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Saponjic J, Mejías R, Nikolovski N, Dragic M, Canak A, Papoutsopoulou S, Gürsoy-Özdemir Y, Fladmark KE, Ntavaroukas P, Bayar Muluk N, Zeljkovic Jovanovic M, Fontán-Lozano Á, Comi C, Marino F. Experimental Models to Study Immune Dysfunction in the Pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4330. [PMID: 38673915 PMCID: PMC11050170 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic, age-related, progressive multisystem disease associated with neuroinflammation and immune dysfunction. This review discusses the methodological approaches used to study the changes in central and peripheral immunity in PD, the advantages and limitations of the techniques, and their applicability to humans. Although a single animal model cannot replicate all pathological features of the human disease, neuroinflammation is present in most animal models of PD and plays a critical role in understanding the involvement of the immune system (IS) in the pathogenesis of PD. The IS and its interactions with different cell types in the central nervous system (CNS) play an important role in the pathogenesis of PD. Even though culture models do not fully reflect the complexity of disease progression, they are limited in their ability to mimic long-term effects and need validation through in vivo studies. They are an indispensable tool for understanding the interplay between the IS and the pathogenesis of this disease. Understanding the immune-mediated mechanisms may lead to potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of PD. We believe that the development of methodological guidelines for experiments with animal models and PD patients is crucial to ensure the validity and consistency of the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasna Saponjic
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic”, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11108 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Rebeca Mejías
- Department of Physiology, School of Biology, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain; (R.M.); (Á.F.-L.)
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Neda Nikolovski
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11108 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Milorad Dragic
- Laboratory for Neurobiology, Department for General Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.D.); (M.Z.J.)
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, Vinca Institute of Nuclear Sciences–National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11351 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Asuman Canak
- Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Vocational School of Health Services, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize 53100, Turkey;
| | - Stamatia Papoutsopoulou
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500 Larisa, Greece; (S.P.); (P.N.)
| | | | - Kari E. Fladmark
- Department of Biological Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway;
| | - Panagiotis Ntavaroukas
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500 Larisa, Greece; (S.P.); (P.N.)
| | - Nuray Bayar Muluk
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Kirikkale University, Kirikkale 71450, Turkey;
| | - Milica Zeljkovic Jovanovic
- Laboratory for Neurobiology, Department for General Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.D.); (M.Z.J.)
| | - Ángela Fontán-Lozano
- Department of Physiology, School of Biology, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain; (R.M.); (Á.F.-L.)
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Cristoforo Comi
- Neurology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, S. Andrea Hospital, University of Piemonte Orientale, 13100 Vercelli, Italy;
| | - Franca Marino
- Center for Research in Medical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy;
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The immunogenicity of midbrain dopaminergic neurons and the implications for neural grafting trials in Parkinson's disease. Neuronal Signal 2021; 5:NS20200083. [PMID: 34552761 PMCID: PMC8438115 DOI: 10.1042/ns20200083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopaminergic (DA) cell replacement therapies are a promising experimental treatment for Parkinson’s disease (PD) and a number of different types of DA cell-based therapies have already been trialled in patients. To date, the most successful have been allotransplants of foetal ventral midbrain but even then, the results have been inconsistent. This coupled to the ethical and logistical problems with using this tissue has meant that an alternative cell source has been sought of which human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) sources have proven very attractive. Robust protocols for making mesencephalic DA (mesDA) progenitor cells from hPSCs now exist and the first in-human clinical trials have or are about to start. However, while their safety and efficacy are well understood, relatively little is known about their immunogenicity and in this review, we briefly summarise this with reference mainly to the limited literature on human foetal DA cells.
