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Alnaeem AA, Al-Shabeb A, Hemida MG. Evaluation of the immune status of birds and domestic and companion animals for the influenza A virus in Eastern Saudi Arabia. Vet World 2020; 13:1966-1969. [PMID: 33132612 PMCID: PMC7566258 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.1966-1969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Influenza type A virus infections are still one of the major concerns for the health of humans and various species of domestic and companion animals. Wild birds play an essential role in the transmission cycle of the virus. Regularly monitoring the spread of the virus is a significant step in its mitigation. Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses, including H5N1 and H5N8, have been reported in birds in the Arabian Peninsula, including Saudi Arabia, in recent decades. This study aimed to evaluate the immune status of birds, domestic and companion animals for Influenza type A virus in Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: We collected 195 serum samples from dromedary camels, sheep, goats, native breed chickens, doves, dogs, and cats. We tested these sera for the presence of specific antibodies against influenza type A virus using a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: Our results show that 4% of the tested samples had antibodies in sera, including some doves, chickens, and dogs. These data suggest exposure and seroconversion of these animals or birds to the influenza type A virus. Conclusion: The presence of antibodies against influenza type A virus in sera of some animals and birds without a previous vaccination history against the virus indicates a natural exposure history regarding this virus and seroconversion. Further large-scale molecular and epidemiological studies are needed to obtain a better understanding of the dynamics of influenza type A virus among various species of animals and birds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abdulkareem Al-Shabeb
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Hasa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maged Gomaa Hemida
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Egypt
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2
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Kwasnik M, Smreczak M, Rola J, Urbaniak K, Rozek W. Serologic investigation of influenza A virus infection in dogs in Poland. J Vet Diagn Invest 2020; 32:420-422. [PMID: 32207372 DOI: 10.1177/1040638720913526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2 predominant circulating subtypes of influenza A virus in the dog population, equine-origin H3N8 and avian-origin H3N2, constitute a potential zoonotic risk. We determined the prevalence of influenza A antibodies in 496 dogs in Poland and found 2.21% of sera positive by commercial ELISA. Hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays indicated 7.25% of sera positive using equine H3N8, swine H3N2, and pandemic H1N1 antigens, with the most frequently detected immune response being to H3N2. Considering interspecies transfer, reassortment ability, and close contact between dogs and humans, infections of dogs with influenza A virus should be monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Kwasnik
- Departments of Virology (Kwasnik, Smreczak, Rola, Rozek), National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland.,Swine Diseases (Urbaniak), National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Marcin Smreczak
- Departments of Virology (Kwasnik, Smreczak, Rola, Rozek), National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland.,Swine Diseases (Urbaniak), National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Jerzy Rola
- Departments of Virology (Kwasnik, Smreczak, Rola, Rozek), National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland.,Swine Diseases (Urbaniak), National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Kinga Urbaniak
- Departments of Virology (Kwasnik, Smreczak, Rola, Rozek), National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland.,Swine Diseases (Urbaniak), National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Wojciech Rozek
- Departments of Virology (Kwasnik, Smreczak, Rola, Rozek), National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland.,Swine Diseases (Urbaniak), National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
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3
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Abstract
Influenza A viruses are one of the most important and most studied pathogens in humans and domestic animals but little is known about viral prevalence in non-avian wildlife. Serum samples from three free-ranging cervid species (red [ Cervus elaphus], fallow [ Dama dama] , and roe deer [ Capreolus capreolus]) were collected from six German national parks between 2000 and 2002. The serum was tested for the presence of influenza A antibodies using a commercial competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Only one of 137 samples tested positive.
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4
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Tangwangvivat R, Chanvatik S, Charoenkul K, Chaiyawong S, Janethanakit T, Tuanudom R, Prakairungnamthip D, Boonyapisitsopa S, Bunpapong N, Amonsin A. Evidence of pandemic H1N1 influenza exposure in dogs and cats, Thailand: A serological survey. Zoonoses Public Health 2018; 66:349-353. [PMID: 30552750 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A virus causes respiratory disease in both humans and animals. In this study, a survey of influenza A antibodies in domestic dogs and cats was conducted in 47 animal shelters in 19 provinces of Thailand from September 2011 to September 2014. One thousand and eleven serum samples were collected from 932 dogs and 79 cats. Serum samples were tested for influenza A antibodies using a multi-species competitive NP-ELISA and haemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay. The NP-ELISA results showed that 0.97% (9/932) of dogs were positive, but all cat samples were negative. The HI test against pandemic H1N1, human H3N2 and canine H3N2 showed that 0.64% (6/932) and 1.20% (1/79) of dogs and cats were positive, respectively. It is noted that all six serum samples (5 dogs and 1 cat) had antibodies against pandemic H1N1. In summary, a serological survey revealed the evidence of pandemic H1N1 influenza exposure in both dogs and cats in the shelters in Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratanaporn Tangwangvivat
- Center of Excellences for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sunicha Chanvatik
- Center of Excellences for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kamonpan Charoenkul
- Center of Excellences for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Supassama Chaiyawong
- Center of Excellences for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Taveesak Janethanakit
- Center of Excellences for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ranida Tuanudom
- Center of Excellences for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Duangduean Prakairungnamthip
- Center of Excellences for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Supanat Boonyapisitsopa
- Center of Excellences for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Napawan Bunpapong
- Center of Excellences for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Alongkorn Amonsin
- Center of Excellences for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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5
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Jang H, Jackson YK, Daniels JB, Ali A, Kang KI, Elaish M, Lee CW. Seroprevalence of three influenza A viruses (H1N1, H3N2, and H3N8) in pet dogs presented to a veterinary hospital in Ohio. J Vet Sci 2018; 18:291-298. [PMID: 27515265 PMCID: PMC5583416 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2017.18.s1.291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of canine H3N8 influenza and human H1N1 and H3N2 influenza in dogs in Ohio was estimated by conducting serologic tests on 1,082 canine serum samples. In addition, risk factors, such as health status and age were examined. The prevalences of human H1N1, H3N2, and canine H3N8 influenzas were 4.0%, 2.4%, and 2.3%, respectively. Two samples were seropositive for two subtypes (H1N1 and H3N2; H1N1 and canine influenza virus [CIV] H3N8). Compared to healthy dogs, dogs with respiratory signs were 5.795 times more likely to be seropositive against H1N1 virus (p = 0.042). The prevalence of human flu infection increased with dog age and varied by serum collection month. The commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay used in this study did not detect nucleoprotein-specific antibodies from many hemagglutination inhibition positive sera, which indicates a need for the development and validation of rapid tests for influenza screening in canine populations. In summary, we observed low exposure of dogs to CIV and human influenza viruses in Ohio but identified potential risk factors for consideration in future investigations. Our findings support the need for establishment of reliable diagnostic standards for serologic detection of influenza infection in canine species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyesun Jang
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH 44691, USA.,Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Yasmine K Jackson
- Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Joshua B Daniels
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Ahmed Ali
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Kyung-Il Kang
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Mohamed Elaish
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH 44691, USA.,Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Chang-Won Lee
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH 44691, USA.,Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Schulz B, Klinkenberg C, Fux R, Anderson T, de Benedictis P, Hartmann K. Prevalence of canine influenza virus A (H3N8) in dogs in Germany. Vet J 2014; 202:184-5. [PMID: 25155218 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of CIV H3N8 in dogs in Germany. Blood samples from 272 clinically healthy dogs and 35 dogs with acute respiratory signs were screened for antibodies against influenza virus by ELISA and haemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay; positive samples were further tested by fluorescent antibody test (FAT) and subtype-specific HI assay. Nasal and pharyngeal swabs from all sick dogs were submitted for real-time (RT)-PCR for influenza virus RNA; PCR results were negative in all cases. One healthy and one sick dog tested positive for antibodies against influenza virus nucleoprotein by ELISA, but both were negative by subtype-specific HI assay and FAT, and were therefore considered false positive results. Thus, antibody prevalence against CIV H3N8 was 0% (0-1.24%, 95% CI). Currently, the risk for CIV H3N8 infection in the German dog population seems very low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianka Schulz
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University of Munich, Germany.
