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Fellhofer-Hofer J, Franz C, Vey JA, Kahlert C, Kalkum E, Mehrabi A, Halama N, Probst P, Klupp F. Chemokines as Prognostic Factor in Colorectal Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5374. [PMID: 38791414 PMCID: PMC11121014 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Chemokines orchestrate many aspects of tumorigenic processes such as angiogenesis, apoptosis and metastatic spread, and related receptors are expressed on tumor cells as well as on inflammatory cells (e.g., tumor-infiltrating T cells, TILs) in the tumor microenvironment. Expressional changes of chemokines and their receptors in solid cancers are common and well known, especially in affecting colorectal cancer patient outcomes. Therefore, the aim of this current systematic review and meta-analysis was to classify chemokines as a prognostic biomarker in colorectal cancer patients. A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, CENTRAL and Web of Science. Information on the chemokine expression of 25 chemokines in colorectal cancer tissue and survival data of the patients were investigated. The hazard ratio of overall survival and disease-free survival with chemokine expression was examined. The risk of bias was analyzed using Quality in Prognosis Studies. Random effects meta-analysis was performed to determine the impact on overall respectively disease survival. For this purpose, the pooled hazard ratios (HR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used for calculation. Twenty-five chemokines were included, and the search revealed 5556 publications. A total of thirty-one publications were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. Overexpression of chemokine receptor CXCR4 was associated with both a significantly reduced overall survival (HR = 2.70, 95%-CI: 1.57 to 4.66, p = 0.0003) as well as disease-free survival (HR = 2.68, 95%-CI: 1.41 to 5.08, p = 0.0026). All other chemokines showed either heterogeneous results or few studies were available. The overall risk of bias for CXCR4 was rated low. At the current level of evidence, this study demonstrates that CXCR4 overexpression in patients with colorectal cancer is associated with a significantly diminished overall as well as disease-free survival. Summed up, this systematic review and meta-analysis reveals CXCR4 as a promising prognostic biomarker. Nevertheless, more evidence is needed to evaluate CXCR4 and its antagonists serving as new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Fellhofer-Hofer
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 420, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (J.F.-H.); (C.F.); (C.K.); (A.M.); (P.P.)
| | - Clemens Franz
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 420, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (J.F.-H.); (C.F.); (C.K.); (A.M.); (P.P.)
| | - Johannes A. Vey
- Institute of Medical Biometry (IMBI), University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 130/3, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Christoph Kahlert
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 420, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (J.F.-H.); (C.F.); (C.K.); (A.M.); (P.P.)
| | - Eva Kalkum
- Study Center of the German Society of Surgery (SDGC), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 130/3, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Arianeb Mehrabi
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 420, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (J.F.-H.); (C.F.); (C.K.); (A.M.); (P.P.)
| | - Niels Halama
- National Center for Tumor Diseases, Medical Oncology and Internal Medicine VI, Tissue Imaging and Analysis Center, Bioquant, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
- Helmholtz Institute for Translational Oncology (HI-TRON), Department of Cancer Immunology & Cancer Immunotherapy, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Pascal Probst
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 420, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (J.F.-H.); (C.F.); (C.K.); (A.M.); (P.P.)
- Department of Surgery, Cantonal Hospital Thurgau, Pfaffenholzstrasse 4, 8501 Frauenfeld, Switzerland
| | - Fee Klupp
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 420, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (J.F.-H.); (C.F.); (C.K.); (A.M.); (P.P.)
