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Munday JS, Knight CG, Bodaan CJ, Codaccioni C, Hardcastle MR. Equus caballus papillomavirus Type 7 is a rare cause of equine penile squamous cell carcinomas. Vet J 2024; 306:106155. [PMID: 38838769 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Penile squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) are common, potentially life-threatening neoplasms of horses. They are well-recognized to be caused by Equus caballus papillomavirus (EcPV) type 2, although EcPV2 cannot be detected in all cases. A 23-year-old standardbred gelding developed multiple penile in situ and invasive SCCs that contained histological evidence of PV infection. By using both consensus and specific PCR primers, these lesions were found to contain EcPV7 DNA, but not DNA from EcPV2 or any other PV type. To determine how frequently EcPV7 is present in equine penile SCCs, specific primers were used to detect EcPV2 and EcPV7 in a series of 20 archived samples. EcPV7 was the only PV detected in one, both EcPV2 and 7 were detected in five, and only EcPV2 was detected in 14 SCCs. EcPV7 DNA was also detected in three of 10 archived oropharyngeal SCCs, although only as a co- infection with EcPV2. This is the first report of EcPV7 causing disease in horses. These results suggest EcPV7 could cause a subset of equine penile SCCs, and this is the first evidence that PV types other than EcPV2 can cause these neoplasms. The detection of EcPV7 in the oropharyngeal SCCs suggests a potential role of this PV type in the development of these SCCs. There were no clinical or histological features that differentiated lesions containing EcPV7 DNA from those containing EcPV2 DNA. If EcPV7 causes a proportion of equine penile SCCs, vaccines to prevent EcPV2 infection may not prevent all equine penile SCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Munday
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | | | | | - Camille Codaccioni
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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2
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Bromberger CR, Costa JR, Herman M, Hernandez JM, Albertino LG, Alves CEF, Borges AS, Oliveira-Filho JP. Detection of Equus caballus Papillomavirus in Equine Aural Plaque Samples. J Equine Vet Sci 2023; 128:104877. [PMID: 37399911 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2023.104877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Aural plaques have been linked to Equus caballus papillomavirus (EcPV). Ten types of EcPVs have already been described; however, only EcPVs 1, 3, 4, 5, and 6 have been observed in association with aural plaques. Accordingly, the objective of this study was to evaluate the presence of EcPVs in equine aural plaque samples. A total of 29 aural plaque samples (from 15 horses) were collected and assessed for the presence of the DNA of these EcPVs by PCR. Additionally, 108 aural plaque samples used in previous research were evaluated for the presence of EcPVs 8 and 9. Previously described primers were used for PCR to detect EcPVs 1 to 8, and specific primers were designed for EcPV 9. Minigenes were synthesized and used as a positive control in the PCRs for the undetected EcPVs. EcPVs 2, 7, 8, and 9 were not detected in any of the evaluated samples, suggesting that these viral types are not involved in the etiology of the equine aural plaque in Brazil. EcPV 6 was the most prevalent (81%), followed by EcPVs 3 (72%), 4 (63%) and 5 (47%), which reinforces the idea that these viruses play an important role in the etiology of the equine aural plaque in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana R Bromberger
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Julia Rodrigues Costa
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Mariana Herman
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Botucatu, Brazil
| | | | - Lukas Garrido Albertino
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Fonseca Alves
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Alexandre S Borges
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Jose P Oliveira-Filho
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Botucatu, Brazil.
