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Mohammed MN, Yasmin AR, Ramanoon SZ, Noraniza MA, Ooi PT, Ain-Najwa MY, Natasha JA, Nur-Fazila SH, Arshad SS, Mohammed HO. Serological and molecular surveillance of West Nile virus in domesticated mammals of peninsular Malaysia. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1126199. [PMID: 37456951 PMCID: PMC10343450 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1126199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus is a mosquito-borne neurotropic pathogen with a wide host range that constitutes a significant risk to public and animal health. There is limited information on WNV infection in domesticated mammals in Malaysia; however, current reports indicate infections in birds, macaques, bats and pigs from Malaysia. In this study, 203 serum samples from cattle, goats, and horses were tested for the presence of anti-WNV IgG using a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-ELISA). Additionally, using one-step RT-PCR, nasopharyngeal swabs were analyzed for WNV RNA from all 203 animals in this study. The WNV seroprevalence was 32.53% (27/83) at 95% CI (0.2342-0.4319) in cattle, 48.27% (14/29) at 95% CI (0.3139-0.6557) in goats and 53.84% (49/91) at 95% CI (0.4366-0.6373) in horses. Cross-reactive JEV antibodies were detected in two cattle and 34 horses. None of the cattle or goats tested positive for WNV RT-PCR. Seven horses were positive for WNV RT-PCR, a molecular prevalence of 7.69% (7/91) at 95% CI (0.0353-0.1528). This is the first reported detection of WNV in domesticated mammals of Malaysia, a significant addition to the growing evidence that WNV is being transmitted from vectors to susceptible hosts in Malaysia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Nma Mohammed
- Department of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
- Department of Animal Production, School of Agriculture and Agricultural Technology, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria
| | - Abd Rahaman Yasmin
- Department of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
- Laboratory of Vaccines and Biomolecules, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Siti Zubaidah Ramanoon
- Department of Farm and Exotic Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Adzahan Noraniza
- Department of Farm and Exotic Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Peck Toung Ooi
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Yuseri Ain-Najwa
- Department of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Jafar Ali Natasha
- Department of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Saulol Hamid Nur-Fazila
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Siti Suri Arshad
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Hussni Omar Mohammed
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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Cavalleri JV, Korbacska‐Kutasi O, Leblond A, Paillot R, Pusterla N, Steinmann E, Tomlinson J. European College of Equine Internal Medicine consensus statement on equine flaviviridae infections in Europe. Vet Med (Auckl) 2022; 36:1858-1871. [DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessika‐M. V. Cavalleri
- Clinical Unit of Equine Internal Medicine, Department for Companion Animals and Horses University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Orsolya Korbacska‐Kutasi
- Clinical Unit of Equine Internal Medicine, Department for Companion Animals and Horses University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna Vienna Austria
- Department for Animal Breeding, Nutrition and Laboratory Animal Science University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest Hungary
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences—Szent Istvan University (MTA‐SZIE) Large Animal Clinical Research Group Üllő Dóra major Hungary
| | - Agnès Leblond
- EPIA, UMR 0346, Epidemiologie des maladies animales et zoonotiques, INRAE, VetAgro Sup University of Lyon Marcy l'Etoile France
| | - Romain Paillot
- School of Equine and Veterinary Physiotherapy Writtle University College Chelmsford UK
| | - Nicola Pusterla
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine University of California Davis California USA
| | - Eike Steinmann
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine Ruhr University Bochum Bochum Germany
| | - Joy Tomlinson
- Baker Institute for Animal Health Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine Ithaca New York USA
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3
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Development of a Real-Time Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for the Detection of West Nile Virus. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2020. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.105443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The West Nile Virus (WNV), discovered in New York, USA in 1999 after it was first isolated in Uganda in 1937, has since spread not only in the United States but also around the world. Africa, Eurasia, Australia, and the Middle East have sporadic cases of the disease. Objectives: We aimed to find real-time reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assay to be more sensitive than conventional RT-PCR, and more rapid and efficient than conventional RT-PCR and real-time RT-PCR for WNV detection. Methods: A total of 32 genomic sequences from different strains of WNV were analyzed to identify conserved nucleotide sequence regions. Six WNV specific RT-LAMP primers targeting the E gene were designed. Results: The novel primer for the real-time RT-LAMP assay can detect WNV with high specificity. The efficiency of the real-time RT-LAMP assay is higher than the conventional RT-PCR and real-time RT-PCR. Real-time RT-PCR and conventional PCR require at least 30 – 40 min and 2 h, respectively, to yield results, whereas real-time RT-LAMP provides positive results in only 10 – 20 min. Conclusions: The novel primers were developed by analyzing of 32 genomic sequences of WNV strains. The primers were designed from the most conserved region of the E gene for real-time RT-LAMP. The LAMP assay is a rapid, efficient, highly sensitive, and specific tool for the identification of WNV.
