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Vasilatis DM, Christopher MM. Re-examining poikilocytosis in goats: prevalence, type and association with age and disease. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1234233. [PMID: 37662982 PMCID: PMC10470038 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1234233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Domestic goats (Capra aegagrus hircus) are a food, fiber and companion animal. Abnormal erythrocyte shapes (poikilocytes) are considered normal in young goats, but their association with disease is not well described. Likewise, there is little information on the significance of poikilocytosis in adult goats. Objective The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence, severity and type of poikilocytosis in young and adult goats and its association with age, sex, breed, laboratory results, and underlying disease. Methods We retrospectively examined clinical and laboratory data from 1254 goats presented at the University of California-Davis Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital from 1997 to 2019. We analyzed 313 blood smears from goats with moderate or marked (MOD-MKD) poikilocytosis on initial blood smear evaluation. Number and type of poikilocytes per 1000 red blood cells (RBCs) were enumerated. Laboratory values and primary disease categories were compared with the severity and type of poikilocytosis. Results Kids (<6 mos) and juveniles (>6 mos to <1 year) had a higher prevalence of MOD-MKD poikilocytosis (95/210, 45.2% kids; 27/59, 45.8% juveniles) than adult goats (≥1 year; 190/982, 19.3%) (p < 0.001). Kids had a higher percentage of elliptocytes, dacryocytes, and schistocytes and a lower percentage of polygonal and spiculated RBCs than juvenile and adult goats (p < 0.001). Of goats with MOD-MKD (vs NONE-SLIGHT) poikilocytosis, kids had lower HGB and MCH, and higher RDW (p ≤ 0.02); juveniles and adult goats had lower HCT, MCV, MCH, and albumin concentration (p ≤ 0.01), and all age groups had lower total CO2 concentration and higher PLT counts (p < 0.03). Adult goats with MOD-MKD poikilocytosis also had higher BUN:Cr ratios (p = 0.005). Gastrointestinal parasitism, Johne's disease, diarrhea/enteritis, lice, hepatic disease and renal disease (but not urolithiasis) were significantly associated with MOD-MKD poikilocytosis (p < 0.001). Goats with hepatic and renal disease had a higher prevalence and percentage of spiculated cells (p = 0.001). Goats with Johne's disease had a higher prevalence of polygonal cells (93.3%) and dacryocytes (66.7%) than other diseases, and elliptocytes predominated in a higher proportion (36.0%) of adult goats with GI parasitism vs other diseases (p < 0.05). Conclusion These findings suggest that iron deficiency is an important pathophysiologic mechanism of poikilocytosis in juvenile and adult goats, and possibly in kids, whether due to iron-restricted erythropoiesis, chronic hemorrhage, functional iron deficiency, or a combination of these mechanisms. Further investigation into the detection and monitoring of iron deficiency and the value of poikilocytosis as a diagnostic marker of iron status in goats is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demitria M. Vasilatis
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Mary M. Christopher
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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Parsons SDC, Becks D, Vermeulen A, Hobson M, Warren RM, Hooijberg EH. Poikilocytosis of Angora goats is associated with erythrocyte density and reticulocytosis. J S Afr Vet Assoc 2023; 94:42-48. [PMID: 37358317 DOI: 10.36303/jsava.547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Angora goats in South Africa experience several syndromes that result in notable morbidity and mortality in juveniles and adults, but not kids. Insight into their causes is hampered by the lack of normal reference values for this breed, and the present study therefore aimed to characterise (1) differences in the haematology of healthy kids at birth and weaning, and (2) the haematology of apparently healthy yearlings. Selected variables were measured by blood smear analysis, and complete blood counts were performed using an ADVIA 2120i. Variables at 1, 11, and 20 weeks of age were compared using the Friedman test and associations between variables of yearlings were determined by correlation analysis. In kids, red blood cell count, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), and poikilocytosis increased over time, while mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) decreased. Yearlings displayed a lower MCHC, and higher haemoglobin distribution width than previously reported for goats, and these were positively correlated with poikilocytosis, as were reticulocyte counts. White cell counts of yearlings exceeded normal values previously reported for goats, with some individuals displaying remarkably high mature neutrophil counts. Changes in haemoglobin variant expression or cation and water fluxes are possible explanations for the findings in kids, while in yearlings, the associations between MCHC, HDW, poikilocytosis, and reticulocytosis suggest alterations in red cell hydration in adulthood that are associated with increased red cell turnover. These findings may prove informative in the further investigation of various clinical syndromes in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D C Parsons