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Wu S, Luo W, Wu X, Shen Z, Wang X. Functional Phenotypes of Peritoneal Macrophages Upon AMD3100 Treatment During Colitis-Associated Tumorigenesis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:840704. [PMID: 35615089 PMCID: PMC9126482 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.840704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CXCL12 and its receptor CXCR4 are independent prognostic factors in colorectal cancer. AMD3100 is the most frequently used FDA-approved antagonist that targets the CXCL12-CXCR4 axis in clinical trials. We aimed to explore the role of AMD3100 and its effect on peritoneal macrophages' functional phenotypes during colitis-associated tumorigenesis. We treated AMD3100 in a colitis-associated colon cancer mouse model and evaluated its effect on tumorigenesis. The phagocytosis activities of peritoneal macrophages were measured by flow cytometry. The proportions of macrophages and M1/M2 subpopulations were investigated by flow cytometry, ELISA, and immunochemistry. Serum levels of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines were measured by LEGENDplex™ kits. Transwell assay and qRT-PCR were performed to investigate the direct effect of CXCL12 on macrophages in vitro. We demonstrated that AMD3100 treatment reduced the inflammatory damages in the colonic mucosal and ameliorated tumor development in experimental mice. We found that the phagocytosis activities of peritoneal macrophages fluctuated during colitis-associated tumorigenesis. The proportions of peritoneal macrophages and M1/M2 subpopulations, together with their metabolite and cytokines, changed dynamically in the process. Moreover, AMD3100 regulated the functional phenotypes of macrophages, including reducing the recruiting activity, promoting polarization to the M1 subpopulation, and reducing IL-12 and IL-23 levels in serum. Our study contributes to understanding dynamic changes of peritoneal macrophages upon AMD3100 treatment during tumorigenesis and sheds light on the potential therapeutic target of AMD3100 and peritoneal macrophages against colitis-associated colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Non-resolving Inflammation and Cancer of the Hunan Province, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Weiwei Luo
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Non-resolving Inflammation and Cancer of the Hunan Province, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xing Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Non-resolving Inflammation and Cancer of the Hunan Province, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhaohua Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Non-resolving Inflammation and Cancer of the Hunan Province, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Non-resolving Inflammation and Cancer of the Hunan Province, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaoyan Wang
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Goïta AA, Guenot D. Colorectal Cancer: The Contribution of CXCL12 and Its Receptors CXCR4 and CXCR7. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14071810. [PMID: 35406582 PMCID: PMC8997717 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14071810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Many signaling pathways are involved in cancer progression, and among these pathways, the CXCL12 axis and its two receptors CXCR4 and CXCR7 are well described for many cancers. This review presents the current knowledge on the role played by each of the actors of this axis in colorectal cancer and on its consideration in the development of new therapeutic strategies. Abstract Colorectal cancer is one of the most common cancers, and diagnosis at late metastatic stages is the main cause of death related to this cancer. This progression to metastasis is complex and involves different molecules such as the chemokine CXCL12 and its two receptors CXCR4 and CXCR7. The high expression of receptors in CRC is often associated with a poor prognosis and aggressiveness of the tumor. The interaction of CXCL12 and its receptors activates signaling pathways that induce chemotaxis, proliferation, migration, and cell invasion. To this end, receptor inhibitors were developed, and their use in preclinical and clinical studies is ongoing. This review provides an overview of studies involving CXCR4 and CXCR7 in CRC with an update on their targeting in anti-cancer therapies.
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Alsayed RKME, Khan AQ, Ahmad F, Ansari AW, Alam MA, Buddenkotte J, Steinhoff M, Uddin S, Ahmad A. Epigenetic Regulation of CXCR4 Signaling in Cancer Pathogenesis and Progression. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:697-708. [PMID: 35346802 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Signaling involving chemokine receptor CXCR4 and its ligand SDF-1/CXL12 has been investigated for many years for its possible role in cancer progression and pathogenesis. Evidence emerging from clinical studies in recent years has further established diagnostic as well as prognostic importance of CXCR4 signaling. CXCR4 and SDF-1 are routinely reported to be elevated in tumors, distant metastases, which correlates with poor survival of patients. These findings have kindled interest in the mechanisms that regulate CXCR4/SDF-1 expression. Of note, there is a particular interest in the epigenetic regulation of CXCR4 signaling that may be responsible for upregulated CXCR4 in primary as well as metastatic cancers. This review first lists the clinical evidence supporting CXCR4 signaling as putative cancer diagnostic and/or prognostic biomarker, followed by a discussion on reported epigenetic mechanisms that affect CXCR4 expression. These mechanisms include regulation by non-coding RNAs, such as, microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs and circular RNAs. Additionally, we also discuss the regulation of CXCR4 expression through methylation and acetylation. Better understanding and appreciation of epigenetic regulation of CXCR4 signaling can invariably lead to identification of novel therapeutic targets as well as therapies to regulate this oncogenic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Khaled M E Alsayed
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, 3050, Qatar
| | - Abdul Q Khan
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, 3050, Qatar
| | - Fareed Ahmad
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, 3050, Qatar; Dermatology Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, 3050, Qatar; Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, 3050, Qatar
| | - Abdul Wahid Ansari
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, 3050, Qatar; Dermatology Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, 3050, Qatar; Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, 3050, Qatar
| | - Majid Ali Alam
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, 3050, Qatar; Dermatology Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, 3050, Qatar; Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, 3050, Qatar
| | - Jorg Buddenkotte
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, 3050, Qatar; Dermatology Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, 3050, Qatar; Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, 3050, Qatar
| | - Martin Steinhoff
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, 3050, Qatar; Dermatology Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, 3050, Qatar; Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, 3050, Qatar; Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Medical School, Doha, 24144, Qatar; Dept. of Dermatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, 10065, NY, USA
| | - Shahab Uddin
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, 3050, Qatar; Dermatology Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, 3050, Qatar; Laboratory Animal Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, 2713, Qatar
| | - Aamir Ahmad
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, 3050, Qatar; Dermatology Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, 3050, Qatar; Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, 3050, Qatar.
