1
|
Dodaj A, Sesar K, Prijatelj K, Mandić S, Bursać SR. Risk Factors for Non-Consensual Sexting Among Adolescents and Emerging Adults: An Extension of the Routine Activity Theory Perspective. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2024; 53:2583-2596. [PMID: 38862864 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-024-02903-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Adolescence and emerging adulthood are developmental phases in which the exploration of one's own sexuality takes on a high priority, which can increase the risk of risky sexual behavior. Due to technological advances, (non-consensual) sexting has increased among young people and has become an integral part of their sexual socialization. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to examine non-consensual sexting (both victimization and perpetration) among adolescents and emerging adults and to identify potential risk factors associated with non-consensual sexting using routine activity theory. The sample consisted of a total of 3514 adolescents aged 10-17 years (43% males; 57% females) and 3674 emerging adults aged 18-25 years (23% males; 77% females) from Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia. The results showed that both male adolescents and emerging adults were at higher risk for experiencing non-consensual sexting victimization. Personal factors such as gender, age, social bond, and routine cell phone activity predicted the risk of becoming a victim of non-consensual sexting in adolescents. For emerging adults, gender, social connection to friends, and routine cell phone use predicted the risk of becoming a victim of non-consensual sexting. Relationship status and routine cell phone activity predicted the forwarding of other sexts for both age groups. According to international scientific research and the findings of this particular study, we can conclude that the study of personal factors and routine variables helps understand non-consensual sexting among youth but is also essential in planning educational resources and preventive activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arta Dodaj
- Department of Psychology, University of Zadar, Ulica Mihovila Pavlinovića 1, 23 000, Zadar, Croatia.
| | - Kristina Sesar
- Department of Psychology, University of Mostar, Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Krešimir Prijatelj
- Department of Psychology, University of Zadar, Ulica Mihovila Pavlinovića 1, 23 000, Zadar, Croatia
| | - Sabina Mandić
- Faculty of Education and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sanja Radić Bursać
- Faculty of Education and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Macdowall WG, Reid DS, Lewis R, Bosó Pérez R, Mitchell KR, Maxwell KJ, Smith C, Attwood F, Gibbs J, Hogan B, Mercer CH, Sonnenberg P, Bonell C. Sexting among British adults: a qualitative analysis of sexting as emotion work governed by 'feeling rules'. CULTURE, HEALTH & SEXUALITY 2023; 25:617-632. [PMID: 35674014 PMCID: PMC7614518 DOI: 10.1080/13691058.2022.2080866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Sexting has generated considerable public and professional interest with concerns centring on young people, and potential harms to mental and sexual health. Little research thus far has explored the practice among adults and none has focused on the cultural norms relating to the emotional experience of sexting across different ages and genders. We conducted 40 semi-structured interviews with a diverse sample of adults aged 18-59 years in Britain on the role of digital technologies in participants' sexual lives. In this paper, we draw on the accounts of 34 people with experience of sexting. We identified three main themes in participants' accounts related to the emotional aspects of sexting: (1) trust, (2) desire/intimacy and (3) shame. Under each theme, we identified motivations, 'feeling rules', and examples of 'emotion work' relating to the self, the other and the dyad. We conclude that there are shared cultural norms that constitute what appropriate sexting should feel like. Interventions aiming to minimise harms arising from sexting need to build on commonly held cultural conventions regarding the 'rules of the game' concerning feelings as well as behaviours.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wendy G Macdowall
- Department of Public Health, Environments and Society, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - David S Reid
- Department of Public Health, Environments and Society, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Ruth Lewis
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Raquel Bosó Pérez
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Kirstin R Mitchell
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Karen J Maxwell
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Clarissa Smith
- Department of Arts, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Jo Gibbs
- Institute for Global Health, UCL London, UK
| | - Bernie Hogan
- Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Chris Bonell
- Department of Public Health, Environments and Society, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Falconer TA, Kauer S, Fisher CM. Sexting and sexual behaviour in Australian adolescents. Sex Health 2023; 20:57-63. [PMID: 36450300 DOI: 10.1071/sh22129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have tried to determine the relationship between sexting and risky behaviour to discover whether sexting fits into a deviance or normalcy discourse. This study investigated the relationship between sexting and sexual risk behaviours, contraception use and gender. METHODS The design was a cross-sectional analysis of data from the sixth National Survey of Secondary Student and Adolescent Sexual Health, collected in 2018. There were 8263 Australian adolescents (aged 14-18years). Participants were fairly evenly split by gender, and 73% identified as heterosexual. Participants were asked a series of questions about their engagement in sexting, sexual behaviour and sexual health behaviours. RESULTS A total of 52% of participants had sent a sext in the previous 2months, with most being text-based sexts. Sexters were 3.29times more likely to have engaged in anal or vaginal intercourse, and 2.88times more likely to have gotten pregnant than non-sexters. Sexters (M =2.76) had significantly more partners than non-sexters (M =2.35), t (3763)=-10.99, P X 2 (1)=0.38, P =0.535, or contraceptive use based on sexting status. CONCLUSIONS Sexters are more likely to have engaged in sexual intercourse and have more partners than non-sexters. Sexting is not strongly associated with other risky behaviours. Evidence for differences between sexters and non-sexters in protecting against STIs and pregnancy was not found, as there were no significant differences in contraceptive use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tasha A Falconer
- Family Relations and Human Development, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Sylvia Kauer
- Australian Research Centre in Sex, Health and Society, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Christopher M Fisher
- Australian Research Centre in Sex, Health and Society, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia; and College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pistoni C, Martinez Damia S, Alfieri S, Marta E, Confalonieri E, Pozzi M. What are the predictors of sexting behavior among adolescents? The positive youth development approach. J Adolesc 2023. [PMID: 36717108 DOI: 10.1002/jad.12142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Research supporting adolescent sexual health and empowerment is needed. The study investigates sexting among adolescents using the resources that characterized the Positive Youth Development Approach (PYD) and considering the impact of parental monitoring. The study aims to describe sexting among three different groups of adolescents (i.e., Non Sexters [NS], Passive Sexters [PS], and Active Sexters [AS]) considering age and sex (first aim). It also seeks to identify predictors among the PYD's resources and parental monitoring that explain the probability of falling into the sexter or the non sexter groups (second aim) as well as the probability of falling into the active or the passive sexter groups (third aim). METHOD The national representative sample was composed of 1866 Italian adolescents: 980 girls and 886 boys aged between 13 and 19 years old (M = 16.26; SD = 1.49). Participants completed a questionnaire that measured sexting behavior, PYD resources, and parental monitoring scales. Chi-squared and multivariate logistic regressions were performed. RESULTS Almost half of the participants (46.0%) were NS, 36.2% were PS, and 17.8% were AS. Results show that sex, age, Connection, and Child Disclosure are significant predictors of sexting behavior. CONCLUSIONS Results highlighted that sexting can be seen as a relational activity that adolescents use to establish connections as part as their sexual exploration. A parenting approach that promotes disclosure may help adolescents explore safely their sexuality and be accountable. Results also indicate that parents need to build educational alliances with schools to promote sexual health and empowerment among teenagers while preventing risk of harm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Pistoni
- Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milano, Italy.,CERISVICO - Research Centre on Community Development and Organisational Quality of Life, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Brescia, Italy
| | - Sara Martinez Damia
- Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milano, Italy.,CERISVICO - Research Centre on Community Development and Organisational Quality of Life, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Brescia, Italy
| | - Sara Alfieri
- Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milano, Italy
| | - Elena Marta
- Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milano, Italy.,CERISVICO - Research Centre on Community Development and Organisational Quality of Life, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Maura Pozzi
- Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Widman L, Maheux AJ, Craig E, Evans-Paulson R, Choukas-Bradley S. Sexual Communication between Adolescent Partners: A Scoping Review and Directions for Future Research. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2022; 59:984-999. [PMID: 35917190 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2022.2099787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Sexual communication between adolescent partners is an important component of sexual health and wellbeing. Over 40 years of research on adolescent sexual communication has yielded rich information, yet there remain gaps in our understanding of the communication process. The purpose of this scoping review was to synthesize the body of research on adolescent sexual communication to identify how communication has been conceptualized, how researchers have measured communication, and what theoretical frameworks have been applied across the literature. We identified 198 assessments of sexual communication across 119 quantitative studies. This work included 127,489 adolescents (Mage = 15.97) from 15 countries (81.5% U.S.-based). Most studies relied on self-reports (93.4%) and surveyed only one member of a couple (97.5%). The definition of sexual communication was highly varied across the literature: in half of assessments (52.0%) sexual communication was operationalized as a behavior-the verbal or nonverbal exchange of messages about sex-whereas the remaining half of assessments captured social-cognitive aspects of communication (e.g., communication self-efficacy, fear/anxiety). There was also a tendency for investigators to create their own idiosyncratic instruments: half of studies (48.9%) used instruments created by the research team with limited or no discussion of reliability/validity. Regarding the topic of communication, a third of assessments (33.8%) focused exclusively on condom communication and another quarter (24.0%) focused on other safer-sex issues (e.g., STDs, abstinence). Notably absent were studies focused on communication surrounding consent or sexual pleasure. Also absent was a guiding conceptual model or theory that could unify this body of work. Overall, results highlight gaps and inconsistencies in how partner sexual communication has been conceptualized, measured, and theorized about in previous work. We provide several recommendations for future theory-building efforts as well as rigorous, multimethod empirical investigations of adolescent sexual communication that would further our understanding of this important aspect of adolescent sexual wellbeing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Widman
- Department of Psychology, North Carolina State University
| | - Anne J Maheux
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware
| | - Elizabeth Craig
- Department of Communication, North Carolina State University
| | | | - Sophia Choukas-Bradley
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
A Cross-Cultural Examination of the Sexting Motives and Attitudes: Bosnia and Herzegovina vs. Croatia. HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/7606949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Many sexting studies conducted in the Western cultures have shown that the percentage is higher in less traditional cultures. However, the generalizability of this phenomenon to non-Western cultures has not been extensively researched. The purpose of this study is to examine and explain cross-cultural differences in sexting behavior among subjects from Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia. A mixed methods approach was used. The first, qualitative phase included focus groups with two groups of high school students from Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia (
), aged 15 to 19. In the second, quantitative phase, questionnaires were sent to 440 young adults with an average age of 21 years (
). From the interviews with the young people, nonconsensual sexting was perceived as less beneficial. Sexting was viewed as a double standard. The quantitative study revealed gender and country differences in attitudes toward sexting and motives for sexting. Positive attitudes toward sexting were found to predict different forms of sexting motives in both samples. In the sample from Bosnia and Herzegovina, age was found to predict sexting with instrumental motives and body image reinforcement motives. Gender, on the other hand, was found to be predictive of instrumental sexting motives in the Croatian sample and body image reinforcement sexting motives in the Bosnia and Herzegovina sample. This study illustrates the value of cross-cultural approaches combined with mixed methods as a design to study sexting behavior.
Collapse
|
7
|
Ojeda M, Del Rey R. Lines of Action for Sexting Prevention and Intervention: A Systematic Review. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2022; 51:1659-1687. [PMID: 34791584 PMCID: PMC8916998 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-021-02089-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Sexting has become a new form of intimate interaction in line with contemporary communication methods. This phenomenon often leads to positive outcomes, but it can also have negative repercussions depending on the situation, such as the context of the relationship, and whether it is consensual or coercive. Despite this, the main types of sexting behaviors (sending, receiving, and third-party forwarding) must be addressed in order to promote safe and healthy practices. However, the approach to tackling this phenomenon remains unclear. This systematic review sought to summarize the lines of action proposed or conducted in the scientific literature to address sexting, to help researchers and educators create and evaluate effective programs. A systematic search of 21 databases was conducted; only articles relating to sexting education, prevention, and intervention among child and adolescent populations were considered. In total, 456 articles were identified, 91 of which were included for the purposes of this research. The results highlighted a need to respond to the aforementioned sexting behaviors and to tackle the resulting conflict situations. Although interventions across different areas are recommended (e.g., health, family, policies, legal advice, law enforcement, technology experts, and even society as a whole), most studies agree that school is the most practical setting for intervention. Thus, the 15 lines of action identified in this systematic review must all be considered to effectively address sexting in childhood and adolescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Ojeda
- Department of Educational and Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Education Sciences, Universidad de Sevilla, C/ Camilo José Cela, s/n, 41018, Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Rosario Del Rey
- Department of Educational and Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Education Sciences, Universidad de Sevilla, C/ Pirotecnia, 19, 41013, Sevilla, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bragard E, Fisher CB. Associations between sexting motivations and consequences among adolescent girls. J Adolesc 2022; 94:5-18. [PMID: 35353410 DOI: 10.1002/jad.12000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Approximately 15% of adolescent girls in the United States have engaged in sexting. Although sexting frequency is similar across genders, adolescent girls report more negative consequences. To date, the majority of sexting research focuses on demographic and behavioral predictors of sexting frequency or onset and there is limited research on the associations between different sexting motivations and consequences. This cross-sectional study draws upon approach-avoidance motivation theory to examine how different sexting motivations serve as risk and protective factors related to negative sexting consequences and which motivations promote more positive experiences. METHOD A sample of 200 cisgender girls, 14-18 years, diverse with respect to race/ethnicity and geographical region, who had sexted a male recipient in the past year completed an online survey. RESULTS Regression analyses indicated that avoidance motivations sexting in response to peer pressure and popularity and sexting in response to male coercion were risk factors for negative sexting consequences. Sexual subjectivity (sexual body-esteem, entitlement to sexual pleasure, and sexual self-reflection) was a protective factor against negative sexting consequences and, along with sexting for sexual or romantic reasons, an approach motivation, was associated with experiencing more positive sexting consequences. CONCLUSION These findings support previous recommendations that schools incorporate ways to counter pressured sexting into existing cyberbullying or dating violence curricula and also align with a positive sexual development framework that acknowledges the importance of consensual and healthy sexual experiences during adolescence that minimize risks and vulnerabilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elise Bragard
