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Mathis D, Prost J, Maeder G, Arackal L, Zhang H, Kurth S, Freiburghaus K, Nuoffer J. Specific GAG ratios in the diagnosis of mucopolysaccharidoses. JIMD Rep 2024; 65:116-123. [PMID: 38444580 PMCID: PMC10910216 DOI: 10.1002/jmd2.12412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) screening is tedious and still performed by analysis of total glycosaminoglycans (GAG) using 1,9-dimethylmethylene blue (DMB) photometric assay, although false positive and negative tests have been reported. Analysis of differentiated GAGs have been pursued classically by gel electrophoresis or more recently by quantitative LC-MS assays. Secondary elevations of GAGs have been reported in urinary tract infections (UTI). In this manuscript, we describe the diagnostic accuracy of urinary GAG measurements by LC-MS for MPS typing in 68 untreated MPS and mucolipidosis (ML) patients, 183 controls and 153 UTI samples. We report age-dependent reference values and cut-offs for chondroitin sulfate (CS), dermatan sulfate (DS), heparan sulfate (HS) and keratan sulfate (KS) and specific GAG ratios. The use of HS/DS ratio in combination to GAG concentrations normalized to creatinine improves the diagnostic accuracy in MPS type I, II, VI and VII. In total 15 samples classified to the wrong MPS type could be correctly assigned using HS/DS ratio. Increased KS/HS ratio in addition to increased KS improves discrimination of MPS type IV by excluding false positives. Some samples of UTI patients showed elevation of specific GAGs, mainly CS, KS and KS/HS ratio and could be misclassified as MPS type IV. Finally, DMB photometric assay performed in MPS and ML samples reveal four false negative tests (sensitivity of 94%). In conclusion, specific GAG ratios in complement to quantitative GAG values obtained by LC-MS enhance discrimination of MPS types. Exclusion of patients with UTI improve diagnostic accuracy in MPS IV but not in other types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Déborah Mathis
- University Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Jean‐Christophe Prost
- University Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Gabriela Maeder
- University Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Liya Arackal
- University Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Haoyue Zhang
- Biochemical Genetics LaboratoryDuke University Health SystemDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Sandra Kurth
- University Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Katrin Freiburghaus
- University Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Jean‐Marc Nuoffer
- University Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of BernBernSwitzerland
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Inborn Errors of MetabolismUniversity Children's Hospital BernBernSwitzerland
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2
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Kratochvíl L, Havlíček J. The fallacy of global comparisons based on per capita measures. R Soc Open Sci 2024; 11:230832. [PMID: 38511080 PMCID: PMC10951725 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.230832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Media, social scientists and public health researchers often present comparisons across countries, and policy makers use such comparisons to take evidence-based action. For a meaningful comparison among countries, one often needs to normalize the measure for differences in population size. To address this issue, the first choice is usually to calculate per capita ratios. Such ratios, however, normalize the measure for differences in population size directly only under the highly restrictive assumption of a proportional increase of the measure with population size. Violation of this assumption frequently leads to misleading conclusions. We compare per capita ratios with an approach based on regression, a widely used statistical procedure that eliminates many of the problems with ratios and allows for straightforward data interpretation. It turns out that the per capita measures in three global datasets (gross domestic product, COVID-19-related mortality and CO2 production) systematically overestimate values in countries with small populations, while countries with large populations tend to have misleadingly low per capita ratios owing to the large denominators. Unfortunately, despite their biases, comparisons based on per capita ratios are still ubiquitous, and they are used for influential recommendations by various global institutions. Their continued use can cause significant damage when employed as evidence for policy actions and should therefore be replaced by a more scientifically substantiated and informative method, such as a regression-based approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukáš Kratochvíl
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague128 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Havlíček
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague128 00, Czech Republic
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3
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Tait D, Davis D, Roche MA, Paterson C. Nurse/midwife-to-patient ratios: A scoping review. Contemp Nurse 2024:1-13. [PMID: 38408182 DOI: 10.1080/10376178.2024.2318361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A significant body of work has linked high nurse or midwife workload to negative patient outcomes. Anecdotal reports suggest that mandated ratio models enhance patient care and improve nurse job satisfaction. However, there is limited focused research. OBJECTIVE To identify key outcomes, implementation processes, and research needs regarding nurse/midwife-to-patient ratios in the Australian healthcare context. DESIGN Scoping review. METHODS Data sources were CINAHL, Open Dissertations, Medline, and Scopus. 289 articles screened, and 53 full text documents independently assessed against criteria by two reviewers and conflicts resolved by a third reviewer, using Covidence™. Three studies were included in this review. RESULTS Studies focused on nurse (job satisfaction, burnout), patient (mortality, readmission, length of stay) and system (costs) outcomes with limited information on implementation processes and no midwifery research. CONCLUSIONS Ratios provide benefits for patients, nurses, and hospitals although there is limited research in Australia. Implementation was poorly reported..