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Sin RWY, Foo DCC, Iyer DN, Fan MSY, Li X, Lo OSH, Law WL, Ng L. A Pilot Study Investigating the Expression Levels of Pluripotency-Associated Genes in Rectal Swab Samples for Colorectal Polyp and Cancer Diagnosis and Prognosis. Stem Cells Int 2021; 2021:4139528. [PMID: 34335790 PMCID: PMC8324395 DOI: 10.1155/2021/4139528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Change in gene expression is inevitable in cancer development. With more studies demonstrating the contributions of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in colorectal cancer (CRC) development, this study is aimed at investigating whether rectal swab specimen serves as a tool for detection of dysregulation of CSC or stem cell (SC) markers and at evaluating its potential as a new promising screening method for high-risk patients. Expression levels of 15 pluripotency-associated genes were assessed by quantitative PCR in 53 rectal swab specimens referred for endoscopic screening. Dysregulated genes and joint panels based on such genes were examined for their diagnostic potentials for both polyp and CRC. Out of 15 genes, Oct4, CD26, c-MYC, and CXCR4 showed significantly differential expression among normal, polyp, and CRC patients. A panel of Oct4 and CD26 showed an AUC value of 0.80 (p = 0.003) in identifying CRC patients from polyp/normal subjects, with sensitivity and specificity of 84.6% and 69.2%. A panel of c-MYC and CXCR4 achieved CRC/polyp identification with an AUC value of 0.79 (p = 0.002), with a sensitivity of 82.8% and specificity of 80.0%. The sensitivity for polyp and CRC was 80.0% and 85.7%, respectively. Further analysis showed that higher c-MYC and CXCR4 level was detected in normal subjects who developed polyps after 5-6 years, in comparison with subjects with no lesion developed, and the AUC of the c-MYC and CXCR4 panel increased to 0.88 (p < 0.001), with sensitivity and specificity of 84.4% and 92.3%, respectively, when these patients were included in the polyp group. This study suggests that the Oct4 and CD26 panel is a promising biomarker for distinguishing CRC from normal and polyp patients, whereas the c-MYC and CXCR4 panel may identify polyp and CRC from normal individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Wai-Yan Sin
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dominic Chi-Chung Foo
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Deepak Narayanan Iyer
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - May Sau-Yee Fan
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xue Li
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Oswens Siu-Hung Lo
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wai-Lun Law
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lui Ng
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Weidle UH, Brinkmann U, Auslaender S. microRNAs and Corresponding Targets Involved in Metastasis of Colorectal Cancer in Preclinical In Vivo Models. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2021; 17:453-468. [PMID: 32859626 DOI: 10.21873/cgp.20204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The high death toll of colorectal cancer patients is due to metastatic disease which is difficult to treat. The liver is the preferred site of metastasis, followed by the lungs and peritoneum. In order to identify new targets and new modalities of intervention we surveyed the literature for microRNAs (miRs) which modulate metastasis of colorectal cancer in preclinical in vivo models. We identified 12 up-regulated and 19 down-regulated miRs corresponding to the latter criterium. The vast majority (n=16) of identified miRs are involved in modulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Other categories of metastasis-related miRs exhibit tumor- and metastasis-suppressing functions, modulation of signaling pathways, transmembrane receptors and a class of miRs, which interfere with targets which do not fit into these categories. Finally, we discuss the principles of miR inhibition and reconstitution of function, prospective clinical evaluation of with miR-related agents in the context of clinical evaluation in metastasis relevant settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich H Weidle
- Large Molecule Research, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Brinkmann
- Large Molecule Research, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Simon Auslaender
- Large Molecule Research, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
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Liang GQ, Liu J, Zhou XX, Lin ZX, Chen T, Chen G, Wei H. Anti-CXCR4 Single-Chain Variable Fragment Antibodies Have Anti-Tumor Activity. Front Oncol 2021; 10:571194. [PMID: 33392074 PMCID: PMC7775505 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.571194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are large and have limitations as cancer therapeutics. Human single-chain variable fragment (scFv) is a small antibody as a good alternative. It can easily enter cancer tissues, has no immunogenicity and can be produced in bacteria to decrease the cost. The chemokine receptor CXCR4 is overexpressed in different cancer cells. It plays an important role in tumor growth and metastasis. Its overexpression is associated with poor prognosis in cancer patients and is regarded as an attractive target for cancer treatment. In this study, a peptide on the CXCR4 