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Metz MBC, Olufemi OT, Daly JM, Barba M. Systematic review and meta-analysis of seroprevalence studies of West Nile virus in equids in Europe between 2001 and 2018. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:1814-1823. [PMID: 33012076 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
There is some evidence that West Nile virus (WNV), which causes encephalomyelitis in equids, is an emerging disease in Europe. The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to analyse seroprevalence studies of WNV in equids in European countries between 2001 and 2018. Two electronic databases, PubMed and Scopus, were searched for relevant publications published from 2001 to 2018 using predetermined keywords. A total of 1,484 papers were initially found. After applying the eligibility criteria, 39 papers were finally included in the systematic review. Analysis of 28,089 equids from 16 European countries revealed a pooled seroprevalence of 8% (95% CI 5%-12%, p < .001, I2 = 99.3%) in Europe. The pooled seroprevalence was slightly higher in Mediterranean basin countries than other countries and when calculated for samples collected between 2001 and 2009 compared to 2010 to 2018. Differences in study design (e.g. sampling associated with recent outbreaks of WNV) contributed to a high degree of variability among studies. Further studies with harmonized study design and reporting of the results are recommended to better estimate and monitor European seroprevalence of WNV in equids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine B C Metz
- Agentes Microbiológicos asociados a la Reproducción Animal (ProVaginBio), Veterinary Faculty, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Olaolu T Olufemi
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Janet M Daly
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Marta Barba
- Agentes Microbiológicos asociados a la Reproducción Animal (ProVaginBio), Veterinary Faculty, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
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Azeem S, Bengis R, Van Aarde R, Bastos AD. Mass Die-Off of African Elephants in Botswana: Pathogen, Poison or a Perfect Storm? AFRICAN JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.3957/056.050.0149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shahan Azeem
- Virology Section, Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore. Pakistan
| | - Roy Bengis
- Retired Chief State Veterinarian, Kruger National Park, South Africa
| | - Rudi Van Aarde
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Armanda D.S. Bastos
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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Crispo M, Blakey J, Shivaprasad HL, Laroucau K, Vorimore F, Aaziz R, Bickford A, Pesavento J, Stoute ST. Chlamydiosis in a Gouldian Finch ( Erythrura gouldiae). Avian Dis 2020; 64:216-222. [PMID: 32550623 DOI: 10.1637/0005-2086-64.2.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Avian chlamydiosis is an infection caused by obligate intracellular and Gram-negative bacteria belonging to the family Chlamydiaceae and has been reported in more than 450 avian species distributed in 30 orders. In particular, a high prevalence of infection has been demonstrated in wild passerine populations, including both asymptomatic and clinically ill individuals, suggesting a role of these avian species as important carriers. In May 2018, avian chlamydiosis was diagnosed in a 1-year-old male Gouldian finch (Erythrura gouldiae) at the Turlock Branch of the California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System. The bird belonged to an outdoor aviary with mixed avian species, including Gouldian finches, doves (Geopelia cuneata and Spilopelia chinensis), and psittacines (Aratinga, Psittacula, Pyrrhura, and Trichoglossus sp.). Severe respiratory distress and mortality were noted among the finches. Gross and histopathologic lesions were concentrated in the liver and spleen, with a mild involvement of the upper respiratory tract. Chlamydia spp. were detected in the spleen and kidney by real-time PCR and were further confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Subsequently, Chlamydia psittaci was isolated from the liver and spleen and characterized as a CP3-like strain (genotype B). In addition, viral particles compatible with circovirus were identified in the liver by direct electron microscopy. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of avian chlamydiosis with hepatic viral particles consistent with circovirus infection in a Gouldian finch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Crispo
- Turlock Branch, University of California, Davis, California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory System, Turlock, CA 95380
| | - Julia Blakey
- Turlock Branch, University of California, Davis, California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory System, Turlock, CA 95380
| | - H L Shivaprasad
- Tulare Branch, University of California, Davis, California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory System, Tulare, CA 93274
| | - Karine Laroucau
- University Paris-Est, Anses, Animal Health Laboratory, Bacterial Zoonoses Unit, Maisons-Alfort, 94706 France
| | - Fabien Vorimore
- University Paris-Est, Anses, Animal Health Laboratory, Bacterial Zoonoses Unit, Maisons-Alfort, 94706 France
| | - Rachid Aaziz
- University Paris-Est, Anses, Animal Health Laboratory, Bacterial Zoonoses Unit, Maisons-Alfort, 94706 France
| | - Arthur Bickford
- Turlock Branch, University of California, Davis, California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory System, Turlock, CA 95380
| | - Joseph Pesavento
- Davis Branch, University of California, Davis, California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory System, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Simone T Stoute
- Turlock Branch, University of California, Davis, California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory System, Turlock, CA 95380,
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Read AJ, Finlaison DS, Gu X, Hick PM, Moloney BJ, Wright T, Kirkland PD. Clinical and epidemiological features of West Nile virus equine encephalitis in New South Wales, Australia, 2011. Aust Vet J 2019; 97:133-143. [PMID: 31025323 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Between February and June 2011, more than 300 horses with unexplained neurological disease were observed in New South Wales, Australia. A virulent strain of West Nile virus (WNVNSW2011 ), of Australian origin, was shown to be the cause of many of these cases. METHODS We reviewed the clinical descriptions provided by veterinary practitioners and the associated laboratory results. Although there was a range of clinical signs described, ataxia was the only sign that was consistently described in laboratory-confirmed cases. RESULTS WNV was detected in brain samples by real-time reverse transcription PCR assay and virus isolation. For serological confirmation of clinical cases, an equine IgM ELISA specific for WNV was shown to be the most effective tool. CONCLUSION A state-wide serological survey undertaken after the outbreak indicated that, contrary to expectation, although infection had been widespread, the seroprevalence of antibodies to WNV was very low, suggesting that there could be a significant risk of future disease outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Read
- Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture Institute, Menangle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - D S Finlaison
- Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture Institute, Menangle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - X Gu
- Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture Institute, Menangle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - P M Hick
- Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture Institute, Menangle, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - B J Moloney
- Department of Primary Industries, Orange, NSW, Australia
| | - T Wright
- Department of Primary Industries, Orange, NSW, Australia
| | - P D Kirkland
- Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture Institute, Menangle, New South Wales, Australia
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8
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Rebollo B, Sarraseca J, Rodríguez MJ, Sanz A, Jiménez-Clavero MÁ, Venteo Á. Diagnostic aptitude of West Nile virus-like particles expressed in insect cells. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2018. [PMID: 29530349 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
West Nile virus is a globally spread zoonotic arbovirus. The laboratory diagnosis of WNV infection relies on virus identification by RT-PCR or on specific antibody detection by serological tests, such as ELISA or virus-neutralization. These methods usually require a preparation of the whole virus as antigen, entailing biosafety issues and therefore requiring BSL-3 facilities. For this reason, recombinant antigenic structures enabling effective antibody recognition comparable to that of the native virions, would be advantageous as diagnostic reagents. WNV virions are enveloped spherical particles made up of 3 structural proteins (C, capsid; M, membrane and E, envelope) enclosing the viral RNA. This study describes the co-expression of these 3 proteins yielding non-infectious virus-like particles (VLPs) and the results of the initial assessment of these VLPs, used instead of the whole virus, that were shown to perform correctly in two different ELISAs for WNV diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén Rebollo
- INGENASA (Inmunología y Genética Aplicada, S.A), c/Hermanos García Noblejas 39, 28037 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Javier Sarraseca
- INGENASA (Inmunología y Genética Aplicada, S.A), c/Hermanos García Noblejas 39, 28037 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mª José Rodríguez
- INGENASA (Inmunología y Genética Aplicada, S.A), c/Hermanos García Noblejas 39, 28037 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Sanz
- INGENASA (Inmunología y Genética Aplicada, S.A), c/Hermanos García Noblejas 39, 28037 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Jiménez-Clavero
- INIA-CISA (Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria - Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal), Carretera de Algete a El Casar s/n., 28130 Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Ángel Venteo
- INGENASA (Inmunología y Genética Aplicada, S.A), c/Hermanos García Noblejas 39, 28037 Madrid, Spain
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García-Bocanegra I, Belkhiria J, Napp S, Cano-Terriza D, Jiménez-Ruiz S, Martínez-López B. Epidemiology and spatio-temporal analysis of West Nile virus in horses in Spain between 2010 and 2016. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 65:567-577. [PMID: 29034611 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
During the last decade, West Nile virus (WNV) outbreaks have increased sharply in both horses and human in Europe. The aims of this study were to evaluate characteristics and spatio-temporal distribution of WNV outbreaks in horses in Spain between 2010 and 2016 in order to identify the environmental variables most associated with WNV occurrence and to generate high-resolution WNV suitability maps to inform risk-based surveillance strategies in this country. Between August 2010 and November 2016, a total of 403 WNV suspected cases were investigated, of which, 177 (43.9%) were laboratory confirmed. Mean values of morbidity, mortality and case fatality rates were 7.5%, 1.6% and 21.2%, respectively. The most common clinical symptoms were as follows: tiredness/apathy, recumbency, muscular tremor, ataxia, incoordination and hyperaesthesia. The outbreaks confirmed during the last 7 years, with detection of WNV RNA lineage 1 in 2010, 2012, 2013, 2015 and 2016, suggest an endemic circulation of the virus in Spain. The spatio-temporal distribution of WNV outbreaks in Spain was not homogeneous, as most of them (92.7%) were concentrated in western part of Andalusia (southern Spain) and significant clusters were detected in this region in two non-consecutive years. These findings were supported by the results of the space-time scan statistics permutation model. A presence-only MaxEnt ecological niche model was used to generate a suitability map for WNV occurrence in Andalusia. The most important predictors selected by the Ecological Niche Modeling were as follows: mean annual temperature (49.5% contribution), presence of Culex pipiens (19.5% contribution), mean annual precipitation (16.1% contribution) and distance to Ramsar wetlands (14.9% contribution). Our results constitute an important step for understanding WNV emergence and spread in Spain and will provide valuable information for the development of more cost-effective surveillance and control programmes and improve the protection of horse and human populations in WNV-endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- I García-Bocanegra
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - J Belkhiria
- Center for Animal Disease Modeling and Surveillance (CADMS), Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - S Napp
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA) - Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - D Cano-Terriza
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - S Jiménez-Ruiz
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - B Martínez-López