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Affiliation(s)
- Darcy Tait
- Australian Catholic University, School of Nursing, Midwifery and Paramedicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Watson, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Deborah Davis
- University of Canberra, School of Nursing, Midwifery and Public Health, Faculty of Health & ACT Government Health Directorate, Bruce, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Michael A Roche
- University of Canberra, School of Nursing, Midwifery and Public Health, Faculty of Health & ACT Government Health Directorate, Bruce, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- University of Technology Sydney, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Health, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Catherine Paterson
- University of Canberra, School of Nursing, Midwifery and Public Health, Faculty of Health & ACT Government Health Directorate, Bruce, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- Robert Gordon University, School of Nursing, Midwifery & Paramedic Practice, Garthdee, UK
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Morris TP, van Smeden M, Pham TM. The marginality principle revisited: Should "higher-order" terms always be accompanied by "lower-order" terms in regression analyses? Biom J 2023; 65:e2300069. [PMID: 37775940 PMCID: PMC7615369 DOI: 10.1002/bimj.202300069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
The marginality principle guides analysts to avoid omitting lower-order terms from models in which higher-order terms are included as covariates. Lower-order terms are viewed as "marginal" to higher-order terms. We consider how this principle applies to three cases: regression models that may include the ratio of two measured variables; polynomial transformations of a measured variable; and factorial arrangements of defined interventions. For each case, we show that which terms or transformations are considered to be lower-order, and therefore marginal, depends on the scale of measurement, which is frequently arbitrary. Understanding the implications of this point leads to an intuitive understanding of the curse of dimensionality. We conclude that the marginality principle may be useful to analysts in some specific cases but caution against invoking it as a context-free recipe.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maarten van Smeden
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical CenterUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
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Lamont BB, Williams MR, He T. Relative growth rate (RGR) and other confounded variables: mathematical problems and biological solutions. Ann Bot 2023; 131:555-568. [PMID: 36794962 PMCID: PMC10147329 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Relative growth rate (RGR) has a long history of use in biology. In its logged form, RGR = ln[(M + ΔM)/M], where M is size of the organism at the commencement of the study, and ΔM is new growth over time interval Δt. It illustrates the general problem of comparing non-independent (confounded) variables, e.g. (X + Y) vs. X. Thus, RGR depends on what starting M(X) is used even within the same growth phase. Equally, RGR lacks independence from its derived components, net assimilation rate (NAR) and leaf mass ratio (LMR), as RGR = NAR × LMR, so that they cannot legitimately be compared by standard regression or correlation analysis. FINDINGS The mathematical properties of RGR exemplify the general problem of 'spurious' correlations that compare expressions derived from various combinations of the same component terms X and Y. This is particularly acute when X >> Y, the variance of X or Y is large, or there is little range overlap of X and Y values among datasets being compared. Relationships (direction, curvilinearity) between such confounded variables are essentially predetermined and so should not be reported as if they are a finding of the study. Standardizing by M rather than time does not solve the problem. We propose the inherent growth rate (IGR), lnΔM/lnM, as a simple, robust alternative to RGR that is independent of M within the same growth phase. CONCLUSIONS Although the preferred alternative is to avoid the practice altogether, we discuss cases where comparing expressions with components in common may still have utility. These may provide insights if (1) the regression slope between pairs yields a new variable of biological interest, (2) the statistical significance of the relationship remains supported using suitable methods, such as our specially devised randomization test, or (3) multiple datasets are compared and found to be statistically different. Distinguishing true biological relationships from spurious ones, which arise from comparing non-independent expressions, is essential when dealing with derived variables associated with plant growth analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byron B Lamont
- Ecology Section, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, PO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
| | - Matthew R Williams
- Biodiversity and Conservation Science, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation & Attractions, Kensington, WA 6151, Australia
| | - Tianhua He
- Ecology Section, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, PO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
- College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