extracellular loop 2 (ECL2) was used as an antigen for screening a human scFv antibody library by yeast two-hybrid method. Three anti-CXCR4 scFv antibodies were isolated. They could bind to CXCR4 protein and three cancer cell lines (DU145, PC3, and MDA-MB-231) and not to 293T and 3T3 cells as negative controls. These three scFvs could decrease the proliferation, migration, and invasion of these cancer cells and promote their apoptosis. The two scFvs were further examined in a mouse xenograft model, and they inhibited the tumor growth. Tumor immunohistochemistry also demonstrated that the two scFvs decreased cancer cell proliferation and tumor angiogenesis and increased their apoptosis. These results show that these anti-CXCR4 scFvs can decrease cancer cell proliferation and inhibit tumor growth in mice, and may provide therapy for various cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Quan Liang
- Department of Cell Biology and Institute of Biomedicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Biotechnology Drug and Engineering Technology Research Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Cell Biology and Institute of Biomedicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Biotechnology Drug and Engineering Technology Research Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Xin Zhou
- Department of Cell Biology and Institute of Biomedicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Biotechnology Drug and Engineering Technology Research Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ze-Xiong Lin
- Department of Cell Biology and Institute of Biomedicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Biotechnology Drug and Engineering Technology Research Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Cell Biology and Institute of Biomedicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Biotechnology Drug and Engineering Technology Research Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guo Chen
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Henry Wei
- Department of Cell Biology and Institute of Biomedicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Biotechnology Drug and Engineering Technology Research Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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Chen D, Qin Y, Dai M, Li L, Liu H, Zhou Y, Qiu C, Chen Y, Jiang Y. BGN and COL11A1 Regulatory Network Analysis in Colorectal Cancer (CRC) Reveals That BGN Influences CRC Cell Biological Functions and Interacts with miR-6828-5p. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:13051-13069. [PMID: 33376399 PMCID: PMC7764722 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s277261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose We explored specific expression profiles of BGN and COL11A1 genes and studied their biological functions in CRC using bioinformatics tools. Patients and Methods A total of 68 pairs of cancer and non-cancerous tissues from CRC patients were enrolled in this study. Methods we used in this articles including: qRT-PCR, Western blot analysis, ELISA, GO and KEGG regulatory network analysis, tumor infiltration, luciferase reporter-based protein and etc. Results According to The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data, BGN and COL11A1 expression levels were significantly higher in CRC patient samples than in samples from healthy controls. Moreover, levels were much higher in late-stage CRC than in early-stage disease, warranting evaluation of these genes as CRC prognostic biomarkers. Subsequently, qRT-PCR, Western blot analysis, and ELISA results obtained from analyses of CRC cells, tissues, and patient sera aligned with TCGA results. GO and KEGG regulatory network analysis revealed BGN- and COL11A1-associated genes that were functionally related to extracellular matrix (ECM) receptor pathway activation, with transcription factor genes RELA and NFKB1 positively associated with BGN expression and CEBPZ and SIRT1 with COL11A1 expression. Meanwhile, BGN and COL11A1 expression were separately and significantly correlated to tumor infiltration by six immune cell types. Additionally, kinase genes PLK1 and LYN appeared to be downstream targets of differentially expressed BGN and COL11A1, respectively. In addition, the expression of PLK1 mRNA was down-regulated while BGN was down-regulated. Finally, BGN effects on CRC cell proliferation, cycle, apoptosis, invasion, and migration were studied using molecular biological methods, including luciferase reporter-based protein analysis, qRT-PCR, and Western blot results, which revealed that miR-6828-5p may regulate BGN expression. Conclusion We speculate that the use of BGN and COL11A1 as CRC biomarkers would improve CRC staging, while also providing several novel targets for use in the development of more effective CRC treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danqi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Qin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengmeng Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Lulu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongpeng Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaoyao Zhou
- National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Personalized Anti-Tumor Drugs, Shenzhen Kivita Innovative Drug Discovery Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Qiu
