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Moshi JM, Hoogduin KJ, Ummelen M, Henfling MER, van Engeland M, Wouters KAD, Stoop H, Demers I, Looijenga LHJ, Ramaekers FCS, Hopman ANH. Switches of SOX17 and SOX2 expression in the development of squamous metaplasia and squamous intraepithelial lesions of the uterine cervix. Cancer Med 2020; 9:6330-6343. [PMID: 32644288 PMCID: PMC7476841 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.3201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The dynamics and topographical distribution of SOX17 and SOX2 expression was studied in the transformation zone (TZ) of the uterine cervix. This TZ is a dynamic area where switches from glandular into squamous epithelium can be recognized, new squamocolumnar junctions are formed, and premalignant lesions originate. SOX17 and SOX2 show mutually exclusive expression patterns in the normal uterine cervix, with SOX2 being exclusively found in squamous epithelium, while SOX17 is detected in endocervical columnar cells and reserve cells. METHODS AND RESULTS Normal cervices and squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL) were studied with immunohistochemistry, methylation of SOX17, human papilloma virus (HPV) genotyping, and in situ hybridization. In the TZ squamous metaplasia originating from these reserve cells can still show SOX17 expression, while also remnants of SOX17-positive immature metaplasia can be recognized in the normal squamous epithelium. SOX17 expression is gradually lost during maturation, resulting in the exclusive expression of SOX2 in the majority of (SIL). This loss of SOX17 expression is independent of methylation of the CpG island in its promotor region. HPV can be detected in SOX17-positive immature metaplastic regions in the immediate vicinity of SOX2-positive SIL, suggesting that switches in SOX17 and 2 expression can occur upon HPV infection. CONCLUSIONS This switch in expression, and the strong association between the distribution of reserve cells and squamous areas within the columnar epithelium in the TZ, suggests that reserve cell proliferations, next to basal cells in the squamous epithelium, are potential targets for the formation of squamous lesions upon viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jobran M Moshi
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, GROW School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Klaas J Hoogduin
- Laboratory of Pathology, Pathan B.V., Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Monique Ummelen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, GROW School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Mieke E R Henfling
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, GROW School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Manon van Engeland
- Department of Pathology, GROW School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Kim A D Wouters
- Department of Pathology, GROW School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Stoop
- Laboratory for Experimental Patho-Oncology, Department of Pathology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Imke Demers
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, GROW School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Leendert H J Looijenga
- Laboratory for Experimental Patho-Oncology, Department of Pathology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Frans C S Ramaekers
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, GROW School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Anton N H Hopman
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, GROW School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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5
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Castle PE, Adcock R, Cuzick J, Wentzensen N, Torrez-Martinez NE, Torres SM, Stoler MH, Ronnett BM, Joste NE, Darragh TM, Gravitt PE, Schiffman M, Hunt WC, Kinney WK, Wheeler CM. Relationships of p16 Immunohistochemistry and Other Biomarkers With Diagnoses of Cervical Abnormalities: Implications for LAST Terminology. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2020; 144:725-734. [PMID: 31718233 PMCID: PMC8575174 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2019-0241-oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT.— Lower Anogenital Squamous Terminology (LAST) standardization recommended p16INK4a immunohistochemistry (p16 IHC) for biopsies diagnosed morphologically as cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) grade 2 (CIN2) to classify them as low-grade or high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSILs). OBJECTIVE.— To describe the relationships of p16 IHC and other biomarkers associated with cervical cancer risk with biopsy diagnoses. DESIGN.— A statewide, stratified sample of cervical biopsies diagnosed by community pathologists (CPs), including 1512 CIN2, underwent a consensus, expert pathologist panel (EP) review (without p16 IHC results), p16 IHC interpretation by a third pathology group, and human papillomavirus (HPV) genotyping, results of which were grouped hierarchically according to cancer risk. Antecedent cytologic interpretations were also available. RESULTS.— Biopsies were more likely to test p16 IHC positive with increasing severity of CP diagnoses, overall (Ptrend ≤ .001) and within each HPV risk group (Ptrend ≤ .001 except for low-risk HPV [Ptrend < .010]). All abnormal grades of CP-diagnosed biopsies were more likely to test p16 IHC positive with a higher HPV risk group (Ptrend < .001), and testing p16 IHC positive was associated with higher HPV risk group than testing p16 IHC negative for each grade of CP-diagnosed biopsies (P < .001). p16 IHC-positive, CP-diagnosed CIN2 biopsies were less likely than CP-diagnosed CIN3 biopsies to test HPV16 positive, have an antecedent HSIL+ cytology, or to be diagnosed as CIN3+ by the EP (P < .001 for all). p16 IHC-positive, CP-diagnosed CIN1 biopsies had lower HPV risk groups than p16 IHC-negative, CP-diagnosed CIN2 biopsies (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS.— p16 IHC-positive, CP-diagnosed CIN2 appears to be lower cancer risk than CP-diagnosed CIN3. LAST classification of "HSIL" diagnosis, which includes p16 IHC-positive CIN2, should annotate the morphologic diagnosis (CIN2 or CIN3) to inform all management decisions, which is especially important for young (<30 years) women diagnosed with CIN2 for whom surveillance rather than treatment is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip E Castle