- Center for Animal Disease Modeling and Surveillance (CADMS), Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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Delcambre GH, Liu J, Streit WJ, Shaw GPJ, Vallario K, Herrington J, Wenzlow N, Barr KL, Long MT. Phenotypic characterisation of cell populations in the brains of horses experimentally infected with West Nile virus. Equine Vet J 2017; 49:815-820. [PMID: 28470955 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND West Nile virus (WNV), a mosquito borne member of the Flaviviridae, is one of the most commonly diagnosed agents of viral encephalitis in horses and people worldwide. OBJECTIVES A cassette of markers for formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue and an archive of tissues from experimental infections in the horse were used to investigate the equine neuroimmune response to WNV meningoencephalomyelitis to phenotype the early response to WNV infection in the horse. STUDY DESIGN Quantitative analysis using archived tissue from experimentally infected horses. METHODS The thalamus and hindbrain from 2 groups of 6 horses were compared and consisted of a culture positive tissues from WNV experimentally horses, in the other, normal horses. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue from the thalamus and hindbrain were immunolabeled for microglia, astrocytes, B cells, macrophages/neutrophils, CD3+ T cells. Fresh frozen tissues were immunolabeled for CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocyte cell markers. Cell counts were obtained using a computer software program. Differences, after meeting assumptions of abnormality, were computed using a general linear model with a Tukey test (P<0.05) for pairwise comparisons. RESULTS In WNV-challenged horses, Iba-1+ microglia, CD3+ T lymphocyte and MAC387+ macrophage staining were significantly increased. The T cell response for the WNV-challenged horses was mixed, composed of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. A limited astrocyte response was also observed in WNV-challenged horses, and MAC387+ and B cells were the least abundant cell populations. MAIN LIMITATIONS The results of this study were limited by a single collection time post-infection. Furthermore, a comprehensive analysis of cellular phenotypes is needed for naturally infected horses. Unfortunately, in clinical horses, there is high variability of sampling in terms of days post-infection and tissue handling. CONCLUSIONS The data show that WNV-challenged horses recruit a mixed T cell population at the onset of neurologic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H Delcambre
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - J Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - W J Streit
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - G P J Shaw
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - K Vallario
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - J Herrington
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - N Wenzlow
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - K L Barr
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - M T Long
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Fabbri CM, García JB, Morales MA, Enría DA, Levis S, Lanciotti RS. Complete genome sequences and phylogenetic analysis of two West Nile virus strains isolated from equines in Argentina in 2006 could indicate an early introduction of the virus in the Southern Cone. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2017; 14:794-800. [PMID: 25409270 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2014.1588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The complete nucleotide sequences of two West Nile virus (WNV) strains isolated in Argentina were determined. Phylogenetic trees were constructed from the aligned nucleic acid sequences of these two strains along with other previously published complete WNV genome sequences. Phylogenetic data showed that both strains belonged to clade 1a of lineage 1 and clustered in a subclade with American strains isolated during 1999-2002. These results suggest two independent routes of introduction of WNV in Argentina and that the virus could have been circulating in Argentina for some time before being isolated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cintia M Fabbri
- 1 Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Virales Humanas "Dr. Julio I. Maiztegui" , Pergarmino, Argentina
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12
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Rimoldi G, Mete A, Adaska JM, Anderson ML, Symmes KP, Diab S. West Nile Virus Infection in Sheep. Vet Pathol 2016; 54:155-158. [PMID: 27312367 DOI: 10.1177/0300985816653796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) infection has been detected in many species of birds and mammals, but scant information is available about the disease in small ruminants. West Nile virus was diagnosed in 6 sheep with neurological signs and encephalitis, in California between 2002 and 2014. All sheep had severe lymphoplasmacytic meningoencephalitis. Lymphoplasmacytic myelitis was also detected in 2 sheep where the spinal cord was examined. Brain tissue was positive for WNV detected by polymerase chain reaction in 6 of 6 sheep and by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in 5 of 6 sheep. Viral antigen was not detected by IHC in extraneural tissues in the 3 sheep examined. West Nile virus RNA was sequenced from 2 of 6 sheep, and each one clusters closely with WNV isolated from mosquito pools from nearby locations at similar times. West Nile virus was the most common cause of viral encephalitis in sheep diagnosed at this laboratory between 2002 and 2014, accounting for 6 of 9 sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Rimoldi
- 1 California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California-Davis, Tulare, CA, USA
| | - A Mete
- 2 California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California-Davis, USA
| | - J M Adaska
- 1 California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California-Davis, Tulare, CA, USA
| | - M L Anderson
- 2 California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California-Davis, USA
| | - K P Symmes
- 3 Davis Arbovirus Research and Training, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, USA
| | - S Diab
- 2 California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California-Davis, USA
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13
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Sule WF, Oluwayelu DO, Adedokun RAM, Rufai N, McCracken F, Mansfield KL, Johnson N. High seroprevelance of West Nile virus antibodies observed in horses from southwestern Nigeria. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2015; 15:218-20. [PMID: 25793479 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2014.1706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate exposure of Nigerian horses to West Nile virus (WNV), we determined the seroprevalence rate of anti-WNV antibody in a cohort of 145 horses. Serum samples were collected from three locations in southwestern Nigeria between October, 2011, and July, 2012. The horses were asymptomatic and unvaccinated against WNV at the time of sampling. All sera were tested using a competition enzyme-linked immmunosorbent assay (ELISA) and by an immunoglobulin M (IgM)-specific ELISA. High rates of anti-WNV antibody prevalence were observed in all locations with a mean level of 90.3% (95% confidence interval 84.3-94.6%). None of the horses had detectable anti-WNV IgM. This is the first ELISA-based report of WNV seroprevalence in Nigerian horses and suggests that WNV is enzootic in the study areas, indicating a potential risk of infection in humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waidi Folorunso Sule
- 1 Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, Osun State University , Oke-Baale, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria
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Barton AJ, Prow NA, Hall RA, Kidd L, Bielefeldt-Ohmann H. A case of Murray Valley encephalitis in a 2-year-old Australian Stock Horse in south-east Queensland. Aust Vet J 2015; 93:53-7. [DOI: 10.1111/avj.12294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- AJ Barton
- School of Veterinary Science; The University of Queensland; Gatton Queensland 4343 Australia
| | - NA Prow
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre; University of Queensland; St Lucia Queensland Australia
| | - RA Hall
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre; University of Queensland; St Lucia Queensland Australia
| | - L Kidd
- School of Veterinary Science; The University of Queensland; Gatton Queensland 4343 Australia
| | - H Bielefeldt-Ohmann
- School of Veterinary Science; The University of Queensland; Gatton Queensland 4343 Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre; University of Queensland; St Lucia Queensland Australia
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Giannitti F, Diab S, Mete A, Stanton JB, Fielding L, Crossley B, Sverlow K, Fish S, Mapes S, Scott L, Pusterla N. Necrotizing Enteritis and Hyperammonemic Encephalopathy Associated With Equine Coronavirus Infection in Equids. Vet Pathol 2015; 52:1148-56. [PMID: 25648965 DOI: 10.1177/0300985814568683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Equine coronavirus (ECoV) is a Betacoronavirus recently associated clinically and epidemiologically with emerging outbreaks of pyrogenic, enteric, and/or neurologic disease in horses in the United States, Japan, and Europe. We describe the pathologic, immunohistochemical, ultrastructural, and molecular findings in 2 horses and 1 donkey that succumbed to natural infection with ECoV. One horse and the donkey (case Nos. 1, 3) had severe diffuse necrotizing enteritis with marked villous attenuation, epithelial cell necrosis at the tips of the villi, neutrophilic and fibrinous extravasation into the small intestinal lumen (pseudomembrane formation), as well as crypt necrosis, microthrombosis, and hemorrhage. The other horse (case No. 2) had hyperammonemic encephalopathy with Alzheimer type II astrocytosis throughout the cerebral cortex. ECoV was detected by quantitative polymerase chain reaction in small intestinal tissue, contents, and/or feces, and coronavirus antigen was detected by immunohistochemistry in the small intestine in all cases. Coronavirus-like particles characterized by spherical, moderately electron lucent, enveloped virions with distinct peplomer-like structures projecting from the surface were detected by negatively stained transmission electron microscopy in small intestine in case No. 1, and transmission electron microscopy of fixed small intestinal tissue from the same case revealed similar 85- to 100-nm intracytoplasmic particles located in vacuoles and free in the cytoplasm of unidentified (presumably epithelial) cells. Sequence comparison showed 97.9% to 99.0% sequence identity with the ECoV-NC99 and Tokachi09 strains. All together, these results indicate that ECoV is associated with necrotizing enteritis and hyperammonemic encephalopathy in equids.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Giannitti
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - S Diab
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - A Mete
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - J B Stanton
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology and Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - L Fielding
- Loomis Basin Equine Medical Center, Loomis, CA, USA
| | - B Crossley
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - K Sverlow
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - S Fish
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - S Mapes
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - L Scott
- Idaho Equine Hospital, Nampa, ID, USA
| | - N Pusterla
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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Williams JH, van Niekerk S, Human S, van Wilpe E, Venter M. Pathology of fatal lineage 1 and 2 West Nile virus infections in horses in South Africa. J S Afr Vet Assoc 2014; 85:1105. [PMID: 25686260 DOI: 10.4102/jsava.v85i1.1105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2007, West Nile virus (WNV) has been reported in South African horses, causing severe neurological signs. All cases were of lineage 2, except for one case that clustered with lineage 1 viruses. In the present study, gross and microscopic lesions of six South African lineage 2-infected horses and the one lineage 1 case are described. Diagnoses were confirmed by real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of central nervous system (CNS) tissue and one by RT-PCR of a brain virus isolate. The CNS of all cases was negative by RT-PCR or immunohistochemistry (IHC) for African horse sickness (AHS), equine encephalosis virus, equine herpes viruses 1 and 4, other zoonotic flaviviruses, alphaviruses, and shunivirus, and either by immunofluorescence or IHC for rabies. Gross visceral lesions were nonspecific but often mimicked those of AHS. The CNS histopathology of WNV lineage 2 cases resembled the nonsuppurative polioencephalomyelitis reported in the Northern Hemisphere lineage 1 and recent Hungarian lineage 2 cases. Occasional meningitis, focal spinal ventral horn poliomalacia, dorsal and lateral horn poliomyelitis, leucomyelitis, asymmetrical ventral motor spinal neuritis and frequent olfactory region involvement were also seen. Lineage 2 cases displayed marked variations in CNS lesion severity, type and distribution, and suggested various viral entry routes into the CNS, based on findings in experimental mice and hamsters. Lineage 1 lesions were comparable to the milder lineage 2 cases. West Nile virus IHC on CNS sections with marked lesions from all cases elicited only two antigen-positive cells in the olfactory cortex of one case. The presence in the CNS of T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophage-monocytes was confirmed by cluster of differentiation (CD) 3, CD20, multiple myeloma oncogene 1 (MUM1) and macrophage (MAC) 387 IHC.
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Affiliation(s)
- June H Williams
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, South Africa.
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17