- National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Personalized Anti-Tumor Drugs, Shenzhen Kivita Innovative Drug Discovery Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuyang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
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Mitchell A, Hasanali SL, Morera DS, Baskar R, Wang X, Khan R, Talukder A, Li CS, Manoharan M, Jordan AR, Wang J, Bollag RJ, Singh N, Albo D, Ghosh S, Lokeshwar VB. A chemokine/chemokine receptor signature potentially predicts clinical outcome in colorectal cancer patients. Cancer Biomark 2020; 26:291-301. [PMID: 31524146 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-190210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Differential expression of chemokines/chemokine receptors in colorectal cancer (CRC) may enable molecular characterization of patients' tumors for predicting clinical outcome. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the prognostic ability of these molecules in a CRC cohort and the CRC TCGA-dataset. METHODS Chemokine (CXCL-12α, CXCL-12β, IL-17A, CXCL-8, GM-CSF) and chemokine receptor (CXCR-4, CXCR-7) transcripts were analyzed by RT-qPCR in 76 CRC specimens (normal: 27, tumor: 49; clinical cohort). RNA-Seq data was analyzed from the TCGA-dataset (n= 375). Transcript levels were correlated with outcome; analyses: univariate, multivariable, Kaplan-Meier. RESULTS In the clinical cohort, chemokine/chemokine receptor levels were elevated 3-10-fold in CRC specimens (P⩽ 0.004) and were higher in patients who developed metastasis (P= 0.03 - < 0.0001). CXCR-4, CXCR-7, CXCL-12α, CXCL-8, IL-17 and GM-CSF levels predicted metastasis (P⩽ 0.0421) and/or overall survival (OS; P⩽ 0.0373). The CXCR-4+CXCR-7+CXCL-12 marker (CXCR-4/7+CXCL-12 (α/b) signature) stratified patients into risk for metastasis (P= 0.0014; OR, 2.72) and OS (P= 0.0442; OR, 2.7); sensitivity: 86.67%, specificity: 97.06%. In the TCGA-dataset, the CXCR-4/7+CXCL-12 signature predicted metastasis (P= 0.011; OR, 2.72) and OS (P= 0.0006; OR: 4.04). In both datasets, the signature was an independent predictor of clinical outcome. CONCLUSIONS Results of 451 specimens from both cohorts reveal that the CXCR-4/7+CXCL-12 signature potentially predicts outcome in CRC patients and may allow earlier intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Mitchell
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.,Department of Surgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Sarrah L Hasanali
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.,Department of Surgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Daley S Morera
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Rohitha Baskar
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Xin Wang
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Rahil Khan
- Bio-Repository Alliance of Georgia for Oncology at Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Asif Talukder
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Charles S Li
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | | | - Andre R Jordan
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.,Sheila and David Fuente Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami-Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jiaojiao Wang
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Roni J Bollag
- Bio-Repository Alliance of Georgia for Oncology at Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Nagendra Singh
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Daniel Albo
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Santu Ghosh
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Vinata B Lokeshwar
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
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New Insights on the Emerging Genomic Landscape of CXCR4 in Cancer: A Lesson from WHIM. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8020164. [PMID: 32260318 PMCID: PMC7349554 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Deciphering the molecular alterations leading to disease initiation and progression is currently crucial to identify the most relevant targets for precision therapy in cancer patients. Cancers express a complex chemokine network influencing leucocyte infiltration and angiogenesis. Moreover, malignant cells also express a selective repertoire of chemokine receptors that sustain their growth and spread. At present, different cancer types have been shown to overexpress C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) and to respond to its ligand C-X-C motif chemokine 12 (CXCL12). The CXCL12/CXCR4 axis influences cancer biology, promoting survival, proliferation, and angiogenesis, and plays a pivotal role in directing migration of cancer cells to sites of metastases, making it a prognostic marker and a therapeutic target. More recently, mutations in the C-terminus of CXCR4 have been identified in the genomic landscape of patients affected by Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia, a rare B cell neoplasm. These mutations closely resemble those occurring in Warts, Hypogammaglobulinemia, Immunodeficiency, and Myelokathexis (WHIM) syndrome, an immunodeficiency associated with CXCR4 aberrant expression and activity and with chemotherapy resistance in clinical trials. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the relevance of CXCR4 mutations in cancer biology, focusing on its importance as predictors of clinical presentation and response to therapy.