- From Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York (Dr Castle); Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom (Ms Adcock and Dr Cuzick); Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (Drs Wentzensen and Schiffman); the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Cancer Center, Albuquerque (Ms Torrez-Martinez, Dr Torres, Dr Joste, Dr Gravitt, Mr Hunt, and Dr Wheeler); the Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville (Dr Stoler); the Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland (Dr Ronnett); the Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco (Dr Darragh); and Sacramento, California (Dr Kinney)
| | - Rachael Adcock
- From Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York (Dr Castle); Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom (Ms Adcock and Dr Cuzick); Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (Drs Wentzensen and Schiffman); the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Cancer Center, Albuquerque (Ms Torrez-Martinez, Dr Torres, Dr Joste, Dr Gravitt, Mr Hunt, and Dr Wheeler); the Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville (Dr Stoler); the Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland (Dr Ronnett); the Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco (Dr Darragh); and Sacramento, California (Dr Kinney)
| | - Jack Cuzick
- From Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York (Dr Castle); Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom (Ms Adcock and Dr Cuzick); Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (Drs Wentzensen and Schiffman); the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Cancer Center, Albuquerque (Ms Torrez-Martinez, Dr Torres, Dr Joste, Dr Gravitt, Mr Hunt, and Dr Wheeler); the Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville (Dr Stoler); the Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland (Dr Ronnett); the Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco (Dr Darragh); and Sacramento, California (Dr Kinney)
| | - Nicolas Wentzensen
- From Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York (Dr Castle); Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom (Ms Adcock and Dr Cuzick); Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (Drs Wentzensen and Schiffman); the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Cancer Center, Albuquerque (Ms Torrez-Martinez, Dr Torres, Dr Joste, Dr Gravitt, Mr Hunt, and Dr Wheeler); the Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville (Dr Stoler); the Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland (Dr Ronnett); the Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco (Dr Darragh); and Sacramento, California (Dr Kinney)
| | - Norah E Torrez-Martinez
- From Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York (Dr Castle); Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom (Ms Adcock and Dr Cuzick); Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (Drs Wentzensen and Schiffman); the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Cancer Center, Albuquerque (Ms Torrez-Martinez, Dr Torres, Dr Joste, Dr Gravitt, Mr Hunt, and Dr Wheeler); the Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville (Dr Stoler); the Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland (Dr Ronnett); the Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco (Dr Darragh); and Sacramento, California (Dr Kinney)
| | - Salina M Torres
- From Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York (Dr Castle); Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom (Ms Adcock and Dr Cuzick); Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (Drs Wentzensen and Schiffman); the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Cancer Center, Albuquerque (Ms Torrez-Martinez, Dr Torres, Dr Joste, Dr Gravitt, Mr Hunt, and Dr Wheeler); the Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville (Dr Stoler); the Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland (Dr Ronnett); the Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco (Dr Darragh); and Sacramento, California (Dr Kinney)
| | - Mark H Stoler
- From Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York (Dr Castle); Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom (Ms Adcock and Dr Cuzick); Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (Drs Wentzensen and Schiffman); the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Cancer Center, Albuquerque (Ms Torrez-Martinez, Dr Torres, Dr Joste, Dr Gravitt, Mr Hunt, and Dr Wheeler); the Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville (Dr Stoler); the Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland (Dr Ronnett); the Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco (Dr Darragh); and Sacramento, California (Dr Kinney)
| | - Brigitte M Ronnett
- From Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York (Dr Castle); Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom (Ms Adcock and Dr Cuzick); Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (Drs Wentzensen and Schiffman); the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Cancer Center, Albuquerque (Ms Torrez-Martinez, Dr Torres, Dr Joste, Dr Gravitt, Mr Hunt, and Dr Wheeler); the Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville (Dr Stoler); the Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland (Dr Ronnett); the Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco (Dr Darragh); and Sacramento, California (Dr Kinney)
| | - Nancy E Joste
- From Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York (Dr Castle); Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom (Ms Adcock and Dr Cuzick); Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (Drs Wentzensen and Schiffman); the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Cancer Center, Albuquerque (Ms Torrez-Martinez, Dr Torres, Dr Joste, