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Allen C, Ellis A, Liang R, Lim A, Newbury S. Prolonged persistence of canine distemper virus RNA, and virus isolation in naturally infected shelter dogs. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280186. [PMID: 36662900 PMCID: PMC9858347 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine distemper virus remains an important source of morbidity and mortality in animal shelters. RT-PCR is commonly used to aid diagnosis and has been used to monitor dogs testing positive over time to gauge the end of infectious potential. Many dogs excrete viral RNA for prolonged periods which has complicated disease management. The goal of this retrospective study was to describe the duration and characteristics of viral RNA excretion in shelter dogs with naturally occurring CDV and investigate the relationship between that viral RNA excretion and infectious potential using virus isolation data. Records from 98 different humane organizations with suspect CDV were reviewed. A total of 5,920 dogs were tested with 1,393; 4,452; and 75 found to be positive, negative, or suspect on RT-PCR respectively. The median duration of a positive test was 34 days (n = 325), and 25% (82/325) of the dogs still excreting viral RNA after 62 days of monitoring. Virus isolation was performed in six dogs who were RT-PCR positive for > 60 days. Infectious virus was isolated only within the first two weeks of monitoring at or around the peak viral RNA excretion (as detected by the lowest cycle threshold) reported for each dog. Our findings suggest that peak viral RNA excretion and the days surrounding it might be used as a functional marker to gauge the end of infectious risk. Clarifying the earliest point in time when dogs testing positive for canine distemper by RT-PCR can be considered non-contagious will improve welfare and lifesaving potential of shelters by enabling recovered dogs to be cleared more quickly for live release outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Allen
- Department of Medical Sciences, Shelter Medicine Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Alexandre Ellis
- Department of Medical Sciences, Shelter Medicine Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Ruibin Liang
- Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Virology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Ailam Lim
- Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Virology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Sandra Newbury
- Department of Medical Sciences, Shelter Medicine Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
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Gonzales-Viera O, Woolard KD, Keel MK. Lung and lymph node explants to study the interaction between host cells and canine distemper virus. Res Vet Sci 2023; 154:44-51. [PMID: 36459718 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV, family Paramyxoviridae) is a widely known fatal disease in unvaccinated dogs and wild carnivores. The virus enters via the respiratory tract and rapidly spreads to the lymphoid organs. To investigate viral entry into these tissues, a dog tissue explant model was developed for lung and lymph nodes. Canine lung explants were cultured with CDV for three days. During this time CDV antigens were visible on alveolar cells, which were CD163-positive and SLAM-positive (signaling lymphocytic activation molecule), demonstrating that they were macrophages. The lymph node explants were maintained for five days. During this time the viral replication increased progressively by each day post infection and syncytia were observed by day three, post exposure. The microscopic distribution of CDV-positive cells in the lymph nodes, including the syncytia, and co-expression of CD163 and SLAM, demonstrated that they were macrophages. These findings suggest that alveolar macrophages are the first cells in the lung to become infected during CDV infection, and lymph node explants showed similar replication rates and virus-cell interactions as seen in experimental live animals. This demonstrates the utility of canine respiratory and lymphoid explant model to evaluate cell entry and viral replication of CDV and other morbilliviruses in dogs or other susceptible carnivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Gonzales-Viera
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-5270, USA; California Animal Health and Food Safety (CAHFS), Davis Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-5270, USA
| | - Kevin D Woolard
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-5270, USA
| | - M Kevin Keel
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-5270, USA.
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Karki M, Rajak KK, Singh RP. Canine morbillivirus (CDV): a review on current status, emergence and the diagnostics. Virusdisease 2022; 33:309-321. [PMID: 36039286 PMCID: PMC9403230 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-022-00779-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing host range of canine morbillivirus (CDV) affecting important wildlife species such as Lions, Leopard, and Red Pandas has raised the concern. Canine distemper is a pathogen of dogs affecting the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and nervous systems. Seventeen lineages of CDV are reported, and the eighteenth lineage was proposed in 2019 from India. Marked genomic differences in the genome of wild-type virus and vaccine strain are also reported.The variations at the epitope level can be differentiated using specific monoclonal antibodies in neutralization tests. Keeping in mind the current status of the emergence of CDV, genetic and molecular study of circulating strains of the specific geographical region are the essential components of the disease control strategy. New target-based diagnostics and vaccines are in need to counter the effects of the emerging virus population. Control of CDV is necessary to save the endangered, vulnerable, and many other wildlife species to maintain balance in the ecological system. This review provides an overview on emergence reported in CDV, diagnostics developed till today, and a perspective on the disease control strategy, keeping wildlife in consideration.
