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Sharko FS, Mazloum A, Krotova AO, Byadovskaya OP, Prokhvatilova LB, Chvala IA, Zolotikov UE, Kozlova AD, Krylova AS, Grosfeld EV, Prokopenko AV, Korzhenkov AA, Patrushev MV, Namsaraev ZB, Sprygin AV, Toshchakov SV. Metagenomic profiling of viral and microbial communities from the pox lesions of lumpy skin disease virus and sheeppox virus-infected hosts. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1321202. [PMID: 38420205 PMCID: PMC10899707 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1321202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction It has been recognized that capripoxvirus infections have a strong cutaneous tropism with the manifestation of skin lesions in the form of nodules and scabs in the respective hosts, followed by necrosis and sloughing off. Considering that the skin microbiota is a complex community of commensal bacteria, fungi and viruses that are influenced by infections leading to pathological states, there is no evidence on how the skin microbiome is affected during capripoxvirus pathogenesis. Methods In this study, shotgun metagenomic sequencing was used to investigate the microbiome in pox lesions from hosts infected with lumpy skin disease virus and sheep pox virus. Results The analysis revealed a high degree of variability in bacterial community structures across affected skin samples, indicating the importance of specific commensal microorganisms colonizing individual hosts. The most common and abundant bacteria found in scab samples were Fusobacterium necrophorum, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Helcococcus ovis and Trueperella pyogenes, irrespective of host. Bacterial reads belonging to the genera Moraxella, Mannheimia, Corynebacterium, Staphylococcus and Micrococcus were identified. Discussion This study is the first to investigate capripox virus-associated changes in the skin microbiome using whole-genome metagenomic profiling. The findings will provide a basis for further investigation into capripoxvirus pathogenesis. In addition, this study highlights the challenge of selecting an optimal bioinformatics approach for the analysis of metagenomic data in clinical and veterinary practice. For example, direct classification of reads using a kmer-based algorithm resulted in a significant number of systematic false positives, which may be attributed to the peculiarities of the algorithm and database selection. On the contrary, the process of de novo assembly requires a large number of target reads from the symbiotic microbial community. In this work, the obtained sequencing data were processed by three different approaches, including direct classification of reads based on k-mers, mapping of reads to a marker gene database, and de novo assembly and binning of metagenomic contigs. The advantages and disadvantages of these techniques and their practicality in veterinary settings are discussed in relation to the results obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fedor S. Sharko
- National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ali Mazloum
- Federal Center for Animal Health FGBI ARRIAH, Vladimir, Russia
| | | | | | | | - Ilya A. Chvala
- Federal Center for Animal Health FGBI ARRIAH, Vladimir, Russia
| | | | | | | | - Erika V. Grosfeld
- National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, National Research University, Dolgoprudny, Russia
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Omoniwa DO, Meki IK, Kudi CA, Sackey AK, Aminu M, Adedeji AJ, Meseko CA, Luka PD, Asala OO, Adole JA, Atai RB, Atuman YJ, Settypalli TBK, Cattoli G, Lamien CE. Poxvirus Infections in Dairy Farms and Transhumance Cattle Herds in Nigeria. Viruses 2023; 15:v15051051. [PMID: 37243137 DOI: 10.3390/v15051051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Lumpy Skin disease (LSD) is an economically important disease in cattle caused by the LSD virus (LSDV) of the genus Capripoxvirus, while pseudocowpox (PCP) is a widely distributed zoonotic cattle disease caused by the PCP virus (PCPV) of the genus Parapoxvirus. Though both viral pox infections are reportedly present in Nigeria, similarities in their clinical presentation and limited access to laboratories often lead to misdiagnosis in the field. This study investigated suspected LSD outbreaks in organized and transhumance cattle herds in Nigeria in 2020. A total of 42 scab/skin biopsy samples were collected from 16 outbreaks of suspected LSD in five northern States of Nigeria. The samples were analyzed using a high-resolution multiplex melting (HRM) assay to differentiate poxviruses belonging to Orthopoxvirus, Capripoxvirus, and Parapoxvirus genera. LSDV was characterized using four gene segments, namely the RNA polymerase 30 kDa subunit (RPO30), G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), the extracellular enveloped virus (EEV) glycoprotein and CaPV homolog of the variola virus B22R. Likewise, the partial B2L gene of PCPV was also analyzed. Nineteen samples (45.2%) were positive according to the HRM assay for LSDV, and five (11.9%) were co-infected with LSDV and PCPV. The multiple sequence alignments of the GPCR, EEV, and B22R showed 100% similarity among the Nigerian LSDV samples, unlike the RPO30 phylogeny, which showed two clusters. Some of the Nigerian LSDVs clustered within LSDV SG II were with commonly circulating LSDV field isolates in Africa, the Middle East, and Europe, while the remaining Nigerian LSDVs produced a unique sub-group. The B2L sequences of Nigerian PCPVs were 100% identical and clustered within the PCPV group containing cattle/Reindeer isolates, close to PCPVs from Zambia and Botswana. The results show the diversity of Nigerian LSDV strains. This paper also reports the first documented co-infection of LSDV and PCPV in Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Oludare Omoniwa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Surgery and Radiology, University of Jos, Jos 930001, Plateau State, Nigeria
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810211, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Irene Kasindi Meki
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, P.O. Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - Caleb Ayuba Kudi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810211, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Anthony Kojo Sackey
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810211, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Maryam Aminu
- Department of Microbiology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810211, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Pam Dachung Luka
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom 930103, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | | | - Jolly Amoche Adole
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom 930103, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | | | - Yakubu Joel Atuman
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom 930103, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | - Tirumala Bharani Kumar Settypalli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, P.O. Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - Giovanni Cattoli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, P.O. Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - Charles Euloge Lamien
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, P.O. Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria
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Modise BM, Settypalli TBK, Kgotlele T, Xue D, Ntesang K, Kumile K, Naletoski I, Nyange JF, Thanda C, Macheng KN, Marobela-Raborokgwe C, Viljoen GJ, Cattoli G, Lamien CE. First molecular characterization of poxviruses in cattle, sheep, and goats in Botswana. Virol J 2021; 18:167. [PMID: 34391449 PMCID: PMC8364013 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01634-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Poxviruses within the Capripoxvirus, Orthopoxvirus, and Parapoxvirus genera can infect livestock, with the two former having zoonotic importance. In addition, they induce similar clinical symptoms in common host species, creating a challenge for diagnosis. Although endemic in the country, poxvirus infections of small ruminants and cattle have received little attention in Botswana, with no prior use of molecular tools to diagnose and characterize the pathogens. Methods A high-resolution melting (HRM) assay was used to detect and differentiate poxviruses in skin biopsy and skin scab samples from four cattle, one sheep, and one goat. Molecular characterization of capripoxviruses and parapoxviruses was undertaken by sequence analysis of RPO30 and GPCR genes. Results The HRM assay revealed lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) in three cattle samples, pseudocowpox virus (PCPV) in one cattle sample, and orf virus (ORFV) in one goat and one sheep sample. The phylogenetic analyses, based on the RPO30 and GPCR multiple sequence alignments showed that the LSDV sequences of Botswana were similar to common LSDV field isolates encountered in Africa, Asia, and Europe. The Botswana PCPV presented unique features and clustered between camel and cattle PCPV isolates. The Botswana ORFV sequence isolated from goat differed from the ORFV sequence isolated from sheep. Conclusions This study is the first report on the genetic characterization of poxvirus diseases circulating in cattle, goats, and sheep in Botswana. It shows the importance of molecular methods to differentially diagnose poxvirus diseases of ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tirumala Bharani Kumar Settypalli
- Animal Production and Health Section, Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, PO Box 100, 1400, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tebogo Kgotlele
- Botswana National Veterinary Laboratory, Private Bag 0035, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Dingrong Xue
- Animal Production and Health Section, Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, PO Box 100, 1400, Vienna, Austria.,Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing, China
| | | | - Kago Kumile
- Botswana National Veterinary Laboratory, Private Bag 0035, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Ivancho Naletoski
- Animal Production and Health Section, Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, PO Box 100, 1400, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Carter Thanda
- Botswana National Veterinary Laboratory, Private Bag 0035, Gaborone, Botswana
| | | | | | - Gerrit Johannes Viljoen
- Animal Production and Health Section, Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, PO Box 100, 1400, Vienna, Austria
| | - Giovanni Cattoli
- Animal Production and Health Section, Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, PO Box 100, 1400, Vienna, Austria
| | - Charles Euloge Lamien
- Animal Production and Health Section, Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, PO Box 100, 1400, Vienna, Austria
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Yao X, Pang M, Wang T, Chen X, Tang X, Chang J, Chen D, Ma W. Genomic Features and Evolution of the Parapoxvirus during the Past Two Decades. Pathogens 2020; 9:E888. [PMID: 33120928 PMCID: PMC7694016 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9110888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Parapoxvirus (PPV) has been identified in some mammals and poses a great threat to both the livestock production and public health. However, the prevalence and evolution of this virus are still not fully understood. Here, we performed an in silico analysis to investigate the genomic features and evolution of PPVs. We noticed that although there were significant differences of GC contents between orf virus (ORFV) and other three species of PPVs, all PPVs showed almost identical nucleotide bias, that is GC richness. The structural analysis of PPV genomes showed the divergence of different PPV species, which may be due to the specific adaptation to their natural hosts. Additionally, we estimated the phylogenetic diversity of seven different genes of PPV. According to all available sequences, our results suggested that during 2010-2018, ORFV was the dominant virus species under the selective pressure of the optimal gene patterns. Furthermore, we found the substitution rates ranged from 3.56 × 10-5 to 4.21 × 10-4 in different PPV segments, and the PPV VIR gene evolved at the highest substitution rate. In these seven protein-coding regions, purifying selection was the major evolutionary pressure, while the GIF and VIR genes suffered the greatest positive selection pressure. These results may provide useful knowledge on the virus genetic evolution from a new perspective which could help to create prevention and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoting Yao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (X.Y.); (M.P.); (T.W.); (X.C.); (X.T.)
| | - Ming Pang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (X.Y.); (M.P.); (T.W.); (X.C.); (X.T.)
| | - Tianxing Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (X.Y.); (M.P.); (T.W.); (X.C.); (X.T.)
| | - Xi Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (X.Y.); (M.P.); (T.W.); (X.C.); (X.T.)
| | - Xidian Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (X.Y.); (M.P.); (T.W.); (X.C.); (X.T.)
| | - Jianjun Chang
- College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China;
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Dekun Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (X.Y.); (M.P.); (T.W.); (X.C.); (X.T.)
| | - Wentao Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (X.Y.); (M.P.); (T.W.); (X.C.); (X.T.)
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Gallina L, Savini F, Canziani S, Frasnelli M, Lavazza A, Scagliarini A, Lelli D. Bovine Papillomatosis Hiding a Zoonotic Infection: Epitheliotropic Viruses in Bovine Skin Lesions. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9070583. [PMID: 32709033 PMCID: PMC7400346 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9070583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe two cases of skin co-infections with epitheliotropic viruses, detected in two cattle during lumpy skin disease (LSD) surveillance in northern Italy. A diagnostic protocol including different molecular methods as well as negative staining electron microscopy was applied to detect the most common viral agents belonging to the family Papillomaviridae, Poxviridae and Herpesviridae which cause skin diseases in cattle. Two specimens were collected from cases clinically diagnosed as papillomatosis and pseudo-LSD. Both skin lesions were shown to harbor more than one viral species. This case report shows, for the first time, co-infection of zoonotic parapoxvirus with bovine papillomavirus and herpesvirus in skin lesions of cattle. In particular, the simultaneous presence of virions morphologically referable to parapoxvirus and papillomavirus confirms that the replication of both viruses in the same lesion can happen and the so-called papillomatosis can bear zoonotic viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gallina
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-05120-97085
| | - Federica Savini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Italy;
| | - Sabrina Canziani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini” (IZSLER), 25124 Brescia, Italy; (S.C.); (M.F.); (A.L.); (D.L.)
| | - Matteo Frasnelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini” (IZSLER), 25124 Brescia, Italy; (S.C.); (M.F.); (A.L.); (D.L.)
| | - Antonio Lavazza
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini” (IZSLER), 25124 Brescia, Italy; (S.C.); (M.F.); (A.L.); (D.L.)
| | - Alessandra Scagliarini
- Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Davide Lelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini” (IZSLER), 25124 Brescia, Italy; (S.C.); (M.F.); (A.L.); (D.L.)
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Ebling R, Martins B, Jardim JC, Flores MM, Diel DG, Weiblen R, Flores EF. Late development of pustular, erosive lesions in the muzzle of calves inoculated with Pseudocowpox virus. Microb Pathog 2020; 143:104122. [PMID: 32169495 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We studied the pathogenesis of Pseudocowpox virus (PCPV), a zoonotic parapoxvirus associated with mucocutaneous lesions in cattle. Inoculation of calves with PCPV isolate SD 76-65 intranasally (n = 6) or transdermally in the muzzle (n = 2) resulted in virus replication and shedding up to day 13 post-infection (pi). No local or systemic signs were observed in inoculated calves up to day 20pi, when the clinical monitoring was discontinued. However, from days 28-34 pi, seven (7/8) inoculated calves underwent an asynchronous clinical course characterized by development of a few (one or two) to countless papulo-pustular, erosive-fibrinous and scabby lesions in the muzzle, in some cases extending to the lips and gingiva. In some animals, the lesions coalesced, forming extensive fibrinotic/necrotic and scabby plaques covering almost entirely the muzzle. The clinical course lasted 8-15 days and spontaneously subsided after day 42pi. Infectious virus and/or viral DNA were detected in swabs collected from lesions of 5/8 animals between days 34 and 42pi. Histological examination of fragments collected from the muzzle lesions of two affected calves (day 36pi) revealed marked epidermal hyperplasia and severe orthokeratotic and parakeratotic hyperkeratosis, covered by thick scabs. The epidermis showed multifocal areas of keratinocyte coalescing necrosis and mild multifocal vacuolar degeneration. Sera of inoculated calves at 50pi showed partial virus neutralization at low dilutions, demonstrating seroconversion. The delayed and severe clinical course associated with virus persistence in lesions are novel findings and contribute for the understanding of PCPV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ebling
- Virology Section, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação Em Medicina Veterinária, UFSM, Brazil
| | - B Martins
- Virology Section, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação Em Medicina Veterinária, UFSM, Brazil
| | - J C Jardim
- Virology Section, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - M M Flores
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - D G Diel
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - R Weiblen
- Virology Section, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - E F Flores
- Virology Section, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
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Alonso RC, Moura PP, Caldeira DF, Mendes MHAF, Pinto MHB, Cargnelutti JF, Flores EF, de Sant'Ana FJF. Poxviruses diagnosed in cattle from Distrito Federal, Brazil (2015-2018). Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:1563-1573. [PMID: 31971341 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A retrospective study of officially diagnosed poxvirus infections in cattle in Distrito Federal (DF), Brazil, between 2015 and 2018 was performed. All cases were investigated by the DF Official Veterinary Service. In the most cases, samples of oral, cutaneous (teats, udder) or foot lesions were submitted to molecular diagnosis by PCR. In approximately 70% of the cases, additional samples were also submitted for histopathology. Ninety-three out of 2,467 clinically examined cattle (from 385 farms) presented suggestive and/or compatible lesions with poxviruses. Fifty-two out of these 93 cases were confirmed as poxviruses: 27 vaccinia virus (VACV), 9 pseudocowpox virus (PCPV), 8 bovine papular stomatitis virus (BPSV), 5 coinfection by PCPV and BPSV and 3 unidentified parapoxvirus. The clinical cases were observed in farms with different exploration (beef, dairy or mixed) from 9 out of 30 administrative regions of DF. Gross findings consisted of papules, vesicles, ulcers, scabs and scars and varied of type, severity and affected tissue, according to the detected virus. A single human case was observed associated with a BPSV infection. Histologically, the lesions were very similar, independently of the detected poxvirus, and included mild to moderate, superficial, multifocal inflammatory infiltrate of lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages and/or neutrophils, with acanthosis and parakeratotic hyperkeratosis, usually associated with serous content, cellular debris and spongiosis. In the ulcerated lesions, there were focally extensive areas of necrosis with severe infiltrate of neutrophils in the adjacent connective tissue. Few to moderate amount of 4- to 8-µm eosinophilic inclusion bodies were observed in the cytoplasm of keratinocytes in 6 cases (2 of VACV, 2 of PCPV and 2 of PCPV/BPSV coinfection). Data of the current study demonstrate the wide circulation of different poxviruses in cattle from DF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto C Alonso
- Secretaria de Agricultura, Abastecimento e Desenvolvimento Rural do Distrito Federal (SEAGRI), Subsecretaria de Defesa Agropecuária (DAS), Brasília, Brazil
| | - Priscila P Moura
- Secretaria de Agricultura, Abastecimento e Desenvolvimento Rural do Distrito Federal (SEAGRI), Subsecretaria de Defesa Agropecuária (DAS), Brasília, Brazil
| | - Denise F Caldeira
- Secretaria de Agricultura, Abastecimento e Desenvolvimento Rural do Distrito Federal (SEAGRI), Subsecretaria de Defesa Agropecuária (DAS), Brasília, Brazil
| | - Marcelo H A F Mendes
- Secretaria de Agricultura, Abastecimento e Desenvolvimento Rural do Distrito Federal (SEAGRI), Subsecretaria de Defesa Agropecuária (DAS), Brasília, Brazil
| | - Maria H B Pinto
- UnB, Laboratório de Diagnóstico Patológico Veterinário, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Juliana F Cargnelutti
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Eduardo F Flores
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Brazil
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Şevik M. Orf virus circulation in cattle in Turkey. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 65:1-6. [PMID: 31300096 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2019.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Orf virus (ORFV) causes contagious skin disease that mainly affects sheep and goats with zoonotic potential. However, there is not enough information about the association between ORFV and occurrence of skin disease in cattle. The present study describes outbreaks of ORFV infection in cattle in different provinces that are located in the Aegean, Central Anatolian and Mediterranean regions of Turkey. During the months of June and August 2017, vesicular fluid and scab samples were collected from cattle which had proliferative skin lesions. First, presence of lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) and bovine herpesvirus 2 (BoHV-2, known as the causative agent of pseudo-lumpy skin disease) were investigated by real time PCR and PCR, respectively. Then, samples tested for the presence of parapoxviruses by PCR using primers specific to major envelope protein gene (B2L). Parapoxvirus DNA was detected in investigated samples whereas LSDV and BoHV-2 DNA were not detected. The analysis of the B2L gene sequences revealed that cattle were infected with ORFV. The isolates in the present study shared 100% sequence identity at the nucleotide and amino acid level when compared with previously characterised Turkish field ORFV isolates from goats in 2016. Results of the study show unusual infection of cattle with ORFV, and suggest that ORFV jumps the host species barrier from goats to cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Şevik
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Faculty, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Antakya, 31040 Hatay, Turkey.
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Rehfeld IS, Fraiha ALS, Matos ACD, Costa AG, Gallinari GCF, Costa ÉA, Guedes MIMC, Lobato ZIP. Short communication: Parapoxvirus and Orthopoxvirus coinfection in milk of naturally infected cows. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:7801-7803. [PMID: 30007812 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-14000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have shown the occurrence of poxvirus infections associated with exanthematic lesions in cattle from many Brazilian states. Coinfection between viruses belonging to 2 genera, Orthopoxvirus (OPXV) and Parapoxvirus (PPV), was already identified from the lesions of affected cows and humans. The DNA and infectious viral particles of Vaccinia virus, an OPXV, have been detected in milk of naturally and experimentally infected cows. However, to date no reports have described the detection of Pseudocowpox virus, a PPV, in milk. Thus, we investigated the presence of PPV and OPXV in milk samples obtained from dairy cows from a Brazilian region with exanthematic disease outbreaks. From 2011 to 2014, 6 dairy farms with exanthematic disease outbreaks involving dairy cows, calves, and humans were visited. Twelve crusts of cows' teat lesions and 60 milk samples were collected. The crusts and milk samples were analyzed by PCR to detect OPXV or PPV DNA. According to the analyzed crusts, we detected PPV infection in 4 of the 6 visited farms, from which we investigated the PPV contamination in milk. From the 40 milk samples tested, PPV DNA was detected in 12 samples. Of these milk samples, 8 were positive for both PPV and OPXV. This is the first report of PPV DNA detection in milk samples from affected cows, indicating that the virus may be present in milk and potentially contaminating dairy products associated or not with OPXV. In addition to the lesions caused by direct contact, the presence of 2 or more poxvirus species in milk showed that the effect of zoonotic exanthematic diseases on public health and animal husbandry is relevant and cannot be overlooked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabelle S Rehfeld
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Virologia Animal, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil 31.270-901
| | - Ana Luiza S Fraiha
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Virologia Animal, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil 31.270-901
| | - Ana Carolina D Matos
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Virologia Animal, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil 31.270-901
| | - Aristóteles G Costa
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Virologia Animal, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil 31.270-901
| | - Grazielle C F Gallinari
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Virologia Animal, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil 31.270-901
| | - Érica A Costa
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Virologia Animal, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil 31.270-901
| | - Maria Isabel M C Guedes
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Virologia Animal, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil 31.270-901
| | - Zélia Inês P Lobato
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Virologia Animal, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil 31.270-901.
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10
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Moeller RB, Crossley B, Adaska JM, Hsia G, Kahn R, Blanchard PC. Parapoxviral vulvovaginitis in Holstein cows. J Vet Diagn Invest 2018; 30:464-467. [PMID: 29429402 DOI: 10.1177/1040638718758829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A group of Holstein first-calved heifers developed small pustules and ulcers on the vulva and in the vagina during the first 1-4 wk postpartum. The lesions varied from small red pinpoint foci to pustules and ulcers, 3-5 mm diameter. Some ulcers coalesced to form large ulcerated areas up to 15 mm diameter. In some animals, these ulcers progressed to become deep ulceration of the vaginal and vulvar mucosa with >50% of the mucosa involved. Vaginal biopsies from 4 heifers and vaginal individual swabs from 8 heifers for a combined sampling of 9 heifers were taken for clinical assessment. Six of the 9 heifers had parapoxvirus based on histopathology and/or PCR. Histologic examination of the biopsies of the pustules identified ballooning degeneration of the epithelium with degenerate epithelium containing eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions consistent with a parapoxvirus in 3 of 4 biopsies. Testing for bovine herpesvirus 1, 2, and 4, bovine viral diarrhea virus, bovine papular stomatitis virus, and orf virus remained negative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert B Moeller
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, Tulare Laboratory (Moeller, Adaska, Blanchard), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA.,Davis Laboratory (Crossley), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA.,All Creatures Veterinary Clinic, Fresno, CA (Hsia, Kahn)
| | - Beate Crossley
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, Tulare Laboratory (Moeller, Adaska, Blanchard), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA.,Davis Laboratory (Crossley), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA.,All Creatures Veterinary Clinic, Fresno, CA (Hsia, Kahn)
| | - John M Adaska
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, Tulare Laboratory (Moeller, Adaska, Blanchard), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA.,Davis Laboratory (Crossley), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA.,All Creatures Veterinary Clinic, Fresno, CA (Hsia, Kahn)
| | - Gary Hsia
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, Tulare Laboratory (Moeller, Adaska, Blanchard), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA.,Davis Laboratory (Crossley), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA.,All Creatures Veterinary Clinic, Fresno, CA (Hsia, Kahn)
| | - Richard Kahn
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, Tulare Laboratory (Moeller, Adaska, Blanchard), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA.,Davis Laboratory (Crossley), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA.,All Creatures Veterinary Clinic, Fresno, CA (Hsia, Kahn)
| | - Patricia C Blanchard
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, Tulare Laboratory (Moeller, Adaska, Blanchard), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA.,Davis Laboratory (Crossley), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA.,All Creatures Veterinary Clinic, Fresno, CA (Hsia, Kahn)
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11
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Laguardia-Nascimento M, de Oliveira APF, Azevedo IC, Rivetti Júnior AV, Camargos MF, Fonseca Júnior AA. Spread of poxviruses in livestock in Brazil associated with cases of double and triple infection. Arch Virol 2017; 162:2797-2801. [PMID: 28516287 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3407-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this work is to describe the distribution of outbreaks of vaccinia virus (VACV), pseudocowpox virus (PCPV), and bovine papular stomatitis virus (BSPV) in Brazil. The Official Laboratory of the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture received 89 samples from different locations in Brazil in 2015 and 2016 for diagnosis of vesicular and exanthematous disease. Poxvirus coinfections occurred in 11 out of 33 outbreaks, including the first reported triple infection by BPSV, PCPV, and VACV. This occurrence may be associated with the circulation of these viruses in Brazilian cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateus Laguardia-Nascimento
- Laboratório Nacional Agropecuário de Minas Gerais, Avenida Rômulo Joviano, Centro, Pedro Leopoldo, Minas Gerais, 33600-000, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Ferreira de Oliveira
- Laboratório Nacional Agropecuário de Minas Gerais, Avenida Rômulo Joviano, Centro, Pedro Leopoldo, Minas Gerais, 33600-000, Brazil
| | - Isabela Ciarlini Azevedo
- Laboratório Nacional Agropecuário de Minas Gerais, Avenida Rômulo Joviano, Centro, Pedro Leopoldo, Minas Gerais, 33600-000, Brazil
| | | | - Marcelo Fernandes Camargos
- Laboratório Nacional Agropecuário de Minas Gerais, Avenida Rômulo Joviano, Centro, Pedro Leopoldo, Minas Gerais, 33600-000, Brazil
| | - Antônio Augusto Fonseca Júnior
- Laboratório Nacional Agropecuário de Minas Gerais, Avenida Rômulo Joviano, Centro, Pedro Leopoldo, Minas Gerais, 33600-000, Brazil.