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Marshall C, Josephson CD, Leonard JC, Wisniewski SR, Leeper CM, Luther JF, Spinella PC. Blood component ratios in children with non-traumatic life-threatening bleeding. Vox Sang 2023; 118:68-75. [PMID: 36427061 DOI: 10.1111/vox.13382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES In paediatric trauma patients, there are limited prospective data regarding blood components and mortality, with some literature suggesting decreased mortality with high ratios of plasma and platelets to red blood cells (RBCs) in massive transfusions; however, most paediatric massive transfusions occur for non-traumatic aetiologies and few studies assess blood product ratios in these children. This study's objective was to evaluate whether high blood product ratios or low deficits conferred a survival benefit in children with non-traumatic life-threatening bleeding. MATERIALS AND METHODS This is a secondary analysis of the five-year, multicentre, prospective, observational massive transfusion epidemiology and outcomes in children study of children with life-threatening bleeding from US, Canadian and Italian medical centres. Primary interventions were plasma:RBC and platelets:RBC (high ratio ≥1:2 ml/kg) and plasma and platelet deficits. The primary outcome was mortality at 6 h, 24 h and 28 days. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to determine independent associations with mortality. RESULTS A total of 222 children were included from 24 medical centres: 145 children (median [interquartile range] age 2.1 years [0.3-11.8]) with operative bleeding and 77 (8.0 years [1.2-14.7]) with medical bleeding. In adjusted analyses, neither blood product ratios nor deficits were associated with mortality at 6 h, 24 h or 28 days. CONCLUSION This paper addresses a lack of prospective data in children regarding optimal empiric massive transfusion strategies in non-traumatic massive haemorrhage and in finding no decrease in mortality with high plasma or platelet to RBC ratios or lower deficits supports an exploratory analysis for mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callie Marshall
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Cassandra D Josephson
- Department of Oncology and Cancer and Blood Disorders Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, Florida, USA
| | - Julie C Leonard
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Christine M Leeper
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James F Luther
- University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Philip C Spinella
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Oblitas CM, Galeano-Valle F, Cuenca-Carvajal C, Piqueras-Ruiz S, Alonso-Beato R, Alejandre-de-Oña Á, Carrascosa-Fernández P, Chacón Moreno AD, Parra-Virto A, Pérez Sanz MT, Abarca Casas L, Millán-Nohales C, Álvarez-Sala-Walther L, Demelo-Rodríguez P. Evaluation of simple laboratory parameters in SARS-CoV-2 infection: the role of ratios. Infect Dis (Lond) 2022; 54:924-933. [PMID: 36221980 DOI: 10.1080/23744235.2022.2131902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The real predictive prognostic capacity of cellular indices (or ratios) is unclear in SARS-CoV-2 infection. This study aimed to assess the prognostic role of previously well-known laboratory indices and new ones in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. METHODS A retrospective observational study from March to May 2022 evaluated laboratory indices on admission (neutrophil to lymphocyte-, derived neutrophil to lymphocyte-, platelet to lymphocyte-, CRP to lymphocyte-, CRP to albumin-, fibrinogen to lymphocyte-, d-dimer to lymphocyte-, ferritin to lymphocyte-, LDH to lymphocyte-, and IL-6 to lymphocyte ratios), in patients hospitalized due to SARS-CoV2 infection to determine the association with mortality, admission to an intensive care unit (ICU), need for non-invasive mechanical ventilation (NIMV), orotracheal intubation (OTI), or combined event at 30 days follow-up. RESULTS A total of 1113 COVID-19 patients were evaluated with a mean age of 64.1 ± 15.9 years (58.49% male), 166 (14.91%) patients died, 58 (5.21%) required ICU admission, 73 (6.56%) needed NIMV, 46 (4.23%) needed OTI, and 247 (22.19%) presented the combined event. All the ratios evaluated in this study showed statistical significance in the univariate analysis for mortality and combined event; however, only d-dimer to lymphocyte ratio >0.6 presented an independent association in the multivariate analysis for 30-day mortality (adjusted OR 2.32; p = .047) and 30-day combined event (adjusted OR 2.62; p = .014). CONCLUSIONS Laboratory indices might be a potential biomarker for better prognosis stratification in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. d-Dimer to lymphocyte ratio presents an independent association for 30-day mortality and 30-day adverse outcomes in hospitalized COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crhistian-Mario Oblitas
- Internal Medicine Department, General University Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.,Venous Thromboembolism Unit, Internal Medicine, Madrid, Spain.,School of Medicine, University Complutense of Madrid, Spain.,Sanitary Research Institute Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Galeano-Valle
- Internal Medicine Department, General University Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.,Venous Thromboembolism Unit, Internal Medicine, Madrid, Spain.,School of Medicine, University Complutense of Madrid, Spain.,Sanitary Research Institute Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Cuenca-Carvajal
- Internal Medicine Department, General University Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.,School of Medicine, University Complutense of Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Piqueras-Ruiz
- Internal Medicine Department, General University Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rubén Alonso-Beato
- Internal Medicine Department, General University Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.,Venous Thromboembolism Unit, Internal Medicine, Madrid, Spain.,School of Medicine, University Complutense of Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Alejandro Parra-Virto
- Internal Medicine Department, General University Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Laura Abarca Casas
- Internal Medicine Department, General University Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Clara Millán-Nohales
- Internal Medicine Department, General University Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Álvarez-Sala-Walther
- Internal Medicine Department, General University Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.,Venous Thromboembolism Unit, Internal Medicine, Madrid, Spain.,School of Medicine, University Complutense of Madrid, Spain.,Sanitary Research Institute Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Demelo-Rodríguez
- Internal Medicine Department, General University Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.,Venous Thromboembolism Unit, Internal Medicine, Madrid, Spain.,School of Medicine, University Complutense of Madrid, Spain.,Sanitary Research Institute Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
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8
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Best NC, Nichols AO, Waller AE, Zomorodi M, Pierre-Louis B, Oppewal S, Travers D. Impact of School Nurse Ratios and Health Services on Selected Student Health and Education Outcomes: North Carolina, 2011-2016. J Sch Health 2021; 91:473-481. [PMID: 33843082 DOI: 10.1111/josh.13025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Determination of adequate school nurse staffing is a complex process. School nurse-to-student ratios and the health services school nurses provide to students should be considered. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of North Carolina school nurse-to-student ratios and school nurse health services on the health and education outcomes (eg, absences, grades, self-management) of students receiving services for asthma and diabetes. METHODS This study of all 115 school districts in North Carolina used the Annual School Health Services Report Survey from 2011 to 2016. Descriptive statistics for health services, programs and outcomes, and generalized linear modeling were used to estimate the association of ratios and health services with asthma and diabetes outcomes. RESULTS By the 2015-2016 school year, the average ratio decreased to 1:1086 in North Carolina public schools. Annually, 100,187 students received services for asthma, 3832 students received services for type 1 diabetes, and 913 students received services for type 2 diabetes. Lower ratios and nurse health services were associated with improved student outcomes, including decreased absences (p = .05), improved grades (p = .05), and student self-management of their health condition (p = .05). CONCLUSIONS Lower school nurse-to-student ratios and services were associated with improvements in students' health and education outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nakia C Best
- Assistant Professor, , Sue & Bill Gross School of Nursing, University of California, Irvine, 106B Berk Hall Mail Code 3959, Irvine, CA, 92697., USA
| | - Ann O Nichols
- State School Health Nurse Consultant, , Division of Public Health, NC Department of Health and Human Services, 1928 Mail Service Center, Raleigh, NC, 27699., USA
| | - Anna E Waller
- Executive Director & Research Professor, , Carolina Center for Health Informatics, Department of Emergency Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 100 Market Street, Chapel Hill, NC, 27516., USA
| | - Meg Zomorodi
- Assistant Provost for Interprofessional Education and Practice & Professor, , Office of Interprofessional Education and Practice & School of Nursing, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Carrington Hall CB 7460, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599., USA
| | | | - Sonda Oppewal
- Professor, , School of Nursing, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Carrington Hall CB 7460, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599., USA
| | - Debbie Travers
- Associate Consulting Professor, , School of Nursing, Duke University, 307 Trent Drive, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
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Arias-Buría JL, Fernández-de-las-Peñas C, Rodríguez-Jiménez J, Plaza-Manzano G, Cleland JA, Gallego-Sendarrubias GM, López-de-Uralde-Villanueva I. Ultrasound Characterization of Patellar Tendon in Non-Elite Sport Players with Painful Patellar Tendinopathy: Absolute Values or Relative Ratios? A Pilot Study. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:E882. [PMID: 33138113 PMCID: PMC7694007 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10110882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Imaging findings in patellar tendinopathy are questioned. The aim of this pilot study was to characterize ultrasound measures, by calculating ultrasound ratio and neovascularization of the patellar tendon in non-elite sport players with unilateral painful patellar tendinopathy. Cross-sectional area (CSA), width, and thickness of the patellar tendon were assessed bilaterally in 20 non-elite sport-players with unilateral painful patellar tendinopathy and 20 asymptomatic controls by a blinded assessor. Ultrasound ratios were calculated to discriminate between symptomatic and asymptomatic knees. The Ohberg score was used for characterizing neovascularization. We found that non-elite sport players with patellar tendinopathy exhibited bilateral increases in CSA, width, and thickness of the patellar tendon compared to asymptomatic controls (Cohen d > 2). The ability of ultrasound ratios to discriminate between painful and non-painful patellar tendons was excellent (receiver operating characteristic, ROC > 0.9). The best diagnostic value (sensitivity: 100% and specificity: 95%) was observed when a width ratio ≥ 1.29 between the symptomatic and asymptomatic patellar tendon was used as a cut-off. Further, neovascularization was also observed in 70% of non-elite sport players with unilateral patellar tendinopathy. A greater CSA ratio was associated with more related-disability and higher tendon neovascularization. This study reported that non-elite sport players with painful unilateral patellar tendinopathy showed structural ultrasound changes in the patellar tendon when compared with asymptomatic controls. Ultrasound ratios were able to discriminate between symptomatic and asymptomatic knees. Current results suggest that ultrasound ratios could be a useful imaging outcome for identifying changes in the patellar tendon in sport players with unilateral patellar tendinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- José L. Arias-Buría
- Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28922 Alcorcón, Spain; (J.L.A.-B.); (J.R.-J.)