- Department of Psychology, Fordham University, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Celia B Fisher
- Department of Psychology, Fordham University, Bronx, New York, USA.,Center for Ethics Education, Fordham University, Bronx, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Döring N, Krämer N, Mikhailova V, Brand M, Krüger THC, Vowe G. Sexual Interaction in Digital Contexts and Its Implications for Sexual Health: A Conceptual Analysis. Front Psychol 2021; 12:769732. [PMID: 34916999 PMCID: PMC8669394 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.769732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on its prevalence, there is an urgent need to better understand the mechanisms, opportunities and risks of sexual interaction in digital contexts (SIDC) that are related with sexual arousal. While there is a growing body of literature on SIDC, there is also a lack of conceptual clarity and classification. Therefore, based on a conceptual analysis, we propose to distinguish between sexual interaction (1) through, (2) via, and (3) with digital technologies. (1) Sexual interactions through digital technologies are face-to-face sexual interactions that (a) have been started digitally (e.g., people initiating face-to-face sexual encounters through adult dating apps) or (b) are accompanied by digital technology (e.g., couples augmenting their face-to-face sexual encounters through filming themselves during the act and publishing the amateur pornography online). (2) Sexual interactions via digital technology are technology-mediated interpersonal sexual interactions (e.g., via text chat: cybersex; via smartphone: sexting; via webcam: webcam sex/camming). (3) Sexual interactions with digital technology occur when the technology itself has the role of an interaction partner (e.g., sexual interaction with a sex robot or with a media persona in pornography). The three types of SIDC and their respective subtypes are explained and backed up with empirical studies that are grouped according to two major mediators: consent and commerce. Regarding the causes and consequences of the three types of SIDC we suggest a classification that entails biological, psychological, social, economic, and technological factors. Regarding implications of SIDC we suggest to focus on both opportunities and risks for sexual health. The proposed conceptual framework of SIDC is meant to inform future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Döring
- Media Psychology and Media Design, Institute of Media and Communication Science, Department of Economic Sciences and Media, Technische Universität Ilmenau, Ilmenau, Germany
| | - Nicole Krämer
- Social Psychology: Media and Communication, Department of Computer Science and Applied Cognitive Science, Faculty of Engineering, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Veronika Mikhailova
- Media Psychology and Media Design, Institute of Media and Communication Science, Department of Economic Sciences and Media, Technische Universität Ilmenau, Ilmenau, Germany
| | - Matthias Brand
- General Psychology: Cognition and Center for Behavioral Addiction Research (CeBAR), Department of Computer Science and Applied Cognitive Science, Faculty of Engineering, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Tillmann H C Krüger
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Section of Clinical Psychology and Sexual Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gerhard Vowe
- Communication and Media Studies, Center for Advanced Internet Studies (CAIS), Bochum, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Relationships between Coerced Sexting and Differentiation of Self: An Exploration of Protective Factors. SEXES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/sexes2040037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pressure to send sexually explicit messages, or ‘sexting coercion’ is associated with adverse mental health outcomes and sexual risk behaviors. This study explores Differentiation of Self (DoS) as a potential protective factor to reduce susceptibility to sexting coercion. A convenience sample of 399 Australian participants, aged 18 to 21 years (Mage = 19.63; SD = 1.14, 68.2% women) completed an online survey measuring sexting behaviors and DoS. Women were four times more likely to send willing unwanted sexts, and seven times more likely to engage in coerced unwanted sexting than men. Participants with low DoS were four times more likely to engage in coerced unwanted sexting. DoS significantly mediated the relationship between gender and coerced unwanted sexting. Results support the proposal of a sexting coercion typology encompassing discrete sub-types of sexting coercion. Results also indicate DoS may operate as a protective factor for young people in Australia, reducing compliance with sexting when coerced.
Collapse
|
11
|
Dream It, Do It? Associations between Pornography Use, Risky Sexual Behaviour, Sexual Preoccupation and Sexting Behaviours among Young Australian Adults. SEXES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/sexes2040034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
While sexting behaviours have attracted increasing research focus over the last decade as both normative and deviant forms of sexual activity, little attention has been paid to their potential associations with sexual preoccupation and heightened interest in sex. The current study sought to identify whether sexual preoccupation significantly predicts sending, receiving, and disseminating sexts, after controlling for pornography use and risky sexual behaviours. Young Australian adult participants (N = 654, 78.8% women) aged 18 to 34 (M = 19.78, SD = 1.66) completed an anonymous online self-report questionnaire regarding their engagement in sexting behaviours (sending, receiving, and dissemination), pornography use, risky sexual behaviours, and sexual preoccupation. Results showed that individuals with higher sexual preoccupation were more likely to engage in pornography use and risky sexual behaviours. Binary hierarchical logistic regressions revealed that sexual preoccupation predicted higher rates of sending and receiving sexts. However, sexual preoccupation did not significantly contribute to increased rates of sext dissemination. Our study illustrates the need to incorporate pornography viewing and sexting into the promotion of safe sexual behaviours in online and offline contexts, and the potential to utilise modern technology to negotiate safer sex practices.
Collapse
|
12
|
Rocha-Silva T, Nogueira C, Rodrigues L. Intimate abuse through technology: A systematic review of scientific Constructs and behavioral dimensions. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2021.106861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
13
|
Tao X, Bragard E, Fisher CB. Risks and Benefits of Adolescent Girls' Participation in Online Sexting Survey Research. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2021; 50:2335-2346. [PMID: 34374874 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-021-02003-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The increasingly ubiquitous use of sexting among adolescent girls underscores the importance of empirical data on their sexting behaviors, motivations, and outcomes. To date, the majority of sexting studies have been conducted online; however, little is known about the extent to which responding to such socially sensitive questions may cause participant discomfort or distress. Research on this question is critical since in the absence of empirical data, institutional review boards (IRBs) may permit or place restrictions on online sexting studies based on an under- or overestimation of adolescent participation risk. The current online study asked 210 girls (aged 14-18 years, 55% non-Hispanic White, with sexting experience in the past 12 months) who previously registered to take online surveys on (1) their anticipated comfort in responding to a sexting survey include items on sexting motivations, positive and negative sexting consequences, and related sexual behaviors; (2) their perceptions of sexting research benefits/harms; and (3) comfort discussing similar topics in everyday life and with health professionals. Overall, participants were comfortable responding to sexting survey questions, rated sexting research as high benefits and low risks, and felt about the same as or more comfortable completing a sexting survey than discussing similar topics with peers, parents, or healthcare professionals. Findings suggest that anonymous online sexting studies can be classified as minimal risk research for adolescent girls and provide empirical support for IRB decisions to waive guardian permission for participation in such studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Tao
- Department of Psychology, Fordham University, 226 Dealy Hall, Rose Hill Campus, 441 E. Fordham Road, Bronx, NY, 10458, USA.
| | - Elise Bragard
- Department of Psychology, Fordham University, 226 Dealy Hall, Rose Hill Campus, 441 E. Fordham Road, Bronx, NY, 10458, USA
| | - Celia B Fisher
- Department of Psychology, Fordham University, 226 Dealy Hall, Rose Hill Campus, 441 E. Fordham Road, Bronx, NY, 10458, USA
- Center for Ethics Education, Fordham University, Bronx, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Patrocino LB, Bevilacqua PD. A debate about risk, violence, and gender: a review of health production on sexting among young people. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2021; 26:2709-2718. [PMID: 34231684 DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232021267.07482021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This is a systematic review of the health production on sexting between 2009 and 2019. The scientific production was analyzed regarding its context (gender of the first author, publication year, and country of realization), publication type, knowledge field, themes, subjects addressed, and their conception about sexting. The 147 works on sexting as a central theme retrieved from PubMed were analyzed during the second semester of 2019. The search was done on the term of sexting. A descriptive statistical, interpretive analysis was carried out to assess the approach to risk, violence, and gender in these publications. Most first authors of these publications were female, and most manuscripts were published in the U.S. between 2017 and 2019 and adopted a quantitative approach (approximately 65%). Almost half of the productions' central theme was the prevalence of sexting or risky behavior among adolescents. The vast majority also attributed risky behavior to sexting somehow, from which violence can be inferred (70%). A negligible part of publications employed a gender approach (less than 15%). The health productions have insufficiently analyzed sexting by not distinguishing healthy from violent practices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laís Barbosa Patrocino
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz-Minas). Av. Augusto de Lima 1715, Barro Preto. 30190-002 Belo Horizonte MG Brasil.
| | - Paula Dias Bevilacqua
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz-Minas). Av. Augusto de Lima 1715, Barro Preto. 30190-002 Belo Horizonte MG Brasil.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lee JR, Darcy KM. Sexting: What's Law Got to Do with It? ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2021; 50:563-573. [PMID: 32445133 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-020-01727-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Sexting, the phenomenon commonly defined as the sending, receiving, and forwarding of nude, semi-nude, or sexually explicit images within digital forms of communication, is a practice that has received heightened public attention. While many scholars consider consensual sexting to be innocuous and a normative part of development, the potential for youth engagement to result in instances of cyberbullying, revenge porn, and child pornography has ignited public fear and anxiety, resulting in a messy patchwork of legal responses that often yield disproportionately punitive responses. Upon exploring the legal parameters surrounding youth sexting in Canada, this paper will argue that while the logic of the current legislation in protecting youth from harm is appropriate, its method of implementation is misguided. The legal reform advocated here calls upon child pornography and online harm laws only when the case involves an adult perpetrator, and suggests a more nuanced, graduated juvenile scheme when the behavior involves youth sexting participants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Ree Lee
- School of Criminal Justice, Michigan State University, 655 Auditorium Road, Baker Hall Rm 138, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - Kathleen M Darcy
- School of Criminal Justice, Michigan State University, 655 Auditorium Road, Baker Hall Rm 138, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Raine G, Khouja C, Scott R, Wright K, Sowden AJ. Pornography use and sexting amongst children and young people: a systematic overview of reviews. Syst Rev 2020; 9:283. [PMID: 33280603 PMCID: PMC7720575 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-020-01541-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Young people's use of pornography and participation in sexting are commonly viewed as harmful behaviours. This paper reports findings from a 'review of reviews', which aimed to systematically identify and synthesise the evidence on pornography and sexting amongst young people. Here, we focus specifically on the evidence relating to young people's use of pornography; involvement in sexting; and their beliefs, attitudes, behaviours and wellbeing to better understand potential harms and benefits, and identify where future research is required. METHODS We searched five health and social science databases; searches for grey literature were also performed. Review quality was assessed and findings synthesised narratively. RESULTS Eleven reviews of quantitative and/or qualitative studies were included. A relationship was identified between pornography use and more permissive sexual attitudes. An association between pornography use and stronger gender-stereotypical sexual beliefs was also reported, but not consistently. Similarly, inconsistent evidence of an association between pornography use and sexting and sexual behaviour was identified. Pornography use has been associated with various forms of sexual violence, aggression and harassment, but the relationship appears complex. Girls, in particular, may experience coercion and pressure to engage in sexting and suffer more negative consequences than boys if sexts become public. Positive aspects to sexting were reported, particularly in relation to young people's personal relationships. CONCLUSIONS We identified evidence from reviews of varying quality that linked pornography use and sexting amongst young people to specific beliefs, attitudes and behaviours. However, evidence was often inconsistent and mostly derived from observational studies using a cross-sectional design, which precludes establishing any causal relationship. Other methodological limitations and evidence gaps were identified. More rigorous quantitative studies and greater use of qualitative methods are required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gary Raine
- Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York, Second floor, Alcuin B Block, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Claire Khouja
- Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York, Second floor, Alcuin B Block, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Rachel Scott
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Room 148, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Kath Wright
- Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York, Second floor, Alcuin B Block, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Amanda J Sowden
- Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York, Second floor, Alcuin B Block, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Schreurs L, Sumter SR, Vandenbosch L. A Prototype Willingness Approach to the Relation Between Geo-social Dating Apps and Willingness to Sext with Dating App Matches. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2020; 49:1133-1145. [PMID: 32170549 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-020-01671-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Despite voiced concerns about sexual online risk behaviors related to mobile dating, little is known about the relation between mobile dating and sexting. The current cross-sectional study (N = 286) examined the relations between the use of geo-social dating apps and emerging adults' willingness to sext with a dating app match. By drawing on the prototype willingness model, both a reasoned path and a social reaction path are proposed to explain this link. As for the reasoned path, a structural equation model showed that more frequent dating app usage is positively related to norm beliefs about peers' sexting behaviors with unknown dating app matches (i.e., descriptive norms), norm beliefs about peers' approval of sexting with matches (i.e., subjective norms), and negatively related to perceptions of danger to sext with matches (i.e., risk attitude). In turn, descriptive norms were positively and risk attitudes were negatively associated with individuals' own willingness to sext with someone they had met through a dating app. As for the social reaction path, it was found that more frequent dating app usage was positively related to emerging adults' favorable evaluations of a prototype person who sexts with unknown dating app matches (i.e., prototype perceptions). The analyses further revealed that such prototype perceptions positively linked with emerging adults' own willingness to sext with a match. These results were similar among women and men and help explain why individuals may be willing to engage in sexting behavior with unknown others.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lara Schreurs
- School for Mass Communication Research, Faculty of Social Sciences, KU Leuven, Parkstraat 45, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Research Foundation Flanders (FWO-Vlaanderen), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sindy R Sumter
- Amsterdam School of Communication Research, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Vandenbosch
- School for Mass Communication Research, Faculty of Social Sciences, KU Leuven, Parkstraat 45, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Steinberg DB, Simon VA, Victor BG, Kernsmith PD, Smith-Darden JP. Onset Trajectories of Sexting and Other Sexual Behaviors Across High School: A Longitudinal Growth Mixture Modeling Approach. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2019; 48:2321-2331. [PMID: 31214907 PMCID: PMC6759369 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-019-1414-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Sexting is receiving substantial scholarly attention and is now considered commonplace in adolescence. Little is known, however, about the normative contexts and the development of adolescent sexting behavior, including the initiation of sexting in relation to other sexual behaviors. In this study, we used growth mixture modeling to identify classes of onset trajectories for sexual behaviors across high school. Participants included 429 high school students (54% female) who completed annual assessments of sexual behavior over a three-year period. We identified four distinct classes: postponement (9%) with no behaviors other than hand-holding and kissing initiated by Grade 11, gradual onset (44%) with sexting and other sexual behaviors emerging incrementally across high school, continuous onset (32%) with sexting and other sexual behaviors within the first three years of high school, early onset (15%) with initiation of sexting and all other sexual behaviors prior to or by the end of Grade 9. Boys were more likely than girls to be members of the postponement versus gradual onset class, while Black students were more likely than White students to be members of the early versus gradual onset class. Sexting behavior appears to be common in adolescence and co-emerges with genital contact behavior across varying trajectories of sexual development. These findings provide the foundation for contextualizing sexting within normative sexual development. Further, this information can inform efforts to promote sexual health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Davia B Steinberg
- Department of Psychology and Merrill Palmer Skillman Institute, Wayne State University, 71 E Ferry St., Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.
| | - Valerie A Simon
- Department of Psychology and Merrill Palmer Skillman Institute, Wayne State University, 71 E Ferry St., Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Bryan G Victor
- School of Social Work, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Patchin JW, Hinduja S. The Nature and Extent of Sexting Among a National Sample of Middle and High School Students in the U.S. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2019; 48:2333-2343. [PMID: 31309428 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-019-1449-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Sexting is the sending or receiving of sexually explicit or sexually suggestive images or video, usually via mobile devices. Despite widespread public concern about these behaviors as they occur among adolescents, including potentially serious legal consequences, relatively little research has been done to estimate the frequency of sexting among middle and high school students. The current study contributes to this scant body of knowledge by reporting prevalence rates for sending and receiving sexually explicit images or video among a nationally representative sample of 5593 American middle and high school students. Overall, approximately 13% of students reported that they had sent a sext, while 18.5% had received a sext. About one-third of those who sext had done it just one time. Rates of asking for, being asked for, and sharing of sexts are also presented, and are broken down further by gender, sexual orientation, race, and age. Implications for preventing sexting behaviors with these results in mind are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justin W Patchin
- Department of Political Science, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, WI, 54701, USA.
| | - Sameer Hinduja
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Casas JA, Ojeda M, Elipe P, Del Rey R. Exploring which factors contribute to teens' participation in sexting. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2019.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
21
|
Ojeda M, Del Rey R, Hunter SC. Longitudinal relationships between sexting and involvement in both bullying and cyberbullying. J Adolesc 2019; 77:81-89. [PMID: 31655376 DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2019.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sexting is a new way to explore sexuality among adolescents that can be associated with bullying behaviors. Previous studies have focused on peer-victimization but relationships between bullying and different forms of sexting have not been explored. This study evaluates the reciprocal relationships between the perpetration of traditional bullying, cyberbullying, and four forms of sexting (sending, receiving, third-party forwarding, and receiving sexts via an intermediary). METHODS The sample consisted of 1736 Spanish High School students (46.3% female; Mage = 13.60, SD = 1.25). Four direct questions were used to assess sexting, the EBIPQ to measure traditional bullying and the ECIPQ to evaluate cyberbullying. These measures were completed twice, four months apart. A cross-lagged panel analysis evaluated the reciprocal associations of all study measures. RESULTS Traditional bullying and cyberbullying were positively, reciprocally associated with each other. Generally, those young people who engaged in sexting at T1 were more likely to report engaging in sexting at T2. Third-party forwarding of sexts (forwarding on sexts which have been sent to a young person by others) displays clear relationships with bullying. Young people who reported using traditional bullying behaviours at T1 were more likely to report third-party forwarding of sexual content at T2. Bullies are more likely to later report third-party forwarding of sexts. CONCLUSIONS A focus on bullying behavior may be important for intervention efforts targeting to prevent possible negative outcomes of engaging in sexting. Recommendations are provided for educational and prevention efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Ojeda
- Department of Educational and Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Universidad de Sevilla, C/ Camilo José Cela S/N, 41018, Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Rosario Del Rey
- Department of Educational and Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Education, Universidad de Sevilla, C/ Pirotecnia 19, 41013, Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Simon C Hunter
- School of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, 40 George Street, Glasgow, G1 1QE, UK; Graduate School of Education, 35 Stirling Highway, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Reed E, Wong A, Raj A. Cyber Sexual Harassment: A Summary of Current Measures and Implications for Future Research. Violence Against Women 2019; 26:1727-1740. [PMID: 31631815 DOI: 10.1177/1077801219880959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Researchers have described cyber sexual harassment (CSH) as a range of sexually aggressive or harassing images or texts delivered through the use of digital mediums. CSH occurs in high proportions particularly among young populations, but the prevalence varies substantially across studies, largely due to variation in measures used and types of behaviors assessed. We describe the prevalence of CSH by types of CSH assessed, identify the measures used in previous research, and provide recommendations for future assessment. Future research is needed to ensure consistent and comprehensive measures that accurately capture CSH to assess prevalence and consequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Reed
- San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.,Center on Gender Equity and Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Institute for Behavioral and Community Health, San Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Alice Wong
- San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Anita Raj
- Center on Gender Equity and Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Dönmez YE, Soylu N. Online sexual solicitation in adolescents; socio-demographic risk factors and association with psychiatric disorders, especially posttraumatic stress disorder. J Psychiatr Res 2019; 117:68-73. [PMID: 31306899 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Technological developments and increased use of the internet created some risks for adolescents, such as online sexual solicitation (OSS). The aim of this study is to examine the sociodemographic risk factors of OSS and the association between OSS and psychiatric disorders in a psychiatric clinical sample. The study was conducted with 189 adolescents. The psychiatric evaluation was performed with DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed.) based psychiatric interviews and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire was used. OSS was defined by questions that are used in previous studies and that predict exposure to OSS. The participants were divided into two groups and compared. In addition, the Child Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Reaction Index was answered by the participants who exposed to OSS. The prevalence of OSS was determined as 21.1%. Depressive disorder, borderline personality disorder, and secondary psychiatric diagnosis are significantly higher in adolescents who exposed to OSS. The rate of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) development after exposure to OSS was determined as 57.8%. These results indicate that OSS is a severe trauma that occurs at a high rate, and it is associated with psychiatric problems, especially PTSD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunus Emre Dönmez
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Malatya Training and Research Hospital, Malatya, Turkey.
| | - Nusret Soylu
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Del Rey R, Ojeda M, Casas JA, Mora-Merchán JA, Elipe P. Sexting Among Adolescents: The Emotional Impact and Influence of the Need for Popularity. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1828. [PMID: 31496968 PMCID: PMC6712510 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexting refers to the exchange of sexual content material via technological devices. The definitions of this phenomenon vary greatly, mainly, depending on the types of sexting: primary and secondary. Besides the above, there is no common perspective on whether sexting is a risk behavior that entails some type of impact by itself or not and, in such a case, whether this impact varies according to gender. In addition, the need to be popular has shown to be a factor that could increase the probability of being involved in sexting. The present study analyzes the potential emotional impact of sexting as well as the effect of the need for popularity on this phenomenon and if it varies according to gender. The sample comprised 2,356 high school students (46.8% female, 53.2% male; age range 11-18 years old, M = 13.72; SD = 1.31) belonging to 12 compulsory secondary education (ESO) schools from the south of Spain. To assess sexting implication, four questions were presented to participants (sending, receiving, forwarding, and receiving sexts via intermediary). Scales, self-report, about emotional impact (depressed, annoyed, and active) and need for popularity were also applied. The results obtained show that, although sexting has a clear emotional impact on adolescents, it does not appear to generate a negative impact among those involved, at least in the short term. Concretely, this phenomenon seems to trigger emotions related to activation in boys and girls (I feel lively, energetic, satisfied, ready, determined, active). Additionally, with respect to the need for popularity, its relevance, specially, in relation to active emotional impact has been confirmed by the analyses. Statistical models found for boys and girls were similar. In addition, some differences in emotional impact by gender were found, girls feeling more depressed and annoyed in secondary sexting, and boys more active regarding both types of sexting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Del Rey
- Department of Educational and Developmental Psychology, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Mónica Ojeda
- Department of Educational and Developmental Psychology, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - José A. Casas
- Department of Psychology, Universidad de Córdoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Joaquín A. Mora-Merchán
- Department of Educational and Developmental Psychology, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Paz Elipe
- Department of Psychology, Universidad de Jaén, Jaen, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Sexting, Mental Health, and Victimization Among Adolescents: A Literature Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16132364. [PMID: 31277335 PMCID: PMC6650829 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16132364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The practice of creating and sharing sexual images via technological devices, known as sexting, has received crescent attention in the past years, especially due to the increase of adolescent engagement in this behavior. Although consensual sexting is not prima facie a crime, as some research has shown, it has the potential to be a risky behavior, and a threshold to get exposure to dangerous kinds of victimization as sextortion, online grooming or cyberbullying. In this context, teenagers represent a vulnerable group due to their limited ability of self-regulation, their high susceptibility to peer pressure, their technophilia, and their growing sexual curiosity. The present paper aims to review the scientific literature to analyze the relationship between mental health and sexting as a potentially risky behavior and its association with online victimization. The results and implications will be discussed.
Collapse
|
26
|
Milton AC, Gill BA, Davenport TA, Dowling M, Burns JM, Hickie IB. Sexting, Web-Based Risks, and Safety in Two Representative National Samples of Young Australians: Prevalence, Perspectives, and Predictors. JMIR Ment Health 2019; 6:e13338. [PMID: 31210139 PMCID: PMC6601255 DOI: 10.2196/13338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rapid uptake of information and communication technology (ICT) over the past decade-particularly the smartphone-has coincided with large increases in sexting. All previous Australian studies examining the prevalence of sexting activities in young people have relied on convenience or self-selected samples. Concurrently, there have been recent calls to undertake more in-depth research on the relationship between mental health problems, suicidal thoughts and behaviors, and sexting. How sexters (including those who receive, send, and two-way sext) and nonsexters apply ICT safety skills warrants further research. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to extend the Australian sexting literature by measuring (1) changes in the frequency of young people's sexting activities from 2012 to 2014; (2) young people's beliefs about sexting; (3) association of demographics, mental health and well-being items, and internet use with sexting; and (4) the relationship between sexting and ICT safety skills. METHODS Computer-assisted telephone interviewing using random digit dialing was used in two Young and Well National Surveys conducted in 2012 and 2014. The participants included representative and random samples of 1400 young people aged 16 to 25 years. RESULTS From 2012 to 2014, two-way sexting (2012: 521/1369, 38.06%; 2014: 591/1400, 42.21%; P=.03) and receiving sexts (2012: 375/1369, 27.39%; 2014: 433/1400, 30.93%; P<.001) increased significantly, not sexting (2012: 438/1369, 31.99%; 2014: 356/1400, 25.43%; P<.001) reduced significantly, whereas sending sexts (2012: n=35/1369, 2.56%; 2014: n=20/1400, 1.43%; P>.05) did not significantly change. In addition, two-way sexting and sending sexts were found to be associated with demographics (male, second language, and being in a relationship), mental health and well-being items (suicidal thoughts and behaviors and body image concerns), and ICT risks (cyberbullying others and late-night internet use). Receiving sexts was significantly associated with demographics (being male and not living with parents or guardians) and ICT risks (being cyberbullied and late-night internet use). Contrary to nonsexters, Pearson correlations demonstrated that all sexting groups (two-way, sending, and receiving) had a negative relationship with endorsing the ICT safety items relating to being careful when using the Web and not giving out personal details. CONCLUSIONS Our research demonstrates that most young Australians are sexting or exposed to sexting in some capacity. Sexting is associated with some negative health and well-being outcomes-specifically, sending sexts is linked to suicidal thoughts and behaviors, body image issues, and ICT safety risks, including cyberbullying and late-night internet use. Those who do sext are less likely to engage in many preventative ICT safety behaviors. How the community works in partnership with young people to address this needs to be a multifaceted approach, where sexting is positioned within a wider proactive conversation about gender, culture, psychosocial health, and respecting and caring for each other when on the Web.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa C Milton
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Benjamin A Gill
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | | | - Mitchell Dowling
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Jane M Burns
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Ian B Hickie
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Dekker A, Wenzlaff F, Daubmann A, Pinnschmidt HO, Briken P. (Don't) Look at Me! How the Assumed Consensual or Non-Consensual Distribution Affects Perception and Evaluation of Sexting Images. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8050706. [PMID: 31109000 PMCID: PMC6572565 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8050706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The non-consensual sharing of an intimate image is a serious breach of a person’s right to privacy and can lead to severe psychosocial consequences. However, little research has been conducted on the reasons for consuming intimate pictures that have been shared non-consensually. This study aims to investigate how the supposed consensual or non-consensual distribution of sexting images affects the perception and evaluation of these images. Participants were randomly assigned to one of two groups. The same intimate images were shown to all participants. However, one group assumed that the photos were shared voluntarily, whereas the other group were told that the photos were distributed non-consensually. While the participants completed several tasks such as rating the sexual attractiveness of the depicted person, their eye-movements were being tracked. The results from this study show that viewing behavior and the evaluation of sexting images are influenced by the supposed way of distribution. In line with objectification theory men who assumed that the pictures were distributed non-consensually spent more time looking at the body of the depicted person. This so-called ‘objectifying gaze’ was also more pronounced in participants with higher tendencies to accept myths about sexual aggression or general tendencies to objectify others. In conclusion, these results suggest that prevention campaigns promoting ‘sexting abstinence’ and thus attributing responsibility for non-consensual distribution of such images to the depicted persons are insufficient. Rather, it is necessary to emphasize the illegitimacy of the non-consensual distribution of sexting images, especially among male consumers of the material.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arne Dekker
- Institute for Sex Research and Forensic Psychiatry, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (F.W.); (P.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Frederike Wenzlaff
- Institute for Sex Research and Forensic Psychiatry, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (F.W.); (P.B.)