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, South Africa and Afrivet Business Management, South Africa
| | - D Becks
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
| | - A Vermeulen
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
| | - M Hobson
- Mohair SA, Camdeboo Veterinary Clinic, South Africa
| | - R M Warren
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
| | - E H Hooijberg
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa
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van den Brink LM, Cohrs I, Golbeck L, Wächter S, Dobbelaar P, Teske E, Grünberg W. Effect of Dietary Phosphate Deprivation on Red Blood Cell Parameters of Periparturient Dairy Cows. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13030404. [PMID: 36766293 PMCID: PMC9913789 DOI: 10.3390/ani13030404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Postparturient hemoglobinuria is a sporadic disease characterized by intravascular hemolysis and hemoglobinuria in early lactating dairy cows. The condition has empirically been associated with phosphorus (P) deficiency or hypophosphatemia; however, the exact etiology remains obscure. This paper summarizes two controlled studies investigating the effect of P deprivation during the transition period. In Study I, 36 late pregnant dairy cows were randomly assigned to either a diet with low, or adequate, P content from four weeks before calving to four weeks after calving. In Study II, 30 late pregnant dairy cows were again assigned to either a diet with low, or adequate, P for the last four weeks before calving only. Pronounced hypophosphatemia developed during periods of restricted P supply. In early lactation, a subtle decline of the red blood cell count occurred independently of the dietary P supply. In Study I, anemia developed in 11 cows on deficient P supply, which was associated with hemoglobinuria in five cases. Neither erythrocyte total P content nor osmotic resistance of erythrocytes were altered by dietary P deprivation. Restricted dietary P supply, particularly in early lactation, may lead to postparturient hemoglobinuria, but more frequently causes clinically inapparent hemolysis and anemia in cows.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Imke Cohrs
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30173 Hanover, Germany
- Clinic for Ruminants, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 104, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Lennart Golbeck
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30173 Hanover, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sophia Wächter
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30173 Hanover, Germany
| | - Paul Dobbelaar
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Teske
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Walter Grünberg
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30173 Hanover, Germany
- Clinic for Ruminants, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 104, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-0-641-99-38670
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Killilea DW, Kuypers FA, Larkin SK, Schultz K. Blood draw site and analytic device influence hemoglobin measurements. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0278350. [PMID: 36449486 PMCID: PMC9710840 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Anemia is a continuing global public health concern and a priority for international action. The prevalence of anemia is estimated from the hemoglobin (Hb) levels within target populations, yet the procedures for measuring Hb are not standardized and different approaches may result in discrepancies. Several analytical variables have been proposed to influence Hb measurements, but it is difficult to understand the impact on specific variables from large population or field studies. Therefore, we designed a highly controlled protocol that minimized most technical parameters to specifically investigate the impact of blood draw site and analytic device on Hb measurements. A diverse cohort of sixty healthy adults each provided a sequential capillary and venous blood sample that were measured for Hb using an automated hematology analyzer (ADVIA-2120) and two point-of-care devices (HemoCue 201+ and HemoCue 301). Comparing blood draw sites, the mean Hb content was 0.32-0.47 g/dL (2-4%) higher in capillary compared to venous blood from the same donors. Comparing different Hb measuring instruments, the mean Hb content was 0.19-0.46 g/dL (1-4%) higher measured with HemoCue devices compared to ADVIA-2120 in both capillary and venous blood from the same donors. The maximum variance in measurement was also higher with HemoCue devices using blood from venous (5-6% CV) and capillary (21-25% CV) sites compared to ADVIA-2120 (0.6-2% CV). Other variables including blood collection tube manufacturer did not affect mean Hb content. These results demonstrate that even when most technical variables are minimized, the blood draw site and the analytical device can have a small but statistically significant effect on the mean and dispersion of Hb measurements. Even in this study, the few participants identified as mildly anemic using venous blood measured by ADVIA-2120 would not have been classified as anemic using their capillary blood samples or point-of-care analyzers. Thus, caution is warranted when comparing Hb values between studies having differences in blood draw site and Hb measuring device. Future anemia testing should maintain consistency in these analytical variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W. Killilea