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11
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Stuckel AJ, Zhang W, Zhang X, Zeng S, Dougherty U, Mustafi R, Zhang Q, Perreand E, Khare T, Joshi T, West-Szymanski DC, Bissonnette M, Khare S. Enhanced CXCR4 Expression Associates with Increased Gene Body 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine Modification but not Decreased Promoter Methylation in Colorectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12030539. [PMID: 32110952 PMCID: PMC7139960 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12030539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In colorectal cancer (CRC), upregulation of the C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) is correlated with metastasis and poor prognosis, highlighting the need to further elucidate CXCR4’s regulation in CRC. For the first time, DNA methylation and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine aberrations were investigated to better understand the epigenetic regulation of CXCR4 in CRC. CXCR4 expression levels were measured using qPCR and immunoblotting in normal colon tissues, primary colon cancer tissues and CRC cell lines. Publicly available RNA-seq and methylation data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) were extracted from tumors from CRC patients. The DNA methylation status spanning CXCR4 gene was evaluated using combined bisulfite restriction analysis (COBRA). The methylation status in the CXCR4 gene body was analyzed using previously performed nano-hmC-seal data from colon cancers and adjacent normal colonic mucosa. CXCR4 expression levels were significantly increased in tumor stromal cells and in tumor colonocytes, compared to matched cell types from adjacent normal-appearing mucosa. CXCR4 promoter methylation was detected in a minority of colorectal tumors in the TCGA. The CpG island of the CXCR4 promoter showed increased methylation in three of four CRC cell lines. CXCR4 protein expression differences were also notable between microsatellite stable (MSS) and microsatellite instable (MSI) tumor cell lines. While differential methylation was not detected in CXCR4, enrichment of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) in CXCR4 gene bodies in CRC was observed compared to adjacent mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei J. Stuckel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA (Q.Z.); (E.P.); (T.K.)
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine and The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA;
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60607, USA;
| | - Shuai Zeng
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201, USA; (S.Z.); (T.J.)
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
| | - Urszula Dougherty
- Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (U.D.); (R.M.); (D.C.W.-S.); (M.B.)
| | - Reba Mustafi
- Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (U.D.); (R.M.); (D.C.W.-S.); (M.B.)
| | - Qiong Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA (Q.Z.); (E.P.); (T.K.)
| | - Elsa Perreand
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA (Q.Z.); (E.P.); (T.K.)
| | - Tripti Khare
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA (Q.Z.); (E.P.); (T.K.)
| | - Trupti Joshi
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201, USA; (S.Z.); (T.J.)
- Institute for Data Science and Informatics, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Department of Health Management and Informatics, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Diana C. West-Szymanski
- Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (U.D.); (R.M.); (D.C.W.-S.); (M.B.)
| | - Marc Bissonnette
- Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (U.D.); (R.M.); (D.C.W.-S.); (M.B.)
| | - Sharad Khare
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA (Q.Z.); (E.P.); (T.K.)
