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Veronese V, Rossetto G. The Role of the School Nurse in the United States, United Kingdom, and Italy During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Scoping Review. Clin Nurs Res 2024; 33:189-202. [PMID: 38197319 DOI: 10.1177/10547738231219732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
The school nurse has a crucial role in the United States and the United Kingdom and has their own expertise dedicated to school assistance for children, families, school staff, and the community. This study aims to identify the role and skills of the school nurse and understand the effects of COVID-19 on nursing skills in the following countries: The United States, the United Kingdom, and Italy. A Scoping Review was conducted following the JBI methodology for scoping reviews, following the PRISMA-ScR guidelines. Three databases were consulted: PubMed, Cinahl, and Scopus. In all, 58 studies met the eligibility criteria and were included. 93.1% of the studies were carried out in the United States, 5.2% in the United Kingdom, and 1.7% in Italy. 34.5% of the articles were published in 2020, 15.5% in 2021, 31% in 2022, and 19% in 2023. 22.4% of the studies included in the review concerned health promotion and education. Regarding the methodology of the studies, 41.5% of the studies were commentary papers, 15.5% were observational studies, and 12% were cross-sectional studies. Considering the effects of the school nurse in the United States and the United Kingdom, it is possible to reflect on how the systematic presence of a nurse could also have benefits in Italy.
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Uhm JY. Development and validation of the school healthcare partnership scale for school nurses. J Pediatr Nurs 2023; 72:53-62. [PMID: 37079930 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedn.2023.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study was conducted to develop the School Healthcare Partnership Scale for School Nurses (SHCPS-S) for children with type 1 diabetes and to validate its psychometric properties. METHODS This was a methodological study. A total 342 school nurses in South Korea participated in the study; 171 were randomly assigned to each group for exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. Data was collected from December 2021 to February 2022 via online survey. The Family Nursing Practice Scale was used to evaluate criterion validity, and the school nurse's professionalism scale and empathy were used to verify concurrent validity. Content validity review, response tests, and factor analysis were conducted. RESULTS A 50-items pool was created based on a hybrid concept analysis. Forty items were selected following the content validity review, using content validity index. A 20-item scale with four factors (trusting relationships, balanced responsibility, providing tailored care, and transparent and open communication) was chosen following exploratory factor analysis. Confirmatory factor analysis for the four factors showed an adequate model fit. The correlation coefficient with the family nursing practice and school nurse's professionalism scale were 0.642, 0.630, and 0.376. The Cronbach's α was 0.919, and the correlation coefficient was 0.768 in test-retest. CONCLUSIONS The SHCPS-S is a valid and reliable scale to measure school nurses' perceived collaborative relationships with parents for children with type 1 diabetes. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS This scale can be used as a tool in interventional studies to enhance school healthcare partnerships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Yeon Uhm
- Associate Professor, Department of Nursing, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea.
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Brentari M, Franceschi R, Longhini J, Maines E, Mozzillo E, Marigliano M, Vivori C. Family and Community Nurses as a Resource for the Inclusion of Youths with Type 1 Diabetes at School. J Pers Med 2023; 13:981. [PMID: 37373970 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13060981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
School nurses can facilitate the inclusion of students with type 1 diabetes (T1D) at school; this model has been widespread in some countries but not in Italy, which is due to the insufficient number of school nurses that are able to provide medical attention at all times. The National Recovery and Resilience Plan (PNRR) devised a series of aids and support for the reorganization of the Italian National Health System (NHS) through the creation of community houses in addition to family and community nurses (FCNs), who will operate in these structures to promote the integration of the various professional figures and community services. In this study, starting with the needs and suggestions of teachers (No. 79) and parents (No. 48) collected using a survey, we developed a new model for the inclusion of students at school where FCNs who have experience in pediatric T1D have the role of an educator, coordinator, and facilitator' they cannot be on site and available all the time during school hours, so they must make many efforts to improve the school staff's knowledge, intervene to offer training when requested, and solve new emerging problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Brentari