- Office of Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Frans A. Kuypers
- Division of Hematology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Sandra K. Larkin
- Division of Hematology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Kathleen Schultz
- Office of Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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5
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Ottka C, Vapalahti K, Puurunen J, Vahtera L, Lohi H. A novel canine nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy-based metabolomics platform: Validation and sample handling. Vet Clin Pathol 2021; 50:410-426. [PMID: 34431130 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolomics has been proven to be an invaluable research tool by providing comprehensive insight into systemic metabolism. However, the lack of scalable and quantitative methods with known reference intervals (RIs) and documented reproducibility has prevented the use of metabolomics in the clinical setting. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to validate the developed quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy-based metabolomics platform for canine serum and plasma samples and determine optimal sample handling conditions for its use. METHODS Altogether, 8247 canine samples were analyzed using a Bruker's 500 MHz NMR spectrometer. Using statistical approaches derived from international guidelines, we studied method precision, measurand stability in various long- and short-term storage conditions, as well as the effect of prolonged contact with red blood cells (RBCs), and differences among blood collection tubes. We also screened interferences with lipemia, hemolysis, and bilirubinemia. The results were compared against routine clinical chemistry methods, and RIs were defined for all measurands. RESULTS We determined RIs for 123 measurands, most of which were previously unpublished. The reproducibility of the results of the NMR platform appeared generally outstanding, and the integrity of the results can be ensured by following standard blood drawing and processing guidelines. CONCLUSIONS Owing to the advantages of quantitative results, high reproducibility, and scalability, this canine metabolomics platform holds great potential for numerous clinical and research applications to improve canine health and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Ottka
- PetBiomics Ltd, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katariina Vapalahti
- PetBiomics Ltd, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jenni Puurunen
- PetBiomics Ltd, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Laura Vahtera
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hannes Lohi
- PetBiomics Ltd, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
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Sumbria D, Singla LD, Sharma A, Bal MS, Randhawa CS. Molecular survey in relation to risk factors and haemato-biochemical alteration in Theileria equi infection of equines in Punjab Province, India. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2017; 8:43-50. [PMID: 31014636 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Equine piroplasmosis caused by Theileria equi, an apicomplexan intracellular haemoprotozoan parasite effects equids throughout the world. Current investigation is the first detailed epidemiological survey report based on conventional (blood smear) and primary polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the detection of T. equi on 464 equids (426 horses and 38 donkeys/mules) in Punjab province of India. PCR targeting 18S rRNA gene of T. equi produced high fidelity 709bp amplification products with 100% concordance with blood films. The prevalence of infection was proportional (P≤0.01) to temperature and aridness of the regions, which turned out to be the most important physical factor pertaining to T. equi infection. Spatial distribution analysis revealed an increasing trend of disease prevalence from north-eastern to south-western region of Punjab by both the techniques. Haemato-biochemical analysis revealed significant decrease in total erythrocyte count and haemoglobin; and increase in mean corpuscular haemoglobin, serum globulin, glucose, creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase and bilirubin levels (P≤0.05). This study divulges the endemicity of equine theileriosis in Punjab with the prominence of various odds of infection, emphasising the pathophysiological manifestation associated with latent infection of T. equi detectable by PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Sumbria
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana 141004, India.