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans’ Hospital, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
- Correspondence:
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12
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Ma J, Sun X, Wang Y, Chen B, Qian L, Wang Y. Fibroblast-derived CXCL12 regulates PTEN expression and is associated with the proliferation and invasion of colon cancer cells via PI3k/Akt signaling. Cell Commun Signal 2019; 17:119. [PMID: 31500630 PMCID: PMC6734448 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-019-0432-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Stromal-derived CXCL12 play an important role which influence the proliferation and invasiveness of colon cancer in microenvironment. The present study aimed to analyze the underlying mechanism by which CXCL12 and tumour suppressor protein phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) influences the metastatic potential of colon cancer and internal relation of colon cancer and stromal cells. Methods RT-PCR and western blot were detected the expression of CXCL12, CXCR4 and PTEN in colon cancer cells and stromal cells. The co-operative effects of CXCL12 and PTEN on proliferation and invasion of colon cancer cells were evaluated by real-time PCR, proliferation and invasion assays using an in vitro system consisting of co-cultured cancer cells and stromal cells. We eventually investigated activation of PI3K/Akt signaling by CXCL12 regulate PTEN and involved in the metastatic process of colon cancer. In addition, we also examine how the knockdown of PTEN influences proliferation and invasion and correlate with CXCL12/CXCR4/PI3K/Akt, determination of PTEN up-down-stream targets that preferentially contribute to tumorigenesis. Results Blockage of PTEN phosphorylation led to a stronger enhancement of cell proliferation and invasion upon stimulation with CXCL12 via its activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Furthermore, knockdown of PTEN by siRNA transfection was also found to enhance the activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway, thereby promoting cell invasion and proliferation. CXCL12 induced transcriptional down-regulation of activated PTEN and this signaling pathway promotes cell survival. CXCL12/CXCR4/PI3K/Akt cascade may be critical for colon cancer cells to metastasize. Conclusions Based on our results, we suggest that the modification of CXCR4, PTEN, or PI3K function might be promising new therapeutic approaches to inhibit the aggressive spread of colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiachi Ma
- Department of Oncological Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, 287 Chang Huai Road, BengBu, 233000, AnHui, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaowen Sun
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, BengBu, 233000, AnHui, People's Republic of China
| | - Yimin Wang
- Department of Oncological Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, 287 Chang Huai Road, BengBu, 233000, AnHui, People's Republic of China
| | - Bangling Chen
- Department of Oncological Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, 287 Chang Huai Road, BengBu, 233000, AnHui, People's Republic of China
| | - Liyu Qian
- Department of Oncological Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, 287 Chang Huai Road, BengBu, 233000, AnHui, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaguo Wang
- Department of Oncological Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, 287 Chang Huai Road, BengBu, 233000, AnHui, People's Republic of China
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13
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Mu W, Wang Z, Zöller M. Ping-Pong-Tumor and Host in Pancreatic Cancer Progression. Front Oncol 2019; 9:1359. [PMID: 31921628 PMCID: PMC6927459 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is the main cause of high pancreatic cancer (PaCa) mortality and trials dampening PaCa mortality rates are not satisfying. Tumor progression is driven by the crosstalk between tumor cells, predominantly cancer-initiating cells (CIC), and surrounding cells and tissues as well as distant organs, where tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (TEX) are of major importance. A strong stroma reaction, recruitment of immunosuppressive leukocytes, perineural invasion, and early spread toward the peritoneal cavity, liver, and lung are shared with several epithelial cell-derived cancer, but are most prominent in PaCa. Here, we report on the state of knowledge on the PaCIC markers Tspan8, alpha6beta4, CD44v6, CXCR4, LRP5/6, LRG5, claudin7, EpCAM, and CD133, which all, but at different steps, are engaged in the metastatic cascade, frequently via PaCIC-TEX. This includes the contribution of PaCIC markers to TEX biogenesis, targeting, and uptake. We then discuss PaCa-selective features, where feedback loops between stromal elements and tumor cells, including distorted transcription, signal transduction, and metabolic shifts, establish vicious circles. For the latter particularly pancreatic stellate cells (PSC) are responsible, furnishing PaCa to cope with poor angiogenesis-promoted hypoxia by metabolic shifts and direct nutrient transfer via vesicles. Furthermore, nerves including Schwann cells deliver a large range of tumor cell attracting factors and Schwann cells additionally support PaCa cell survival by signaling receptor binding. PSC, tumor-associated macrophages, and components of the dysplastic stroma contribute to perineural invasion with signaling pathway activation including the cholinergic system. Last, PaCa aggressiveness is strongly assisted by the immune system. Although rich in immune cells, only immunosuppressive cells and factors are recovered in proximity to tumor cells and hamper effector immune cells entering the tumor stroma. Besides a paucity of immunostimulatory factors and receptors, immunosuppressive cytokines, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, regulatory T-cells, and M2 macrophages as well as PSC actively inhibit effector cell activation. This accounts for NK cells of the non-adaptive and cytotoxic T-cells of the adaptive immune system. We anticipate further deciphering the molecular background of these recently unraveled intermingled phenomena may turn most lethal PaCa into a curatively treatable disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Mu
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Mu
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong, Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Margot Zöller
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong, Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
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Wang J, Huang Y, Zhang J, Xing B, Xuan W, Wang H, Huang H, Yang J, Tang J. High co-expression of the SDF1/CXCR4 axis in hepatocarcinoma cells is regulated by AnnexinA7 in vitro and in vivo. Cell Commun Signal 2018; 16:22. [PMID: 29783989 PMCID: PMC5963093 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-018-0234-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND SDF1/CXCR4 and AnnexinA7 play important roles in many physiological and pathological conditions, but the molecular association between them in cancer cells has not been studied thus far. METHODS The expression changes of SDF1/CXCR4 were detected by gene transcriptome sequencing, qRT-PCR, Western blotting, cytoimmunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry in mouse hepatocarcinoma F/P cells, AnnexinA7 downregulated expression F (FA7DOWN) cells, AnnexinA7 overexpression P (PA7UP) cells, AnnexinA7 unrelated sequence F (FSHUS) cells, empty vector P (PNCEV) cells and normal liver cells in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS SDF1 and CXCR4 were co-expressed in hepatocarcinoma cells. SDF1 was localized mainly in the cytoplasm of cells, while CXCR4 was mainly localized in the cell membrane. Both in vitro and in vivo, expression levels of SDF1/CXCR4 in F and P cells were higher than in normal liver cells, and expression levels of SDF1/CXCR4 in F cells with high lymphatic metastatic potential were higher than those in P cells with low lymphatic metastatic potential. Expression of SDF1 was higher than that of CXCR4 in P cells and normal liver cells, while expression of CXCR4 was higher than that of SDF1 in F cells. Expression levels of SDF1/CXCR4 were completely consistent with AnnexinA7 regulation. After the AnnexinA7 gene was downregulated or upregulated, expression levels of SDF1/CXCR4 in FA7DOWN/PA7UP cells were lower or higher than those in FSHUS/PNCEV cells. Furthermore, CXCR4 was more sensitively modulated by AnnexinA7 regulation than SDF1. CONCLUSIONS High co-expression of SDF1/CXCR4 is a molecular characteristic of hepatocarcinoma cells, especially those with high lymphatic metastatic potential. AnnexinA7 positively regulates expression levels of SDF1/CXCR4, in particular CXCR4, and AnnexinA7 is a functional regulator of SDF1/CXCR4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Wang
- Department of Pathology, Dalian Medical University, Key Laboratory for Tumor Metastasis and Intervention of Liaoning Province, 9 West, Lvshun Southern Road, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning, China
| | - Yuhong Huang
- Department of Pathology, Dalian Medical University, Key Laboratory for Tumor Metastasis and Intervention of Liaoning Province, 9 West, Lvshun Southern Road, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Dalian Medical University, Key Laboratory for Tumor Metastasis and Intervention of Liaoning Province, 9 West, Lvshun Southern Road, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning, China
| | - Boyi Xing
- Department of Pathology, Dalian Medical University, Key Laboratory for Tumor Metastasis and Intervention of Liaoning Province, 9 West, Lvshun Southern Road, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning, China
| | - Wei Xuan
- Department of Pathology, Dalian Medical University, Key Laboratory for Tumor Metastasis and Intervention of Liaoning Province, 9 West, Lvshun Southern Road, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning, China
| | - Honghai Wang
- Department of Pathology, Dalian Medical University, Key Laboratory for Tumor Metastasis and Intervention of Liaoning Province, 9 West, Lvshun Southern Road, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning, China
| | - He Huang
- Department of Pathology, Dalian Medical University, Key Laboratory for Tumor Metastasis and Intervention of Liaoning Province, 9 West, Lvshun Southern Road, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning, China
| | | | - Jianwu Tang
- Department of Pathology, Dalian Medical University, Key Laboratory for Tumor Metastasis and Intervention of Liaoning Province, 9 West, Lvshun Southern Road, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning, China.
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