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12
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Peng F, Chen Z, Zheng SY, Li HM, Du J, Zhang JZ. A Case of Orf Identified by Transmission Electron Microscopy. Chin Med J (Engl) 2017; 129:108-9. [PMID: 26712444 PMCID: PMC4797529 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.172606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jian-Zhong Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
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13
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Das A, Ward G, Lowe A, Xu L, Moran K, Renshaw R, Dubovi E, Reising M, Jia W. Development and validation of a highly sensitive real-time PCR assay for rapid detection of parapoxviruses. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 29:499-507. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638716680676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Parapoxviruses (PaPVs) cause widespread infections in ruminants worldwide. All PaPVs are zoonotic and may infect humans after direct or indirect contact with infected animals. Herein we report the development and validation of a highly sensitive real-time PCR assay for rapid detection of PaPVs. The new assay (referred to as the RVSS assay) was specific for PaPVs only and had no cross-reactivity against other pox viruses. Using a recombinant plasmid as positive control, the analytical sensitivity of the assay was determined to be 16 genome copies of PaPV per assay. The amplification efficiency estimate (91–99%), the intra- and interassay variability estimate (standard deviation [SD]: 0.28–1.06 and 0.01–0.14, respectively), and the operator variability estimate (SD: 0.78 between laboratories and 0.28 between operators within a laboratory) were within the acceptable range. The diagnostic specificity was assessed on 100 specimens from healthy normal animals and all but 1 tested negative (99%). The diagnostic sensitivity (DSe) was assessed on 77 clinical specimens (skin/scab) from infected sheep, goats, and cattle, and all tested positive (100%). The assay was multiplexed with beta-actin as an internal positive control, and the multiplex assay exhibited the same DSe as the singleplex assay. Further characterization of the PaPV specimens by species-specific real-time PCR and nucleotide sequencing of the PCR products following conventional PCR showed the presence of Orf virus not only in sheep and goats but also in 1 bovid. The validated RVSS assay demonstrated high specificity, sensitivity, reproducibility, and ruggedness, which are critical for laboratory detection of PaPVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaresh Das
- Reagents and Vaccines Services Section (Das, Ward, Lowe, Xu, Jia), Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY
- Diagnostic Services Section (Moran), Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY
- Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (Renshaw, Dubovi)
- Statistics Section, Center for Veterinary Biologics, Policy Evaluation and Licensing, Ames, IA (Reising)
| | - Gordon Ward
- Reagents and Vaccines Services Section (Das, Ward, Lowe, Xu, Jia), Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY
- Diagnostic Services Section (Moran), Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY
- Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (Renshaw, Dubovi)
- Statistics Section, Center for Veterinary Biologics, Policy Evaluation and Licensing, Ames, IA (Reising)
| | - Andre Lowe
- Reagents and Vaccines Services Section (Das, Ward, Lowe, Xu, Jia), Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY
- Diagnostic Services Section (Moran), Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY
- Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (Renshaw, Dubovi)
- Statistics Section, Center for Veterinary Biologics, Policy Evaluation and Licensing, Ames, IA (Reising)
| | - Lizhe Xu
- Reagents and Vaccines Services Section (Das, Ward, Lowe, Xu, Jia), Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY
- Diagnostic Services Section (Moran), Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY
- Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (Renshaw, Dubovi)
- Statistics Section, Center for Veterinary Biologics, Policy Evaluation and Licensing, Ames, IA (Reising)
| | - Karen Moran
- Reagents and Vaccines Services Section (Das, Ward, Lowe, Xu, Jia), Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY
- Diagnostic Services Section (Moran), Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY
- Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (Renshaw, Dubovi)
- Statistics Section, Center for Veterinary Biologics, Policy Evaluation and Licensing, Ames, IA (Reising)
| | - Randall Renshaw
- Reagents and Vaccines Services Section (Das, Ward, Lowe, Xu, Jia), Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY
- Diagnostic Services Section (Moran), Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY
- Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (Renshaw, Dubovi)
- Statistics Section, Center for Veterinary Biologics, Policy Evaluation and Licensing, Ames, IA (Reising)
| | - Edward Dubovi
- Reagents and Vaccines Services Section (Das, Ward, Lowe, Xu, Jia), Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY
- Diagnostic Services Section (Moran), Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY
- Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (Renshaw, Dubovi)
- Statistics Section, Center for Veterinary Biologics, Policy Evaluation and Licensing, Ames, IA (Reising)
| | - Monica Reising
- Reagents and Vaccines Services Section (Das, Ward, Lowe, Xu, Jia), Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY
- Diagnostic Services Section (Moran), Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY
- Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (Renshaw, Dubovi)
- Statistics Section, Center for Veterinary Biologics, Policy Evaluation and Licensing, Ames, IA (Reising)
| | - Wei Jia
- Reagents and Vaccines Services Section (Das, Ward, Lowe, Xu, Jia), Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY
- Diagnostic Services Section (Moran), Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY
- Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (Renshaw, Dubovi)
- Statistics Section, Center for Veterinary Biologics, Policy Evaluation and Licensing, Ames, IA (Reising)
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14
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Franco-Luiz APM, Oliveira DB, Pereira AF, Gasparini MCS, Bonjardim CA, Ferreira PCP, Trindade GDS, Puentes R, Furtado A, Abrahão JS, Kroon EG. Detection of Vaccinia Virus in Dairy Cattle Serum Samples from 2009, Uruguay. Emerg Infect Dis 2016; 22:2174-2177. [PMID: 27869601 PMCID: PMC5189138 DOI: 10.3201/eid2212.160447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We detected orthopoxvirus in 28 of 125 serum samples collected during 2009 from cattle in Uruguay. Two samples were PCR-positive for vaccinia virus and had sequences similar to those for vaccinia virus associated with outbreaks in Brazil. Autochthonous circulation of vaccinia virus in Uruguay and other South American countries cannot be ruled out.