| | | | - Robert Fux
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU University of Munich, Germany
| | - Tara Anderson
- Maddie's Shelter Medicine Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, USA
| | - Paola de Benedictis
- FAO Reference Centre for Animal Influenza and OIE Collaborating Centre for Diseases at the Animal-Human Interface, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale, Venice, Italy
| | - Katrin Hartmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University of Munich, Germany
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7
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Schulz BS, Kurz S, Weber K, Balzer HJ, Hartmann K. Detection of respiratory viruses and Bordetella bronchiseptica in dogs with acute respiratory tract infections. Vet J 2014; 201:365-9. [PMID: 24980809 PMCID: PMC7110455 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Canine infectious respiratory disease (CIRD) is an acute, highly contagious disease complex caused by a variety of infectious agents. At present, the role of viral and bacterial components as primary or secondary pathogens in CIRD is not fully understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of canine parainfluenza virus (CPIV), canine adenovirus type 2 (CAV-2), canine influenza virus (CIV), canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV), canine herpes virus-1 (CHV-1), canine distemper virus (CDV) and Bordetella bronchiseptica in dogs with CIRD and to compare the data with findings in healthy dogs. Sixty-one dogs with CIRD and 90 clinically healthy dogs from Southern Germany were prospectively enrolled in this study. Nasal and pharyngeal swabs were collected from all dogs and were analysed for CPIV, CAV-2, CIV, CRCoV, CHV-1, CDV, and B. bronchiseptica by real-time PCR. In dogs with acute respiratory signs, 37.7% tested positive for CPIV, 9.8% for CRCoV and 78.7% for B. bronchiseptica. Co-infections with more than one agent were detected in 47.9% of B. bronchiseptica-positive, 82.6% of CPIV-positive, and 100% of CRCoV-positive dogs. In clinically healthy dogs, 1.1% tested positive for CAV-2, 7.8% for CPIV and 45.6% for B. bronchiseptica. CPIV and B. bronchiseptica were detected significantly more often in dogs with CIRD than in clinically healthy dogs (P < 0.001 for each pathogen) and were the most common infectious agents in dogs with CIRD in Southern Germany. Mixed infections with several pathogens were common. In conclusion, clinically healthy dogs can carry respiratory pathogens and could act as sources of infection for susceptible dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Schulz
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Veterinaerstr. 13, 80539 Munich, Germany.
| | - S Kurz
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Veterinaerstr. 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - K Weber
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Veterinaerstr. 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - H-J Balzer
- Vet Med Labor GmbH, Division of IDEXX Laboratories, Moerikestr. 28/3, 71636 Ludwigsburg, Germany
| | - K Hartmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Veterinaerstr. 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
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8
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Genetic characterization of canine influenza A virus (H3N2) in Thailand. Virus Genes 2013; 48:56-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s11262-013-0978-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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9
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Schmitz A, Le Bras MO, Guillemoto C, Pierre I, Rose N, Bougeard S, Jestin V. Evaluation of a commercial ELISA for H5 low pathogenic avian influenza virus antibody detection in duck sera using Bayesian methods. J Virol Methods 2013; 193:197-204. [PMID: 23727545 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Following the emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza (AI), active surveillance of infections due to the H5 and H7 subtypes in poultry has increased and been made compulsory in Europe since 2002, by means of annual serological surveys using the haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. Domestic anseriforms, particularly ducks and geese, are more frequently infected by H5 low pathogenic AI virus, often subclinically, and represent a threat for other terrestrial poultry. 1783 sera, mainly from ducks, have been used to evaluate and compare a commercial ELISA kit detecting H5 antibodies with the currently recommended HI test. Different approaches to calculating specificity and sensitivity have been used, including the original Bayesian method. Results were similar when data were analyzed at the individual and batch levels, and when using different methods of calculation. However, results showed that H5 ELISA had both a higher sensitivity and a lower specificity than the HI test. Given that sensitivity is the most important factor for a screening test, H5 ELISA could therefore be recommended for AI surveillance, followed in cases of positivity by molecular tests aimed at detecting the virus gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Schmitz
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Ploufragan/Plouzané Laboratory, Avian and Rabbit Virology, Immunology and Parasitology Unit, VIPAC, French National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France.