- Cátedra Institucional en Docencia, Clínica e Investigación en Fisioterapia: Terapia Manual, Punción Seca y Ejercicio Terapéutico, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28922 Madrid, Spain
| | - César Fernández-de-las-Peñas
- Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28922 Alcorcón, Spain; (J.L.A.-B.); (J.R.-J.)
- Cátedra Institucional en Docencia, Clínica e Investigación en Fisioterapia: Terapia Manual, Punción Seca y Ejercicio Terapéutico, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28922 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Rodríguez-Jiménez
- Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28922 Alcorcón, Spain; (J.L.A.-B.); (J.R.-J.)
- Cátedra Institucional en Docencia, Clínica e Investigación en Fisioterapia: Terapia Manual, Punción Seca y Ejercicio Terapéutico, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28922 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gustavo Plaza-Manzano
- Department of Radiology, Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (G.P.-M.); (I.L.-d.-U.-V.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Joshua A. Cleland
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02155, USA;
| | | | - Ibai López-de-Uralde-Villanueva
- Department of Radiology, Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (G.P.-M.); (I.L.-d.-U.-V.)
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10
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Gibson D. Planning the supply of aged care services: It's time to talk denominators. Australas J Ageing 2020; 39:e515-e521. [PMID: 32748986 DOI: 10.1111/ajag.12823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This paper explores how changes in demography, service use and the aged care system have implications for the appropriateness of the denominator in the aged care provision ratio. METHODS Official statistics were analysed to create five alternative scenarios for residential care planning in a 2000-2027 time series. RESULTS The four age-based denominators and a revised denominator incorporating age- and sex-specific disability rates generated diverse levels of absolute supply. The 75+ denominator produced 1400 fewer beds than the 70+ denominator by 2018, but over 14 000 additional beds by 2027. CONCLUSION The 70+ based ratio developed almost forty years ago has served its purpose reasonably well. However, changes in the nature of the aged care system, different patterns of use by age and sex, and demographic changes suggest that long-term aged care planning requires careful review in choosing a more robust version of the provision ratio for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Gibson
- Health Research Institute, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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11
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Lee S, Hoberstorfer T, Wadowski PP, Kopp CW, Panzer S, Gremmel T. Platelet-to-lymphocyte and Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte Ratios Predict Target Vessel Restenosis after Infrainguinal Angioplasty with Stent Implantation. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E1729. [PMID: 32503291 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9061729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelet-to-lymphocyte (PLR), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte (NLR) and lymphocyte-to-monocyte (LMR) ratios are associated with the occurrence of critical limb ischemia in peripheral artery disease (PAD). We therefore investigated whether PLR, NLR or LMR are linked to target vessel restenosis (TVR) following infrainguinal angioplasty and stenting. Moreover, we studied on-treatment platelet reactivity and neutrophil-platelet aggregate (NPA) formation as potential underlying mechanisms. Platelet, neutrophil, lymphocyte and monocyte counts were determined one day after angioplasty and stenting in 95 stable PAD patients. Platelet reactivity and NPA formation in response to protease-activated receptor−1 stimulation were measured by light transmission aggregometry (LTA) and flow cytometry, respectively. PLR and NLR were significantly higher in patients who subsequently developed TVR (both p < 0.05). In contrast, LMR did not differ significantly between patients without and with TVR (p = 0.28). A PLR ≥ 91 and NLR ≥2.75 were identified as the best thresholds to predict TVR, providing sensitivities of 87.5% and 81.3%, and specificities of 34.9% and 50.8%, respectively, and were therefore defined as high PLR and high NLR. TVR occurred significantly more often in patients with high PLR and high NLR than in those with lower ratios (both p < 0.05). Patients with high PLR and high NLR exhibited significantly increased on-treatment platelet aggregation compared to those with lower ratios, and patients with high PLR had higher levels of NPA formation (all p < 0.01). In conclusion, PLR and NLR predict TVR after infrainguinal angioplasty with stent implantation. Platelet activation and neutrophil-platelet interaction may be involved in the underlying pathomechanisms