| | - Anne Daubmann
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (A.D.); (H.O.P)
| | - Hans O. Pinnschmidt
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (A.D.); (H.O.P)
| | - Peer Briken
- Institute for Sex Research and Forensic Psychiatry, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (F.W.); (P.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Strasburger VC, Zimmerman H, Temple JR, Madigan S. Teenagers, Sexting, and the Law. Pediatrics 2019; 143:peds.2018-3183. [PMID: 30988023 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2018-3183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The phenomenon of teen sexting emerged as a result of the proliferation of digital technology. More than 40 studies have established that teen sexting occurs relatively frequently and is a rising trend, commensurate with the ubiquity of smartphone ownership in teens. Studies have shown that sexting is associated with incidences of increased sexual behavior. US state laws on sexting vary widely, from decriminalization to misdemeanor charges or prosecution for child pornography with harsh sentences. Teen behavior and digital invention have outpaced the development of new laws, and this has the potential to have dire legal ramifications for teens. Separating consensual sexting from nonconsensual sexting and actual child pornography is a critical next step for law enforcement agencies and policy makers to catch up to technology. In this article, we argue that consensual teen-to-teen sexting does not warrant law enforcement involvement but rather is a health and education issue that is better addressed at home, in schools, and in primary care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor C Strasburger
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico;
| | | | - Jeff R Temple
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Sheri Madigan
- University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; and.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Van Ouytsel J, Madigan S, Ponnet K, Walrave M, Temple JR. Adolescent Sexting: Myths, Facts, and Advice. NASN Sch Nurse 2019; 34:345-350. [PMID: 31018758 DOI: 10.1177/1942602x19843113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Adolescent sexting remains an important public health issue because of the potential for psychosocial and legal consequences. This article briefly reviews the current state of the science of adolescent sexting research. It serves as an up-to-date and data-driven resource to school nurses and school staff to help augment understanding and facilitate discussion regarding teen sexting. The review is structured along popular myths about sexting.
Collapse
|
30
|
Van Ouytsel J, Walrave M, Lu Y, Temple JR, Ponnet K. The Associations between Substance Use, Sexual Behavior, Deviant Behaviors and Adolescents' Engagement in Sexting: Does Relationship Context Matter? J Youth Adolesc 2018; 47:2353-2370. [PMID: 30073509 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-018-0903-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
While prior research has identified multiple associations between engagement in sexting and risky behaviors, most existing studies do not take into account the contexts in which sexting occurs. The present study extends prior research by examining whether the associations between adolescents' sexting behavior and engagement in substance use, sexual behaviors, and deviant behaviors differ depending on the relational context (within or outside of a romantic relationship) in which young people engage in sexting. Results from a survey of 1187 secondary school students (61.3% girls, n = 728) between 16 and 22 years old (M = 17.82 years; SD = 0.88) revealed that sexting with a romantic partner is not a significant marker of engagement in risk behaviors. However, single youth who engage in sexting outside of a romantic relationship are more likely to report substance use, relative to their non-sexting counterparts. These findings underscore the need to use more nuanced measures to investigate sexting and for sexual education initiatives to integrate messages about substance use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joris Van Ouytsel
- Department of Communication Studies, University of Antwerp, Sint-Jacobsstraat 2, Antwerp, 2000, Belgium.
| | - Michel Walrave
- Department of Communication Studies, University of Antwerp, Sint-Jacobsstraat 2, Antwerp, 2000, Belgium
| | - Yu Lu
- Department of Ob/Gyn, UTMB Health, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555-0587, USA
| | - Jeff R Temple
- Department of Ob/Gyn, UTMB Health, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555-0587, USA
| | - Koen Ponnet
- Department of Communication Studies, IMEC-MICT-Ghent University, Korte Meer 11, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Burén J, Lunde C. Sexting among adolescents: A nuanced and gendered online challenge for young people. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
32
|
Medrano JLJ, Lopez Rosales F, Gámez-Guadix M. Assessing the Links of Sexting, Cybervictimization, Depression, and Suicidal Ideation Among University Students. Arch Suicide Res 2018; 22:153-164. [PMID: 28287925 DOI: 10.1080/13811118.2017.1304304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to analyze the direct and indirect relationships among sexting, cybervictimization, depression, and suicidal ideation. The sample consisted of 303 university students from Mexico (mean age = 19.73, SD = 1.73) who completed a questionnaire about the variables of interest. The relationships among the variables were analyzed using structural equation modeling. The results show that sexting was associated with being the victim of cyberbullying, which, in turn, was related to depressive symptoms. In addition, sexting, cybervictimization, and depressive symptoms were significantly associated with suicidal ideation. These results contribute to a better understanding of the relationship between online risk behaviors, such as sexting, and their possible negative consequences, such as cybervictimization, depression, and suicidal ideation.