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Munday JS, Grant K, Orbell G, Vaatstra BL. Cutaneous plaques associated with a putative novel papillomavirus type in a horse. N Z Vet J 2023; 71:100-105. [PMID: 36484093 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2022.2157347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
CASE HISTORY AND CLINICAL FINDINGS A 6-year-old Thoroughbred mare developed multiple flat plaques, < 1 cm in diameter, on the left front fetlock. These were treated topically using 5-fluorouracil and resolved after 4 weeks. However, additional similar plaques developed on the left front pastern 5 months later. These lesions resolved within 3 months without treatment. PATHOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR FINDINGS One plaque that developed initially and one plaque that developed later were examined histologically. Both consisted of well-demarcated foci of moderate epidermal hyperplasia. Scattered throughout both plaques were cells showing evidence of papillomavirus-induced cell changes and the same papillomaviral DNA sequence was amplified from both lesions using PCR. As the novel sequence had 79.1% similarity to a partial sequence previously amplified from an equine cutaneous wart and 67.9% similarity to Equus caballus papillomavirus type 1, these results indicate detection of a putative novel papillomavirus type. DIAGNOSIS Multiple cutaneous plaques due to infection by a novel papillomavirus type. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Unlike more typical equine cutaneous warts which generally appear as pedunculated and filiform masses, the lesions in this horse appeared as raised plaques. With the exception of aural plaques that are confined to the ears, localised clusters of papillomaviral plaques have not been previously described in horses. The lesions contained subtle histological evidence of papillomavirus infection and careful examination is required to differentiate these plaques from pre-neoplastic lesions. The plaques contained a putative novel papillomavirus type. These results increase the spectrum of papillomavirus-induced skin disease in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Munday
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - K Grant
- South Wairarapa Veterinary Services, Carterton, New Zealand
| | - G Orbell
- Gribbles Veterinary Ltd, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - B L Vaatstra
- Gribbles Veterinary Ltd, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Genetic Characterization of a Novel Equus caballus Papillomavirus Isolated from a Thoroughbred Mare. Viruses 2023; 15:v15030650. [PMID: 36992359 PMCID: PMC10059215 DOI: 10.3390/v15030650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Papillomaviruses (PVs) are small, non-enveloped viruses, ubiquitous across the animal kingdom. PVs induce diverse forms of infection, such as cutaneous papillomas, genital papillomatosis, and carcinomas. During a survey on the fertility status of a mare, a novel Equus caballus PV (EcPV) has been identified using Next Generation Sequencing, and it was further confirmed with genome-walking PCR and Sanger sequencing. The complete circular genome 7607 bp long shares 67% average percentage of identity with EcPV9, EcPV2, EcPV1, and EcPV6, justifying a new classification as Equus caballus PV 10 (EcPV10). All EcPV genes are conserved in EcPV10, and phylogenetic analysis indicates that EcPV10 is closely related to EcPV9 and EcPV2, genus Dyoiota 1. A preliminary EcPV10 genoprevalence study, carried out on 216 horses using Real Time PCRs, suggested a low incidence of this isolate (3.7%) compared to EcPVs of the same genus such as EcPV2 and EcPV9 in the same horse population. We hypothesize a transmission mechanism different from the one observed in the closely related EcPV9 and EcPV2 that particularly infect Thoroughbreds. This horse breed is usually submitted to natural mating, thus indicating a possible sexual diffusion. No differences were detected for breeds in terms of susceptibility to EcPV10. Further studies are needed to investigate the molecular mechanisms behind the host and EcPV10 infection to explain the reduced viral spread.
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Vanmechelen B, Lahoreau J, Dendauw P, Nicolier A, Maes P. Co-infection of distinct papillomavirus types in a captive North American porcupine. Virol J 2023; 20:12. [PMID: 36658615 PMCID: PMC9850686 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-01972-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Only two cases of papillomavirus infections in North American porcupines (Erethizon dorsatum) have been described thus far, and molecular investigation linked these cases to two distinct papillomavirus species. METHODS In this report, we present the clinical, histological and molecular investigation of a third case of a porcupine papillomavirus infection. Papillomatous lesions occurred on the upper and lower lip of an otherwise healthy three-year old female that was kept in captivity. Within one month, the lesions progressed into exophytic black nodules, followed by a temporary stabilization and ultimately spontaneous regression within seven months of their initial observation. PCR-based screening using specific primers for Erethizon dorsatum papillomavirus 1 and 2 revealed the presence of both these virus types, after which nanopore sequencing was used to determine the complete sequences of the two virus genomes. RESULTS One of the genomes shares 99.9% similarity with the only known sequence for Erethizon dorsatum papillomavirus 1, while the second represents a distinct lineage of Erethizon dorsatum papillomavirus 2, sharing only 93.3% similarity with the previously discovered strain. CONCLUSIONS This report marks the first observation of a papillomavirus co-infection in a North American porcupine, although the individual contribution of the two virus types to the clinical presentation was not assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bert Vanmechelen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 Box 1040, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | | | | | - Alexandra Nicolier
- VetDiagnostics, Avenue de la Victoire 3, 69260 Charbonnières-Les-Bains, France
| | - Piet Maes