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Sykes C, Van Horne B, Jones J, Kashuba ADM, Gatto G, Van Der Straten A, Johnson L, Cottrell ML. Intracellular islatravir pharmacology differs between species in an in vitro model: implications for preclinical study design. J Antimicrob Chemother 2022; 77:1000-1004. [PMID: 35134162 PMCID: PMC9126067 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkac015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Islatravir (4'-ethynyl-2-fluoro-2'-deoxyadenosine; EFdA) is a first-in-class nucleoside reverse transcriptase translocation inhibitor (NRTTI) being investigated for HIV treatment and prevention. EFdA is intracellularly phosphorylated to EFdA-triphosphate (EFdA-tp), a competitive substrate of deoxyadenosine-triphosphate (dATP). Thus, translating safety and efficacy findings from preclinical studies relies on the assumption that EFdA's intracellular pharmacology can be extrapolated across species. OBJECTIVES We investigated how EFdA is phosphorylated across animal species commonly used for preclinical models in drug development to identify those that most closely matched humans. METHODS PBMCs were isolated from whole blood of six species (human, rhesus macaque non-human primate (rmNHP), rat, minipig, dog, and rabbit) using Ficoll separation and counted on a haemocytometer by Trypan blue staining. One million live cells were cultured in media supplemented with 10 U/mL human IL-2, 10% FBS and 1% antibiotics and treated with 0, 17, 170, and 1700 nM EFdA (n = 3 replicates per concentration). After 24 h, representative cell counts were derived from untreated control wells (as above), cells were washed in PBS, and lysed with 70:30 methanol:water. EFdA-tp and dATP concentrations were quantified by HPLC-MS/MS and normalized to the representative live cell counts for each species. RESULTS When compared to human values, EFdA-tp concentrations for each EFdA treatment concentration were lower in all species (rmNHP 1.5-2.1-fold, rat 4.5-15-fold, minipig 37-71-fold, dog and rabbit >100-fold). Additionally, rmNHP and dog PBMCs exhibited significantly higher (7-10-fold; P < 0.001) dATP when compared with human PBMCs. CONCLUSIONS Given intracellular pharmacology differences, these preclinical models may be a conservative estimate of EFdA's intracellular pharmacokinetics and efficacy in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Sykes
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Brian Van Horne
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Justin Jones
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Gregory Gatto
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ariane Van Der Straten
- Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, Dept of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- ASTRA Consulting, Kensington, CA, USA
| | - Leah Johnson
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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Yadav AK, Rajak KK, Kumar A, Bhatt M, Chakravarti S, Muthu S, Dubal ZB, Khulape S, Yousuf RW, Rai V, Kumar B, Muthuchelvan D, Gupta PK, Singh RP, Singh R. Replication competence of canine distemper virus in cell lines expressing signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM) of goat, sheep and dog origin. Microb Pathog 2021; 156:104940. [PMID: 33962006 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.104940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cellular receptors play an important role in entry and cell to cell spread of morbillivirus infections. The cells expressing SLAM and Nectin-4 have been used for successful and efficient isolation of canine distemper virus (CDV) in high titre. There are several methods for generation of cells expressing receptor molecules. Here, we have used a comparatively cheaper and easily available method, pcDNA 3.1 (+) for engineering Vero cells to express SLAM gene of goat, sheep and dog origin (Vero/Goat/SLAM (VGS), Vero/Sheep/SLAM (VSS) and Vero/Dog/SLAM (VDS), respectively). The generated cell lines were then compared to test their efficacy to support CDV replication. CDV could be grown in high titre in the cells expressing SLAM and a difference of log two could be recorded in virus titre between VDS and native Vero cells. Also, CDV could be grown in a higher titre in VDS as compared to VGS and VSS. The finding of this study supports the preferential use of SLAM expressing cells over the native Vero cells by CDV. Further, the higher titre of CDV in cells expressing dog-SLAM as compared to the cells expressing SLAM of non-CDV hosts (i.e. goat and sheep) points towards the preferential use of dog SLAM by the CDV and may be a plausible reason for differential susceptibility of small ruminants and Canines to CDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Kumar Yadav
- Division of Biological Products, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, 243122, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India; ICAR -National Research Centre on Pig, Rani, Guwahati, Assam, 781131, India
| | - Kaushal Kishor Rajak
- Division of Biological Products, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, 243122, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Division of Biological Products, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, 243122, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mukesh Bhatt
- Division of Biological Products, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, 243122, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India; ICAR -National Organic Farming Research Institute, Tadong, Gangtok, Sikkim, 737102, India
| | - Soumendu Chakravarti
- Division of Biological Products, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, 243122, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sankar Muthu
- Division of Parasitology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, 243122, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Z B Dubal
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, 243122, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sagar Khulape
- ICAR-D-FMD, Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Mukteswar, 263138, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Raja Wasim Yousuf
- Division of Biological Products, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, 243122, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vishal Rai
- Division of Biological Products, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, 243122, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Bablu Kumar
- Division of Biological Products, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, 243122, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Dhanavelu Muthuchelvan
- Division of Virology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Mukteswar, 263138, Nainital, Uttrakhand, India
| | - Praveen Kumar Gupta
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, 243122, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rabindra Prasad Singh
- Division of Biological Products, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, 243122, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rajkumar Singh
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, 243122, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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De Luca E, Crisi PE, Marcacci M, Malatesta D, Di Sabatino D, Cito F, D'Alterio N, Puglia I, Berjaoui S, Colaianni ML, Tinelli A, Ripà P, Vincifori G, Di Teodoro G, Dondi F, Savini G, Boari A, Lorusso A. Epidemiology, pathological aspects and genome heterogeneity of feline morbillivirus in Italy. Vet Microbiol 2020; 240:108484. [PMID: 31902482 PMCID: PMC7127367 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.108484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Feline morbillivirus (FeMV) is an emerging morbillivirus first described in cats less than a decade ago. FeMV has been associated with chronic kidney disease of cats characterized by tubulointerstitial nephritis (TIN), although this aspect is still controversial and not demonstrated with certainty. To investigate FeMV prevalence and genomic characteristics, an epidemiological survey was conducted in a total number of 127 household cats originating from two Italian regions, Abruzzi and Emilia-Romagna. A total number of 69 cats originating from three feline colonies were also enrolled for the study. Correlation with TIN was investigated by employing a total number of 35 carcasses. Prevalence of FeMV RNA was higher in urine samples collected from cats of colonies (P = 31.8%, CI 95% 22.1-43.6) compared to household cats (P = 8.66%, CI 95% 4.9-14.9) and in young and middle-aged cats while prevalence of FeMV Abs was higher in old cats. Sequences obtained straight from infected biological samples, either partial or complete, cluster into two clades within FeMV genotype 1, distantly related to FeMV genotype 2. Immunohistochemistry analysis of kidney sections of FeMV RNA positive cats revealed immunoreactivity within epithelial cells of renal tubuli and inflammatory cells. However, statistically significant association between FeMV and renal damages, including TIN, was not demonstrated (p= 0.0695, Fisher exact test). By virus histochemistry performed with FeMV-negative feline tissues and a FeMV isolate, tropism for different cellular types such as inflammatory cells residing in blood vessels of kidney and brain, airway epithelial cells, alveolar macrophages and to a lesser extent, the central nervous system, was demonstrated. Additional studies are warranted in order to establish viral tropism and immune response during the early phases of infection and to disentangle the role of FeMV in co-infection processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana De Luca
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Teramo, Italy; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | | | - Maurilia Marcacci
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Teramo, Italy
| | - Daniela Malatesta
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Teramo, Italy
| | - Daria Di Sabatino
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Teramo, Italy
| | - Francesca Cito
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Teramo, Italy
| | - Nicola D'Alterio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Teramo, Italy
| | - Ilaria Puglia
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Teramo, Italy
| | - Shadia Berjaoui
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Teramo, Italy
| | | | - Antonella Tinelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Paola Ripà
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Teramo, Italy
| | - Giacomo Vincifori
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Teramo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Di Teodoro
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Teramo, Italy
| | - Francesco Dondi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanni Savini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Teramo, Italy
| | - Andrea Boari
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Alessio Lorusso
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Teramo, Italy.
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Cai C, Wang X, Zhao Y, Yi C, Jin Z, Zhang A, Han L. Construction of a mavs-inactivated MDCK cell line for facilitating the propagation of canine distemper virus (CDV). Mol Immunol 2019; 114:133-138. [PMID: 31352229 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Canine distemper is a highly contagious disease of wild and domestic carnivores. Obtaining of a suitable cell line for canine distemper virus (CDV) propagation is very important for field CDV isolation and vaccine antigen preparation. However, the cell line currently developed cell lines for CDV propagation are a marmoset lymphoid cell line (B95a), which could cause the virus to potentially infect human cells, and canine SLAM-expressing Vero cells, which may cause the virus to lose virulence. Therefore, a canine cell line constructed for efficient CDV propagation would be attractive. In the present study, a Madin-Darby Canine Kidney Epithelial (MDCK) cell line with mavs (mitochondrial antiviral signaling) inactivation was constructed by CRISPR/Cas9 technology. The interferon-I response induced by poly(I:C), an analogue of viral RNA, was significantly blocked in the constructed cell line, designated MDCK-KOmavs. Moreover, the propagation of a filed CDV strain was approximately 100 times higher in MDCK-KOmavs cells than in wild-type MDCK cells. Therefore, in the present study, a canine cell line facilitating CDV propagation was successfully constructed, and the results suggested that the constructed canine cell line was more efficient than the wild-type cell line for the isolation of field CDVs. In addition, the rapid propagation of CDVs to high titers in the constructed MDCK-KOmavs cell line indicated that this cell line could also be an alternative cell line for the preparation of vaccine antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, International Research Center for Animal Disease (Ministry of Science and Technology), Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, International Research Center for Animal Disease (Ministry of Science and Technology), Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Ya Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, International Research Center for Animal Disease (Ministry of Science and Technology), Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Chenyang Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, International Research Center for Animal Disease (Ministry of Science and Technology), Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Zehua Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, International Research Center for Animal Disease (Ministry of Science and Technology), Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Anding Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, International Research Center for Animal Disease (Ministry of Science and Technology), Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Li Han
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, International Research Center for Animal Disease (Ministry of Science and Technology), Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.
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8
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Loots AK, Mitchell E, Dalton DL, Kotzé A, Venter EH. Advances in canine distemper virus pathogenesis research: a wildlife perspective. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:311-321. [PMID: 27902345 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV) has emerged as a significant disease of wildlife, which is highly contagious and readily transmitted between susceptible hosts. Initially described as an infectious disease of domestic dogs, it is now recognized as a global multi-host pathogen, infecting and causing mass mortalities in a wide range of carnivore species. The last decade has seen the effect of numerous CDV outbreaks in various wildlife populations. Prevention of CDV requires a clear understanding of the potential hosts in danger of infection as well as the dynamic pathways CDV uses to gain entry to its host cells and its ability to initiate viral shedding and disease transmission. We review recent research conducted on CDV infections in wildlife, including the latest findings on the causes of host specificity and cellular receptors involved in distemper pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika K Loots
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa.,National Zoological Gardens of South Africa, P.O. Box 754, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Emily Mitchell
- National Zoological Gardens of South Africa, P.O. Box 754, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Desiré L Dalton
- National Zoological Gardens of South Africa, P.O. Box 754, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa.,Genetics Department, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Antoinette Kotzé
- National Zoological Gardens of South Africa, P.O. Box 754, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa.,Genetics Department, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Estelle H Venter
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
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9
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Sasikalaveni A, Tirumurugaan KG, Manoharan S, Raj GD, Kumanan K. Co-culture: A quick approach for isolation of street rabies virus in murine neuroblastoma cells. Vet World 2015; 8:636-9. [PMID: 27047148 PMCID: PMC4774726 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2015.636-639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Laboratory detection of rabies in most cases is based on detection of the antigen by fluorescent antibody test, however, in weak positive cases confirmative laboratory diagnosis depends on widely accepted mouse inoculation test. Cell lines like neuroblastoma have been used to isolate the virus with greater success not only to target for diagnosis, but also for molecular studies that determine the epidemiology of the circulating street rabies strains and in studies that look at the efficiency of the developed monoclonal antibodies to neutralize the different rabies strains. Due to the recent issues in obtaining ethical permission for mouse experimentation, and also the passages required in the cell lines to isolate the virus, we report herewith a co-culture protocol using the murine neuroblastoma (MNA) cells, which enable quicker isolation of street rabies virus with minimum passages. OBJECTIVE This study is not to have an alternative diagnostic assay, but an approach to produce sufficient amount of rabies virus in minimum passages by a co-culture approach in MNA cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS The MNA cells are co-cultured by topping the normal cells with infected cells every 48 h and the infectivity was followed up by performing direct fluorescent-antibody test. RESULTS The co-culture approach results in 100% infectivity and hence the use of live mouse for experimentation could be avoided. CONCLUSION Co-culture method provides an alternative for the situations with limited sample volume and for the quicker isolation of virus which warrants the wild type strains without much modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Sasikalaveni
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai - 600 007, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K. G. Tirumurugaan
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai - 600 007, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S. Manoharan
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai - 600 007, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - G. Dhinakar Raj
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai - 600 007, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K. Kumanan
- Dean, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Madhavaram Milk Colony, Chennai - 600 051, Tamil Nadu, India
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Variable transcription of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in phocine lymphocytes following canine distemper virus infection. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2014; 161:170-83. [PMID: 25190509 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a highly contagious viral pathogen. Domesticated dogs are the main reservoir of CDV. Although phocine distemper virus was responsible for the recent epidemics in seals in the North and Baltic Seas, most devastating epidemics in seals were also caused by CDV. To further study the pathogenesis of CDV infection in seals, it was the aim of the present study to investigate the mechanisms of CDV induced immunosuppression in seals by analyzing the gene transcription of different pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in Concanavalin A (Con A) stimulated and non-stimulated phocine lymphocytes in vitro following infection with the CDV Onderstepoort (CDV-OND) strain. Phocine lymphocytes were isolated via density gradient centrifugation. The addition of 1 μg/ml Con A and virus was either performed simultaneously or lymphocytes were stimulated for 48 h with Con A prior to virus infection. Gene transcription of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-12 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) as pro-inflammatory cytokines and IL-4, IL-10 and transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) as anti-inflammatory cytokines were determined by using RT-qPCR. CDV-OND infection caused an initial increase of pro-inflammatory phocine cytokines mRNA 24h after infection, followed by a decrease in gene transcription after 48 h. A strong increase in the transcription of IL-4 and TGFβ was detected after 48 h when virus and mitogen were added simultaneously. An increased IL-10 production occurred only when stimulation and infection were performed simultaneously. Furthermore, an inhibition of IL-12 on IL-4 was noticed in phocine lymphocytes which were stimulated for 48 h prior to infection. In summary, the duration of the stimulation or the lymphocytes seem to have an important influence on the cytokine transcription and indicates that the outcome of CDV infection is dependent on various factors that might sensitize lymphocytes or make them more susceptible or reactive to CDV infection.
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Tan B, Wen YJ, Wang FX, Zhang SQ, Wang XD, Hu JX, Shi XC, Yang BC, Chen LZ, Cheng SP, Wu H. Pathogenesis and phylogenetic analyses of canine distemper virus strain ZJ7 isolate from domestic dogs in China. Virol J 2011; 8:520. [PMID: 22087872 PMCID: PMC3229531 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-8-520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A new isolate of canine distemper virus (CDV), named ZJ7, was isolated from lung tissues of a dog suspected with CDV infection using MDCK cells. The ZJ7 isolate induced cytopathogenic effects of syncytia in MDCK cell after six passages. In order to evaluate pathogenesis of ZJ7 strain, three CDV sero-negative dogs were intranasally inoculated with its virus suspension. All infected dogs developed clinical signs of severe bloody diarrhea, conjunctivitis, ocular discharge, nasal discharge and coughing, fever and weight loss at 21 dpi, whereas the mock group infected with DMEM were normal. The results demonstrated that CDV-ZJ7 strain isolated by MDCK cell was virulent, and the nucleotide and amino acid sequences of strain ZJ7 had no change after isolation by MDCK cell when compared with the original virus from the fresh tissues. Molecular and phylogenetic analyses for the nucleocapsid (N), phosphoprotein (P) and receptor binding haemagglutinin (H) gene of the ZJ7 isolate clearly showed it is joins to the Asia 1 group cluster of CDV strains, the predominant genotype in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Tan
- Division of Zoonoses, Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Special Economic Animal Molecular Biology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences CAAS, 15 Luming Street, Jilin 132109, China
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12
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Yanagi Y, Takeda M, Ohno S, Hashiguchi T. Measles virus receptors. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2009; 329:13-30. [PMID: 19198560 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-70523-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Measles virus (MV) has two envelope glycoproteins, the hemagglutinin (H) and fusion protein, which are responsible for attachment and membrane fusion, respectively. Signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM, also called CD150), a membrane glycoprotein expressed on immune cells, acts as the principal cellular receptor for MV, accounting for its lymphotropism and immunosuppressive nature. MV also infects polarized epithelial cells via an as yet unknown receptor molecule, thereby presumably facilitating transmission via aerosol droplets. Vaccine and laboratory-adapted strains of MV use ubiquitously expressed CD46 as an alternate receptor through amino acid substitutions in the H protein. The crystal structure of the H protein indicates that the putative binding sites for SLAM, CD46, and the epithelial cell receptor are strategically located in different positions of the H protein. Other molecules have also been implicated in MV infection, although their relevance remains to be determined. The identification of MV receptors has advanced our understanding of MV tropism and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yanagi
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, 812-8582, Fukuoka, Japan.
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13
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Yanagi Y, Takeda M, Ohno S. Measles virus: cellular receptors, tropism and pathogenesis. J Gen Virol 2006; 87:2767-2779. [PMID: 16963735 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.82221-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Measles virus(MV), a member of the genusMorbillivirusin the familyParamyxoviridae, is an enveloped virus with a non-segmented, negative-strand RNA genome. It has two envelope glycoproteins, the haemagglutinin (H) and fusion proteins, which are responsible for attachment and membrane fusion, respectively. Human signalling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM; also called CD150), a membrane glycoprotein of the immunoglobulin superfamily, acts as a cellular receptor for MV. SLAM is expressed on immature thymocytes, activated lymphocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells and regulates production of interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 by CD4+T cells, as well as production of IL-12, tumour necrosis factor alpha and nitric oxide by macrophages. The distribution of SLAM is in accord with the lymphotropism and immunosuppressive nature of MV.Canine distemper virusandRinderpest virus, other members of the genusMorbillivirus, also use canine and bovine SLAM as receptors, respectively. Laboratory-adapted MV strains may use the ubiquitously expressed CD46, a complement-regulatory molecule, as an alternative receptor through amino acid substitutions in the H protein. Furthermore, MV can infect SLAM−cells, albeit inefficiently, via the SLAM- and CD46-independent pathway, which may account for MV infection of epithelial, endothelial and neuronal cellsin vivo. MV infection, however, is not determined entirely by the H protein–receptor interaction, and other MV proteins can also contribute to its efficient growth by facilitating virus replication at post-entry steps. Identification of SLAM as the principal receptor for MV has provided us with an important clue for better understanding of MV tropism and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Yanagi
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Makoto Takeda
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Shinji Ohno
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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Lan NT, Yamaguchi R, Uchida K, Sugano S, Tateyama S. Growth profiles of recent canine distemper isolates on Vero cells expressing canine signalling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM). J Comp Pathol 2005; 133:77-81. [PMID: 15899494 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2005.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2004] [Accepted: 01/21/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Fresh samples of lymph node, lung and cerebrum taken post mortem from dogs no. 1, 2 and 3 yielded canine distemper virus (CDV) strains 007 Lm, 009 L and 011 C, respectively. These were titrated on Vero cells stably expressing canine signalling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM; Vero-DST cells). Growth curves of the three strains were produced by titration of the released virus and cell-associated virus at various timepoints. All three isolates, especially 007 Lm, grew well on Vero-DST cells. The titres of cell-associated virus of two strains (009 L and 011 C) were clearly lower than those of virus released into the culture supernate. The results indicate that Vero-DST cells are not only useful for primary isolation but also efficient for titrating virus from fresh tissues and for the study of growth profiles of recent CDV isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- N T Lan
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
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15
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Lan NT, Yamaguchi R, Kai K, Uchida K, Kato A, Tateyama S. The growth profiles of three types of canine distemper virus on Vero cells expressing canine signaling lymphocyte activation molecule. J Vet Med Sci 2005; 67:491-5. [PMID: 15942133 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.67.491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To know growth profiles of canine distemper virus (CDV) on Vero cells stably expressing canine signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (Vero-DogSLAMtag; Vero-DST cells), the propagation of three strains of CDV was tested in Vero-DST cells in comparison with parental Vero cells. Strain MD77 could grow well in both cell lines, but demonstrated no syncytium formation or indistinguishable rounding cytopathic effects (CPE) in Vero cells. Strains Onderstepoort and KDK-1 also grew well in Vero-DST cells with apparent syncytium CPE, while they grew less or no efficiently, respectively, in Vero cells. All three CDV strains demonstrated the peak titers, in Vero-DST cells before reaching to an extensive CPE and drastic decrease of titers at/after full CPE. Immunohistochemistry revealed that viral antigens of all CDV strains were found exclusively in the syncytia in Vero-DST cells, while in Vero cells, viral antigen was identified in their single cells for strain MD77 but none for other strains. Thus, every strain of CDV could grow well in Vero-DST cells and behaved differently against Vero cells. These results would be of practical value for workers of CDV because 1) In Vero-DST cells, by observation of distinct syncytium CPE, the highest titer or the best growth of virus could be identified; 2) In Vero cells, various CDV strains could be readily classified after propagation in Vero-DST cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Thi Lan
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
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16
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Yamaguchi R, Kojimoto A, Sakai H, Uchida K, Sugano S, Tateyama S. Growth characteristics of canine distemper virus in a new cell line CCT cells originated from canine malignant histiocytosis. J Vet Med Sci 2005; 67:203-6. [PMID: 15750320 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.67.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV) growth and the morphological characterization were examined in a cell line established from a canine malignant histiocytosis (CCT cell line). The susceptibility of the CCT cells to 3 CDV strains, FXNO, YSA-TC and MD-77 was shown by detection of the antigen in the indirect fluorescent assay. After passaging 4 and 9 times through the CCT cells, only FXNO strain could produce the syncytia where demonstrated the antigens. Titers of 9 passaged viruses through the CCT cells showed slightly higher in the CCT cells than those in Vero cells. Morphological characterization of karyorrhexis and specific DNA ladder by extracted DNA electrophoresis indicated apoptosis in the CDV infected CCT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoji Yamaguchi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
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17
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Schobesberger M, Summerfield A, Doherr MG, Zurbriggen A, Griot C. Canine distemper virus-induced depletion of uninfected lymphocytes is associated with apoptosis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2005; 104:33-44. [PMID: 15661329 PMCID: PMC7127010 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2004.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2004] [Revised: 08/30/2004] [Accepted: 09/24/2004] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV), a negative stranded RNA morbillivirus, causes a multisystemic disease in dogs, which is associated with a severe immune suppression. The aim of the study was to examine the influence of early CDV infection on leukocyte depletion, lymphopenia and virus-induced cell death in dogs infected with a virulent CDV strain. From 10 infected dogs, peripheral blood leukocytes were harvested periodically, phenotyped and analyzed for CDV antigen content and apoptosis using Annexin V-FITC and propidium iodide labeling. CDV infection induced a severe CD3+ T cell and CD21+ B cell depletion in all animals at 3 days post-infection (d.p.i.). For dogs with severe distemper, developing virus persistence in the lymphoid tissue and central nervous system, this lymphopenia lasted until the end of the experiment. Increased levels of lymphocyte apoptosis were found at 3 d.p.i., and monocyte apoptosis at 6 d.p.i. This was more prominent in the group of animals with severe distemper. At 3 d.p.i. no leukocyte infection was detectable indicating that the early lymphocyte depletion and apoptosis was not a direct consequence of virus infection. Taken together, our results demonstrate that CDV-induced lymphopenia is an early event and that the degree of lymphocyte depletion correlates with the severity of disease and virus persistence in the lymphoid tissue and central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Schobesberger
- Institute of Virology and Immunoprophylaxis, Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Artur Summerfield
- Institute of Virology and Immunoprophylaxis, Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | - Marcus G. Doherr
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Zurbriggen
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christian Griot
- Institute of Virology and Immunoprophylaxis, Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +41 31 848 9230; fax: +41 31 848 9222.
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18
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Lednicky JA, Meehan TP, Kinsel MJ, Dubach J, Hungerford LL, Sarich NA, Witecki KE, Braid MD, Pedrak C, Houde CM. Effective primary isolation of wild-type canine distemper virus in MDCK, MV1 Lu and Vero cells without nucleotide sequence changes within the entire haemagglutinin protein gene and in subgenomic sections of the fusion and phospho protein genes. J Virol Methods 2004; 118:147-57. [PMID: 15081610 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2004.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2003] [Revised: 02/09/2004] [Accepted: 02/09/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV) is an important pathogen of many carnivores. We are developing a field-based model of morbillivirus virulence and pathogenesis through a study of distemper in naturally infected free-ranging raccoons. The isolation of CDV from raccoon tissues is essential for this work. CDV has often been isolated from animals only after co-cultivation of infected tissues with peripheral blood mononuclear cells derived from specific pathogen-free dogs or similar methods. We explored the utility and consequences of a simpler and cheaper alternative: CDV isolation in Vero, MDCK, and MV1 Lu cells. Virus growth was detected first in MDCK cells, whereas viral cytopathic effects were most obvious in Vero cells. CDV growth in MV1 Lu cells was relatively protracted and occurred without the formation of cytopathic effects. In primary CDV isolates, the entire nucleotide sequence of the receptor binding haemagglutinin (H) gene, and subgenomic fusion (F) and phospho (P) protein gene sequences corresponding to nt 5399-5733 and 2132-2563 of CDV reference strain Onderstepoort, respectively, were identical to those in matched infected tissues. Virus isolation confirmed the presence of CDV in instances where RT-PCR failed to detect CDV in infected tissues. Different viral phenotypes and genotypes were detected. The conservation of H gene sequences in primary CDV isolates suggests that MDCK, MV1 Lu, and Vero cells express proper receptors for wild-type CDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Lednicky
- Department of Pathology, Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 South First Street, Maywood, IL 60153, USA.
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19
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Seki F, Ono N, Yamaguchi R, Yanagi Y. Efficient isolation of wild strains of canine distemper virus in Vero cells expressing canine SLAM (CD150) and their adaptability to marmoset B95a cells. J Virol 2003; 77:9943-50. [PMID: 12941904 PMCID: PMC224612 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.18.9943-9950.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that canine signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM; also known as CD150) acts as a cellular receptor for canine distemper virus (CDV). In this study, we established Vero cells stably expressing canine SLAM (Vero.DogSLAMtag cells). Viruses were isolated in Vero.DogSLAMtag cells one day after inoculation with spleen samples from five out of seven dogs with distemper. By contrast, virus isolation with reportedly sensitive marmoset B95a cells was only successful from three diseased animals at 7 to 10 days after inoculation, and no virus was recovered from any dogs when Vero cells were used for isolation. The CDV strain isolated in Vero.DogSLAMtag cells did not cause cytopathic effects in B95a and human SLAM-expressing Vero cells, whereas the strain isolated in B95a cells from the same dog did so in canine or human SLAM-expressing Vero cells as well as B95a cells. There were two amino acid differences in the hemagglutinin sequence between these strains. Cell fusion analysis after expression of envelope proteins and vesicular stomatitis virus pseudotype assay showed that their hemagglutinins were responsible for the difference in cell tropism between them. Site-directed mutagenesis indicated that glutamic acid to lysine substitution at position 530 of the hemagglutinin was required for the adaptation to the usage of marmoset SLAM. Our results indicate that Vero cells stably expressing canine SLAM are highly sensitive to CDV in clinical specimens and that only a single amino acid substitution in the hemagglutinin can allow the virus to adapt to marmoset SLAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumio Seki
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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20
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Evermann JF, Leathers CW, Gorham JR, McKeirnan AJ, Appel MJ. Pathogenesis of two strains of lion (Panthera leo) morbillivirus in ferrets (Mustela putorius furo). Vet Pathol 2001; 38:311-6. [PMID: 11355661 DOI: 10.1354/vp.38-3-311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV) was previously considered to have a host range restricted to the canid family. In 1994, the virus was associated with sporadic outbreaks of distemper in captive felids. However, after severe mortality occurred in the Serengeti lions (Panthera leo), attention became focused on the pathogenesis of the virus and a concerted effort was made to identify the virus as CDV or a closely related feline morbillivirus. The present study was designed to explore the susceptibility of ferrets to challenge with two morbilliviruses isolated from lions and the protective effects of a modified-live mink distemper vaccine. Because mortality in ferrets infected with pathogenic CDV approaches 100%, the ferret was selected as a test animal. Two strains of lion morbillivirus were used as a challenge, A92-27/20 (California lion isolate) and A94-11/13 (Serengeti lion isolate). The two strains of lion morbillivirus were antigenically related to CDV (Rockborn strain), and ferrets were susceptible to both of the viruses when inoculated intraperitoneally. The inoculated ferrets were anorectic at 5-6 days postinoculation (PI), exhibited oculonasal discharge at 9-12 days PI, and became moribund at 12-22 days PI. Severe bilateral conjunctivitis was the typical clinical sign. Inclusion bodies characteristic of morbillivirus (eosinophilic, intranuclear, and intracytoplasmic) were distributed in many epithelial cells, including those of the skin, conjunctiva, gallbladder, liver, pancreas, stomach, trachea, lung, urinary bladder, and kidney. Virus was reisolated from selected lung tissues collected at necropsy and identified by CDV-specific immunofluorescence. Ferrets vaccinated with the mink distemper vaccine (Onderstepoort strain) were protected from challenge with the two lion strains, adding further support to the premise that the viruses are closely related to CDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Evermann
- Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman 99165-0734, USA.
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21
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Welter J, Taylor J, Tartaglia J, Paoletti E, Stephensen CB. Vaccination against canine distemper virus infection in infant ferrets with and without maternal antibody protection, using recombinant attenuated poxvirus vaccines. J Virol 2000; 74:6358-67. [PMID: 10864646 PMCID: PMC112142 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.14.6358-6367.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV) infection of ferrets is clinically and immunologically similar to measles, making this a useful model for the human disease. The model was used to determine if parenteral or mucosal immunization of infant ferrets at 3 and 6 weeks of age with attenuated vaccinia virus (NYVAC) or canarypox virus (ALVAC) vaccine strains expressing the CDV hemagglutinin (H) and fusion (F) protein genes (NYVAC-HF and ALVAC-HF) would induce serum neutralizing antibody and protect against challenge infection at 12 weeks of age. Ferrets without maternal antibody that were vaccinated parenterally with NYVAC-HF (n = 5) or ALVAC-HF (n = 4) developed significant neutralizing titers (log(10) inverse mean titer +/- standard deviation of 2.30 +/- 0.12 and 2.20 +/- 0.34, respectively) by the day of challenge, and all survived with no clinical or virologic evidence of infection. Ferrets without maternal antibody that were vaccinated intranasally (i.n.) developed lower neutralizing titers, with NYVAC-HF producing higher titers at challenge (1.11 +/- 0.57 versus 0.40 +/- 0.37, P = 0.02) and a better survival rate (6/7 versus 0/5, P = 0.008) than ALVAC-HF. Ferrets with maternal antibody that were vaccinated parenterally with NYVAC-HF (n = 7) and ALVAC-HF (n = 7) developed significantly higher antibody titers (1.64 +/- 0. 54 and 1.28 +/- 0.40, respectively) than did ferrets immunized with an attenuated CDV vaccine (0.46 +/- 0.59; n = 7) or the recombinant vectors expressing rabies glycoprotein (RG) (0.19 +/- 0.32; n = 8, P = 7 x 10(-6)). The NYVAC vaccine also protected against weight loss, and both the NYVAC and attenuated CDV vaccines protected against the development of some clinical signs of infection, although survival in each of the three vaccine groups was low (one of seven) and not significantly different from the RG controls (none of eight). Combined i.n.-parenteral immunization of ferrets with maternal antibody using NYVAC-HF (n = 9) produced higher titers (1.63 +/- 0. 25) than did i.n. immunization with NYVAC-HF (0.88 +/- 0.36; n = 9) and ALVAC-HF (0.61 +/- 0.43; n = 9, P = 3 x 10(-7)), and survival was also significantly better in the i.n.-parenteral group (3 of 9) than in the other HF-vaccinated animals (none of 18) or in controls immunized with RG (none of 5) (P = 0.0374). Multiple routes were not tested with the ALVAC vaccine. The results suggest that infant ferrets are less responsive to i.n. vaccination than are older ferrets and raises questions about the appropriateness of this route of immunization in infant ferrets or infants of other species.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Intranasal