| | - L D Singla
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana 141004, India
| | - Amrita Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana 141004, India
| | - M S Bal
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana 141004, India
| | - C S Randhawa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Sciences, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana 141004, India
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Shibata E, Nagai K, Takeuchi R, Noda Y, Makino T, Chikata Y, Hann M, Yoshimoto S, Ono H, Ueda S, Tamaki M, Murakami T, Matsuura M, Abe H, Doi T. Re-evaluation of Pre-pump Arterial Pressure to Avoid Inadequate Dialysis and Hemolysis: Importance of Prepump Arterial Pressure Monitoring in Hemodialysis Patients. Artif Organs 2015; 39:627-34. [DOI: 10.1111/aor.12448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eriko Shibata
- Department of Nephrology; Graduate School of Medicine; Health-Bioscience Institute; The University of Tokushima; Tokushima Japan
| | - Kojiro Nagai
- Department of Nephrology; Graduate School of Medicine; Health-Bioscience Institute; The University of Tokushima; Tokushima Japan
| | - Risa Takeuchi
- Department of Hemodialysis; Graduate School of Medicine; Health-Bioscience Institute; The University of Tokushima; Tokushima Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Noda
- Department of Hemodialysis; Graduate School of Medicine; Health-Bioscience Institute; The University of Tokushima; Tokushima Japan
| | - Tomomi Makino
- Department of Hemodialysis; Graduate School of Medicine; Health-Bioscience Institute; The University of Tokushima; Tokushima Japan
| | - Yusuke Chikata
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care; Graduate School of Medicine; Health-Bioscience Institute; The University of Tokushima; Tokushima Japan
| | - Michael Hann
- Department of Graduate Medical Education; Naval Medical Center San Diego; San Diego CA USA
| | - Sakiya Yoshimoto
- Department of Nephrology; Graduate School of Medicine; Health-Bioscience Institute; The University of Tokushima; Tokushima Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ono
- Department of Nephrology; Graduate School of Medicine; Health-Bioscience Institute; The University of Tokushima; Tokushima Japan
| | - Sayo Ueda
- Department of Nephrology; Graduate School of Medicine; Health-Bioscience Institute; The University of Tokushima; Tokushima Japan
| | - Masanori Tamaki
- Department of Nephrology; Graduate School of Medicine; Health-Bioscience Institute; The University of Tokushima; Tokushima Japan
| | - Taichi Murakami
- Department of Nephrology; Graduate School of Medicine; Health-Bioscience Institute; The University of Tokushima; Tokushima Japan
| | - Motokazu Matsuura
- Department of Nephrology; Graduate School of Medicine; Health-Bioscience Institute; The University of Tokushima; Tokushima Japan
| | - Hideharu Abe
- Department of Nephrology; Graduate School of Medicine; Health-Bioscience Institute; The University of Tokushima; Tokushima Japan
| | - Toshio Doi
- Department of Nephrology; Graduate School of Medicine; Health-Bioscience Institute; The University of Tokushima; Tokushima Japan
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Roland L, Drillich M, Fidlschuster B, Schwendenwein I, Iwersen M. Short communication: evaluation of an automated in-house hematology analyzer for bovine blood. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:5580-6. [PMID: 24997670 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the suitability of the V-Sight hematology analyzer (A. Menarini Pharma GmbH, Vienna, Austria) for bovine blood by a comparison with a reference device (Advia 2120i, Siemens AG, Erlangen, Germany). In total, 97 blood samples were obtained from 75 dairy cows. Analyzed parameters included counts of white blood cells (WBC), lymphocytes, monocytes, granulocytes, red blood cells (RBC), and platelets (PLT), as well as hemoglobin concentration (HGB), hematocrit (HCT), mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), MCH concentration (MCHC), mean platelet volume (MPV), and plateletcrit (PCT). Based on Passing-Bablok regression, the V-Sight provided accurate and precise results for MCH and MCHC only. The PCT results were comparable to the reference method, but precision was inconclusive. Significant proportional differences were detected for monocytes, granulocytes, HCT, and PLT. For all other analytes, significant proportional and systemic differences were observed. The WBC and lymphocyte results from the V-Sight were characterized by poor accuracy, poor precision, and a high number of false positive outliers. Bland-Altman analysis indicated negative biases for all WBC parameters, the erythrocyte indices, and PLT. Positive biases were observed for RBC, HGB, HCT, MPV, and PCT. Correlation coefficients of >0.9 between the V-Sight and the reference method were found only for RBC, HGB, HCT, and MPV. Intraassay precision of the V-Sight analyzer was acceptable (coefficient of variation <5%) for granulocytes, the erythrocyte indices, and MPV. It was unacceptable (coefficient of variation ≥5%) for WBC, lymphocytes, monocytes, as well as RBC, and inconclusive for HGB, HCT, PLT, and PCT. Sensitivity was high for all RBC counts and indices as well as PLT, but low for monocytes, granulocytes, and MPV. Specificity was high for monocytes and granulocytes, but low for RBC, HCT, MCH, and MCHC. With accurate and precise results for only 2 out of 13 parameters, the V-Sight cannot be recommended for analysis of bovine blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Roland
- Clinical Unit for Herd Health Management for Ruminants, University Clinic for Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - M Drillich
- Clinical Unit for Herd Health Management for Ruminants, University Clinic for Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - B Fidlschuster
- Clinical Unit for Herd Health Management for Ruminants, University Clinic for Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - I Schwendenwein
- Central Diagnostic Unit, Department for Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - M Iwersen
- Clinical Unit for Herd Health Management for Ruminants, University Clinic for Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
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