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Wei N, Sun Z, Yu J, Jia Y, Zheng P, Tang H, Chen J. Immunological Responses to Transgene-Modified Neural Stem Cells After Transplantation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:697203. [PMID: 34248998 PMCID: PMC8262771 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.697203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cell (NSC) therapy is a promising therapeutic strategy for stroke. Researchers have frequently carried out genetic modification or gene editing of stem cells to improve survival or therapeutic function. However, NSC transplantation carries the risk of immune rejection, and genetic modification or gene-editing might further increase this risk. For instance, recent studies have reported on manipulating the stem cell genome and transplantation via the insertion of an exogenous gene derived from magnetotactic bacteria. However, whether transgene-modified stem cells are capable of inducing immunological reactions has not been explored. Although NSCs rarely express the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), they can still cause some immunological issues. To investigate whether transgene-modified NSCs aggravate immunological responses, we detected the changes in peripheral immune organs and intracerebral astrocytes, glial cells, and MHC-I and MHC-II molecules after the injection of GFP-labeled or mms6-GFP-labeled NSCs in a rat model. Xenogeneic human embryonic kidney (HEK-293T) cells were grafted as a positive control group. Our results indicated that xenogeneic cell transplantation resulted in a strong peripheral splenic response, increased astrocytes, enhanced microglial responses, and upregulation of MHC-I and MHC-II expression on the third day of transplantation. But they decreased obviously except Iba-1 positive cells and MHC-II expression. When injection of both mms6-GFP-labeled NSCs and GFP-labeled NSCs also induced similar responses as HEK-293T cells on the third days, but MHC-I and MHC-II expression decreased 3 weeks after transplantation. In addition, mms6 transgene-modified NSCs did not produce peripheral splenic response responses as well as astrocytes, microglial cells, MHC-I and MHC-II positive cells responses when compared with non-modified NSCs. The present study provides preliminary evidence that transgenic modification does not aggravate immunological responses in NSC transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naili Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhenxing Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jimei Yu
- Department of Nursing, Huashan Hospital North, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanfei Jia
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Peiqi Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Guangdong, China
| | - Hailiang Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Hailiang Tang, ; Jian Chen,
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Guangdong, China
- *Correspondence: Hailiang Tang, ; Jian Chen,
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwaine F. Emerich
- Neuroscience Alkermes, Inc 64 Sidney Street Cambridge, MA, 02139-4136
| | - Lotta Granholm
- Neuroscience Alkermes, Inc 64 Sidney Street Cambridge, MA, 02139-4136
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Chen Y, Qi B, Xu W, Ma B, Li L, Chen Q, Qian W, Liu X, Qu H. Clinical correlation of peripheral CD4+‑cell sub‑sets, their imbalance and Parkinson's disease. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:6105-11. [PMID: 26239429 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that the peripheral immune system has an active role in the progression of Parkinson's disease (PD). The finding of T‑helper (Th; CD4+) cells infiltrating into the substantia nigra in PD patients demonstrated that Th cells are involved in PD. However, the association between peripheral T‑helper cell sub‑sets (Th1, Th2, Treg and Th17) and the sub‑set balance (Th1/Th2 and Th17/Treg) and PD has remained elusive. In the present study, sixty PD patients of the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College as well as 40 age‑ and environment‑matched healthy individuals were enrolled. The fraction of CD4+ T cells in the peripheral blood was assessed by automated hematology analysis and its sub‑sets (Thl, Th2, Thl7, Treg) were quantified by flow cytometry. The results showed that in the PD group, the proportion of Th1 and Th17 cells was increased, while that of Th2 and Treg cells was decreased. Compared with the control group, the Th1/Th2 and Th17/Treg ratios were significantly enhanced, and shifted towards Th1 and Th17, respectively. Furthermore, this Th1‑type response (Th1/Th2 balance shifting towards Th1) were associated with motor function scores determined by Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale III (UPDRS‑III) scores. However, no correlation was found between the change in the Th17/Treg cell balance (Th17/Treg balance shifting towards Th1) and UPDRS‑III scores. These data supported that chronic immune stimulation, specifically CD4+‑cell sub‑set imbalance, is linked to PD pathobiology and disease severity. CD4+‑cell sub‑sets and their imbalance may therefore represent novel biomarkers or therapeutic targets for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhua Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233004, P.R. China
| | - Benquan Qi
- Department of Emergency Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233004, P.R. China
| | - Wenfang Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233004, P.R. China
| | - Bo Ma
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233004, P.R. China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233004, P.R. China
| | - Qiming Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233004, P.R. China
| | - Weidong Qian
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233004, P.R. China
| | - Xiaolin Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233004, P.R. China
| | - Hongdang Qu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233004, P.R. China
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Skardelly M, Glien A, Groba C, Schlichting N, Kamprad M, Meixensberger J, Milosevic J. The influence of immunosuppressive drugs on neural stem/progenitor cell fate in vitro. Exp Cell Res 2013; 319:3170-81. [PMID: 24001738 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In allogenic and xenogenic transplantation, adequate immunosuppression plays a major role in graft survival, especially over the long term. The effect of immunosuppressive drugs on neural stem/progenitor cell fate has not been sufficiently explored. The focus of this study is to systematically investigate the effects of the following four different immunotherapeutic strategies on human neural progenitor cell survival/death, proliferation, metabolic activity, differentiation and migration in vitro: (1) cyclosporine A (CsA), a calcineurin inhibitor; (2) everolimus (RAD001), an mTOR-inhibitor; (3) mycophenolic acid (MPA, mycophenolate), an inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase and (4) prednisolone, a steroid. At the minimum effective concentration (MEC), we found a prominent decrease in hNPCs' proliferative capacity (BrdU incorporation), especially for CsA and MPA, and an alteration of the NAD(P)H-dependent metabolic activity. Cell death rate, neurogenesis, gliogenesis and cell migration remained mostly unaffected under these conditions for all four immunosuppressants, except for apoptotic cell death, which was significantly increased by MPA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Skardelly
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany; Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
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Modo M, Rezaie P, Heuschling P, Patel S, Male DK, Hodges H. Transplantation of neural stem cells in a rat model of stroke: assessment of short-term graft survival and acute host immunological response. Brain Res 2002; 958:70-82. [PMID: 12468031 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(02)03463-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The use of progenitors and stem cells for neural grafting is promising, as these not only have the potential to be maintained in vitro until use, but may also prove less likely to evoke an immunogenic response in the host, when compared to primary (fetal) grafts. We investigated whether the short-term survival of a grafted conditionally immortalised murine neuroepithelial stem cell line (MHP36) (2 weeks post-implantation, 4 weeks post-ischaemia) is influenced by: (i) immunosuppression (cyclosporin A (CSA) vs. no CSA), (ii) the local (intact vs. lesioned hemisphere), or (iii) global (lesioned vs. sham) brain environment. MHP36 cells were transplanted ipsi- and contralateral to the lesion in rats with middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) or sham controls. Animals were either administered CSA or received no immunosuppressive treatment. A proliferation assay of lymphocytes dissociated from cervical lymph nodes, grading of the survival of the grafted cells, and histological evaluation of the immune response revealed no significant difference between animals treated with or without CSA. There was no difference in survival or immunological response to cells grafted ipsi- or contralateral to the lesion. Although a local upregulation of immunological markers (MHC class I, MHC class II, CD45, CD11b) was detected around the injection site and the ischaemic lesion, these were not specifically upregulated in response to transplanted cells. These results provide evidence for the low immunogenic properties of MHP36 cells during the initial period following implantation, known to be associated with an acute host immune response and ensuing graft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Modo
- Neuroimaging Research Group-Neurology P042, Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK.
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Borlongan CV, Stahl CE, Fujisaki T, Sanberg PR, Watanabe S. Cyclosporine A-induced hyperactivity in rats: is it mediated by immunosuppression, neurotrophism, or both? Cell Transplant 1999; 8:153-9. [PMID: 10338283 DOI: 10.1177/096368979900800107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclosporine A (CsA) immunosuppressive treatment has become an adjunctive therapy in neural transplantation of dopamine-secreting cells for treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). Recently, CsA and its analogues have been shown to promote trophic effects against neurodegenerative disorders, and therefore CsA may have direct beneficial effects on dopaminergic neurons and dopamine-mediated behaviors. The present study examined the interaction between the reported CsA-induced hyperactivity and the possible alterations in nigral tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-immunoreactive neurons in rats with damaged blood-brain barrier. CsA was administered at a therapeutic dose (10 mg/kg/day, IP, for 9 days) used in neural transplantation protocol for PD animal models. CsA-treated animals displayed significantly higher general spontaneous locomotor activity than control animals at drug injection days 7 and 9. Histological assays at day 9 revealed that there was a significant increase in TH-immunoreactive neurons in the nigra of CsA-treated rats compared to that of the vehicle-treated rats. The nigral TH elevation was accompanied by suppressed calcium-phosphotase calcineurin activity, indicating an inhibition of host immune response. This is the first report of CsA exerting simultaneous immunosuppressive and neurotrophic effects, as well as increasing general spontaneous locomotor behavior. These results support the utility of CsA as a therapeutic agent for PD and other movement disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- C V Borlongan
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Cellular Neurobiology, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Sanberg
- Division of Neurological Surgery, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa 33612, USA
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Granholm AC, Emerich D. Fifth Annual Meeting of the American Society for Neural Transplantation and Repair. Cell Transplant 1999; 8:7-9. [PMID: 28153075 DOI: 10.1177/096368979900800110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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