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10
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Damiani AM, Kalthoff D, Beer M, Müller E, Osterrieder N. Serological survey in dogs and cats for influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 in Germany. Zoonoses Public Health 2012; 59:549-52. [PMID: 22898303 DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2012.01541.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A serological survey for the detection of antibodies to influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 was carried out in a population of dogs and cats in Germany. A total of 1150 sera collected in 2010 and 2011 were screened using an ELISA targeting anti-nucleoprotein NP antibodies. Those initially screened positive samples were subsequently tested for antibodies to N1 neuraminidase followed by a virus neutralization test using A/Bayern/74/2009 strain. A prevalence of A(H1N1)pdm09-specific antibodies of 0.13% and 1.93% was estimated among dogs and cats, respectively. Evidence of exposure to other influenza A virus subtypes was also observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Damiani
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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Anderson TC, Crawford PC, Katz JM, Dubovi EJ, Landolt G, Gibbs EPJ. Diagnostic performance of the canine Influenza A Virus subtype H3N8 hemagglutination inhibition assay. J Vet Diagn Invest 2012; 24:499-508. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638712440992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine Influenza A virus subtype H3N8 (H3N8 CIV) was recognized in 2004 as a novel respiratory pathogen for dogs. To date, infections have been diagnosed in thousands of dogs in 38 U.S. states. Diagnostic techniques such as reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and virus isolation may yield false-negative results if samples are collected after virus shedding has ceased. Therefore, serology is often necessary to confirm diagnosis. The hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay is the test of choice for serological diagnosis of influenza infections in animals. However, discrepancies exist between diagnostic laboratories and research groups in some of the test parameters for the H3N8 CIV HI assay and the cutoff antibody titer for seropositivity. The objectives of the current study were 1) to assess the diagnostic performance of a H3N8 CIV HI assay using field sera from canine infectious respiratory disease outbreaks and 2) to evaluate the effect of test parameter variations on test performance, including the use of different red blood cell (RBC) species, serum treatment methods, and virus isolates. Based on a receiver operating characteristic analysis using serum microneutralization assay titers as the gold standard, the H3N8 CIV HI assay described in the present study is highly sensitive (99.6%) and specific (94.6%) when the cutoff antibody titer for seropositivity is 32. Evaluation of parameter variations determined that the sensitivity and specificity of the H3N8 CIV HI assay depend on serum pretreatment with a receptor-destroying enzyme or periodate, use of 0.5% turkey or chicken RBCs, and use of antigenically well-matched H3N8 virus strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara C. Anderson
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (Anderson, Crawford, Gibbs)
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA (Katz)
- Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (Dubovi)
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO (Landolt)
| | - P. Cynda Crawford
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (Anderson, Crawford, Gibbs)
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA (Katz)
- Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (Dubovi)
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO (Landolt)
| | - Jacqueline M. Katz
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (Anderson, Crawford, Gibbs)
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA (Katz)
- Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (Dubovi)
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO (Landolt)
| | - Edward J. Dubovi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (Anderson, Crawford, Gibbs)
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA (Katz)
- Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (Dubovi)
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO (Landolt)
| | - Gabriele Landolt
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (Anderson, Crawford, Gibbs)
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA (Katz)
- Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (Dubovi)
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO (Landolt)
| | - E. Paul J. Gibbs
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (Anderson, Crawford, Gibbs)
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA (Katz)
- Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (Dubovi)
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO (Landolt)
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Dundon WG, De Benedictis P, Viale E, Capua I. Serologic evidence of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 infection in dogs, Italy. Emerg Infect Dis 2011; 16:2019-21. [PMID: 21122255 PMCID: PMC3294551 DOI: 10.3201/eid1612.100514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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