was used to follow the extent of in vivo cortical development. A quantitative analysis of proliferation and migration of cortical cells at E17 – E21 was obtained through immunocytochemical staining of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) -labelled cells. In vitro studies were performed on primary cortical cells at days E17-E20, maintained in either Neurobasal media or 100% fetal rat CSF for 72 h before analysis of proliferation. Results The proliferation potential of primary cortical cells varied depending on the age of extraction. E17 and E20 cells showed little proliferation while E18 and E19 cell showed the maximum. The CSF from fetuses of all ages tested, except E21, was able to maintain primary cortical cells from the developing fetus in vitro and to stimulate and support their proliferation in the absence of any additions. E17 cells showed little proliferation in any media while E19 cells showed maximum proliferation in E19 and E20 CSF. Conclusion CSF composition most probably changes with age, as does the proliferation potential of cells in the developing cerebral cortex. CSF alone supports viability as well as proliferation of cortical cells. CSF must therefore be regarded as an important environmental influence in brain development and can be used in vitro to maintain both the viability of cortical progenitor cells and their age-related proliferative potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaleel A Miyan
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, 3.613 Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Mahjiub Zendah
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, 3.613 Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Farhad Mashayekhi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, The University of Guilan, Iran
| | - P Jane Owen-Lynch
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
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Visnyei K, Tatsukawa KJ, Erickson RI, Simonian S, Oknaian N, Carmichael ST, Kornblum HI. Neural progenitor implantation restores metabolic deficits in the brain following striatal quinolinic acid lesion. Exp Neurol 2006; 197:465-74. [PMID: 16310773 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2005.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2005] [Revised: 10/10/2005] [Accepted: 10/13/2005] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Neural progenitor transplantation is a potential treatment for neurodegenerative diseases, including Huntington's disease (HD). In the current study, we tested the potential of rat embryonic neural progenitors expanded in vitro as therapy in the rat quinolinic acid-lesioned striatum, a model that demonstrates some of the pathological features of HD. We used positron emission tomography (PET) to demonstrate that the intrastriatal injection of cultured rat neural progenitors results in improved metabolic function in the striatum and overlying cortex when compared to media-injected controls. Transplanted progenitors were capable of surviving, migrating long distances and differentiating into neurons and glia. The cortices of transplanted animals contained greater numbers of neurons in regions that had shown metabolic improvement. However, histological analysis revealed that only a small fraction of these increased neurons could be accounted for by engrafted cells, indicating that the metabolic sparing was likely the result of a trophic action of the transplanted cells on the host. Behavioral testing of the implanted animals did not reveal improvement in apomorphine-induced rotation. These data demonstrate that progenitor cell implantation results in enhanced metabolic function and sparing of neuron number, but that these functions do not necessarily result in the restoration of complex circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koppany Visnyei
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Abstract
Stem cell research has known an enormous development, and cellular transplantation holds great promise for regenerative medicine. However, some aspects, such as the mechanisms underlying stem cell plasticity (cell fusion vs true transdifferentiation) and the functional improvement after stem cell transplantation, are highly debated. Furthermore, the great variability in methodology used by several groups, sometimes leads to confusing, contradicting results. In this chapter, we review a number of studies in this area with an eye on possible technical and other difficulties in interpretation of the obtained results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Ann Pauwelyn
- University of Leuven, Stem Cell Institute Leuven (SCIL)/Laboratory of Hepatology, UZ Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Handley OJ, Naji JJ, Dunnett SB, Rosser AE. Pharmaceutical, cellular and genetic therapies for Huntington's disease. Clin Sci (Lond) 2005; 110:73-88. [PMID: 16336206 DOI: 10.1042/cs20050148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
HD (Huntington's disease) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder caused by a polyglutamine expansion in the gene encoding the huntingtin protein. Presently, there is no known cure for HD and existing symptomatic treatments are limited. However, recent advances have identified multiple pathological mechanisms involved in HD, some of which have now become the focus of therapeutic intervention. In this review, we consider progress made towards developing safe and effective pharmaceutical-, cell- and genetic-based therapies, and discuss the extent to which some of these therapies have been successfully translated into clinical trials. These new prospects offer hope for delaying and possibly halting this debilitating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia J Handley
- The Brain Repair Group, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3US, UK.
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43
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Kelly CM, Tyers P, Borg MT, Svendsen CN, Dunnett SB, Rosser AE. EGF and FGF-2 responsiveness of rat and mouse neural precursors derived from the embryonic CNS. Brain Res Bull 2005; 68:83-94. [PMID: 16325008 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2005.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
EGF and FGF-2 induce the proliferation of embryonic neural precursors (ENPs) in vitro from a number of different species. In this study, we demonstrate that embryonic age is a crucial determinant of the number and differentiation potential of rat embryonic neural precursor cells responding to either EGF and/or FGF-2, in that (i) there is a differential response to the two growth factors (both alone and in combination) according to the gestational age of isolation and (ii) when allowed to differentiate, there are temporal changes in the ability of these cells to produce neurons. Furthermore, for cultures of all gestational ages, there is a defined pattern of senescence, with cultures expanding longest when cells are isolated earlier in gestation. The suggestion is that rat ENPs in this study consist predominantly of neural progenitor cells with limited division potential rather than self-renewing multipotential neural stem cells. In contrast, mouse ENPs appeared to expand indefinitely and thus allow for longer studies to be carried out looking at the effects of growth factor concentrations. The effect of varying the concentration of EGF was assessed using mouse ENPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire M Kelly
- School of Biosciences, Brain Repair Group, Cardiff University, Biomedical Science Building, Museum Avenue, P.O. Box 911, Cardiff CF1 3US, UK
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Fan CG, Tang FW, Zhang QJ, Lu SH, Liu HY, Zhao ZM, Liu B, Han ZB, Han ZC. Characterization and neural differentiation of fetal lung mesenchymal stem cells. Cell Transplant 2005; 14:311-21. [PMID: 16052912 DOI: 10.3727/000000005783983070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been successfully isolated from a broad range of adult, fetal, and other nonembryonic tissues. Fetal lung has been identified as a rich source of MSCs. However, the biological characteristics and differentiation potential of fetal lung MSCs remain to be explored. In this study, we established a series of methods for isolation and expansion of fetal lung MSCs. These MSCs could withstand more than 40 passages without obvious decline in proliferation ability, significant changes in morphology, and expression of cell markers. Flow cytometric analysis showed that fetal lung MSCs expressed CD13, CD29, CD44, CD90, CD105, CD166, and HLA-ABC, but not CD14, CD31, CD34, CD38, CD41a, CD42b, CD45, CD49d, CD61, CD106, CD133, and HLA-DR. Cell cycle analysis revealed that when the MSCs reached their log phase of growth, more than 90% of the cells were in G0/G1 phase while the proportion of cells in S phase and G2/M phase were about 5.56% and 2.08% cells, respectively. These MSCs could differentiate into neural cells in addition to their mesenchymal differentiation potential. Our data suggest that the fetal lung MSC population is an alternative source of stem cells for cell-based therapy of neurological defects or mesenchymal-originating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cun Gang Fan
- National Research Center for Stem Cell Engineering & Technology, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
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Döbrössy MD, Dunnett SB. Optimising plasticity: environmental and training associated factors in transplant-mediated brain repair. Rev Neurosci 2005; 16:1-21. [PMID: 15810651 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro.2005.16.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
With progressively ageing populations, degeneration of nerve cells of the brain, due to accident or disease, represents one of the major problems for health and welfare in the developed world. The molecular environment in the adult brain promotes stability limiting its ability to regenerate or to repair itself following injury. Cell transplantation aims to repair the nervous system by introducing new cells that can replace the function of the compromised or lost cells. Alternatives to primary embryonic tissue are actively being sought but this is at present the only source that has been shown reliably to survive grafting into the adult brain and spinal cord, connect with the host nervous system, and influence behaviour. Based on animal studies, several clinical trials have now shown that embryonic tissue grafts can partially alleviate symptoms in Parkinson's disease, and related strategies are under evaluation for Huntington's disease, spinal cord injury, stroke and other CNS disorders. The adult brain is at its most plastic in the period following injury, offering a window of opportunity for therapeutic intervention. Enriched environment, behavioural experience and grafting can each separately influence neuronal plasticity and recovery of function after