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Williams JH, Mentoor JDL, Van Wilpe E, Venter M. Comparative pathology of neurovirulent lineage 1 (NY99/385) and lineage 2 (SPU93/01) West Nile virus infections in BALBc mice. Vet Pathol 2014; 52:140-51. [PMID: 24513801 DOI: 10.1177/0300985813520246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The pathology in mice infected with neurovirulent South African lineage 2 West Nile virus (WNV) strains has not previously been described. Three- to 4-month-old male BALBc mice were infected with South African neurovirulent lineage 2 (SPU93/01) or lineage 1 (NY385/99) WNV strains and the gross and microscopic central nervous system (CNS) and extra-CNS pathology of both investigated and compared. Mice infected with both lineages showed similar illness, paralysis, and death from days 7 to 11 postinfection (PI). Two survivors of each lineage were euthanized on day 21 PI. WNV infection was confirmed by nested real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction of tissues, mostly brain, in the majority of mice euthanized sick or that died and in 1 healthy lineage 2 survivor. Gross lesions caused by both lineages were identical and included marked gastric and proximal small intestinal fluid distension as described in a previous mouse study, but intestinal microscopic lesions differed. CNS lesions were subtle. Immunohistochemical (IHC)-positive labeling for WNV E protein was found in neurons multifocally in the brain of 3 lineage 1-infected and 3 lineage 2-infected mice from days 9 to 11 PI, 4 of these including brainstem neurons, and of cecal myenteric ganglion neurons in 1 lineage 2-infected day 8 PI mouse. Findings supported hypotheses in hamsters that gastrointestinal lesions are likely of brainstem origin. Ultrastructurally, virus-associated cytoplasmic vesicular or crystalline structures, or amorphous structures, were found to label IHC positive in control-positive avian cardiomyocytes and mouse thalamic neurons, respectively, and WNV-like 50-nm particles, which were scarce, did not label.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Williams
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Republic of South Africa Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Republic of South Africa
| | - J D L Mentoor
- Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Republic of South Africa
| | - E Van Wilpe
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Republic of South Africa
| | - M Venter
- Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Republic of South Africa Center for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Sandringham, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa
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Marka A, Diamantidis A, Papa A, Valiakos G, Chaintoutis SC, Doukas D, Tserkezou P, Giannakopoulos A, Papaspyropoulos K, Patsoula E, Badieritakis E, Baka A, Tseroni M, Pervanidou D, Papadopoulos NT, Koliopoulos G, Tontis D, Dovas CI, Billinis C, Tsakris A, Kremastinou J, Hadjichristodoulou C. West Nile virus state of the art report of MALWEST Project. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2013; 10:6534-610. [PMID: 24317379 PMCID: PMC3881129 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph10126534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
During the last three years Greece is experiencing the emergence of West Nile virus (WNV) epidemics. Within this framework, an integrated surveillance and control programme (MALWEST project) with thirteen associate partners was launched aiming to investigate the disease and suggest appropriate interventions. One out of seven work packages of the project is dedicated to the State of the Art report for WNV. Three expert working groups on humans, animals and mosquitoes were established. Medical databases (PubMed, Scopus) were searched together with websites: e.g., WHO, CDC, ECDC. In total, 1,092 relevant articles were initially identified and 258 of them were finally included as references regarding the current knowledge about WNV, along with 36 additional sources (conference papers, reports, book chapters). The review is divided in three sections according to the fields of interest: (1) WNV in humans (epidemiology, molecular characteristics, transmission, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, surveillance); (2) WNV in animals (epidemiological and transmission characteristics concerning birds, horses, reptiles and other animal species) and (3) WNV in mosquitoes (control, surveillance). Finally, some examples of integrated surveillance programmes are presented. The introduction and establishment of the disease in Greece and other European countries further emphasizes the need for thorough research and broadening of our knowledge on this viral pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andriani Marka
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece; E-mail:
| | - Alexandros Diamantidis
- Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, Volos 38446, Greece; E-mails: (A.D.); (N.T.P.)
| | - Anna Papa
- National Reference Center for Arboviruses, Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece; E-mail:
| | - George Valiakos
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, Karditsa 43100, Greece; E-mails: (G.V); (A.G.); (K.P.); (C.B.)
| | - Serafeim C. Chaintoutis
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece; E-mails: (S.C.C.); (C.I.D.)
| | - Dimitrios Doukas
- Laboratory of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, Karditsa 43100, Greece; E-mails: (D.D.); (D.T.)
| | - Persefoni Tserkezou
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece; E-mail:
| | - Alexios Giannakopoulos
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, Karditsa 43100, Greece; E-mails: (G.V); (A.G.); (K.P.); (C.B.)
| | - Konstantinos Papaspyropoulos
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, Karditsa 43100, Greece; E-mails: (G.V); (A.G.); (K.P.); (C.B.)
| | - Eleni Patsoula
- Department of Parasitology, Entomology and Tropical Diseases, National School of Public Health, Athens 11521, Greece; E-mail:
| | - Evangelos Badieritakis
- Laboratory of Biological Control of Pesticides, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Athens 14561, Greece; E-mails: (E.B.); (G.K.)
| | - Agoritsa Baka
- Hellenic Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (KEELPNO), Athens 15123, Greece; E-mails: (A.B.); (M.T.); (D.P.); (J.K.)
| | - Maria Tseroni
- Hellenic Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (KEELPNO), Athens 15123, Greece; E-mails: (A.B.); (M.T.); (D.P.); (J.K.)
| | - Danai Pervanidou
- Hellenic Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (KEELPNO), Athens 15123, Greece; E-mails: (A.B.); (M.T.); (D.P.); (J.K.)
| | - Nikos T. Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, Volos 38446, Greece; E-mails: (A.D.); (N.T.P.)
| | - George Koliopoulos
- Laboratory of Biological Control of Pesticides, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Athens 14561, Greece; E-mails: (E.B.); (G.K.)
| | - Dimitrios Tontis
- Laboratory of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, Karditsa 43100, Greece; E-mails: (D.D.); (D.T.)
| | - Chrysostomos I. Dovas
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece; E-mails: (S.C.C.); (C.I.D.)
| | - Charalambos Billinis
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, Karditsa 43100, Greece; E-mails: (G.V); (A.G.); (K.P.); (C.B.)
| | - Athanassios Tsakris
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +30-2410-565-007; Fax: +30-2410-565-051
| | - Jenny Kremastinou
- Hellenic Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (KEELPNO), Athens 15123, Greece; E-mails: (A.B.); (M.T.); (D.P.); (J.K.)
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Brandão J, Wong C, Kurotaki T, Johnson J, Mitchell M, Roy A, Pucheu-Haston C, Del Piero F, Tully T. Chronic dermatitis caused by Lactobacillus jensenii infection in a blue and gold macaw (Ara ararauna). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2013; 243:1030-4. [PMID: 24050571 DOI: 10.2460/javma.243.7.1030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
CASE DESCRIPTION A 5-year-old sexually intact female blue and gold macaw (Ara ararauna) was evaluated because of a swelling on the right side of the face and irritated area on the ventral aspect of the keel. CLINICAL FINDINGS Clinical findings were consistent with dermatitis (right facial lesion) and a coalescing subdermal granuloma (ventral keel lesion). Hematologic analysis revealed monocytosis and mild anemia. Histologic evaluation of the ventral keel lesion revealed evidence of chronic heterophilic dermatitis with multinucleated giant cells and bacterial rods and cocci. An unspeciated gram-positive rod-shaped bacterium was isolated via aerobic bacterial culture. Results of bacterial biochemical tests suggested the organism was a type of Actinomyces. A 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis was performed; results indicated the organism was Lactobacillus jensenii. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME Extensive surgical debridement of the branching granuloma, which extended throughout the length of the keel, followed by long-term treatment with ciprofloxacin and clindamycin provided full resolution of clinical signs. No recrudescence of clinical signs was evident for up to 18 months after the initial evaluation. CLINICAL RELEVANCE To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of Lactobacillus-associated dermatitis or subdermal granuloma in the scientific literature and the second report of L jensenii in avian species. Use of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis was instrumental in the identification of this fastidious organism, indicating the method's usefulness as a diagnostic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Brandão
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803
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20
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Martínez J, Montgomery DL, Uzal FA. Vascular mineralization in the brain of horses. J Vet Diagn Invest 2012; 24:612-7. [PMID: 22529137 DOI: 10.1177/1040638712442352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular mineralization (siderocalcinosis) in the brain of horses has been usually assumed to be an incidental age-related finding with no clinic significance. In the present study, eight 15-32-year-old horses of different breeds with cerebral siderocalcinosis were studied. Four of these horses had acute and severe central nervous system clinical signs of unknown etiology, 2 horses had neurological signs of known cause, and 2 horses did not have neurological signs. Gross examination of the brains in 4 animals revealed symmetrical foci of malacia in the cerebellar white matter. Histologically, moderate to severe mineralization of blood vessels and parenchyma were observed in all 8 horses, occasionally associated with necrosis of the adjacent tissue. Some horses were tested by virus isolation, polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry, and serology to investigate Rabies virus; West Nile virus; Equid herpesvirus 1 and 4; Eastern, Western, Venezuelan, and Saint Louis encephalitis virus; and Sarcocystis neurona infection. These tests were negative in all samples analyzed. Brain cholinesterase activity and heavy metal screening were also unremarkable. The significance of the vascular and parenchymal mineralization in the brains of some of these horses remains undetermined. However, the severity of the lesions observed in the brains of some of the animals in the present study, coupled with the negative results for other common causes of neurological disease in horses, suggests a possible relationship between siderocalcinosis and the clinical signs observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Martínez
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma Barcelona, Spain.
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Sotelo E, Llorente F, Rebollo B, Camuñas A, Venteo A, Gallardo C, Lubisi A, Rodríguez MJ, Sanz AJ, Figuerola J, Jiménez-Clavero MÁ. Development and evaluation of a new epitope-blocking ELISA for universal detection of antibodies to West Nile virus. J Virol Methods 2011; 174:35-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2011.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2010] [Revised: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Palmieri C, Franca M, Uzal F, Anderson M, Barr B, Woods L, Moore J, Woolcock P, Shivaprasad HL. Pathology and immunohistochemical findings of west nile virus infection in psittaciformes. Vet Pathol 2010; 48:975-84. [PMID: 21160024 DOI: 10.1177/0300985810391112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) infection was diagnosed in 38 psittacine birds based on histology, immunohistochemistry, and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Rosellas (Platycercus spp, n = 13), conures (Enicognathus, Aratinga, and Nandayus spp, n = 6), and lorikeets (Trichoglossus spp, n = 6) represented the most commonly affected species. Clinical signs ranged from lethargy, ruffled feathers, anorexia, and weight loss in most birds to sudden death in others. Except for mild to moderate enlargement of liver and spleen, there were no significant gross lesions at necropsy. Histopathologic findings included lymphoplasmacytic and histiocytic hepatitis, interstitial nephritis, myocarditis, splenitis, enteritis, pancreatitis, and occasionally, encephalitis. Viral antigen was detected by immunohistochemistry in 34 of 35 hearts (97.1%), 29 of 32 pancreata (90.6%), 33 of 37 kidneys (89.2%), 31 of 35 intestines (88.6%), 27 of 33 gizzards (81.8%), 8 of 10 ovaries (80%), 27 of 34 spleens (79.4%), 30 of 38 livers (78.9%), 23 of 32 lungs (71.9%), 21 of 31 proventriculi (67.7%), 14 of 21 adrenals (66.7%), 10 of 16 testes (62.5%), 17 of 30 brains (56.7%), 15 of 27 skins (55.5%), 3 of 6 oviducts (50%), 15 of 34 skeletal muscles (44.1%), 11 of 27 crop or esophagus (40.7%), and 1 of 6 thymuses (16.7%). Kidney was positive for WNV by RT-PCR in all the cases tested. In conclusion, Psittaciformes are susceptible to West Nile virus infection, and WNV infections are often associated with nonspecific clinical signs and widespread viral distribution in this order of birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Palmieri
- Veterinary Pathology Division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Teramo University, Italy
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23
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HIROTA J, NISHI H, MATSUDA H, TSUNEMITSU H, SHIMIZ S. Cross-Reactivity of Japanese Encephalitis Virus-Vaccinated Horse Sera in Serodiagnosis of West Nile Virus. J Vet Med Sci 2010; 72:369-72. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.09-0311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jiro HIROTA
- Research Team for Advanced Biologicals, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization
| | - Hideki NISHI
- Hokkaido Hidaka Livestock Hygiene Service Center
| | - Hiroshi MATSUDA
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Department of Veterinary Clinic, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
| | - Hiroshi TSUNEMITSU
- Research Team for Viral Diseases, National Institute of Animal Health, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization
| | - Shinya SHIMIZ
- Research Team for Advanced Biologicals, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization
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24
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Paraparesis in a polar bear (Ursus maritimus) associated with West Nile virus infection. J Zoo Wildl Med 2009; 40:568-71. [PMID: 19746875 DOI: 10.1638/2008-0121.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A polar bear (Ursus maritimus) housed at the Toronto Zoo presented with acute-onset, nonambulatory paraparesis. Physical examination 24 hr after onset was otherwise unremarkable, spinal radiographs looked normal, and blood tests indicated mild dehydration. With continued deterioration in its general condition, euthanasia was elected a day later. Necropsy did not reveal a cause for the major presenting clinical signs. Serum collected at the time of initial examination was positive for West Nile virus (WNV) antibodies in a serum neutralization assay and at the time of euthanasia was positive in both a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and in a plaque reduction neutralization assay. The major microscopic finding was a mild-to-moderate nonsuppurative meningoencephalomyelitis. WNV was not detected by immunohistochemistry in brain or spinal cord or by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and cell culture of brain and kidney, but it was isolated and identified by RT-PCR in second passage cell culture of spleen. Retrospective immunohistochemistry on spleen revealed rare antigen-positive cells, probably macrophages. Prevention of exposure to potentially WNV-infected mosquitoes or vaccination of captive bears against WNV should be considered.