Collapse
|
33
|
Cowell JM. International Research for School Nursing: Implications for Reviewers. J Sch Nurs 2017; 33:413-414. [PMID: 29108498 DOI: 10.1177/1059840517738899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
|
34
|
Abstract
One of the adverse effects arising among young people who engage in various social practices is the phenomenon of sexting. Sexting involves the production and delivery of sexual content voluntarily and freely and, in many cases, without the consent of the recipient. The aim of this study was to describe the presence of sexting in undergraduate students at the College of Nursing of the University of Almeria in Spain. It is a descriptive cross-sectional quantitative study. A total of 105 undergraduate nursing students completed the sexuality and technology questionnaire. The questionnaire consists of seven dimensions with 59 items. Depending on size, statistically significant differences between the use of social networks and the dimension "sexting actions completed" and the dimension "position on statements about sexting" were found. No statistically significant differences between gender and the practice of sexting were found. The three main reasons for sexting match in both genders, these being "to draw attention," "as a sexy gift," and "to feel sexy." Nursing students associated behaviors to show sexting, being a standard practice, common in both genders. Future research should consider the possible influence of this behavior on future professionals and on the field of nursing.
Collapse
|
35
|
Rice E, Craddock J, Hemler M, Rusow J, Plant A, Montoya J, Kordic T. Associations Between Sexting Behaviors and Sexual Behaviors Among Mobile Phone-Owning Teens in Los Angeles. Child Dev 2017; 89:110-117. [DOI: 10.1111/cdev.12837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
36
|
Yan Z. Child and Adolescent Use of Mobile Phones: An Unparalleled Complex Developmental Phenomenon. Child Dev 2017; 89:5-16. [PMID: 28485017 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.12821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This article addresses why children's use of mobile phones is an unparalleled complex developmental phenomenon in hopes of providing a broad context for this special section. It first outlines mobile phones as a sophisticated personalized and multifunction technology. Then it presents mobile phone use by children as an unparalleled complex developmental phenomenon on the basis of its four behavioral elements, two mobile cultures, and two developmental processes. It further illustrates the existing knowledge about children's mobile phones use that has been accumulated over the past 23 years and highlights 12 most studied topics, especially distracted driving and radiation exposure. It concludes with three types of scientific contributions made by the 12 articles in the special section.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Yan
- University at Albany, State University of New York
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Hertlein KM, Twist MLC. Sexting Behavior Among College Students: Implications for College Clinicians. JOURNAL OF COLLEGE STUDENT PSYCHOTHERAPY 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/87568225.2016.1277814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M. Hertlein
- Marriage and Family Therapy Program, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Markie L. C. Twist
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of Wisconsin–Stout, Menomonie, Wisconsin, USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Van Ouytsel J, Ponnet K, Walrave M, d’Haenens L. Adolescent sexting from a social learning perspective. TELEMATICS AND INFORMATICS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tele.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
39
|
van Oosten JMF, Vandenbosch L. Sexy online self-presentation on social network sites and the willingness to engage in sexting: A comparison of gender and age. J Adolesc 2016; 54:42-50. [PMID: 27865987 DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated whether engaging in sexy self-presentations on social network sites (SNSs) or exposure to sexy self-presentations on SNSs predicts the willingness to engage in sexting. A second aim of the present study was to investigate whether adolescent girls demonstrate stronger relationships between (exposure to) sexy online self-presentations on SNSs and willingness to sext than adolescent boys and young adult men and women. A two-wave panel survey among 953 Dutch adolescents (13-17 years old, 50.7% male) and 899 Dutch young adults (18-25 years old, 43.9% male) showed that engaging in sexy self-presentations on SNSs increased the willingness to engage in sexting, but only among adolescent girls. Exposure to sexy self-presentations of others did not predict the willingness to engage in sexting. The findings call for more research on the role of gender and age in the link between sexy self-presentation and sexting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna M F van Oosten
- Amsterdam School of Communication Research (ASCoR), University of Amsterdam, Postbus 15791, 1001 NG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Laura Vandenbosch
- Research Foundation Flanders (FWO-Vlaanderen) Associated with School for Mass Communication Research, KU Leuven, Parkstraat 42, 3000, Leuven, Belgium; MIOS (Media, ICT, and Interpersonal Relations in Organizations and Society), University of Antwerp, Sint-Jacobsstraat 2, 2000, Antwerp, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Ševčíková A. Girls' and boys' experience with teen sexting in early and late adolescence. J Adolesc 2016; 51:156-62. [PMID: 27391169 DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study explored the extent to which sexting represents a problematic behavior in early and late adolescence. Using data from the EU Kids Online II project (17,016 participants aged 11-16 from 25 European countries, 49.7% boys), multilevel logistic regression analyses were conducted separately for four groups: younger girls, older girls, younger boys, and older boys. Irrespective of age and gender, sexting was associated with emotional problems and alcohol use. Its effect decreased in older adolescents, except for emotional difficulties, which remained relatively high in older boys. Vaginal sex was associated with sexting in both younger and older boys while, in girls, the association was observed only in the older group. Younger boys with higher self-efficacy were more likely to send sexts than those with lower self-efficacy. Although sexting is associated with psychological challenges and other types of risk behavior, sexting in some younger boys may not necessarily represent problematic behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ševčíková
- Institute for Research on Children, Youth and Families, Faculty of Social Studies, Masaryk University, Joštova 10, 60200 Brno, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Kavanaugh JR, Lavallee K, Rudd R. A librarian’s role in media effects health literacy. REFERENCE SERVICES REVIEW 2016. [DOI: 10.1108/rsr-02-2016-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
This paper aims to assess a pediatric media health effects’ toolkit from a health literacy perspective. A secondary aim is to highlight the collaborative role of an embedded librarian.
Design/methodology/approach
The authors assessed ten items from the toolkit in several formats (text, survey and video) using the following health literacy assessment tools: the Simple Measure of Gobbledygook, the Suitability Assessment of Materials, the Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool for Printed Materials and the Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool for Audio/Visual Materials.
Findings
Both the toolkit’s readability scores and understandability scores provided a deeper understanding of where improvements to the toolkit need to be made. The review process also highlighted issues with the assessment tools themselves that prevent them from providing a complete analysis of each materials’ readability and suitability.
Research limitations/implications
This initial assessment of the toolkit will serve as the backbone for additional formative research, revisions and pilot tests, which will be conducted for the toolkit to become a viable, available and usable tool for pediatricians and health-care providers. The insight gleaned from this study serves as an example, for other institutions across fields, of the importance of having professionals, such as librarians, become well-versed in health literacy and offer guidance and insight for the development of health-focused patient materials.
Originality/value
This project provides further insight into the evolving role of the embedded librarian. As gatekeepers of information with the responsibility of vetting sources, informing the creation of content, and developing resources, the integration of health literacy knowledge is imperative for librarians to further the work of their institutions and aid in the progression of their field.
Collapse
|
42
|
Walrave M, Ponnet K, Van Ouytsel J, Van Gool E, Heirman W, Verbeek A. Whether or not to engage in sexting: Explaining adolescent sexting behaviour by applying the prototype willingness model. TELEMATICS AND INFORMATICS 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tele.2015.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
43
|
|
44
|
Van Ouytsel J, Van Gool E, Ponnet K, Walrave M. Brief report: The association between adolescents' characteristics and engagement in sexting. J Adolesc 2014; 37:1387-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|