Mir-30d suppresses cell proliferation of colon cancer cells by inhibiting cell autophagy and promoting cell apoptosis

Epigenetic regulation of autophagy by non-coding RNAs and exosomal non-coding RNAs in colorectal cancer: A narrative review

One of the major diseases affecting people globally is colorectal cancer (CRC), which is primarily caused by a lack of effective medical treatment and a limited understanding of its underlying mechanisms. Cellular autophagy functions to break down and eliminate superfluous proteins and substances, thereby facilitating the continual replacement of cellular elements and generating vital energy for cell processes. Non-coding RNAs and exosomal ncRNAs have a crucial impact on regulating gene expression and essential cellular functions such as autophagy, metastasis, and treatment resistance. The latest research has indicated that specific ncRNAs and exosomal ncRNA to influence the process of autophagy in CRC cells, which could have significant consequences for the advancement and treatment of this disease. It has been determined that a variety of ncRNAs have a vital function in regulating the genes essential for the formation and maturation of autophagosomes. Furthermore, it has been confirmed that ncRNAs have a considerable influence on the signaling pathways associated with autophagy, such as those involving AMPK, AKT, and mTOR. Additionally, numerous ncRNAs have the potential to affect specific genes involved in autophagy. This study delves into the control mechanisms of ncRNAs and exosomal ncRNAs and examines how they simultaneously influence autophagy in CRC.

Molecular mechanisms in regulation of autophagy and apoptosis in view of epigenetic regulation of genes and involvement of liquid-liquid phase separation

Cellular physiology is critically regulated by multiple signaling nexuses, among which cell death mechanisms play crucial roles in controlling the homeostatic landscape at the tissue level within an organism. Apoptosis, also known as programmed cell death, can be induced by external and internal stimuli directing the cells to commit suicide in unfavourable conditions. In contrast, stress conditions like nutrient deprivation, infection and hypoxia trigger autophagy, which is lysosome-mediated processing of damaged cellular organelle for recycling of the degraded products, including amino acids. Apparently, apoptosis and autophagy both are catabolic and tumor-suppressive pathways; apoptosis is essential during development and cancer cell death, while autophagy promotes cell survival under stress. Moreover, autophagy plays dual role during cancer development and progression by facilitating the survival of cancer cells under stressed conditions and inducing death in extreme adversity. Despite having two different molecular mechanisms, both apoptosis and autophagy are interconnected by several crosslinking intermediates. Epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation, post-translational modification of histone tails, and miRNA play a pivotal role in regulating genes involved in both autophagy and apoptosis. Both autophagic and apoptotic genes can undergo various epigenetic modifications and promote or inhibit these processes under normal and cancerous conditions. Epigenetic modifiers are uniquely important in controlling the signaling pathways regulating autophagy and apoptosis. Therefore, these epigenetic modifiers of both autophagic and apoptotic genes can act as novel therapeutic targets against cancers. Additionally, liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) also modulates the aggregation of misfolded proteins and provokes autophagy in the cytosolic environment. This review deals with the molecular mechanisms of both autophagy and apoptosis including crosstalk between them; emphasizing epigenetic regulation, involvement of LLPS therein, and possible therapeutic approaches against cancers.

Orchestrating Cellular Balance: ncRNAs and RNA Interactions at the Dominant of Autophagy Regulation in Cancer

Autophagy, a complex and highly regulated cellular process, is critical for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis by lysosomal degradation of cellular debris, intracellular pathogens, and dysfunctional organelles. It has become an interesting and attractive topic in cancer because of its dual role as a tumor suppressor and cell survival mechanism. As a highly conserved pathway, autophagy is strictly regulated by diverse non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), ranging from short and flexible miRNAs to lncRNAs and even circRNAs, which largely contribute to autophagy regulatory networks via complex RNA interactions. The potential roles of RNA interactions during autophagy, especially in cancer procession and further anticancer treatment, will aid our understanding of related RNAs in autophagy in tumorigenesis and cancer treatment. Herein, we mainly summarized autophagy-related mRNAs and ncRNAs, also providing RNA-RNA interactions and their potential roles in cancer prognosis, which may deepen our understanding of the relationships between various RNAs during autophagy and provide new insights into autophagy-related therapeutic strategies in personalized medicine.

Clinical relevance of exosome-derived microRNAs in Ovarian Cancer: Looking for new tumor biological fingerprints

Specific tumor-derived extracellular vesicles, called exosomes, are considered as potential key players in cross-talk between immune system and tumor microenvironment in several solid tumors. Different studies highlighted the clinical relevance of exosomes in ovarian cancer (OC) for their role in early diagnosis, prognosis, chemoresistance, targeted therapy. The exosomes are nanosize vesicles carrying lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. In particular, exosomes shuttle a wide spectrum of microRNAs (miRNAs) able to induce phenotypic reprogramming of target cells, contributing to tumor progression. In this review, we will discuss the promising role of miRNAs shuttled by exosomes, called exosomal miRNAs (exo-miRNAs), as potential biomarkers for early detection, tumour progression and metastasis, prognosis, and response to therapy in OC women, in order to search for new potential biological fingerprints able to better characterize the evolution of this malignancy and provide a clinically relevant non-invasive approach useful for adopting, in future, personalized therapeutic strategies.

WTAP regulates autophagy in colon cancer cells by inhibiting FLNA through N6-methyladenosine

Our study investigated the role of WTAP in colon cancer. We employed experiments including m6A dot blot hybridization, methylated RNA immunoprecipitation, dual-luciferase, and RNA immunoprecipitation to investigate the regulatory mechanism of WTAP. Western blot was performed to analyze the expression of WTAP, FLNA and autophagy-related proteins in cells. Our results confirmed the up-regulation of WTAP in colon cancer and its promoting effect on proliferation and inhibiting effect on apoptosis. FLNA was the downstream gene of WTAP and WTAP-regulated m6A modification led to post-transcriptional repression of FLNA. The rescue experiments showed that WTAP/FLNA could inhibit autophagy. WTAP-mediated m6A modification was confirmed to be crucial in colon cancer development, providing new insights into colon cancer therapy.