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Çetinkaya ÖA, Çelik SU, Terzioğlu SG, Eroğlu A. The Predictive Value of the Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte and Platelet-to-Lymphocyte Ratio in Patients with Recurrent Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis. Eur J Breast Health 2020; 16:61-65. [PMID: 31912016 DOI: 10.5152/ejbh.2019.5187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the inflammatory parameters including neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and the prognosis of idiopathic granulomatous mastitis (IGM). Materials and methods In this retrospective study, a total of 41 patients with IGM who had no malignant disease or inflammatory pathologies were included between January 2010 and December 2017. The patients were divided into two groups according to presence or absence of recurrence. Subsequently, the relationship between patient characteristics, pre- and postoperative NLR and PLR levels and disease recurrence were evaluated. Results With a mean follow-up period of 28.4 months, 19.5% of patients were found to have recurrent IGM. Age, body mass index, patient characteristics such as oral contraceptive use, smoking status, and family history, surgical treatment and postoperative NLR, preoperative PLR, and postoperative PLR were not statistically significant between groups. However, only preoperative NLR was significantly associated with a recurrent IGM (p=0.024). Preoperative NLR predicted recurrence with a sensitivity of 62.5% and specificity of 84.8%. Conclusion These results demonstrated that a high level of NLR was predictive of poor outcome in patients with IGM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ömer Arda Çetinkaya
- Department of General Surgery, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Süleyman Utku Çelik
- Department of General Surgery, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.,Clinic of General Surgery, Gülhane Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Aydan Eroğlu
- Surgical Oncology Unit, Department of General Surgery, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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Schmidt S, Brannath W. Simultaneous confidence intervals for ratios with application to the gold standard design with more than one experimental treatment. Stat Med 2019; 38:5350-5360. [PMID: 31621938 DOI: 10.1002/sim.8365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Considering a study design with two experimental treatments, a reference treatment and a placebo, we extend a previous approach considering the ratios of effects to a procedure for analyzing multiple ratios. The technical framework for constructing tests and compatible simultaneous confidence intervals is set in a general manner. Besides a single step procedure and its extension to a stepdown procedure, also, an informative stepwise procedure in the spirit of our previous work is developed. The latter is especially interesting, because noninferiority studies require informative confidence intervals to infer more information than just noninferiority at the prespecified margin. Results from a simulation study for the three methods are shown. We also argue that an extension to more than two experimental treatments is straightforward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Schmidt
- Kompetenzzentrum für Klinische Studien Bremen, Universität Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Werner Brannath
- Kompetenzzentrum für Klinische Studien Bremen, Universität Bremen, Bremen, Germany
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O'Leary S, Hoogma C, Solberg ØM, Sundberg S, Pedler A, Van Wyk L. Comparative Strength and Endurance Parameters of the Craniocervical and Cervicothoracic Extensors and Flexors in Females With and Without Idiopathic Neck Pain. J Appl Biomech 2019; 35:209-15. [PMID: 30860406 DOI: 10.1123/jab.2018-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Isometric strength and endurance performance of cervical flexor and extensor muscles were compared in women with (n = 30) and without (n = 30) idiopathic neck pain at the craniocervical and cervicothoracic axes. Strength and endurance time (time to task failure in seconds) at 50% maximal voluntary contraction were recorded in 4 directions (craniocervical flexion/extension and cervicothoracic flexion/extension) and 6 strength and endurance ratios were calculated. Participants in both groups were matched for body mass index. The idiopathic neck pain group demonstrated significantly less strength for the cervicothoracic flexors and extensors (1.58-4.7 N·m [12.4%-17.9%] less, P < .04) and significantly less endurance time for the cervicothoracic and craniocervical flexors (10.77-10.9 s [23.3%-27.5%] less, P < .03). The cervicothoracic extension to craniocervical flexion strength ratio was also lower in the idiopathic neck pain group (P = .01); however, no other strength or endurance ratio was significantly different between groups. This exploratory study suggests assessing specific performance parameters accounting for regional muscular differences in the upper and lower neck is potentially informative to understanding impairments in neck pain conditions, particularly as impairments may not be uniform across muscle groups.
