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Salahandish R, Haghayegh F, Ayala-Charca G, Hyun JE, Khalghollah M, Zare A, Far B, Berenger BM, Niu YD, Ghafar-Zadeh E, Sanati-Nezhad A. Bi-ECDAQ: An electrochemical dual-immuno-biosensor accompanied by a customized bi-potentiostat for clinical detection of SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid proteins. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 203:114018. [PMID: 35114466 PMCID: PMC8786409 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Multiplex electrochemical biosensors have been used for eliminating the matrix effect in complex bodily fluids or enabling the detection of two or more bioanalytes, overall resulting in more sensitive assays and accurate diagnostics. Many electrochemical biosensors lack reliable and low-cost multiplexing to meet the requirements of point-of-care detection due to either limited functional biosensors for multi-electrode detection or incompatible readout systems. We developed a new dual electrochemical biosensing unit accompanied by a customized potentiostat to address the unmet need for point-of-care multi-electrode electrochemical biosensing. The two-working electrode system was developed using screen-printing of a carboxyl-rich nanomaterial containing ink, with both working electrodes offering active sites for recognition of bioanalytes. The low-cost bi-potentiostat system (∼$80) was developed and customized specifically to the bi-electrode design and used for rapid, repeatable, and accurate measurement of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy signals from the dual biosensor. This binary electrochemical data acquisition (Bi-ECDAQ) system accurately and selectively detected SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid protein (N-protein) in both spiked samples and clinical nasopharyngeal swab samples of COVID-19 patients within 30 min. The two working electrodes offered the limit of detection of 116 fg/mL and 150 fg/mL, respectively, with the dynamic detection range of 1-10,000 pg/mL and the sensitivity range of 2744-2936 Ω mL/pg.mm2 for the detection of N-protein. The potentiostat performed comparable or better than commercial Autolab potentiostats while it is significantly lower cost. The open-source Bi-ECDAQ presents a customizable and flexible approach towards addressing the need for rapid and accurate point-of-care electrochemical biosensors for the rapid detection of various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razieh Salahandish
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Fatemeh Haghayegh
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Giancarlo Ayala-Charca
- Biologically Inspired Sensors and Actuators (BioSA), Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, Toronto, M3J1P3, Canada
| | - Jae Eun Hyun
- Alberta Public Health Laboratory, Alberta Precision Laboratories, 3330 Hospital Drive, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4W4, Canada
| | - Mahmood Khalghollah
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada,Department of Electrical and Software Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Azam Zare
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Behrouz Far
- Department of Electrical and Software Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Byron M. Berenger
- Alberta Public Health Laboratory, Alberta Precision Laboratories, 3330 Hospital Drive, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4W4, Canada,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, 3535 Research Rd, Calgary, Alberta, T2L 1Y1, Canada
| | - Yan Dong Niu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, 3535 Research Rd, Calgary, Alberta, T2L 1Y1, Canada; Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Ebrahim Ghafar-Zadeh
- Biologically Inspired Sensors and Actuators (BioSA), Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, Toronto, M3J1P3, Canada.
| | - Amir Sanati-Nezhad
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada; Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada.
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Obert LA, Elmore SA, Ennulat D, Frazier KS. A Review of Specific Biomarkers of Chronic Renal Injury and Their Potential Application in Nonclinical Safety Assessment Studies. Toxicol Pathol 2021; 49:996-1023. [PMID: 33576319 DOI: 10.1177/0192623320985045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A host of novel renal biomarkers have been developed over the past few decades which have enhanced monitoring of renal disease and drug-induced kidney injury in both preclinical studies and in humans. Since chronic kidney disease (CKD) and acute kidney injury (AKI) share similar underlying mechanisms and the tubulointerstitial compartment has a functional role in the progression of CKD, urinary biomarkers of AKI may provide predictive information in chronic renal disease. Numerous studies have explored whether the recent AKI biomarkers could improve upon the standard clinical biomarkers, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and urinary albumin to creatinine ratio, for predicting outcomes in CKD patients. This review is an introduction to alternative assays that can be utilized in chronic (>3 months duration) nonclinical safety studies to provide information on renal dysfunction and to demonstrate specific situations where these assays could be utilized in nonclinical drug development. Novel biomarkers such as symmetrical dimethyl arginine, dickkopf homolog 3, and cystatin C predict chronic renal injury in animals, act as surrogates for GFR, and may predict changes in GFR in patients over time, ultimately providing a bridge from preclinical to clinical renal monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie A Obert
- 549350GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), Nonclinical Safety, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Susan A Elmore
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, National Toxicology Program (NTP), 6857National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Daniela Ennulat
- 549350GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), Nonclinical Safety, Collegeville, PA, USA
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