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Fialho Silva IT, Assis Lopes P, Timotio Almeida T, Ramos SC, Caliman Fontes AT, Guimarães Silva D, Martins Soares C, Oliveira Carneiro L, Souza IFB, Ferreira Abreu F, Nascimento Silva G, Mascarenhas de Souza L, Brito Pinheiro T, de Souza E Silva FN, de Santana JP, Kelly Silva B, Almeida Souza D, Silva Macedo S, Almeida Ismael LS, Pereira de Jesus PA. Impact of Delirium and Its Motor Subtypes on Stroke Outcomes. Stroke 2021; 52:1322-1329. [PMID: 33719516 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.120.026425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Delirium is an acute and fluctuating impairment of attention, cognition, and behavior. Although common in stroke, studies that associate the clinical subtypes of delirium with functional outcome and death are lacking. We aimed to evaluate the influence of delirium occurrence and its different motor subtypes over stroke patients' prognosis. METHODS Prospective cohort of stroke patients with symptom onset within 72 hours before research admission. Delirium was diagnosed by Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit, and its motor subtypes were defined according to the Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale. The main outcome was functional dependence or death (modified Rankin Scale>2) at 90 days comparing: delirium versus no delirium patients; and between motor subtypes. Secondary outcomes included modified Rankin Scale score >2 at 30 days and 90-day-mortality. RESULTS Two hundred twenty-seven patients were enrolled. Delirium occurred in 71 patients (31.3%), with the hypoactive subtype as the most frequent, in 41 subjects (57.8%). Delirium was associated with increased risk of death and functional dependence at 30 and 90 days and higher 90-day mortality. Multivariate analysis showed delirium (odds ratio, 3.28 [95% CI, 1.17-9.22]) as independent predictor of modified Rankin Scale >2 at 90 days. CONCLUSIONS Delirium is frequent in stroke patients in the acute phase. Its occurrence-specifically in mixed and hypoactive subtypes-seems to predict worse outcomes in this population. To our knowledge, this is the first study to prospectively investigate differences between delirium motor subtypes over functional outcome three months poststroke. Larger studies are needed to elucidate the relationship between motor subtypes of delirium and functional outcomes in the context of acute stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivã Taiuan Fialho Silva
- Federal University of Bahia, Stroke Clinic, Salvador, Brazil (I.T.F.S., P.A.L., T.T.A., A.T.C.F., D.G.S., L.O.C., F.F.A., G.N.S., L.M.d.S., S.C.R., C.M.S., I.F.B.S., T.B.P., F.N.d.S.e.S., J.P.d.S., B.K.S., D.A.S., S.S.M.)
| | - Pedro Assis Lopes
- Federal University of Bahia, Stroke Clinic, Salvador, Brazil (I.T.F.S., P.A.L., T.T.A., A.T.C.F., D.G.S., L.O.C., F.F.A., G.N.S., L.M.d.S., S.C.R., C.M.S., I.F.B.S., T.B.P., F.N.d.S.e.S., J.P.d.S., B.K.S., D.A.S., S.S.M.)
| | - Tiago Timotio Almeida
- Federal University of Bahia, Stroke Clinic, Salvador, Brazil (I.T.F.S., P.A.L., T.T.A., A.T.C.F., D.G.S., L.O.C., F.F.A., G.N.S., L.M.d.S., S.C.R., C.M.S., I.F.B.S., T.B.P., F.N.d.S.e.S., J.P.d.S., B.K.S., D.A.S., S.S.M.)
| | - Saint Clair Ramos
- Federal University of Bahia, Stroke Clinic, Salvador, Brazil (I.T.F.S., P.A.L., T.T.A., A.T.C.F., D.G.S., L.O.C., F.F.A., G.N.S., L.M.d.S., S.C.R., C.M.S., I.F.B.S., T.B.P., F.N.d.S.e.S., J.P.d.S., B.K.S., D.A.S., S.S.M.)
| | - Ana Teresa Caliman Fontes
- Federal University of Bahia, Stroke Clinic, Salvador, Brazil (I.T.F.S., P.A.L., T.T.A., A.T.C.F., D.G.S., L.O.C., F.F.A., G.N.S., L.M.d.S., S.C.R., C.M.S., I.F.B.S., T.B.P., F.N.d.S.e.S., J.P.d.S., B.K.S., D.A.S., S.S.M.)
| | - Daniel Guimarães Silva
- Federal University of Bahia, Stroke Clinic, Salvador, Brazil (I.T.F.S., P.A.L., T.T.A., A.T.C.F., D.G.S., L.O.C., F.F.A., G.N.S., L.M.d.S., S.C.R., C.M.S., I.F.B.S., T.B.P., F.N.d.S.e.S., J.P.d.S., B.K.S., D.A.S., S.S.M.)
| | - Camila Martins Soares
- Federal University of Bahia, Stroke Clinic, Salvador, Brazil (I.T.F.S., P.A.L., T.T.A., A.T.C.F., D.G.S., L.O.C., F.F.A., G.N.S., L.M.d.S., S.C.R., C.M.S., I.F.B.S., T.B.P., F.N.d.S.e.S., J.P.d.S., B.K.S., D.A.S., S.S.M.)
| | - Lays Oliveira Carneiro
- Federal University of Bahia, Stroke Clinic, Salvador, Brazil (I.T.F.S., P.A.L., T.T.A., A.T.C.F., D.G.S., L.O.C., F.F.A., G.N.S., L.M.d.S., S.C.R., C.M.S., I.F.B.S., T.B.P., F.N.d.S.e.S., J.P.d.S., B.K.S., D.A.S., S.S.M.)
| | - Ian Felipe Barbosa Souza
- Federal University of Bahia, Stroke Clinic, Salvador, Brazil (I.T.F.S., P.A.L., T.T.A., A.T.C.F., D.G.S., L.O.C., F.F.A., G.N.S., L.M.d.S., S.C.R., C.M.S., I.F.B.S., T.B.P., F.N.d.S.e.S., J.P.d.S., B.K.S., D.A.S., S.S.M.)
| | - Fernanda Ferreira Abreu
- Federal University of Bahia, Stroke Clinic, Salvador, Brazil (I.T.F.S., P.A.L., T.T.A., A.T.C.F., D.G.S., L.O.C., F.F.A., G.N.S., L.M.d.S., S.C.R., C.M.S., I.F.B.S., T.B.P., F.N.d.S.e.S., J.P.d.S., B.K.S., D.A.S., S.S.M.)
| | - Gabriel Nascimento Silva
- Federal University of Bahia, Stroke Clinic, Salvador, Brazil (I.T.F.S., P.A.L., T.T.A., A.T.C.F., D.G.S., L.O.C., F.F.A., G.N.S., L.M.d.S., S.C.R., C.M.S., I.F.B.S., T.B.P., F.N.d.S.e.S., J.P.d.S., B.K.S., D.A.S., S.S.M.)
| | - Letícia Mascarenhas de Souza
- Federal University of Bahia, Stroke Clinic, Salvador, Brazil (I.T.F.S., P.A.L., T.T.A., A.T.C.F., D.G.S., L.O.C., F.F.A., G.N.S., L.M.d.S., S.C.R., C.M.S., I.F.B.S., T.B.P., F.N.d.S.e.S., J.P.d.S., B.K.S., D.A.S., S.S.M.)
| | - Thiago Brito Pinheiro
- Federal University of Bahia, Stroke Clinic, Salvador, Brazil (I.T.F.S., P.A.L., T.T.A., A.T.C.F., D.G.S., L.O.C., F.F.A., G.N.S., L.M.d.S., S.C.R., C.M.S., I.F.B.S., T.B.P., F.N.d.S.e.S., J.P.d.S., B.K.S., D.A.S., S.S.M.)
| | - Filipe Nolasco de Souza E Silva
- Federal University of Bahia, Stroke Clinic, Salvador, Brazil (I.T.F.S., P.A.L., T.T.A., A.T.C.F., D.G.S., L.O.C., F.F.A., G.N.S., L.M.d.S., S.C.R., C.M.S., I.F.B.S., T.B.P., F.N.d.S.e.S., J.P.d.S., B.K.S., D.A.S., S.S.M.)
| | - João Pedro de Santana
- Federal University of Bahia, Stroke Clinic, Salvador, Brazil (I.T.F.S., P.A.L., T.T.A., A.T.C.F., D.G.S., L.O.C., F.F.A., G.N.S., L.M.d.S., S.C.R., C.M.S., I.F.B.S., T.B.P., F.N.d.S.e.S., J.P.d.S., B.K.S., D.A.S., S.S.M.)
| | - Beatriz Kelly Silva
- Federal University of Bahia, Stroke Clinic, Salvador, Brazil (I.T.F.S., P.A.L., T.T.A., A.T.C.F., D.G.S., L.O.C., F.F.A., G.N.S., L.M.d.S., S.C.R., C.M.S., I.F.B.S., T.B.P., F.N.d.S.e.S., J.P.d.S., B.K.S., D.A.S., S.S.M.)
| | - Danilo Almeida Souza
- Federal University of Bahia, Stroke Clinic, Salvador, Brazil (I.T.F.S., P.A.L., T.T.A., A.T.C.F., D.G.S., L.O.C., F.F.A., G.N.S., L.M.d.S., S.C.R., C.M.S., I.F.B.S., T.B.P., F.N.d.S.e.S., J.P.d.S., B.K.S., D.A.S., S.S.M.)
| | - Silvana Silva Macedo
- Federal University of Bahia, Stroke Clinic, Salvador, Brazil (I.T.F.S., P.A.L., T.T.A., A.T.C.F., D.G.S., L.O.C., F.F.A., G.N.S., L.M.d.S., S.C.R., C.M.S., I.F.B.S., T.B.P., F.N.d.S.e.S., J.P.d.S., B.K.S., D.A.S., S.S.M.)
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Brummel NE, Boehm LM, Girard TD, Pandharipande PP, Jackson JC, Hughes CG, Patel MB, Han JH, Vasilevskis EE, Thompson JL, Chandrasekhar R, Bernard GR, Dittus RS, Ely EW. Subsyndromal Delirium and Institutionalization Among Patients With Critical Illness. Am J Crit Care 2017; 26:447-455. [PMID: 29092867 PMCID: PMC5831547 DOI: 10.4037/ajcc2017263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prognostic importance of subsyndromal delirium is unknown. OBJECTIVE To test whether duration of subsyndromal delirium is independently associated with institutionalization. METHODS The Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit (CAM-ICU) was used twice daily to assess for subsyndromal delirium in patients with respiratory failure or shock. Delirium was considered present if the assessment was positive. Subsyndromal delirium was considered present if the assessment was negative but the patient exhibited any CAM-ICU features. Multivariable regression was used to determine the association between duration of subsyndromal delirium and institutionalization, adjusting for age, education, baseline cognition and disability, comorbidities, severity of illness, delirium, coma, sepsis, and doses of sedatives and opiates. RESULTS Subsyndromal delirium, lasting a median of 3 days, developed in 702 of 821 patients (86%). After adjusting for covariates, duration of subsyndromal delirium was an independent predictor of increased odds of institutionalization (P = .007). This association was greatest in patients with less delirium (P for interaction = .01). Specifically, of patients who were never delirious, those with 5 days of subsyndromal delirium (upper interquartile range [IQR]) were 4.2 times more likely to be institutionalized than those with 1.5 days of subsyndromal delirium (lower IQR). CONCLUSIONS Subsyndromal delirium occurred in most critically ill patients, and its duration was an independent predictor of institutionalization. Routine monitoring of all delirium symptoms may enable detection of full and subsyndromal forms of delirium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan E Brummel
- Nathan E. Brummel is an assistant professor and E. Wesley Ely is a professor, Department of Medicine, Center for Quality Aging and the Center for Health Services Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee. Dr Ely is also the associate director for research for the Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center Service (GRECC), Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee. Leanne M. Boehm is a postdoctoral fellow, Vanderbilt University School of Nursing, a quality scholar, GRECC, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, and a research nurse, Department of Medicine, Center for Health Services Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Timothy D. Girard is an associate professor, Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness Center, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Pratik P. Pandharipande is a professor and Christopher G. Hughes is an associate professor, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. James C. Jackson is a research associate professor, Department of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, and Mayur B. Patel is an assistant professor, Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Jin H. Han is an associate professor, Department of Emergency Medicine and Center for Quality Aging, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Eduard E. Vasilevskis is a staff physician, GRECC, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, and an assistant professor, Department of Medicine and Center for Health Services Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Jennifer L. Thompson is a biostatistician and Rameela Chandrasekhar is an assistant professor, Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine. Gordon R. Bernard is associate vice-chancellor for research and a professor, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Robert S. Dittus is director, GRECC, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, and a professor, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center.
| | - Leanne M Boehm
- Nathan E. Brummel is an assistant professor and E. Wesley Ely is a professor, Department of Medicine, Center for Quality Aging and the Center for Health Services Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee. Dr Ely is also the associate director for research for the Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center Service (GRECC), Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee. Leanne M. Boehm is a postdoctoral fellow, Vanderbilt University School of Nursing, a quality scholar, GRECC, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, and a research nurse, Department of Medicine, Center for Health Services Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Timothy D. Girard is an associate professor, Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness Center, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Pratik P. Pandharipande is a professor and Christopher G. Hughes is an associate professor, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. James C. Jackson is a research associate professor, Department of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, and Mayur B. Patel is an assistant professor, Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Jin H. Han is an associate professor, Department of Emergency Medicine and Center for Quality Aging, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Eduard E. Vasilevskis is a staff physician, GRECC, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, and an assistant professor, Department of Medicine and Center for Health Services Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Jennifer L. Thompson is a biostatistician and Rameela Chandrasekhar is an assistant professor, Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine. Gordon R. Bernard is associate vice-chancellor for research and a professor, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Robert S. Dittus is director, GRECC, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, and a professor, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
| | - Timothy D Girard
- Nathan E. Brummel is an assistant professor and E. Wesley Ely is a professor, Department of Medicine, Center for Quality Aging and the Center for Health Services Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee. Dr Ely is also the associate director for research for the Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center Service (GRECC), Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee. Leanne M. Boehm is a postdoctoral fellow, Vanderbilt University School of Nursing, a quality scholar, GRECC, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, and a research nurse, Department of Medicine, Center for Health Services Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Timothy D. Girard is an associate professor, Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness Center, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Pratik P. Pandharipande is a professor and Christopher G. Hughes is an associate professor, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. James C. Jackson is a research associate professor, Department of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, and Mayur B. Patel is an assistant professor, Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Jin H. Han is an associate professor, Department of Emergency Medicine and Center for Quality Aging, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Eduard E. Vasilevskis is a staff physician, GRECC, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, and an assistant professor, Department of Medicine and Center for Health Services Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Jennifer L. Thompson is a biostatistician and Rameela Chandrasekhar is an assistant professor, Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine. Gordon R. Bernard is associate vice-chancellor for research and a professor, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Robert S. Dittus is director, GRECC, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, and a professor, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
| | - Pratik P Pandharipande
- Nathan E. Brummel is an assistant professor and E. Wesley Ely is a professor, Department of Medicine, Center for Quality Aging and the Center for Health Services Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee. Dr Ely is also the associate director for research for the Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center Service (GRECC), Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee. Leanne M. Boehm is a postdoctoral fellow, Vanderbilt University School of Nursing, a quality scholar, GRECC, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, and a research nurse, Department of Medicine, Center for Health Services Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Timothy D. Girard is an associate professor, Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness Center, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Pratik P. Pandharipande is a professor and Christopher G. Hughes is an associate professor, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. James C. Jackson is a research associate professor, Department of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, and Mayur B. Patel is an assistant professor, Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Jin H. Han is an associate professor, Department of Emergency Medicine and Center for Quality Aging, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Eduard E. Vasilevskis is a staff physician, GRECC, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, and an assistant professor, Department of Medicine and Center for Health Services Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Jennifer L. Thompson is a biostatistician and Rameela Chandrasekhar is an assistant professor, Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine. Gordon R. Bernard is associate vice-chancellor for research and a professor, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Robert S. Dittus is director, GRECC, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, and a professor, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
| | - James C Jackson
- Nathan E. Brummel is an assistant professor and E. Wesley Ely is a professor, Department of Medicine, Center for Quality Aging and the Center for Health Services Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee. Dr Ely is also the associate director for research for the Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center Service (GRECC), Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee. Leanne M. Boehm is a postdoctoral fellow, Vanderbilt University School of Nursing, a quality scholar, GRECC, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, and a research nurse, Department of Medicine, Center for Health Services Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Timothy D. Girard is an associate professor, Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness Center, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Pratik P. Pandharipande is a professor and Christopher G. Hughes is an associate professor, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. James C. Jackson is a research associate professor, Department of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, and Mayur B. Patel is an assistant professor, Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Jin H. Han is an associate professor, Department of Emergency Medicine and Center for Quality Aging, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Eduard E. Vasilevskis is a staff physician, GRECC, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, and an assistant professor, Department of Medicine and Center for Health Services Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Jennifer L. Thompson is a biostatistician and Rameela Chandrasekhar is an assistant professor, Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine. Gordon R. Bernard is associate vice-chancellor for research and a professor, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Robert S. Dittus is director, GRECC, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, and a professor, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
| | - Christopher G Hughes
- Nathan E. Brummel is an assistant professor and E. Wesley Ely is a professor, Department of Medicine, Center for Quality Aging and the Center for Health Services Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee. Dr Ely is also the associate director for research for the Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center Service (GRECC), Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee. Leanne M. Boehm is a postdoctoral fellow, Vanderbilt University School of Nursing, a quality scholar, GRECC, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, and a research nurse, Department of Medicine, Center for Health Services Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Timothy D. Girard is an associate professor, Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness Center, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Pratik P. Pandharipande is a professor and Christopher G. Hughes is an associate professor, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. James C. Jackson is a research associate professor, Department of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, and Mayur B. Patel is an assistant professor, Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Jin H. Han is an associate professor, Department of Emergency Medicine and Center for Quality Aging, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Eduard E. Vasilevskis is a staff physician, GRECC, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, and an assistant professor, Department of Medicine and Center for Health Services Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Jennifer L. Thompson is a biostatistician and Rameela Chandrasekhar is an assistant professor, Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine. Gordon R. Bernard is associate vice-chancellor for research and a professor, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Robert S. Dittus is director, GRECC, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, and a professor, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
| | - Mayur B Patel
- Nathan E. Brummel is an assistant professor and E. Wesley Ely is a professor, Department of Medicine, Center for Quality Aging and the Center for Health Services Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee. Dr Ely is also the associate director for research for the Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center Service (GRECC), Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee. Leanne M. Boehm is a postdoctoral fellow, Vanderbilt University School of Nursing, a quality scholar, GRECC, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, and a research nurse, Department of Medicine, Center for Health Services Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Timothy D. Girard is an associate professor, Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness Center, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Pratik P. Pandharipande is a professor and Christopher G. Hughes is an associate professor, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. James C. Jackson is a research associate professor, Department of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, and Mayur B. Patel is an assistant professor, Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Jin H. Han is an associate professor, Department of Emergency Medicine and Center for Quality Aging, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Eduard E. Vasilevskis is a staff physician, GRECC, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, and an assistant professor, Department of Medicine and Center for Health Services Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Jennifer L. Thompson is a biostatistician and Rameela Chandrasekhar is an assistant professor, Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine. Gordon R. Bernard is associate vice-chancellor for research and a professor, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Robert S. Dittus is director, GRECC, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, and a professor, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
| | - Jin H Han
- Nathan E. Brummel is an assistant professor and E. Wesley Ely is a professor, Department of Medicine, Center for Quality Aging and the Center for Health Services Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee. Dr Ely is also the associate director for research for the Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center Service (GRECC), Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee. Leanne M. Boehm is a postdoctoral fellow, Vanderbilt University School of Nursing, a quality scholar, GRECC, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, and a research nurse, Department of Medicine, Center for Health Services Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Timothy D. Girard is an associate professor, Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness Center, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Pratik P. Pandharipande is a professor and Christopher G. Hughes is an associate professor, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. James C. Jackson is a research associate professor, Department of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, and Mayur B. Patel is an assistant professor, Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Jin H. Han is an associate professor, Department of Emergency Medicine and Center for Quality Aging, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Eduard E. Vasilevskis is a staff physician, GRECC, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, and an assistant professor, Department of Medicine and Center for Health Services Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Jennifer L. Thompson is a biostatistician and Rameela Chandrasekhar is an assistant professor, Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine. Gordon R. Bernard is associate vice-chancellor for research and a professor, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Robert S. Dittus is director, GRECC, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, and a professor, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
| | - Eduard E Vasilevskis
- Nathan E. Brummel is an assistant professor and E. Wesley Ely is a professor, Department of Medicine, Center for Quality Aging and the Center for Health Services Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee. Dr Ely is also the associate director for research for the Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center Service (GRECC), Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee. Leanne M. Boehm is a postdoctoral fellow, Vanderbilt University School of Nursing, a quality scholar, GRECC, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, and a research nurse, Department of Medicine, Center for Health Services Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Timothy D. Girard is an associate professor, Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness Center, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Pratik P. Pandharipande is a professor and Christopher G. Hughes is an associate professor, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. James C. Jackson is a research associate professor, Department of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, and Mayur B. Patel is an assistant professor, Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Jin H. Han is an associate professor, Department of Emergency Medicine and Center for Quality Aging, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Eduard E. Vasilevskis is a staff physician, GRECC, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, and an assistant professor, Department of Medicine and Center for Health Services Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Jennifer L. Thompson is a biostatistician and Rameela Chandrasekhar is an assistant professor, Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine. Gordon R. Bernard is associate vice-chancellor for research and a professor, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Robert S. Dittus is director, GRECC, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, and a professor, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
| | - Jennifer L Thompson
- Nathan E. Brummel is an assistant professor and E. Wesley Ely is a professor, Department of Medicine, Center for Quality Aging and the Center for Health Services Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee. Dr Ely is also the associate director for research for the Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center Service (GRECC), Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee. Leanne M. Boehm is a postdoctoral fellow, Vanderbilt University School of Nursing, a quality scholar, GRECC, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, and a research nurse, Department of Medicine, Center for Health Services Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Timothy D. Girard is an associate professor, Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness Center, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Pratik P. Pandharipande is a professor and Christopher G. Hughes is an associate professor, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. James C. Jackson is a research associate professor, Department of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, and Mayur B. Patel is an assistant professor, Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Jin H. Han is an associate professor, Department of Emergency Medicine and Center for Quality Aging, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Eduard E. Vasilevskis is a staff physician, GRECC, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, and an assistant professor, Department of Medicine and Center for Health Services Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Jennifer L. Thompson is a biostatistician and Rameela Chandrasekhar is an assistant professor, Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine. Gordon R. Bernard is associate vice-chancellor for research and a professor, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Robert S. Dittus is director, GRECC, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, and a professor, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
| | - Rameela Chandrasekhar
- Nathan E. Brummel is an assistant professor and E. Wesley Ely is a professor, Department of Medicine, Center for Quality Aging and the Center for Health Services Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee. Dr Ely is also the associate director for research for the Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center Service (GRECC), Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee. Leanne M. Boehm is a postdoctoral fellow, Vanderbilt University School of Nursing, a quality scholar, GRECC, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, and a research nurse, Department of Medicine, Center for Health Services Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Timothy D. Girard is an associate professor, Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness Center, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Pratik P. Pandharipande is a professor and Christopher G. Hughes is an associate professor, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. James C. Jackson is a research associate professor, Department of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, and Mayur B. Patel is an assistant professor, Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Jin H. Han is an associate professor, Department of Emergency Medicine and Center for Quality Aging, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Eduard E. Vasilevskis is a staff physician, GRECC, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, and an assistant professor, Department of Medicine and Center for Health Services Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Jennifer L. Thompson is a biostatistician and Rameela Chandrasekhar is an assistant professor, Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine. Gordon R. Bernard is associate vice-chancellor for research and a professor, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Robert S. Dittus is director, GRECC, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, and a professor, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
| | - Gordon R Bernard
- Nathan E. Brummel is an assistant professor and E. Wesley Ely is a professor, Department of Medicine, Center for Quality Aging and the Center for Health Services Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee. Dr Ely is also the associate director for research for the Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center Service (GRECC), Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee. Leanne M. Boehm is a postdoctoral fellow, Vanderbilt University School of Nursing, a quality scholar, GRECC, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, and a research nurse, Department of Medicine, Center for Health Services Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Timothy D. Girard is an associate professor, Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness Center, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Pratik P. Pandharipande is a professor and Christopher G. Hughes is an associate professor, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. James C. Jackson is a research associate professor, Department of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, and Mayur B. Patel is an assistant professor, Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Jin H. Han is an associate professor, Department of Emergency Medicine and Center for Quality Aging, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Eduard E. Vasilevskis is a staff physician, GRECC, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, and an assistant professor, Department of Medicine and Center for Health Services Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Jennifer L. Thompson is a biostatistician and Rameela Chandrasekhar is an assistant professor, Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine. Gordon R. Bernard is associate vice-chancellor for research and a professor, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Robert S. Dittus is director, GRECC, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, and a professor, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
| | - Robert S Dittus
- Nathan E. Brummel is an assistant professor and E. Wesley Ely is a professor, Department of Medicine, Center for Quality Aging and the Center for Health Services Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee. Dr Ely is also the associate director for research for the Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center Service (GRECC), Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee. Leanne M. Boehm is a postdoctoral fellow, Vanderbilt University School of Nursing, a quality scholar, GRECC, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, and a research nurse, Department of Medicine, Center for Health Services Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Timothy D. Girard is an associate professor, Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness Center, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Pratik P. Pandharipande is a professor and Christopher G. Hughes is an associate professor, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. James C. Jackson is a research associate professor, Department of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, and Mayur B. Patel is an assistant professor, Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Jin H. Han is an associate professor, Department of Emergency Medicine and Center for Quality Aging, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Eduard E. Vasilevskis is a staff physician, GRECC, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, and an assistant professor, Department of Medicine and Center for Health Services Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Jennifer L. Thompson is a biostatistician and Rameela Chandrasekhar is an assistant professor, Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine. Gordon R. Bernard is associate vice-chancellor for research and a professor, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Robert S. Dittus is director, GRECC, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, and a professor, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
| | - E Wesley Ely
- Nathan E. Brummel is an assistant professor and E. Wesley Ely is a professor, Department of Medicine, Center for Quality Aging and the Center for Health Services Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee. Dr Ely is also the associate director for research for the Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center Service (GRECC), Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee. Leanne M. Boehm is a postdoctoral fellow, Vanderbilt University School of Nursing, a quality scholar, GRECC, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, and a research nurse, Department of Medicine, Center for Health Services Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Timothy D. Girard is an associate professor, Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness Center, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Pratik P. Pandharipande is a professor and Christopher G. Hughes is an associate professor, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. James C. Jackson is a research associate professor, Department of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, and Mayur B. Patel is an assistant professor, Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Jin H. Han is an associate professor, Department of Emergency Medicine and Center for Quality Aging, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Eduard E. Vasilevskis is a staff physician, GRECC, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, and an assistant professor, Department of Medicine and Center for Health Services Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Jennifer L. Thompson is a biostatistician and Rameela Chandrasekhar is an assistant professor, Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine. Gordon R. Bernard is associate vice-chancellor for research and a professor, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Robert S. Dittus is director, GRECC, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, and a professor, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
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