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15
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Chesney DL, Matthews PG. Task Constraints Affect Mapping From Approximate Number System Estimates to Symbolic Numbers. Front Psychol 2018; 9:1801. [PMID: 30386272 PMCID: PMC6198106 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The Approximate Number System (ANS) allows individuals to assess nonsymbolic numerical magnitudes (e.g., the number of apples on a tree) without counting. Several prominent theories posit that human understanding of symbolic numbers is based – at least in part – on mapping number symbols (e.g., 14) to their ANS-processed nonsymbolic analogs. Number-line estimation – where participants place numerical values on a bounded number-line – has become a key task used in research on this mapping. However, some research suggests that such number-line estimation tasks are actually proportion judgment tasks, as number-line estimation requires people to estimate the magnitude of the to-be-placed value, relative to set upper and lower endpoints, and thus do not so directly reflect magnitude representations. Here, we extend this work, assessing performance on nonsymbolic tasks that should more directly interface with the ANS. We compared adults’ (n = 31) performance when placing nonsymbolic numerosities (dot arrays) on number-lines to their performance with the same stimuli on two other tasks: Free estimation tasks where participants simply estimate the cardinality of dot arrays, and ratio estimation tasks where participants estimate the ratio instantiated by a pair of arrays. We found that performance on these tasks was quite different, with number-line and ratio estimation tasks failing to the show classic psychophysical error patterns of scalar variability seen in the free estimation task. We conclude the constraints of tasks using stimuli that access the ANS lead to considerably different mapping performance and that these differences must be accounted for when evaluating theories of numerical cognition. Additionally, participants showed typical underestimation patterns in the free estimation task, but were quite accurate on the ratio task. We discuss potential implications of these findings for theories regarding the mapping between ANS magnitudes and symbolic numbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana L Chesney
- Department of Psychology, St. John's University, Jamaica, NY, United States
| | - Percival G Matthews
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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Millichamp T, Bakon S, Christensen M, Stock K, Howarth S. Implementation of a model of emergency care in an Australian hospital. Emerg Nurse 2017; 25:35-42. [PMID: 29125259 DOI: 10.7748/en.2017.e1741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
AIM Emergency departments are characterised by a fast-paced, quick turnover and high acuity workload, therefore appropriate staffing is vital to ensure positive patient outcomes. Models of care are frameworks in which safe and effective patient-to-nurse ratios can be ensured. The aim of this study was to implement a supportive and transparent model of emergency nursing care that provides structure - regardless of nursing staff profile, business or other demands; improvement to nursing workloads; and promotes individual responsibility and accountability for patient care. METHOD A convergent parallel mixed-method approach was used. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics and the qualitative data used a thematic analysis to identify recurrent themes. RESULTS Data post-implementation of the model of emergency nursing care indicate improved staff satisfaction in relation to workload, patient care and support structures. CONCLUSION The development and implementation of a model of care in an emergency department improved staff workload and staff's perception of their ability to provide care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shannon Bakon
- Queensland University of Technology, Caboolture campus, Queensland, Australia
| | - Martin Christensen
- Queensland University of Technology, Caboolture Campus, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kate Stock
- Tweed Hospital, Tweed Heads, New South Wales, Australia
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark O Johnston
- Department of Biology, McGill University, 1205 Avenue Docteur Penfield, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Daniel J Schoen
- Department of Biology, McGill University, 1205 Avenue Docteur Penfield, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1B1, Canada
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Blanco-Cantó ME, Monge-Argilés JA, Pérez-Cejuela C, Badía C, Gabaldón L, Muñoz-Ruíz C, Sánchez-Payá J, Gasparini-Berenguer R, Leiva-Santana C. Diagnostic Validity Comparison Between Criteria Based on CSF Alzheimer's Disease Biomarkers. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2017; 32:101-107. [PMID: 28191798 PMCID: PMC10852644 DOI: 10.1177/1533317516688298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM To compare the diagnostic validity of NIA-AA criteria, for AD CSF biomarkers, with our own new criteria. MATERIALS AND METHODS Between 2008 and 2011, 170 patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) were included. CSF levels of Aβ1-42, T-tau, P-tau181, and ratios of T-tau/Aβ1-42 and P-tau181/Aβ1-42 were analyzed. In our criteria, we considered 3 or more abnormal variables indicative of a high likelihood of MCI due to AD. RESULTS After a clinical follow-up of 4.5 ± 1.2 years, 44 patients remained stable, 95 developed AD, 15 other forms of dementia, 7 died and 9 received other diagnoses. Using the NIA-AA criteria and our own criteria, the diagnostic validity of the CSF biomarkers was 58% versus 85%, specificity 84% versus 72%, PPV 82% versus 79% and NPV 61% versus 79%. CONCLUSION The inclusion of the ratios in diagnostic criteria increases sensitivity and NPV for the diagnosis of MCI due to AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J. A. Monge-Argilés
- Department of Neurology, General University Hospital of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - C. Pérez-Cejuela
- Neurology Section, Baix Vinalopó hospital, Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - C. Badía
- Denia Marina-Salud Regional Hospital, Alicante, Spain
| | - L. Gabaldón
- Denia Marina-Salud Regional Hospital, Alicante, Spain
| | - C. Muñoz-Ruíz
- Immunology Laboratory, General University Hospital of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - J. Sánchez-Payá
- Department of Preventive Medicine, General University Hospital of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | | | - C. Leiva-Santana
- Department of Neurology, General University Hospital of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
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O'Leary S, Fagermoen CL, Hasegawa H, Thorsen AS, Van Wyk L. Differential Strength and Endurance Parameters of the Craniocervical and Cervicothoracic Extensors and Flexors in Healthy Individuals. J Appl Biomech 2017; 33:166-70. [PMID: 27834549 DOI: 10.1123/jab.2016-0168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study examined isometric strength (maximal voluntary contraction [MVC]) and endurance of cervical flexor and extensor muscles in healthy individuals at the craniocervical (CC) and cervicothoracic (CT) axes. MVC and endurance measures (time to task failure in seconds [s]) at 50% MVC were recorded in 4 directions (CC flexion, CC extension, CT flexion, and CT extension) in 20 males and 20 females, and 6 strength and endurance ratios were calculated. The findings showed that the cervical extensor muscles are not only much stronger than the flexors (1.3-2 times greater MVC), but also have greater capacity for endurance (2-2.4 times greater). While males produced significantly greater MVC recordings than females (P < .003), strength ratios (P > .06) and endurance measures (P > .11) were similar. Endurance ratios were also similar except the CT extension to CC flexion ratio, which was significantly larger in females compared with males (P = .03). These findings demonstrate that substantial but normal variation exists in strength and endurance parameters between cervical flexor and extensor muscles. This is informative to clinicians when evaluating the performance of these neck muscles or when deciding on exercise parameters (eg, load, duration) when training their performance.
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Wang YF, Wang CY, Wan P, Wang SG, Wang XM. Comparison of bone regeneration in alveolar bone of dogs on mineralized collagen grafts with two composition ratios of nano-hydroxyapatite and collagen. Regen Biomater 2015; 3:33-40. [PMID: 26816654 PMCID: PMC4723277 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbv025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
To study the effect of two composition ratios of nano-hydroxyapatite and collagen (NHAC) composites on repairing alveolar bone defect of dogs. Eighteen healthy adult dogs were randomly divided into three groups. Two kinds of the NHAC composites were prepared according to the constituent ratios of 3:7 and 5:5; immediately after extraction of the mandibular second premolars, each kind of the NHAC composite was implanted into extraction socket, respectively: Group I, nHA/Col = 3:7; Group II, nHA/Col = 5:5 and Group III, blank control group. The bone-repairing ability of the two grafts was separately analyzed by morphometric measurement, X-ray tomography examination and biomechanical analysis at 1st, 3rd and 6th month post-surgical, respectively. The NHAC composites were absorbed gradually after implanting into alveolar bone defect and were replaced by new bone. The ratios of new bone formation of Group I was significantly higher than that of Group II after 3 months (P < 0.05). The structure and bioactive performance can be improved when the ratio between the collagen and the hydroxyapatite was reasonable, and the repairing ability and effect in extraction sockets are obviously better.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Fu Wang
- Graduate School, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou 121000, China
| | - Cheng-Yue Wang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou 121000, China
| | - Peng Wan
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Shao-Gang Wang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xiu-Mei Wang
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biomimetic Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Morris TP, White IR, Royston P, Seaman SR, Wood AM. Multiple imputation for an incomplete covariate that is a ratio. Stat Med 2013; 33:88-104. [PMID: 23922236 PMCID: PMC3920636 DOI: 10.1002/sim.5935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We are concerned with multiple imputation of the ratio of two variables, which is to be used as a covariate in a regression analysis. If the numerator and denominator are not missing simultaneously, it seems sensible to make use of the observed variable in the imputation model. One such strategy is to impute missing values for the numerator and denominator, or the log-transformed numerator and denominator, and then calculate the ratio of interest; we call this ‘passive’ imputation. Alternatively, missing ratio values might be imputed directly, with or without the numerator and/or the denominator in the imputation model; we call this ‘active’ imputation. In two motivating datasets, one involving body mass index as a covariate and the other involving the ratio of total to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, we assess the sensitivity of results to the choice of imputation model and, as an alternative, explore fully Bayesian joint models for the outcome and incomplete ratio. Fully Bayesian approaches using Winbugs were unusable in both datasets because of computational problems. In our first dataset, multiple imputation results are similar regardless of the imputation model; in the second, results are sensitive to the choice of imputation model. Sensitivity depends strongly on the coefficient of variation of the ratio's denominator. A simulation study demonstrates that passive imputation without transformation is risky because it can lead to downward bias when the coefficient of variation of the ratio's denominator is larger than about 0.1. Active imputation or passive imputation after log-transformation is preferable. © 2013 The Authors. Statistics in Medicine published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim P Morris
- Hub for Trials Methodology Research, MRC Clinical Trials Unit, Aviation House, 125 Kingsway, London WC2B 6NH, U.K.; MRC Biostatistics Unit, Institute of Public Health, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0SR, U.K
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