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15
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Cargnelutti JF, Weiblen R, Flores EF. A multiplex PCR for viruses associated with exanthematic and vesicular disease in cattle. J Virol Methods 2016; 239:38-41. [PMID: 27793645 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Exanthematic and papulo-vesicular lesions in the udder and teats of milking cows are fairly common in some Brazilian dairies, especially those with poor sanitary conditions and hand milking. The orthopoxvirus Vaccinia virus (VACV) and the parapoxviruses Pseudocowpox virus (PCPV) and Bovine popular stomatitis virus (BPSV) have been frequently associated with such conditions. Elsewhere, Bovine herpesvirus 2 (BoHV-2) has also been associated with similar clinical signs. Thus, we herein describe a conventional multiplex PCR designed to detect the genome of these viruses in clinical samples while differentiating among them by amplicon size. For this, primer sets targeting the orthopoxvirus vascular growth factor (amplicon size 292bp), PCPV (374bp) and BSPV (607bp) B2L genes, and the BoHV-2 DNA polymerase gene (138bp) were selected. The chosen primers anneal within the same temperature range and do not interfere with each other during the PCR amplification. PCR conditions were initially standardized for each agent in individual PCR reactions firstly using the target virus as positive control followed by using a mixture of all four virues. Lastly, a multiplex PCR containing the four sets of primers was set up to amplify all four targeted viruses in one reaction. The multiplex PCR was able to detect DNA extracted from cell culture supernatants containing 20 TCID50 of BoHV-2 and 50 TCID50 of VACV. Further, the test could detect the viral genomes in 1:10, 1:50 and 1:1000 dilutions of total DNA extracted from clinical specimens (e.g. scabs, crusts) of natural cases (PCPV, VACV and BPSV) and 1:10 dilutions of DNA extracted from scabs collected from BoHV-2 experimentally infected cattle. A possible amplification of other orthopoxviruses, predicted by in silico analysis, was considered to not represent an important pitfall since these are exotic in Brazil, very rare, or viruses not associated with cattle. For definitive agent identification amplicon sequencing needs to be conducted. Thus, this multiplex PCR seems suitable for initial detection and identification of the agents involved in exanthematic and vesicular disease, providing a sensitive and specific diagnosis for such conditions in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana F Cargnelutti
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, building 63A, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, zip-code 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Rudi Weiblen
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, building 63A, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, zip-code 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Eduardo F Flores
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, building 63A, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, zip-code 97105-900, Brazil.
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16
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Alves PA, Figueiredo PO, de Oliveira CHS, Barbosa JD, Lima DHS, Bomjardim HA, Silva NS, Campos KF, Oliveira CMC, Barbosa-Stancioli EF, Abrahão JS, Kroon EG, de Souza Trindade G. Occurrence of Pseudocowpox virus associated to Bovine viral diarrhea virus-1, Brazilian Amazon. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2016; 49:70-75. [PMID: 27865267 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In 2011, an outbreak of severe vesicular disease occurred in the state of Pará, Amazon region. Besides proliferative or verrucous lesions, cattle showed atypical clinical signs such as diarrhea and leading to death. The animals were submitted to clinical, pathological and molecular diagnosis, and laboratory tests have confirmed the presence of Pseudocowpox virus (PCPV), a Parapoxvirus genus member, and have also found Bovine viral diarrhea virus-1 (BVDV-1), probably causing persistent infection. The results of molecular diagnostics, followed by sequencing data demonstrated the circulation of both viruses (PCPV and BVDV-1) in an area previously affected by another poxvirus, as Vaccinia virus.The cocirculation between PCPV and BVDV-1 indicates a major concern for animal health because the clinical presentation can be a severe disease. This is the first detection of PCPV in the Brazilian Amazon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro A Alves
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jônatas S Abrahão
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Erna G Kroon
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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17
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Figueiredo PDO, Silva-Fernandes ATD, Mota BEF, Costa GB, Borges IA, Ferreira PCP, Abrahão JS, Braga EM, Kroon EG, Trindade GDS. Evaluating anti-Orthopoxvirus antibodies in individuals from Brazilian rural areas prior to the bovine vaccinia era. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2016; 110:804-8. [PMID: 26517662 PMCID: PMC4667586 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760150215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccinia virus naturally circulates in Brazil and is the causative agent of a zoonotic disease known as bovine vaccinia (BV). We retrospectively evaluated two populations from the Amazon and Southeast Regions. BV outbreaks had not been reported in these regions before sample collection. Neutralising antibodies were found in 13 individuals (n = 132) with titres ranging from 100 ≥ 6,400 neutralising units/mL. Univariate analysis identified age and vaccination as statistically significant risk factors in individuals from the Southeast Region. The absence of detectable antibodies in vaccinated individuals raises questions about the protection of smallpox vaccine years after vaccination and reinforces the need for surveillance of Orthopoxvirus in Brazilian populations without evidence of previous outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poliana de Oliveira Figueiredo
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - André Tavares da Silva-Fernandes
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Bruno Eduardo Fernandes Mota
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Galileu Barbosa Costa
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Iara Apolinário Borges
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Paulo César Peregrino Ferreira
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Jônatas Santos Abrahão
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Erika Martins Braga
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Erna Geessien Kroon
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Giliane de Souza Trindade
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
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18