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 Box 1040, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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Munday JS, Knight CG, Luff JA. Papillomaviral skin diseases of humans, dogs, cats and horses: A comparative review. Part 2: Pre-neoplastic and neoplastic diseases. Vet J 2022; 288:105898. [PMID: 36152994 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2022.105898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Papillomaviruses (PVs) are well recognized to cause pre-neoplastic and neoplastic diseases in humans. Similarly, there is increasing evidence that PVs play a significant role in the development of pre-neoplastic and neoplastic diseases of the haired skin of dogs and cats, and the mucosa of horses. As the mechanisms by which PVs cause neoplasia are well studied in humans, it is valuable to compare the PV-induced neoplasms of humans with similar PV-associated neoplasms in the companion animal species. In the second part of this comparative review, the pre-neoplastic and neoplastic diseases thought to be caused by PVs in humans, dogs, cats, and horses are described. This includes PV-induced cutaneous plaques, cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) and mucosal SCCs within the four species. The review concludes with a discussion about the potential use of vaccines to prevent PV-induced diseases of dogs, cats, and horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Munday
- Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | - Cameron G Knight
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jennifer A Luff
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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Equus caballus Papillomavirus Type-9 (EcPV9): First Detection in Asymptomatic Italian Horses. Viruses 2022; 14:v14092050. [PMID: 36146856 PMCID: PMC9504741 DOI: 10.3390/v14092050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Papillomavirus (PV) infections may be related to anogenital lesions and cancer development in humans and several other animal species. To date, 11 different PVs have been reported in horses. Among them, a newly described PV named Equus caballus Papillomavirus Type9 (EcPV9) was thus far only reported in the semen of a stallion with penile lesions in Australia. This study reports for the first time the presence of EcPV9 in asymptomatic Italian horses. From July 2020 to January 2022, genital brush samples were collected from 209 horses with no apparent signs of neoplastic disease and no PV-associated lesions, clinically examined at the Didactic Veterinary University Hospital (OVUD) of Perugia and at the Veterinary University Hospital (OVU) of Turin. Brushes were submitted to real-time PCR targeting the EcPV9-L1 region. The first amplification targeted a region of ~116 bp, followed by the amplification and sequencing of ~533 bp of the positive samples. EcPV9-L1 DNA was found in eleven horses (5.3%), all female and mainly English Thoroughbred. Co-infection with EcPV2-L1 was found in 7 out of the 11 EcPV9-L1 positive horses (63.6%). This study contributes to the description of the prevalence of exposure or infection of EcPVs in the horse population in Italy, for which data are still limited. In this regard, here we provide a phylogenetic analysis and the completely reconstructed viral genomes of two Italian EcPV type 9 isolates, as well as four EcPV type 2 obtained from co-infected animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. E. Jones
- MRC‐University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
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Peters-Kennedy J, Lange CE, Ortved K. Progression of aural plaques to squamous cell carcinoma in a horse. Vet Dermatol 2020; 31:397-400. [PMID: 33463825 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aural plaques are associated with and thought to be caused by one or more Equus caballus papillomaviruses (EcPV). Aural plaques have not previously been reported to be associated with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To describe a horse with aural plaques and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) on the right pinna. ANIMALS A 28-year-old thoroughbred gelding presented for multiple plaques and a mass on the right pinna. METHODS AND MATERIALS Pinnal resection, histopathological investigation, multiple conventional PCRs for papillomavirus DNA and Sanger sequencing were performed. RESULTS Multiple, raised, pale tan, fronded plaques covered 60% of the concave surface of the right pinna. Focally these plaques coalesced into an exophytic ulcerated mass near the base of the pinna. Multiple aural plaques and a SCC were diagnosed histopathologically. EcPV4 was detected via PCR in a sample of the SCC. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE This report demonstrates the possibility of malignant transformation from aural plaques to SCC on the pinna of a horse. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of EcPV4 associated with SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanine Peters-Kennedy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Christian E Lange
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Metabiota, Inc, 1611 Bowen Road, Nanaimo, British Columbia, V9S 1G5, Canada
| | - Kyla Ortved
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, 382 West Street Rd., Kennett Square, PA, 19348, USA
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Peters‐Kennedy J, Lange CE, Rine SL, Hackett RP. Equus caballus papillomavirus
8 (Ec
PV
8) associated with multiple viral plaques, viral papillomas, and squamous cell carcinoma in a horse. Equine Vet J 2018; 51:470-474. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.13046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Peters‐Kennedy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Section of Anatomic Pathology Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine Ithaca New York USA
| | - C. E. Lange
- Microbiology and Immunology Department Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA
- Metabiota INC Nanaimo British Columbia Canada
| | - S. L. Rine
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Section of Anatomic Pathology Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine Ithaca New York USA
| | - R. P. Hackett
- Department of Clinical Sciences Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine Ithaca New York USA
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