Autophagy/ferroptosis in colorectal cancer: Carcinogenic view and nanoparticle-mediated cell death regulation

The cell death mechanisms have a long history of being evaluated in diseases and pathological events. The ability of triggering cell death is considered to be a promising strategy in cancer therapy, but some mechanisms have dual functions in cancer, requiring more elucidation of underlying factors. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a disease and malignant condition of colon and rectal that causes high mortality and morbidity. The autophagy targeting in CRC is therapeutic importance and this cell death mechanism can interact with apoptosis in inhibiting or increasing apoptosis. Autophagy has interaction with ferroptosis as another cell death pathway in CRC and can accelerate ferroptosis in suppressing growth and invasion. The dysregulation of autophagy affects the drug resistance in CRC and pro-survival autophagy can induce drug resistance. Therefore, inhibition of protective autophagy enhances chemosensitivity in CRC cells. Moreover, autophagy displays interaction with metastasis and EMT as a potent regulator of invasion in CRC cells. The same is true for ferroptosis, but the difference is that function of ferroptosis is determined and it can reduce viability. The lack of ferroptosis can cause development of chemoresistance in CRC cells and this cell death mechanism is regulated by various pathways and mechanisms that autophagy is among them. Therefore, current review paper provides a state-of-art analysis of autophagy, ferroptosis and their crosstalk in CRC. The nanoparticle-mediated regulation of cell death mechanisms in CRC causes changes in progression. The stimulation of ferroptosis and control of autophagy (induction or inhibition) by nanoparticles can impair CRC progression. The engineering part of nanoparticle synthesis to control autophagy and ferroptosis in CRC still requires more attention.

MicroRNA-specific therapeutic targets and biomarkers of apoptosis following myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury

MicroRNAs are single-stranded non-coding RNAs that participate in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression, it is involved in the regulation of apoptosis after myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. For example, the alteration of mitochondrial structure is facilitated by MicroRNA-1 through the regulation of apoptosis-related proteins, such as Bax and Bcl-2, thereby mitigating cardiomyocyte apoptosis. MicroRNA-21 not only modulates the expression of NF-κB to suppress inflammatory signals but also activates the PI3K/AKT pathway to mitigate ischemia-reperfusion injury. Overexpression of MicroRNA-133 attenuates reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and suppressed the oxidative stress response, thereby mitigating cellular apoptosis. MicroRNA-139 modulates the extrinsic death signal of Fas, while MicroRNA-145 regulates endoplasmic reticulum calcium overload, both of which exert regulatory effects on cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Therefore, the article categorizes the molecular mechanisms based on the three classical pathways and multiple signaling pathways of apoptosis. It summarizes the targets and pathways of MicroRNA therapy for ischemia-reperfusion injury and analyzes future research directions.

MicroRNA-30d-5p-A Potential New Therapeutic Target for Prevention of Ischemic Cardiomyopathy after Myocardial Infarction

(1) Background and Objective: MicroRNAs (miRs) are biomarkers for assessing the extent of cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction (MI) and important predictors of clinical outcome in heart failure. Overexpression of miR-30d-5p appears to have a cardioprotective effect. The aim of the present study was to demonstrate whether miR-30d-5p could be used as a potential therapeutic target to improve post-MI adverse remodeling. (2) Methods and Results: MiR profiling was performed by next-generation sequencing to assess different expression patterns in ischemic vs. healthy myocardium in a rat model of MI. MiR-30d-5p was significantly downregulated (p < 0.001) in ischemic myocardium and was selected as a promising target. A mimic of miR-30d-5p was administered in the treatment group, whereas the control group received non-functional, scrambled siRNA. To measure the effect of miR-30d-5p on infarct area size of the left ventricle, the rats were randomized and treated with miR-30d-5p or scrambled siRNA. Histological planimetry was performed 72 h and 6 weeks after induction of MI. Infarct area was significantly reduced at 72 h and at 6 weeks by using miR-30d-5p (72 h: 22.89 ± 7.66% vs. 35.96 ± 9.27%, p = 0.0136; 6 weeks: 6.93 ± 4.58% vs. 12.48 ± 7.09%, p = 0.0172). To gain insight into infarct healing, scratch assays were used to obtain information on cell migration in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Gap closure was significantly faster in the mimic-treated cells 20 h post-scratching (12.4% more than the scrambled control after 20 h; p = 0.013). To analyze the anti-apoptotic quality of miR-30d-5p, the ratio between phosphorylated p53 and total p53 was evaluated in human cardiomyocytes using ELISA. Under the influence of the miR-30d-5p mimic, cardiomyocytes demonstrated a decreased pp53/total p53 ratio (0.66 ± 0.08 vs. 0.81 ± 0.17), showing a distinct tendency (p = 0.055) to decrease the apoptosis rate compared to the control group. (3) Conclusion: Using a mimic of miR-30d-5p underlines the cardioprotective effect of miR-30d-5p in MI and could reduce the risk for development of ischemic cardiomyopathy.

Regulatory miRNAs in cancer cell recovery from therapy exposure and its implications as a novel therapeutic strategy for preventing disease recurrence

The desired outcome of cancer therapies is the eradication of disease. This can be achieved when therapy exposure leads to therapy-induced cancer cell death as the dominant outcome. Theoretically, a permanent therapy-induced growth arrest could also contribute to a complete response, which has the potential to lead to remission. However, preclinical models have shown that therapy-induced growth arrest is not always durable, as recovering cancer cell populations can contribute to the recurrence of cancer. Significant research efforts have been expended to develop strategies focusing on the prevention of recurrence. Recovery of cells from therapy exposure can occur as a result of several cell stress adaptations. These include cytoprotective autophagy, cellular quiescence, a reversable form of senescence, and the suppression of apoptosis and necroptosis. It is well documented that microRNAs regulate the response of cancer cells to anti-cancer therapies, making targeting microRNAs therapeutically a viable strategy to sensitization and the prevention of recovery. We propose that the use of microRNA-targeting therapies in prolonged sequence, that is, a significant period after initial therapy exposure, could reduce toxicity from the standard combination strategy, and could exploit new epigenetic states essential for cancer cells to recover from therapy exposure. In a step toward supporting this strategy, we survey the available scientific literature to identify microRNAs which could be targeted in sequence to eliminate residual cancer cell populations that were arrested as a result of therapy exposure. It is our hope that by successfully identifying microRNAs which could be targeted in sequence we can prevent disease recurrence.