- Community Nurse, Azienda Provinciale per i Servizi Sanitari, APSS, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Roberto Franceschi
- Pediatric Diabetology Unit, Pediatric Department, S.Chiara General Hospital of Trento, APSS, 38122 Trento, Italy
| | - Jessica Longhini
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, 37129 Verona, Italy
| | - Evelina Maines
- Pediatric Diabetology Unit, Pediatric Department, S.Chiara General Hospital of Trento, APSS, 38122 Trento, Italy
| | - Enza Mozzillo
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Pediatrics, Regional Center of Pediatric Diabetes, Federico II University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Marigliano
- Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Pediatrics and Gynecology, Section of Pediatric Diabetes and Metabolism, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, 37126 Verona, Italy
| | - Cinzia Vivori
- Hygiene and Public Prevention Department, Azienda Provinciale per i Servizi Sanitari, APSS, 38123 Trento, Italy
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Drakopoulou M, Begni P, Mantoudi A, Mantzorou M, Gerogianni G, Adamakidou T, Alikari V, Kalemikerakis I, Kavga A, Plakas S, Fasoi G, Apostolara P. Care and Safety of Schoolchildren with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Parental Perceptions of the School Nurse Role. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10071228. [PMID: 35885755 PMCID: PMC9320713 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10071228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Schoolchildren with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) need supervision in the management of their disorder by the school nurse, securing proper care and safety in the school environment. The aim of this study was to investigate the parents’ perceptions regarding the care and safety of their children with T1DM at school. In this cross-sectional study, 356 parents of children with T1DM attending primary and secondary school (convenience sample) completed the “Parents’ Opinions about School-based Care for Children with Diabetes” and the “Safety of children with T1DM at school”. The majority (58.8%) noted that their children received some care from a school nurse, less than half (44.6%) declared feeling very safe concerning diabetes care, and 42.5% reported high levels of diabetes management satisfaction. Younger age of the child (p < 0.001), school nurses’ advanced diabetic care skills (p < 0.001), existence of school nurse’s office (p < 0.05) and higher educational level of the father were positively correlated with higher parental feelings of safety and satisfaction. The presence of a school nurse was associated with higher academic performance (p < 0.001), significantly fewer absences due to the disorder (p < 0.001) and better diabetes management (p < 0.043). The daily presence of a school nurse in school decreases absenteeism, greatly improves school performance and enhances diabetic management of schoolchildren with T1DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Drakopoulou
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of West Attica, 122 43 Athens, Greece; (A.M.); (M.M.); (G.G.); (T.A.); (V.A.); (I.K.); (A.K.); (S.P.); (G.F.); (P.A.)
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Alexandra Mantoudi
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of West Attica, 122 43 Athens, Greece; (A.M.); (M.M.); (G.G.); (T.A.); (V.A.); (I.K.); (A.K.); (S.P.); (G.F.); (P.A.)
| | - Marianna Mantzorou
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of West Attica, 122 43 Athens, Greece; (A.M.); (M.M.); (G.G.); (T.A.); (V.A.); (I.K.); (A.K.); (S.P.); (G.F.); (P.A.)
| | - Georgia Gerogianni
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of West Attica, 122 43 Athens, Greece; (A.M.); (M.M.); (G.G.); (T.A.); (V.A.); (I.K.); (A.K.); (S.P.); (G.F.); (P.A.)
| | - Theodoula Adamakidou
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of West Attica, 122 43 Athens, Greece; (A.M.); (M.M.); (G.G.); (T.A.); (V.A.); (I.K.); (A.K.); (S.P.); (G.F.); (P.A.)
| | - Victoria Alikari
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of West Attica, 122 43 Athens, Greece; (A.M.); (M.M.); (G.G.); (T.A.); (V.A.); (I.K.); (A.K.); (S.P.); (G.F.); (P.A.)
| | - Ioannis Kalemikerakis
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of West Attica, 122 43 Athens, Greece; (A.M.); (M.M.); (G.G.); (T.A.); (V.A.); (I.K.); (A.K.); (S.P.); (G.F.); (P.A.)
| | - Anna Kavga
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of West Attica, 122 43 Athens, Greece; (A.M.); (M.M.); (G.G.); (T.A.); (V.A.); (I.K.); (A.K.); (S.P.); (G.F.); (P.A.)
| | - Sotirios Plakas
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of West Attica, 122 43 Athens, Greece; (A.M.); (M.M.); (G.G.); (T.A.); (V.A.); (I.K.); (A.K.); (S.P.); (G.F.); (P.A.)
| | - Georgia Fasoi
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of West Attica, 122 43 Athens, Greece; (A.M.); (M.M.); (G.G.); (T.A.); (V.A.); (I.K.); (A.K.); (S.P.); (G.F.); (P.A.)
| | - Paraskevi Apostolara
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of West Attica, 122 43 Athens, Greece; (A.M.); (M.M.); (G.G.); (T.A.); (V.A.); (I.K.); (A.K.); (S.P.); (G.F.); (P.A.)