brain damage, but the extent to which these factors interact is at present unknown. To improve the outcome following brain damage, transplantation must make use of the endogenous potential for plasticity of both the host and the graft and optimise the external circumstances associated with graft-mediated recovery. Our understanding of mechanisms of brain plasticity subsequent to brain damage needs to be associated with what we know about enhancing intrinsic recovery processes in order to improve neurobiological and surgical strategies for repair at the clinical level. With the proof of principle beginning to emerge from clinical trials, a rich area for innovative research with profound therapeutic application, even broader than the specific context of transplantation, is now opening for investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Màtè Daniel Döbrössy
- The Brain Repair Group, Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
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Aleksandrova MA, Podgornyi OV, Marei MV, Poltavtseva RA, Tsitrin EB, Gulyaev DV, Cherkasova LV, Revishchin AV, Korochkin LI, Khrushchov NG, Sukhikh GN. Characteristics of human neural stem cells In Vitro and after transplantation into rat brain. Bull Exp Biol Med 2005; 139:114-20. [PMID: 16142292 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-005-0227-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We studied the effect of culturing conditions on the fate of human neural stem cells after transplantation into rat brain. Human neural stem cells cultured in the presence of mitogens without LIF migrated along the ependyma and cerebral vessels of recipients, but to a great extent degenerated by the 20th day after transplantation. Neural stem cells cultured with LIF migrated, apart from the above mentioned pathways, in the cortex and hippocampus, well survived; proliferating cells were retained 30 days after transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Aleksandrova
- Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
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Abstract
Huntington's disease is an autosomal dominant genetic disease, which results in progressive neuronal degeneration in the neostriatum and neocortex, and associated functional impairments in motor, cognitive, and psychiatric domains. Although the genetic mutation is identified, involving an abnormal CAG expansion within the htt gene on chromosome 4, the mechanism by which this leads to neuronal cell death and the question of why striatal neurones are targeted both remain unknown. Thus, in addition to the search for molecular and genetic strategies to inhibit development of the disease, we still need to identify effective strategies for cellular repair in affected individuals. Aspects of the human neuropathology can be well modeled by excitotoxic or metabolic lesions in experimental animals, and in transgenic mice carrying the htt mutation, providing the basis for testing alternative therapeutic strategies. The rationale and efficacy of alternative cell therapies are reviewed, including transplantation repair with embryonic striatal tissues, expansion and differentiation of striatal-like cells from stem cells, and in vivo and ex vivo gene therapy for delivery of neuroprotective growth factor molecules. Pilot and experimental clinical trials of several approaches are now also underway, and the alternative strategies are compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen B Dunnett
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3US, Wales, United Kingdom.
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López-Toledano MA, Redondo C, Lobo MVT, Reimers D, Herranz AS, Paíno CL, Bazán E. Tyrosine hydroxylase induction by basic fibroblast growth factor and cyclic AMP analogs in striatal neural stem cells: role of ERK1/ERK2 mitogen-activated protein kinase and protein kinase C. J Histochem Cytochem 2004; 52:1177-89. [PMID: 15314085 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.3a6244.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSC) with self-renewal and multilineage potential are considered good candidates for cell replacement of damaged nervous tissue. In vitro experimental conditions can differentiate these cells into specific neuronal phenotypes. In the present study, we describe the combined effect of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and dibutyryladenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (dbcAMP) on the differentiation of fetal rat striatal NSC into tyrosine hydroxylase-positive cells. Tyrosine hydroxylase induction was accompanied by the activation of ERK1/ERK2 mitogen-activated protein kinase and was inhibited by the ERK1/ERK2 pathway blocker PD98059, suggesting that ERK activation may be important for this process. In addition, protein kinase C (PKC) was shown to be required for tyrosine hydroxylase protein expression. The inhibition of PKC by staurosporin, as well as its downregulation, decreased the ability of bFGF+dbcAMP to generate tyrosine hydroxylase-positive cells. Moreover, the PKC activator phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) together with bFGF and dbcAMP led to a significant increase in phospho-ERK1/ERK2 levels, and the percentage of beta-tubulin III-positive cells that expressed tyrosine hydroxylase increased by 3.5-fold. PMA also promoted the phosphorylation of the cyclic AMP response element binding protein that might contribute to the increase in tyrosine hydroxylase-positive cells observed in bFGF+dbcAMP+PMA-treated cultures. From these results, we conclude that the manipulation in vitro of NSC from rat fetal striatum with bFGF, cyclic AMP analogs, and PKC activators promotes the generation of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A López-Toledano