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Scagliarini A, Casà G, Trentin B, Gallina L, Savini F, Morent M, Lavazza A, Puleio R, Buttaci C, Cannella V, Purpari G, Di Marco P, Piquemal D, Guercio A. Evidence of zoonotic Poxviridae coinfections in clinically diagnosed papillomas using a newly developed mini-array test. J Vet Diagn Invest 2015; 28:59-64. [PMID: 26699526 DOI: 10.1177/1040638715614604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Our study describes a newly developed mini-array test for the rapid detection of poxviruses in animals and humans. The method is based on detection that combines target nucleic acid amplification by polymerase chain reaction and specific hybridization, using enzyme-linked antibodies, allowing identification of zoonotic orthopoxviruses and parapoxviruses in animal and human biological samples. With 100% specificity, the test rules out the possibility of cross-reactions with viral agents causing look-alike diseases. The assay was employed in the field to investigate the causes of several outbreaks of a malignant proliferative skin disease that affected domestic ruminants in Sicily during 2011-2014. Due to specific aspects of the lesions, the animals were clinically diagnosed with papillomatosis. The mini-array test allowed the identification of coinfections caused by more than 1 viral species belonging to the Parapoxvirus and Orthopoxvirus genera, either in goats or in cattle. Our study suggests that the so-called "papillomatosis" can be the result of multiple infections with epitheliotropic viruses, including zoonotic poxviruses that cannot be properly identified with classical diagnostic techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Scagliarini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy (Scagliarini, Casà, Gallina, Savini)Acobiom, Biopôle Euromédecine II, Montpellier Cedex 4, France (Trentin, Morent, Piquemal)Department of Virology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Brescia, Italy (Lavazza)Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Palermo, Italy (Puleio, Buttaci, Cannella, Purpari, Di Marco, Guercio)
| | - Giovanni Casà
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy (Scagliarini, Casà, Gallina, Savini)Acobiom, Biopôle Euromédecine II, Montpellier Cedex 4, France (Trentin, Morent, Piquemal)Department of Virology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Brescia, Italy (Lavazza)Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Palermo, Italy (Puleio, Buttaci, Cannella, Purpari, Di Marco, Guercio)
| | - Bernadette Trentin
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy (Scagliarini, Casà, Gallina, Savini)Acobiom, Biopôle Euromédecine II, Montpellier Cedex 4, France (Trentin, Morent, Piquemal)Department of Virology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Brescia, Italy (Lavazza)Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Palermo, Italy (Puleio, Buttaci, Cannella, Purpari, Di Marco, Guercio)
| | - Laura Gallina
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy (Scagliarini, Casà, Gallina, Savini)Acobiom, Biopôle Euromédecine II, Montpellier Cedex 4, France (Trentin, Morent, Piquemal)Department of Virology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Brescia, Italy (Lavazza)Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Palermo, Italy (Puleio, Buttaci, Cannella, Purpari, Di Marco, Guercio)
| | - Federica Savini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy (Scagliarini, Casà, Gallina, Savini)Acobiom, Biopôle Euromédecine II, Montpellier Cedex 4, France (Trentin, Morent, Piquemal)Department of Virology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Brescia, Italy (Lavazza)Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Palermo, Italy (Puleio, Buttaci, Cannella, Purpari, Di Marco, Guercio)
| | - Marine Morent
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy (Scagliarini, Casà, Gallina, Savini)Acobiom, Biopôle Euromédecine II, Montpellier Cedex 4, France (Trentin, Morent, Piquemal)Department of Virology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Brescia, Italy (Lavazza)Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Palermo, Italy (Puleio, Buttaci, Cannella, Purpari, Di Marco, Guercio)
| | - Antonio Lavazza
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy (Scagliarini, Casà, Gallina, Savini)Acobiom, Biopôle Euromédecine II, Montpellier Cedex 4, France (Trentin, Morent, Piquemal)Department of Virology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Brescia, Italy (Lavazza)Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Palermo, Italy (Puleio, Buttaci, Cannella, Purpari, Di Marco, Guercio)
| | - Roberto Puleio
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy (Scagliarini, Casà, Gallina, Savini)Acobiom, Biopôle Euromédecine II, Montpellier Cedex 4, France (Trentin, Morent, Piquemal)Department of Virology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Brescia, Italy (Lavazza)Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Palermo, Italy (Puleio, Buttaci, Cannella, Purpari, Di Marco, Guercio)
| | - Calogera Buttaci
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy (Scagliarini, Casà, Gallina, Savini)Acobiom, Biopôle Euromédecine II, Montpellier Cedex 4, France (Trentin, Morent, Piquemal)Department of Virology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Brescia, Italy (Lavazza)Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Palermo, Italy (Puleio, Buttaci, Cannella, Purpari, Di Marco, Guercio)
| | - Vincenza Cannella
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy (Scagliarini, Casà, Gallina, Savini)Acobiom, Biopôle Euromédecine II, Montpellier Cedex 4, France (Trentin, Morent, Piquemal)Department of Virology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Brescia, Italy (Lavazza)Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Palermo, Italy (Puleio, Buttaci, Cannella, Purpari, Di Marco, Guercio)
| | - Giuseppa Purpari
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy (Scagliarini, Casà, Gallina, Savini)Acobiom, Biopôle Euromédecine II, Montpellier Cedex 4, France (Trentin, Morent, Piquemal)Department of Virology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Brescia, Italy (Lavazza)Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Palermo, Italy (Puleio, Buttaci, Cannella, Purpari, Di Marco, Guercio)
| | - Patrizia Di Marco
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy (Scagliarini, Casà, Gallina, Savini)Acobiom, Biopôle Euromédecine II, Montpellier Cedex 4, France (Trentin, Morent, Piquemal)Department of Virology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Brescia, Italy (Lavazza)Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Palermo, Italy (Puleio, Buttaci, Cannella, Purpari, Di Marco, Guercio)
| | - David Piquemal
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy (Scagliarini, Casà, Gallina, Savini)Acobiom, Biopôle Euromédecine II, Montpellier Cedex 4, France (Trentin, Morent, Piquemal)Department of Virology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Brescia, Italy (Lavazza)Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Palermo, Italy (Puleio, Buttaci, Cannella, Purpari, Di Marco, Guercio)
| | - Annalisa Guercio
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy (Scagliarini, Casà, Gallina, Savini)Acobiom, Biopôle Euromédecine II, Montpellier Cedex 4, France (Trentin, Morent, Piquemal)Department of Virology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Brescia, Italy (Lavazza)Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Palermo, Italy (Puleio, Buttaci, Cannella, Purpari, Di Marco, Guercio)