- Age Factors
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Avipoxvirus
- Body Weight
- Disease Models, Animal
- Distemper/prevention & control
- Dogs
- Ferrets
- Humans
- Immunity, Maternally-Acquired
- Injections, Intramuscular
- Injections, Subcutaneous
- Leukopenia/prevention & control
- Measles/prevention & control
- RNA, Viral/blood
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Vaccination
- Vaccines, Attenuated/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Vaccinia virus
- Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- J Welter
- Department of Comparative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
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22
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Haines DM, Martin KM, Chelack BJ, Sargent RA, Outerbridge CA, Clark EG. Immunohistochemical detection of canine distemper virus in haired skin, nasal mucosa, and footpad epithelium: a method for antemortem diagnosis of infection. J Vet Diagn Invest 1999; 11:396-9. [PMID: 12968751 DOI: 10.1177/104063879901100502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A reliable antemortem diagnostic method is needed for determining infection with canine distemper virus (CDV). The utility of immunohistochemical detection of CDV antigen was examined was examined for samples of nasal and footpad epithelium and haired skin in dogs with and without detectable CDV antigen in the lung and/or brain. Tissues from 57 dogs at risk of CDV infection were tested. Viral antigen was found in the lung and/or brain of 28 dogs. Among these dogs, viral antigen was demonstrated in the epithelial cells of the nasal mucosa in 24 of 27 dogs, in the footpad epithelium in 24 of 26 dogs, and in the haired skin of the dorsal neck in 26 of 27 dogs. Among the 29 dogs without CDV antigen in either the lung or brain, 1 dog had positive staining for viral antigen in the skin and nasal mucosa. Biopsies of haired skin of the dorsal neck, which is relatively simple to sample, can be used for immunohistochemical testing for acute and subacute infection with CDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Haines
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
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23
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Welter J, Taylor J, Tartaglia J, Paoletti E, Stephensen CB. Mucosal vaccination with recombinant poxvirus vaccines protects ferrets against symptomatic CDV infection. Vaccine 1999; 17:308-18. [PMID: 9987168 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(98)00211-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV) infection of ferrets causes a disease characterized by fever, erythema, conjunctivitis and leukocytopenia, similar clinically to measles except for the fatal neurologic sequelae of CDV. We vaccinated juvenile ferrets twice at 4-week intervals by the intranasal or intraduodenal route with attenuated vaccinia (NYVAC) or canarypox virus (ALVAC) constructs containing the CDV hemagglutinin and fusion genes. Controls were vaccinated with the same vectors expressing rabies glycoprotein. Animals were challenged intranasally 4 weeks after the second vaccination with virulent CDV. Body weights, white blood cell (WBC) counts and temperatures were monitored and ferrets were observed daily for clinical signs of infection. WBCs were assayed for the presence of viral RNA by RT-PCR. Intranasally vaccinated animals survived challenge with no virologic or clinical evidence of infection. Vaccination by the intraduodenal route did not provide complete protection. All control animals developed typical distemper. Ferrets can be effectively protected against distemper by mucosal vaccination with poxvirus vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Welter
- Department of Comparative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham 35294-0019, USA
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24
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Abstract
Canine distemper morbillivirus (CDV) induces a multisystemic, often fatal disease in a wide and seemingly expanding host range among the Carnivora. Several genotypes of an otherwise monotypic virus species co-circulate in a geographically restricted pattern. Interspecies transmissions frequently occur, often leading to devastating epizootics in highly susceptible or immunologically naive populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Harder
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Christian-Albrecht's University, Kiel, Germany
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25
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Stephensen CB, Welter J, Thaker SR, Taylor J, Tartaglia J, Paoletti E. Canine distemper virus (CDV) infection of ferrets as a model for testing Morbillivirus vaccine strategies: NYVAC- and ALVAC-based CDV recombinants protect against symptomatic infection. J Virol 1997; 71:1506-13. [PMID: 8995676 PMCID: PMC191207 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.71.2.1506-1513.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV) infection of ferrets causes an acute systemic disease involving multiple organ systems, including the respiratory tract, lymphoid system, and central nervous system (CNS). We have tested candidate CDV vaccines incorporating the fusion (F) and hemagglutinin (HA) proteins in the highly attenuated NYVAC strain of vaccinia virus and in the ALVAC strain of canarypox virus, which does not productively replicate in mammalian hosts. Juvenile ferrets were vaccinated twice with these constructs, or with an attenuated live-virus vaccine, while controls received saline or the NYVAC and ALVAC vectors expressing rabies virus glycoprotein. Control animals did not develop neutralizing antibody and succumbed to distemper after developing fever, weight loss, leukocytopenia, decreased activity, conjunctivitis, an erythematous rash typical of distemper, CNS signs, and viremia in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (as measured by reverse transcription-PCR). All three CDV vaccines elicited neutralizing titers of at least 1:96. All vaccinated ferrets survived, and none developed viremia. Both recombinant vaccines also protected against the development of symptomatic distemper. However, ferrets receiving the live-virus vaccine lost weight, became lymphocytopenic, and developed the erythematous rash typical of CDV. These data show that ferrets are an excellent model for evaluating the ability of CDV vaccines to protect against symptomatic infection. Because the pathogenesis and clinical course of CDV infection of ferrets is quite similar to that of other Morbillivirus infections, including measles, this model will be useful in testing new candidate Morbillivirus vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Stephensen
- Department of International Health, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294-0019, USA.
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26
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Dubovi EJ. When viral serological testing is not enough: diagnosing disease in vaccinated animals. SEMINARS IN VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY (SMALL ANIMAL) 1996; 11:183-6. [PMID: 8942215 DOI: 10.1016/s1096-2867(96)80031-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Serological testing can be a key factor in diagnosing viral diseases. However, the extensive use of vaccines in companion animals can severely limit the use antibody detection testing. Modified-live vaccines induce an immune response that is indistinguishable from street virus in the antibody pattern and time course. Alternative testing schemes may be needed to assist the practitioner in arriving at a valid diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Dubovi
- Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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27
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Roelke-Parker ME, Munson L, Packer C, Kock R, Cleaveland S, Carpenter M, O'Brien SJ, Pospischil A, Hofmann-Lehmann R, Lutz H, Mwamengele GL, Mgasa MN, Machange GA, Summers BA, Appel MJ. A canine distemper virus epidemic in Serengeti lions (Panthera leo). Nature 1996; 379:441-5. [PMID: 8559247 PMCID: PMC7095363 DOI: 10.1038/379441a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 436] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV) is thought to have caused several fatal epidemics in canids within the Serengeti-Mara ecosystem of East Africa, affecting silver-backed jackals (Canis mesomelas) and bat-eared foxes (Otocyon megalotis) in 1978 (ref. 1), and African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) in 1991 (refs 2, 3). The large, closely monitored Serengeti lion population was not affected in these epidemics. However, an epidemic caused by a morbillivirus closely related to CDV emerged abruptly in the lion population of the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania, in early 1994, resulting in fatal neurological disease characterized by grand mal seizures and myoclonus; the lions that died had encephalitis and pneumonia. Here we report the identification of CDV from these lions, and the close phylogenetic relationship between CDV isolates from lions and domestic dogs. By August 1994, 85% of the Serengeti lion population had anti-CDV antibodies, and the epidemic spread north to lions in the Maasai Mara National reserve, Kenya, and uncounted hyaenas, bat-eared foxes, and leopards were also affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Roelke-Parker
- Serengeti Wildlife Research Institute, Tanzania National Parks, Arusha, Tanzania
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28
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Iwatsuki K, Okita M, Ochikubo F, Gemma T, Shin YS, Miyashita N, Mikami T, Kai C. Immunohistochemical analysis of the lymphoid organs of dogs naturally infected with canine distemper virus. J Comp Pathol 1995; 113:185-90. [PMID: 8543675 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9975(05)80033-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of acute canine distemper in three naturally infected dogs was investigated. The lymphoid organs showed atrophy without secondary follicles. The distribution of canine distemper virus (CDV) antigens was examined immunohistochemically with monoclonal antibodies specific for canine Thy-1, immunoglobulin (Ig) M, CD4, CD8, CD21 and CD45RB, and anti-measles virus nucleocapsid protein serum. The viral antigens were located in the T-cell-dependent areas and in the follicles of lymphoid organs; they were observed mainly in the Thy-1, or CD4-positive cells, but also in the CD8-, CD21-, or IgM-positive cells. The results indicated that Thy-1-positive and CD4-positive T cells serve as major target cells for CDV during the acute stage of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Iwatsuki
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tokyo, Japan
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29
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Abstract
Many different species of the order Carnivora are susceptible to canine distemper and the mortality rate varies greatly between species. Ailuridae, Canidae, Hyaenidae, Mustelidae, Procyonidae, Ursidae, Viverridae and now Felidae have been reported to be susceptible to canine distemper virus infection. Although distemper outbreaks in dogs, fur farms and in zoo carnivores have been greatly reduced in recent years due to vaccination, there are still regular outbreaks in free-living carnivores. Unexpected outbreaks of canine distemper have occurred in exotic felids in a California wildlife park and in the Serengeti in Tanzania as well as in javelinas (collared peccaries, Tayassu tajacu) in Arizona. Although safe and efficacious in dogs, modified live canine distemper virus vaccines may be dangerous for a variety of zoo and wildlife carnivores, especially red pandas (Ailurus fulgens) and black footed ferrets (Mustela nigripes).
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Appel
- James A. Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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30
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Appel MJ, Yates RA, Foley GL, Bernstein JJ, Santinelli S, Spelman LH, Miller LD, Arp LH, Anderson M, Barr M. Canine distemper epizootic in lions, tigers, and leopards in North America. J Vet Diagn Invest 1994; 6:277-88. [PMID: 7948195 DOI: 10.1177/104063879400600301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV) infection occurred in captive leopards (Panthera pardus), tigers (Panthera tigris), lions (Panthera leo), and a jaguar (Panthera onca) in 1991 and 1992. An epizootic affected all 4 types of cats at the Wildlife Waystation, San Fernando, California, with 17 mortalities. CDV-infected raccoons were thought to be the source of infection in these cats. Two black leopards died at the Naibi Zoo, Coal Valley, Illinois, and 2 tigers died at the Shambala Preserve, Acton, California. Initial clinical signs were anorexia with gastrointestinal and/or respiratory disease followed by seizures. Canine distemper virus was isolated from 3 leopards, 3 tigers, and 3 lions that died or were euthanized when moribund. Monoclonal antibody testing identified the virus isolates as CDV. Gross and histopathologic findings were similar to those found in canids with distemper with a few exceptions. There were fewer lesions in the brain, and there was a pronounced type 2 cell proliferation in the lung, with inclusion bodies and CDV antigen demonstrated by immunohistology. Neutralizing antibody to CDV was found in high titers in serum from most animals but was absent or was found only in low titers in some cats that succumbed after CDV infection. There was a marked difference in neutralizing antibody titers when tests were done with different strains of CDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Appel
- James A. Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
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31
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Saliki JT, House JA, Mebus CA, Dubovi EJ. Comparison of monoclonal antibody-based sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and virus isolation for detection of peste des petits ruminants virus in goat tissues and secretions. J Clin Microbiol 1994; 32:1349-53. [PMID: 8051266 PMCID: PMC263698 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.32.5.1349-1353.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A monoclonal antibody-based sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (S-ELISA) was developed for specific detection of peste des petits ruminants virus. Compared with virus isolation in Vero cell cultures using 89 paired tissue and secretion samples from six experimentally infected goats, S-ELISA was significantly more sensitive (71.9% versus 65.2%; P < 0.05). The S-ELISA is a suitable alternative to virus isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Saliki
- Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Plum Island, Greenport, New York 11944
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