- Servicio de Neurobiologia-Investigación, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Carretera de Colmenar Viejo, Km 9.1, 28034 Madrid, Spain
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Alsalameh S, Amin R, Gemba T, Lotz M. Identification of mesenchymal progenitor cells in normal and osteoarthritic human articular cartilage. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 50:1522-32. [PMID: 15146422 DOI: 10.1002/art.20269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the presence of mesenchymal progenitor cells (MPCs) in human articular cartilage. METHODS Primary cell cultures established from normal and osteoarthritic (OA) human knee articular cartilage were analyzed for the expression of CD105 and CD166, cell surface markers whose coexpression defines mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in bone marrow and perichondrium. The potential of cartilage cells to differentiate to adipogenic, osteogenic, and chondrogenic lineages was analyzed after immunomagnetic selection for CD105+/CD166+ cells and was compared with bone marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs). RESULTS Up to 95% of isolated cartilage cells were CD105+ and approximately 5% were CD166+. The mean +/- SEM percentage of CD105+/CD166+ cells in normal cartilage was 3.49 +/- 1.93%. Primary cell cultures from OA cartilage contained significantly increased numbers of CD105+/CD166+ cells. Confocal microscopy confirmed the coexpression of both markers in the majority of BM-MSCs and a subpopulation of cartilage cells. Differentiation to adipocytes occurred in cartilage-derived cell cultures, as indicated by characteristic cell morphology and oil red O staining of lipid vacuoles. Osteogenesis was observed in isolated CD105+/CD166+ cells as well as in primary chondrocytes cultured in the presence of osteogenic supplements. Purified cartilage-derived CD105+/CD166+ cells did not express markers of differentiated chondrocytes. However, the cells were capable of chondrocytic differentiation and formed cartilage tissue in micromass pellet cultures. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that multipotential MPCs are present in adult human articular cartilage and that their frequency is increased in OA cartilage. This observation has implications for understanding the intrinsic repair capacity of articular cartilage and raises the possibility that these progenitor cells might be involved in the pathogenesis of arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saifeddin Alsalameh
- Division of Arthritis Research-MEM 161, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Kelly CM, Zietlow R, Dunnett SB, Rosser AE. The effects of various concentrations of FGF-2 on the proliferation and neuronal yield of murine embryonic neural precursor cells in vitro. Cell Transplant 2004; 12:215-23. [PMID: 12797376 DOI: 10.3727/000000003108746777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic neural precursors (ENPs), also termed neural stem cells or "neurospheres," are an attractive potential source of tissue for neural transplantation, because of their capacity to expand in number in vitro while retaining the ability to develop into the major phenotypes of the CNS. ENPs are isolated from the developing brain and proliferate in the presence of mitogens such as FGF-2 and EGF. Subsequent withdrawal of these mitogens and exposure to a suitable substrate results in differentiation into the major cell types of the CNS. As well as its role in precursor cell expansion, FGF-2 also plays a key role in the division of astrocytes, and in neuronal differentiation. Thus, it is important to establish the optimal concentrations of this factor for expansion and differentiation of neuronal phenotypes. Here we explore the effect of FGF-2 concentrations ranging from 1 to 20 ng/ml on the expansion and differentiation capacity of ENPs isolated from the cortex and striatum of E14 mice. ENP expansion was seen under all conditions, but was greatest at 10 and 20 ng/ml and least at 1 ng/ml. The numbers of neurons (as a proportion of total cell number) differentiating from these ENP populations appeared to be greatest at 1 ng/ml. However, once adjustments were made for the amount of expansion at each dose, final neuronal yield was maximum at the highest concentration of FGF-2 used (20 ng/ml).
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire M Kelly
- Brain Repair Group, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3US, UK
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