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Huang T, Tulman ER, Diel DG, Khatiwada S, Sims W, Edwards JF, Wen X, Kutish GF, Rock DL, Delhon G. Coinfection with multiple strains of bovine papular stomatitis virus. Arch Virol 2015; 160:1527-32. [PMID: 25804193 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-015-2394-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Bovine papular stomatitis virus (BPSV) infects cattle and, occupationally, humans. Prevalent subclinical infections, frequent reinfections, and virus persistence in healthy animals compound a poorly understood, but likely complex, scenario of BPSV perpetuation and transmission in nature. Here, we report the isolation of multiple BPSV strains coinfecting a single animal. Whole-genome analysis of isolated BPSV strains revealed genomic variability likely affecting virus virulence and infectivity. Further, incongruent phylogenetic relationships between viruses suggested genomic recombination. These results have significant implications for parapoxvirus infection biology and virus evolution in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Huang
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Disease and Microarray/Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, China
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20
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Peralta A, Robles C, Martínez A, Alvarez L, Valera A, Calamante G, König GA. Identification and molecular characterization of Orf virus in Argentina. Virus Genes 2015; 50:381-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11262-015-1189-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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21
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Lederman E, Khan SU, Luby S, Zhao H, Braden Z, Gao J, Karem K, Damon I, Reynolds M, Li Y. Zoonotic parapoxviruses detected in symptomatic cattle in Bangladesh. BMC Res Notes 2014; 7:816. [PMID: 25410770 PMCID: PMC4246640 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-7-816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Application of molecular diagnostic methods to the determination of etiology in suspected poxvirus-associated infections of bovines is important both for the diagnosis of the individual case and to form a more complete understanding of patterns of strain occurrence and spread. The objective of this study was to identify and characterize bovine-associated zoonotic poxviruses in Bangladesh which are relevant to animal and human health. Findings Investigators from the International Center Diarrhoeal Disease Research (icddr,b), the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and the Bangladesh Department of Livestock Services traveled to three districts in Bangladesh—Siranjganj, Rangpur and Bhola–to collect diagnostic specimens from dairy cattle and buffalo that had symptoms consistent with poxvirus-associated infections. Bovine papular stomatitis virus (BPSV) DNA was obtained from lesion material (teat) and an oral swab collected from an adult cow and calf (respectively) from a dairy production farm in Siranjganj. Pseudocowpox virus (PCPV) DNA signatures were obtained from a scab and oral swab collected from a second dairy cow and her calf from Rangpur. Conclusions We report the first detection of zoonotic poxviruses from Bangladesh and show phylogenetic comparisons between the Bangladesh viruses and reference strains based on analyses of the B2L and J6R loci (vaccinia orthologs). Understanding the range and diversity of different species and strains of parapoxvirus will help to spotlight unusual patterns of occurrence that could signal events of significance to the agricultural and public health sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yu Li
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA.
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22
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Friederichs S, Krebs S, Blum H, Wolf E, Lang H, von Buttlar H, Büttner M. Comparative and retrospective molecular analysis of Parapoxvirus (PPV) isolates. Virus Res 2013; 181:11-21. [PMID: 24373950 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Species members of the genus Parapoxvirus (PPV) within the family Poxviridae cause contagious pustular dermatitis in small ruminants (Orf virus, ORFV) and mostly mild localized inflammation in cattle (bovine papular stomatitis virus, BPSV and pseudocowpox virus, PCPV). All PPVs are known to be zoonotic, leading to circumscribed skin lesions in humans, historically known as milker's nodules. Human PPV isolates are often ill defined concerning their allocation to an animal origin. Here we present a comparative molecular analysis of a unique collection of 21 historic and recent human and animal PPV cell culture isolates (and two PPV DNA samples). Cell culture PPV propagation was restricted to primary ruminant fibroblasts and was strictly kept at low passages to avoid genomic changes by in vitro influences. For molecular arrangement of the isolate DNAs and their attribution to established PPV species DNA fragments of the PPVs were generated by two different discriminating PCR protocols, targeting the major part of the open reading frame (ORF) 011 (B2L gene) and the complete ORF 032. Multiple sequence alignments and phylogenetic analysis of both genes resulted in affiliation to the known PPV species. The sequences from the ORF 032 allowed discrimination of the isolate DNAs at a higher resolution. Human PPV isolates could be clearly assigned to the PPV species belonging to the reported or assumed animal host of transmission. For the first time, a whole PPV genome sequence comparison of a human biopsy derived virus (B029) and its ovine counterpart (B015) originating from a defined Orf outbreak in Germany is provided, revealing their well conserved relationship. Thus human PPVs can be molecularly retraced to the PPV species indicating the animal of transmission. After transmission to the human host, molecular conservation of the animal's virus peculiarities indicative for a PPV species became evident.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefan Krebs
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Centre, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Helmut Blum
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Centre, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Eckhard Wolf
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Centre, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Heike Lang
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Heiner von Buttlar
- Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Universität Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 11, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mathias Büttner
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Oberschleissheim, Germany.
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23
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Isolation and phylogenetic analysis of an orf virus from sheep in Makhdoom, India. Virus Genes 2013; 48:312-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11262-013-1025-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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