Different Roles of Apoptosis and Autophagy in the Development of Human Colorectal Cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a major life-threatening malignancy, despite numerous therapeutic and screening attempts. Apoptosis and autophagy are two processes that share common signaling pathways, are linked by functional relationships and have similar protein components. During the development of cancer, the two processes can trigger simultaneously in the same cell, causing, in some cases, an inhibition of autophagy by apoptosis or apoptosis by autophagy. Malignant cells that have accumulated genetic alterations can take advantage of any alterations in the apoptotic process and as a result, progress easily in the cancerous transformation. Autophagy often plays a suppressive role during the initial stages of carcinogenicity, while in the later stages of cancer development it can play a promoting role. It is extremely important to determine the regulation of this duality of autophagy in the development of CRC and to identify the molecules involved, as well as the signals and the mechanisms behind it. All the reported experimental results indicate that, while the antagonistic effects of autophagy and apoptosis occur in an adverse environment characterized by deprivation of oxygen and nutrients, leading to the formation and development of CRC, the effects of promotion and collaboration usually involve an auxiliary role of autophagy compared to apoptosis. In this review, we elucidate the different roles of autophagy and apoptosis in human CRC development.

Autophagy: Dual roles and perspective for clinical treatment of colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC) raises concerns to people because of its high recurrence and metastasis rate, diagnosis challenges, and poor prognosis. Various studies have shown the association of altered autophagy with tumorigenesis, tumor-stroma interactions, and resistance to cancer therapy in CRC. Autophagy is a highly conserved cytosolic catabolic process in eukaryotes that plays distinct roles in CRC occurrence and progression. In early tumorigenesis, autophagy may inhibit tumor growth through diverse mechanisms, whereas it exhibits a tumor promoting function in CRC progression. This different functions of autophagy in CRC occurrence and progression make developing therapies targeting autophagy complicated. In this review, we discuss the classification and process of autophagy as well as its dual roles in CRC, functions in the tumor microenvironment, cross-talk with apoptosis, and potential usefulness as a CRC therapeutic target.

Contribution of microRNA-30d to the prevention of the thyroid cancer occurrence and progression: mechanism and implications

Thyroid cancer is a major endocrine tumor and represents an emerging health problem worldwide. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been addressed to participate in the pathogenesis and progression of thyroid cancer. However, it remains largely unknown what functions miR-30d may exert on thyroid cancer. This study, herein, aimed to identify the functional significance and machinery of miR-30d in the progression of thyroid cancer. MiR-30b presented aberrant low expression and ubiquitin-specific protease 22 (USP22) exhibited aberrant high expression in thyroid cancer tissues and cells. The current study proposed the possible machinery that miR-30d could target and negatively regulate USP22. Additionally, USP22 could enhance the stability of SIRT1 by inducing deubiquitination which consequently contributed to FOXO3a deacetylation-induced PUMA repression. Responding to the gain- or loss-of-function of miR-30d and/or USP22, behaviors of thyroid cancer cells were altered. Accordingly, miR-30d inhibited proliferation and promoted apoptosis of thyroid cancer cells by suppressing USP22 through SIRT1/FOXO3a/PUMA axis. The effects of miR-30d and USP22-mediated SIRT1/FOXO3a/PUMA axis on thyroid tumorigenesis were finally validated in murine models. We ultimately confirmed the anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effect of miR-30d via suppressing USP22 through in vivo findings. Conclusively, our findings highlight that the occurrence and progression of thyroid cancer can be suppressed by miR-30d-mediated inhibition of USP22 via the SIRT1/FOXO3a/PUMA axis, which provides a attractive therapeutic target for thyroid cancer treatment.

Suppressing the PI3K/AKT Pathway by miR-30d-5p Mimic Sensitizes Ovarian Cancer Cells to Cell Death Induced by High-Dose Estrogen

MicroRNAs are short non-coding RNA molecules that are involved in tumor development and are considered to be promising candidates in cancer therapy. Here, we studied the role of miR-30s in the pathophysiology of ovarian cancer. According to our results miR-30a-5p, miR-30d-5p, and miR-30e-5p were overexpressed in the estrogen receptor α (ERα)-expressing PEO1 cell line compared to A2780 that lacks this receptor. Furthermore, the expression of miR-30a-5p, miR-30d-5p, and miR-30e-5p were induced in response to high-dose estrogen treatment in PEO1 where intensive cell death was observed according to the induction of apoptosis and autophagy. Lacking or blocking ERα function reduced tolerance to high-dose estrogen that suggests the importance of ERα-mediated estrogen response in the maintenance of proliferation. MiR-30d-5p mimic reduced cell proliferation in both A2780 and PEO1. Furthermore, it decreased the tolerance of PEO1 cells to high-dose estrogen by blocking the ERα-mediated estrogen response. This was accompanied by decreased SOX4 expression that is thought to be involved in the regulation of the PI3K/AKT pathway. Blocking this pathway by AZD8835 led to the same results. MiR-30d-5p or AZD8835 sensitized PEO1 cells to tamoxifen. We suggest that miR-30d-5p might be a promising candidate in the therapy of ovarian cancer.

Epigenetic regulation of autophagy in gastrointestinal cancers

The development of novel therapeutic approaches is necessary to manage gastrointestinal cancers (GICs). Considering the effective molecular mechanisms involved in tumor growth, the therapeutic response is pivotal in this process. Autophagy is a highly conserved catabolic process that acts as a double-edged sword in tumorigenesis and tumor inhibition in a context-dependent manner. Depending on the stage of malignancy and cellular origin of the tumor, autophagy might result in cancer cell survival or death during the GICs' progression. Moreover, autophagy can prevent the progression of GIC in the early stages but leads to chemoresistance in advanced stages. Therefore, targeting specific arms of autophagy could be a promising strategy in the prevention of chemoresistance and treatment of GIC. It has been revealed that autophagy is a cytoplasmic event that is subject to transcriptional and epigenetic regulation inside the nucleus. The effect of epigenetic regulation (including DNA methylation, histone modification, and expression of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in cellular fate is still not completely understood. Recent findings have indicated that epigenetic alterations can modify several genes and modulators, eventually leading to inhibition or promotion of autophagy in different cancer stages, and mediating chemoresistance or chemosensitivity. The current review focuses on the links between autophagy and epigenetics in GICs and discusses: 1) How autophagy and epigenetics are linked in GICs, by considering different epigenetic mechanisms; 2) how epigenetics may be involved in the alteration of cancer-related phenotypes, including cell proliferation, invasion, and migration; and 3) how epidrugs modulate autophagy in GICs to overcome chemoresistance.

Gga-miR-30c-5p Suppresses Avian Reovirus (ARV) Replication by Inhibition of ARV-Induced Autophagy via Targeting ATG5

Avian reovirus (ARV) is an important poultry pathogen causing viral arthritis, chronic respiratory diseases, and retarded growth, leading to considerable economic losses to the poultry industry across the globe. Elucidation of the pathogenesis of ARV infection is crucial to guiding the development of novel vaccines or drugs for the effective control of these diseases.

miR-30d Inhibition Protects IPEC-J2 Cells Against Clostridium perfringens Beta2 Toxin-Induced Inflammatory Injury

Clostridium perfringens beta2 (CPB2) toxin, one of the virulence factors of Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens), can cause necrotizing enterocolitis in piglets. Accumulating pieces of evidence indicate that microRNAs (miRNAs) refer to the regulation of inflammatory processes. Previously, we have discovered that miR-30d was differentially expressed between the ileum of normal piglets and C. perfringens type C-infected diarrheal piglets. Here, we found that miR-30d expression was lowered in CPB2 toxin-treated intestinal porcine epithelial cells (IPEC-J2) at different time points. Subsequently, we determined that miR-30d inhibitor attenuated CPB2 toxin revulsive inflammatory damage in IPEC-J2 cells and promoted cell proliferation and cell cycle progression, whereas miR-30d mimic had opposite results. In addition, we confirmed that Proteasome activator subunit 3 (PSME3) was a downstream target gene of miR-30d via a dual luciferase reporter assay, qPCR, and western blot. We also found that overexpression of PSME3 suppressed CPB2 toxin-induced inflammatory damage and promoted cell proliferation and cycle progression. Our results demonstrate that miR-30d aggravates CPB2 toxin revulsive IPEC-J2 cells inflammatory injury via targeting PSME3, thereby providing a novel perspective for the prevention and treatment of piglet diarrhea at the molecular level.

An updated review of the pre-clinical role of microRNAs and their contribution to colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the main causes of malignancy-related mortality worldwide. It was well-identified that microRNAs (miRNAs) decisively participate in cellular biological pathways; in a way that their deregulated expression causes CRC progression. miRNAs can control the translation and degradation of mRNAs by binding to various molecular targets involved in different biological processes, including growth, apoptosis, cell cycle, autophagy, angiogenesis, metastasis, etc. The functions of these dysregulated miRNAs may be either oncogenic or tumor-suppressive. Therefore, these miRNAs can be contributed to prognostic, diagnostic, and therapeutic approaches in CRC. In this study, we reviewed the tumor-suppressive and oncogenic functions of miRNAs in CRC and assessed their molecular activities in CRC development. However, further investigation for the involvement of dysregulated miRNAs in CRC progression is required.

Targeting Autophagy-Related Epigenetic Regulators for Cancer Drug Discovery

Existing evidence has demonstrated that epigenetic modifications (including DNA methylation, histone modifications, and microRNAs), which are associated with the occurrence and development of tumors, can directly or indirectly regulate autophagy. In particular, nuclear events induced by several epigenetic regulators can regulate the autophagic process and expression levels of tumor-associated genes, thereby promoting tumor progression. Tumor-associated microRNAs, including oncogenic and tumor-suppressive microRNAs, are of great significance to autophagy during tumor progression. Targeting autophagy with emerging epigenetic drugs is expected to be a promising therapeutic strategy for human tumors. From this perspective, we aim to summarize the role of epigenetic modification in the autophagic process and the underlying molecular mechanisms of tumorigenesis. Furthermore, the regulatory efficacy of epigenetic drugs on the autophagic process in tumors is also summarized. This perspective may provide a theoretical basis for the combined treatment of epigenetic drugs/autophagy mediators in tumors.

Analysis of the Differences in the Expression of mRNAs and miRNAs Associated with Drug Resistance in Endometrial Cancer Cells Treated with Salinomycin

Background:

It is important to understand the molecular mechanisms involved in cancer drug resistance and to study the activity of new drugs, e.g. salinomycin.

Objective:

The purpose of the study was to analyze changes in the expression of genes associated with drug resistance in the Ishikawa endometrial cancer cell line when treated with salinomycin. In addition, changes in the level of miRNA potentially regulating these mRNAs were evaluated.

Materials and Methods:

Endometrial cancer cells were treated with 1 μM of salinomycin for 12, 24 and 48 hours periods. Untreated cells were a control culture. The molecular analysis consists of mRNA and miRNA microarray analysis and the RTqPCR technique.

Results:

The following was observed about the number of mRNAs differentiating the cell culture exposed to the drug compared to a control culture: H-12 vs. C - 9 mRNAs, H_24 vs. C - 6 mRNAs, and H_48 vs. C - 1 mRNA. It was noted that 4 of the 9 differentiating mRNAs were characteristic for 12 hours of exposure to salinomycin and they correspond to the following genes: TUFT1, ABCB1, MTMR11, and MX2. After 24 hours, 2 mRNAs were characteristic for this time of incubation cells with salinomycin: TUFT1 and MYD88 and after 48 hours, SLC30A5 could also be observed.

Discussion:

The highest differences in expression were indicated for TUFT1, MTMR11, and SLC30A5. The highest influence probability was determined between TUFT1 and hsa- miR-3188 (FC + 2.48), MTMR11and has-miR-16 (FC -1.74), and between SLC30A5 and hsa-miR-30d (FC -2.01).

Conclusions:

Salinomycin induces changes in the activity of mRNA and miRNA participating in drug resistance; however, the observed changes in character are the expected result of anti-cancer treatment.

Association of miRNA 30c, miRNA 181a and miRNA 570 SNPs with Bladder Cancer Risk in North Indian Population: A Pilot Study

miRNA play role in post transcriptional regulation of genes and serves a range of biological functions such as initiation, development, metastasis etc. which are also hallmarks of cancer. Hence, we evaluated miRNA 181a, miRNA 30c and miRNA 570 in bladder cancer risk association among North Indians. miRNA 570 C/G (rs4143815), miRNA 30c A/G (rs928508) and miRNA 181a C/T (rs12537) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped by allelic discrimination TaqMan assay in 100 bladder cancer (BC) patients and 100 healthy controls. No significant difference was found in the genotype frequencies of the candidate SNPs among cases and controls. However, combined effect of miRNA 570-miRNA 30c (CG + AA) p = 0.005, OR = 0.223, 95% CI and miRNA 570-miRNA 181a (CG + CC) p = 0.003, OR = 0.169, 95% CI conferred association with no risk of BC. miRNA 181a C/T (rs12537), miRNA 30c A/G (rs928508) and miRNA 570 C/G (rs4143815) should be further validated in large sample size to be used as a risk predictor for bladder cancer among North Indians.

RETRACTED: Knockdown EZH2 attenuates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury via regulating microRNA-30d-3p methylation and USP22

This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy). This article has been retracted at the request of the Editor-in-Chief as there are concerns about the reliability of the results. Concerns have been raised about a portion of Figure 5B, ‘DMSO’ group appears to contain image similarities with Figure 4e, ‘Inhibitor NC’ group, published in Yang et al., 2021 doi: 10.1080/15384101.2020.1856498. A portion of Figure 5B, ‘DZNeP+miR-30d-3p antagomir’ group appears to contain image similarities with Figure 4e, ‘Inhibitor NC’ group, published in Yang et al., 2021. Figure 7/G western blot bands have the same eyebrow shaped phenotype as many other publications as detailed here (https://pubpeer.com/publications/B26AE47AC0E71E0EF339B40893B2C2).

Autophagy is a double-edged sword in the therapy of colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-associated mortality worldwide. The limitations of colorectal cancer treatment include various types of multidrug resistance and the contingent damage to neighboring normal cells caused by chemotherapy. Macroautophagy/autophagy and apoptosis are essential mechanisms involved in cancer cell regulation of chemotherapy. Autophagy can either cause cancer cell death or promote tumor survival during colorectal cancer. Given that autophagy is involved in chemotherapy of colorectal cancer, an improved insight into the potential interactions between apoptosis and autophagy is crucial. The present review aimed to summarize the involvement of autophagy in the regulation of colorectal cancer and its association with chemotherapy. Furthermore, the role of natural product extraction, novel chemicals and small molecules, as well as radiation, which induce autophagy in colorectal cancer cells, were reviewed. Finally, the present review aimed to provide an outlook for the regulation of autophagy as a novel approach to the treatment of cancer, particularly chemotherapy-resistant colorectal cancer.

Identification BCL6 and miR-30 family associating with Ibrutinib resistance in activated B-cell-like diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

Ibrutinib has clear efficacy for activated B-cell-like diffuse large B cell lymphoma (ABC-DLBCL) in previous clinical researches. However, the resistance of Ibrutinib has limited its therapeutic benefit and the potential mechanism remains unclear. This study was aimed to identify potential candidate genes and miRNA targets to overcome Ibrutinib resistance in ABC-DLBCL. First, two expression profiles were downloaded from the GEO database, which used to identify the DEGs related to Ibrutinib resistance in ABC-DLBCL cell lines by GEO2R analysis separately. And the common DEGs were obtained though Venn diagram. Then Gene ontology (GO) and pathway enrichment analysis were conducted by DAVID database. From STRING database, BCL6, IL10, IL2RB, IRF4, CD80, PRDM1and GZMB were determined to be the hub genes by protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. Through miRNA-mRNA targeting network, we found that BCL6, IRF4, CD80, and PRDM1 were common target genes of miR-30 family. The cBioPortal database showed that BCL6 had the highest level of genetic alterations among DLBCL. In addition, another expression profile from GEO database showed that BCL6 was significantly high expression in no responsive patients after Ibrutinib treatment, and the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve which was used to evaluate the relationship between BCL6 expression and its effect was 0.67. MTT assay showed that treatment with FX1 (a BCL6 inhibitor) can enhance the sensitivity of Ibrutinib in C481S BTK HBL-1 cells. The results suggested that BCL6 and miR-30 family maybe associate with Ibrutinib resistance in ABC-DLBCL.

Reciprocal Changes in miRNA Expression with Pigmentation and Decreased Proliferation Induced in Mouse B16F1 Melanoma Cells by L-Tyrosine and 5-Bromo-2'-Deoxyuridine

Background: Many microRNAs have been identified as critical mediators in the progression of melanoma through its regulation of genes involved in different cellular processes such as melanogenesis, cell cycle control, and senescence. However, microRNAs’ concurrent participation in syngeneic mouse B16F1 melanoma cells simultaneously induced decreased proliferation and differential pigmentation by exposure to 5-Brd-2′-dU (5’Bromo-2-deoxyuridine) and L-Tyr (L-Tyrosine) respectively, is poorly understood. Aim: To evaluate changes in the expression of microRNAs and identify which miRNAs in-network may contribute to the functional bases of phenotypes of differential pigmentation and reduction of proliferation in B16F1 melanoma cells exposed to 5-Brd-2′-dU and L-Tyr. Methods: Small RNAseq evaluation of the expression profiles of miRNAs in B16F1 melanoma cells exposed to 5-Brd-2′-dU (2.5 μg/mL) and L-Tyr (5 mM), as well as the expression by qRT-PCR of some molecular targets related to melanogenesis, cell cycle, and senescence. By bioinformatic analysis, we constructed network models of regulation and co-expression of microRNAs. Results: We confirmed that stimulation or repression of melanogenesis with L-Tyr or 5-Brd-2′-dU, respectively, generated changes in melanin concentration, reduction in proliferation, and changes in expression of microRNAs 470-3p, 470-5p, 30d-5p, 129-5p, 148b-3p, 27b-3p, and 211-5p, which presented patterns of coordinated and reciprocal co-expression, related to changes in melanogenesis through their putative targets Mitf, Tyr and Tyrp1, and control of cell cycle and senescence: Cyclin D1, Cdk2, Cdk4, p21, and p27. Conclusions: These findings provide insights into the molecular biology of melanoma of the way miRNAs are coordinated and reciprocal expression that may operate in a network as molecular bases for understanding changes in pigmentation and decreased proliferation induced in B16F1 melanoma cells exposed to L-Tyr and 5-Brd-2′-dU.

The Emerging Roles of Autophagy-Related MicroRNAs in Cancer

Autophagy is a conserved catabolic process involving the degradation and recycling of damaged biomacromolecules or organelles through lysosomal-dependent pathways and plays a crucial role in maintaining cell homeostasis. Consequently, abnormal autophagy is associated with multiple diseases, such as infectious diseases, neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. Currently, autophagy is considered to be a dual regulator in cancer, functioning as a suppressor in the early stage while supporting the growth and metastasis of cancer cells in the later stage and may also produce therapeutic resistance. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level by silencing targeted mRNA. MiRNAs have great regulatory potential for several fundamental biological processes, including autophagy. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have linked miRNA dysfunction to the growth, metabolism, migration, metastasis, and responses of cancer cells to therapy. Therefore, the study of autophagy-related miRNAs in cancer will provide insights into cancer biology and lead to the development of novel anti-cancer strategies. In the present review, we summarise the current knowledge of miRNA dysregulation during autophagy in cancer, focusing on the relationship between autophagy and miRNAs, and discuss their involvement in cancer biology and cancer treatment.

Regulatory effects of noncoding RNAs on the interplay of oxidative stress and autophagy in cancer malignancy and therapy

Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) regulation of various diseases including cancer has been extensively studied. Reactive oxidative species (ROS) elevated by oxidative stress are associated with cancer progression and drug resistance, while autophagy serves as an ROS scavenger in cancer cells. However, the regulatory effects of ncRNAs on autophagy and ROS in various cancer cells remains complex. Here, we explore how currently investigated ncRNAs, mainly miRNAs and lncRNAs, are involved in ROS production through modulating antioxidant genes. The regulatory effects of miRNAs and lncRNAs on autophagy-related (ATG) proteins to control autophagy activity in cancer cells are discussed. Moreover, differential expression of ncRNAs in tumor and normal tissues of cancer patients are further analyzed using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. This review hypothesizes links between ATG genes- or antioxidant genes-modulated ncRNAs and ROS production, which might result in tumorigenesis, malignancy, and cancer recurrence. A better understanding of the regulation of ROS and autophagy by ncRNAs might advance the use of ncRNAs as diagnostic and prognostic markers as well as therapeutic targets in cancer therapy.

Autophagy-related gene expression classification defines three molecular subtypes with distinct clinical and microenvironment cell infiltration characteristics in colon cancer

BACKGROUND

Multiple molecular subtypes with distinct clinical outcomes in colon cancer have been identified in recent years. Nonetheless, the autophagy-related molecular subtypes as well as its mediated tumor microenvironment (TME) cell infiltration characteristics have not been fully understood.

METHODS

Based on the seven colon cancer cohorts with 1580 samples, we performed a comprehensive genomic analysis to explore the molecular subtypes mediated by autophagy-related genes. The single-sample gene-set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) was used to quantify the relative abundance of each cell infiltration in the TME. Unsupervised methods were used to perform autophagy subtype clustering. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression (LASSO) was used to construct autophagy characterization score (APCS) signature.

RESULTS

We determined three distinct autophagy-related molecular subtypes in colon cancer. The three autophagy subtypes presented significant survival differences. Microenvironment analyses revealed the heterogeneous TME immune cell infiltration characterization between three subtypes. Cluster 1 autophagy subtype was characterized by abundant innate and adaptive immune cell infiltration. This subtype exhibited an enhanced stromal activity including activated pathways of epithelial-mesenchymal transition, TGF-β and angiogenesis, and an increased infiltration of fibroblasts and endothelial cells. The expression of immune checkpoint molecules was also significantly up-regulated, which may mediate immune escape in Cluster 1 subtype. Cluster 2 subtype was characterized by relatively lower TME immune cell infiltration and enhanced DNA damage repair pathways. Cluster 3 subtype was characterized by the suppression of immunity. Patients with high APCS, with poorer survival, presented a significantly positive correlation with TME stromal activity. Low APCS, relevant to activated damage repair pathways, showed enhanced responses to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy. Two immunotherapy cohorts confirmed patients with low APCS exhibited prominently enhanced clinical response and treatment advantages.

CONCLUSIONS

This study may help understand the molecular characterization of autophagy-related subtypes. We demonstrated the autophagy genes in colon cancer could drive the heterogeneity of TME immune cell infiltration. Our study represented a step toward personalized immunotherapy in colon cancer.

miR-30d Induced Apoptosis by Targeting Sox4 to Inhibit the Proliferation, Invasion and Migration of Nephroblastoma

Background

Wilms tumor (WT) is an embryonic malignant tumor, and its related mechanism is still unclear. microRNA (miR), as a short-chain non-coding RNA, has low expression in various tumors. In this study, WT differential miR was screened by multi-chip in GEO database and its mechanism was explored to provide potential therapeutic targets and ideas for clinic.

Methods

We logged into GEO database and downloaded GSE57370 and GSE48137 chip matrix files to analyze potential differences in miR. TargetScan, miRDB, miRTarBase and starBase were applied to predict the target genes of miR with significant differences. qRT-PCR was applied to determine the expression of miR-30d and Sox4 in WT tissue and cell line (G401). The interaction of miR-30d with Sox4 was confirmed by qRT-PCR, Western blot and luciferase assay, respectively. CCK-8, Transwell and flow cytometry were applied to determine the proliferation, invasion, migration and apoptosis of cells.

Results

We found that miR-30d was low expressed in two chips. qRT-PCR showed that miR-30d was down-regulated and SOX4 was up-regulated in WT tissues and cells. The online target gene prediction software showed there was a targeted binding site between Sox4 and miR-30d. Sox4 was negatively controlled by miR-30d. Subsequent studies found that over-expression of miR-30d inhibited the proliferation, invasion, migration and induced apoptosis of C64 and WiT49 cells. In addition, Sox4 could reverse the proliferation, invasion and migration of C64 and WiT49 induced by miR-30d and induce apoptosis.

Conclusion

miR-30d is poorly expressed in WT and can induce apoptosis and inhibit proliferation, invasion and migration by mediating Sox4.

Characterization of microRNA profiles in the mammary gland tissue of dairy goats at the late lactation, dry period and late gestation stages

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play an important role in regulating mammary gland development and lactation. We previously analyzed miRNA expression profiles in Laoshan dairy goat mammary glands at the early (20 d postpartum), peak (90 d postpartum) and late lactation (210 d postpartum) stages. To further enrich and clarify the miRNA expression profiles during the lactation physiological cycle, we sequenced miRNAs in the mammary gland tissues of Laoshan dairy goats at three newly selected stages: the late lactation (240 d postpartum), dry period (300 d postpartum) and late gestation (140 d after mating) stages. We obtained 4038 miRNAs and 385 important miRNA families, including mir-10, let-7 and mir-9. We also identified 754 differentially expressed miRNAs in the mammary gland tissue at the 3 different stages and 6 groups of miRNA clusters that had unique expression patterns. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses showed that GO terms such as mammary gland development (GO:0030879) and mammary gland morphogenesis (GO:0060443) and important signaling pathways, including the insulin signaling pathway (chx04910), hippo signaling pathway (chx04390) and estrogen signaling pathway (chx04915), were enriched. We screened miRNAs and potential target genes that may be involved in the regulation of lactation, mammary gland growth and differentiation, cell apoptosis, and substance transport and synthesis and detected the expression patterns of important genes at the three stages. These miRNAs and critical target genes may be important factors for mammary gland development and lactation regulation and potentially valuable molecular markers, which may provide a theoretical reference for further investigation of mammary gland physiology.

Serum Expression of Seven MicroRNAs in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Patients

PURPOSE

MicroRNAs are small single-strand noncoding RNAs that can be deregulated in a variety of cancers. Over the past few years, multiple markers have been discovered in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Among these, miRNAs seem to have important roles in the pathogenesis of CLL. The development and validation of miRNA-expression patterns as biomarkers should have a significant impact in cancer diagnosis, therapeutic success, and increasing the life expectancy of patients. In this study, to specify the utility of circulatory miRNA expression as noninvasive and useful biomarkers for CLL, we analyzed the dysregulation of seven miRNAs: miR30d, miR25-3p, miR19a-3p, miR133b, miR451a, miR145, and miR144 in CLL-patient sera.

METHODS

Thirty untreated patients with flow-cytometry confirmation of CLL were chosen. Serum samples were collected from 30 newly diagnosed CLL patients. Fifteen healthy samples were taken for comparison as controls. RNA was extracted using Trizol. RNA from CLL patient specimens was compared to controls with real-time PCR.

RESULTS

Seven miRNAs were differently expressed between CLL and normal specimens using the comparative 2-ΔΔCt method. miRNAs 133b, 25-3p, 451a, 145, 19a-3p, and 144 were overexpressed in sera obtained from CLL patients, and miRNA-30d was underexpressed in patient samples. Among these seven miRNAs, miR19a-3p and miR25-3p showed the most deregulation in CLL patients.

CONCLUSION

Real-time PCR is an applied means to perform high-throughput investigation of serum-RNA samples. We assessed the expression of seven miRNAs in CLL patients by this method. The results demonstrated that the use of miRNA-expression profiling may have an impressive role in the diagnosis of CLL. In addition, miRNA 19a-3p and 25-3p are known oncogenes with therapeutic and potential biomarkers.

Up-regulation of microRNA-30b/30d cluster represses hepatocyte apoptosis in mice with fulminant hepatic failure by inhibiting CEACAM1

Recently, impacts of microRNAs have been unraveled in human diseases, and we aimed to confirm the role of miR-30b/30d in fulminant hepatic failure (FHF). Expression of miR-30b/30d and CEACAM1 in serum of FHF patients and healthy people was measured by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and Western blot analysis. Mice FHF models were established by injection of D-Galn and lipopolysaccharide, and were treated with miR-30b/30d mimics. Oxidative stress, liver injury, and inflammatory reaction in mouse liver tissues were measured using oxidative stress-related factor kits, hematoxylin-eosin staining and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. Moreover, cell cycle distribution and apoptosis of hepatocytes of mice were determined by flow cytometry, and the target relation between miR-30b/30d and CEACAM1 was confirmed by bioinformatic method and dual luciferase reporter gene assay. MiR-30b/30d expression was positively, and CEACAM1 expression was negatively related to prognosis of FHF patients. Up-regulation of miR-30b/30d attenuated oxidative stress, liver injury, and inflammatory reaction, and improved survival rate of FHF mice. Furthermore, elevated miR-30b/30d ameliorated apoptosis and cell cycle arrest of hepatocytes of FHF mice. CEACAM1 was a target gene of miR-30b/30d. This study highlights that up-regulated miR-30b/30d attenuates the progression of FHF by targeting CEACAM1, which may be helpful to FHF treatment.

Bile-derived circulating extracellular miR-30d-5p and miR-92a-3p as potential biomarkers for cholangiocarcinoma

BACKGROUND

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is from cholangiocytes, and therefore bile is a potentially rich source of biomarkers for CCA. The aim of the study was to identify and validate microRNAs (miRNAs) in bile samples that are differentially expressed between benign biliary disease (BBD) and CCA.

METHODS

Bile samples from 106 patients with obstructive biliary disease were allocated consecutively to a discovery set (10 patients with BBD and 11 with CCA) and then a validation set (48 patients with BBD and 37 with CCA). An miRNA microarray platform was used to screen 1209 miRNAs in the discovery set. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to validate the profiling results in the discovery and validation sets. In addition, the levels of carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) were determined from patient serum samples.

RESULTS

Microarray profiling showed that miR-30d-5p and miR-92a-3p were significantly upregulated in bile from the CCA group compared with those from the BBD group. qRT-PCR results indicated that the expression levels of miR-30d-5p and of miR-92a-3p were significantly upregulated in the CCA group compared to the BBD group, validating the miRNA microarray results. Pathway analysis suggested that putative target genes of miR-30d-5p and of miR-92a-3p were involved in CCA-associated signalling pathways, such as Hippo, Wnt, p53, MAPK, and EGFR. Receiver operating curve analysis revealed that the areas under the curve for bile miR-30d-5p, miR-92a-3p, serum CA19-9, and CEA were 0.730, 0.652, 0.675, and 0.603, respectively, and bile miR-30d-5p showed the best diagnostic performance with a sensitivity of 81.1% and a specificity of 60.5%.

CONCLUSIONS

The levels of extracellular miR-30d-5p and miR-92a-3p in bile were significantly higher in patients with CCA than those in patients with BBD. Bile-derived circulating extracellular miR-30d-5p and miR-92a-3p are potential biomarkers for discriminating CCA from BBD.

MicroRNAs as major regulators of the autophagy pathway

Autophagy is a cellular stress response mechanism activation of which leads to degradation of cellular components, including proteins as well as damaged organelles in lysosomes. Defects in autophagy mechanisms were associated with several pathologies (e.g. cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and rare genetic diseases). Therefore, autophagy regulation is under strict control. Transcriptional and post-translational mechanisms that control autophagy in cells and organisms studied in detail. Recent studies introduced non-coding small RNAs, and especially microRNAs (miRNAs) in the post-translational orchestration of the autophagic activity. In this review article, we analyzed in detail the current status of autophagy-miRNA connections. Comprehensive documentation of miRNAs that were directly involved in autophagy regulation resulted in the emergence of common themes and concepts governing these complex and intricate interactions. Hence, a better and systematic understanding of these interactions reveals a central role for miRNAs in the regulation of autophagy.

The microRNA in ventricular remodeling: the miR-30 family

Ventricular remodeling (VR) is a complex pathological process of cardiomyocyte apoptosis, cardiac hypertrophy, and myocardial fibrosis, which is often caused by various cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) such as hypertension, acute myocardial infarction, heart failure (HF), etc. It is also an independent risk factor for a variety of CVDs, which will eventually to damage the heart function, promote cardiovascular events, and lead to an increase in mortality. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) can participate in a variety of CVDs through post-transcriptional regulation of target gene proteins. Among them, microRNA-30 (miR-30) is one of the most abundant miRNAs in the heart. In recent years, the study found that the miR-30 family can participate in VR through a variety of mechanisms, including autophagy, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation. VR is commonly found in ischemic heart disease (IHD), hypertensive heart disease (HHD), diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM), antineoplastic drug cardiotoxicity (CTX), and other CVDs. Therefore, we will review the relevant mechanisms of the miR-30 in VR induced by various diseases.

Semaphorin 3A Contributes to Secondary Blood-Brain Barrier Damage After Traumatic Brain Injury

Semaphorin 3A (SEMA3A) is a member of the Semaphorins family, a class of membrane-associated protein that participates in the construction of nerve networks. SEMA3A has been reported to affect vascular permeability previously, but its influence in traumatic brain injury (TBI) is still unknown. To investigate the effects of SEMA3A, we used a mouse TBI model with a controlled cortical impact (CCI) device and a blood–brain barrier (BBB) injury model in vitro with oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). We tested post-TBI changes in SEMA3A, and its related receptors (Nrp-1 and plexin-A1) expression and distribution through western blotting and double-immunofluorescence staining, respectively. Neurological outcomes were evaluated by modified neurological severity scores (mNSSs) and beam-walking test. We examined BBB damage through Evans Blue dye extravasation, brain water content, and western blotting for VE-cadherin and p-VE-cadherin in vivo, and we examined the endothelial cell barrier through hopping probe ion conductance microscopy (HPICM), transwell leakage, and western blotting for VE-cadherin and p-VE-cadherin in vitro. Changes in miR-30b-5p were assessed by RT-PCR. Finally, the neuroprotective function of miR-30b-5p is measured by brain water content, mNSSs and beam-walking test. SEMA3A expression varied following TBI and peaked on the third day which expressed approximate fourfold increase compared with sham group, with the protein concentrated at the lesion boundary. SEMA3A contributed to neurological function deficits and secondary BBB damage in vivo. Our results demonstrated that SEMA3A level following OGD injury almost doubled than control group, and the negative effects of OGD injury can be improved by blocking SEMA3A expression. Furthermore, the expression of miR-30b-5p decreased approximate 40% at the third day and 60% at the seventh day post-CCI. OGD injury also exhibited an effect to approximately decrease 50% of miR-30b-5p expression. Additionally, the expression of SEMA3A post-TBI is regulated by miR-30b-5p, and miR-30b-5p could improve neurological outcomes post-TBI efficiently. Our results demonstrate that SEMA3A is a significant factor in secondary BBB damage after TBI and can be abolished by miR-30b-5p, which represents a potential therapeutic target.

Impact of HVT Vaccination on Splenic miRNA Expression in Marek's Disease Virus Infections

Marek’s Disease is a lymphoproliferative disease of chickens caused by Marek’s Disease Virus. Similar to other herpesviruses, Marek’s Disease Virus (MDV) encodes its own small non-coding regulatory RNAs termed microRNAs (miRNAs). We previously found that the expression profile of these viral miRNAs is affected by vaccination with Herpesvirus of Turkeys (HVT). To further characterize miRNA-mediated gene regulation in MDV infections, in the current study we examine the impact of HVT vaccination on cellular miRNA expression in MDV-infected specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens. We used small RNA-seq to identify 24 cellular miRNAs that exhibited altered splenic expression in MDV infected chickens (42 dpi) compared to age-matched uninfected birds. We then used Real Time-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) to develop expression profiles of a select group of these host miRNAs in chickens receiving the HVT vaccine and in vaccinated chickens subsequently infected with MDV. As was seen with viral miRNA, host miRNAs had unique splenic expression profiles between chickens infected with HVT, MDV, or co-infected birds. We also discovered a group of transcription factors, using a yeast one-hybrid screen, which regulates immune responses and cell growth pathways and also likely regulates the expression of these cellular miRNAs. Overall, this study suggests cellular miRNAs are likely a critical component of both protection from and progression of Marek’s Disease.

Regulatory effects of lncRNAs and miRNAs on autophagy in malignant tumorigenesis

Autophagy is an important process in endogenous substrate degradation by lysosomes within cells, with a degree of evolutionary conservation. Like apoptosis and cell senescence, cell autophagy is a very important biological phenomenon involving the development and growth of biological processes. Abnormal autophagy may lead to tumorigenesis. In recent years, increasing studies have demonstrated that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and miRNAs can regulate cell autophagy by modulating targetting gene expression. In this review, we will provide an overview of lncRNAs and miRNAs in autophagy modulation and new insights into the underlying mechanisms, as well as their potential utilization in disease diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy.

miR-30 Family: A Promising Regulator in Development and Disease

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that negatively regulate posttranscriptional expression of target genes. Accumulating evidences have demonstrated that the miR-30 family, as a member of microRNAs, played a crucial regulating role in the development of tissues and organs and the pathogenesis of clinical diseases, which indicated that it may be a promising regulator in development and disease. This review aims to clarify the current progress on the regulating role of miR-30 family in tissues and organs development and related disease and highlight their research prospective in the future.