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Pauvolid-Corrêa A, Varella RB. Aspectos epidemiológicos da Febre do Oeste do Nilo. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE EPIDEMIOLOGIA 2008. [DOI: 10.1590/s1415-790x2008000300013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Desde sua introdução na América do Norte em 1999, mais de 27.500 casos humanos da infecção por West Nile virus (WNV) foram reportados nos Estados Unidos da América (EUA), resultando em mais de 1000 casos fatais. Recentemente, a disseminação do vírus para o hemisfério sul foi confirmada com a detecção de animais infectados pelo WNV em território sul-americano. A soropositividade para WNV em eqüídeos na Colômbia e Venezuela e o isolamento do vírus nestes animais na Argentina, reiteram a necessidade da manutenção do sistema de vigilância enzoótica para WNV em território brasileiro. Aspectos pertinentes à infecção, patogenia e epidemiologia do WNV são discutidos neste artigo.
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26
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Pellegrini-Masini A, Livesey LC. Meningitis and Encephalomyelitis in Horses. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2006; 22:553-89, x. [PMID: 16882487 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2006.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This article provides an overview of meningitis and encephalomyelitis in horses, including diagnostic tests, treatment developments, and preventative measures reported in the equine and human medical literature of the past few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Pellegrini-Masini
- Equine Section, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
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Tanner JM, Traub-Dargatz JL, Hill AE, Van Campen H, Knight AP, Cunningham WE, Salman MD. Evaluation of factors associated with positive IgM capture ELISA results in equids with clinical signs compatible with West Nile virus infection: 1,017 cases (2003). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2006; 228:414-21. [PMID: 16448369 DOI: 10.2460/javma.228.3.414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the prevalence of West Nile virus (WNV) infection and evaluate factors associated with positive IgM capture ELISA results in equids with clinical signs compatible with WNV infection. DESIGN Retrospective case series. SAMPLE POPULATION Laboratory submission forms from 1,104 equids tested for WNV in Colorado in 2003. PROCEDURES Submission forms accompanying samples submitted for detection of WNV via IgM capture ELISA were obtained from the Colorado state veterinarian and diagnostic laboratories performing the tests. Data on signalment, clinical signs, history of vaccination against WNV, and assay results were collected from laboratory submission forms. Equids with clinical signs compatible with WNV infection in which IgM capture ELISA results were positive were considered as case equids. RESULTS 1,104 equids were tested for WNV; 1,017 (92.1%) had clinical signs compatible with WNV infection. Among equids with clinical signs compatible with WNV infection, the odds of testing positive for WNV via IgM capture ELISA were lower in males and in vaccinated equids and higher in equids with moderate and severe illness, compared with females, unvaccinated equids, and equids with mild illness. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Among equids with clinical signs compatible with WNV infection, vaccination against WNV, severity of clinical signs, duration of illness, and region in Colorado were associated with increased risk of having a positive IgM capture ELISA result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Tanner
- Animal Population Health Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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Pusterla N, Madigan J, Leutenegger C. Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction: A Novel Molecular Diagnostic Tool for Equine Infectious Diseases. J Vet Intern Med 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2006.tb02817.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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Garcia-Tapia D, Loiacono CM, Kleiboeker SB. Replication of West Nile virus in equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2005; 110:229-44. [PMID: 16310859 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2005.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2005] [Accepted: 10/05/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A cell model of primary monocytes and other mononuclear cells isolated from equine blood was used to study the kinetics of West Nile virus (WNV) replication in a natural host. West Nile virus has emerged on the North American continent as a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in a wide range of avian and mammalian species. While other flaviviruses are known to infect monocytes and lymphocytes, the ability of WNV to productively replicate in specific immune cells of peripheral blood has not been assessed. In this study, enriched populations of monocytes and lymphocytes as well as purified monocytes, CD4+, CD8+ and B lymphocytes were obtained from equine blood. Productive WNV replication was demonstrated by viral growth curves, quantitative RT-PCR for WNV RNA, and indirect immunofluorescence detection of a non-structural WNV protein. Enriched and purified monocytes consistently supported productive viral replication in blood from nine of nine horses tested while a minor subset of CD4+ lymphocytes supported productive replication in cells from three of the nine horses tested. Peak viral titers of 3.2-6.6 log10 PFU/ml were reached at 6 days post-inoculation (p.i.) and titers were maintained through 10-15 days p.i. Activation of monocytes with bacterial lipopolysaccharide, which resulted in activation of nuclear transcription factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) plus elevation of nitric oxide and type I interferon levels, reduced or eliminated WNV replication. These results suggest that immune cells of the peripheral blood may serve as target cells for initial replication of WNV and may play a role in subsequent viral dissemination. Furthermore, primary equine immune cell cultures represent a potentially useful model of a natural WNV host when testing compounds such as antivirals for use in WNV treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Garcia-Tapia
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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