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Best NC, Nichols AO, Waller AE, Zomorodi M, Pierre-Louis B, Oppewal S, Travers D. Impact of School Nurse Ratios and Health Services on Selected Student Health and Education Outcomes: North Carolina, 2011-2016. THE JOURNAL OF SCHOOL HEALTH 2021; 91:473-481. [PMID: 33843082 DOI: 10.1111/josh.13025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Determination of adequate school nurse staffing is a complex process. School nurse-to-student ratios and the health services school nurses provide to students should be considered. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of North Carolina school nurse-to-student ratios and school nurse health services on the health and education outcomes (eg, absences, grades, self-management) of students receiving services for asthma and diabetes. METHODS This study of all 115 school districts in North Carolina used the Annual School Health Services Report Survey from 2011 to 2016. Descriptive statistics for health services, programs and outcomes, and generalized linear modeling were used to estimate the association of ratios and health services with asthma and diabetes outcomes. RESULTS By the 2015-2016 school year, the average ratio decreased to 1:1086 in North Carolina public schools. Annually, 100,187 students received services for asthma, 3832 students received services for type 1 diabetes, and 913 students received services for type 2 diabetes. Lower ratios and nurse health services were associated with improved student outcomes, including decreased absences (p = .05), improved grades (p = .05), and student self-management of their health condition (p = .05). CONCLUSIONS Lower school nurse-to-student ratios and services were associated with improvements in students' health and education outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nakia C Best
- Assistant Professor, , Sue & Bill Gross School of Nursing, University of California, Irvine, 106B Berk Hall Mail Code 3959, Irvine, CA, 92697., USA
| | - Ann O Nichols
- State School Health Nurse Consultant, , Division of Public Health, NC Department of Health and Human Services, 1928 Mail Service Center, Raleigh, NC, 27699., USA
| | - Anna E Waller
- Executive Director & Research Professor, , Carolina Center for Health Informatics, Department of Emergency Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 100 Market Street, Chapel Hill, NC, 27516., USA
| | - Meg Zomorodi
- Assistant Provost for Interprofessional Education and Practice & Professor, , Office of Interprofessional Education and Practice & School of Nursing, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Carrington Hall CB 7460, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599., USA
| | | | - Sonda Oppewal
- Professor, , School of Nursing, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Carrington Hall CB 7460, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599., USA
| | - Debbie Travers
- Associate Consulting Professor, , School of Nursing, Duke University, 307 Trent Drive, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
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Wilt L. The Role of School Nurse Presence in Parent and Student Perceptions of Helpfulness, Safety, and Satisfaction With Type 1 Diabetes Care. J Sch Nurs 2020; 38:161-172. [PMID: 32292117 DOI: 10.1177/1059840520918310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescents with type 1 diabetes (TID) and their parents depend on school nurses to keep students safe in school. Parent satisfaction with T1D care is impacted by school factors including school nurse presence. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationships among parental satisfaction with diabetes care in school, parental report of diabetes-related safety, adolescent report of school nurse helpfulness, and school nurse presence represented by school nurse to student ratios. The sample consisted of 89 parent-adolescent dyads. Adolescents 10-16 years old with T1D completed a questionnaire that included perceptions of school nurse helpfulness. Parents completed a questionnaire that included perceptions of T1D safety and satisfaction. Diabetes-related safety was positively correlated with parental satisfaction and school nurse helpfulness and inversely correlated with age and school nurse to student ratios. Findings validate the importance of school nurse presence to adolescents with T1D and their parents with implications for school nursing policy, practice, and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori Wilt
- Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ, USA
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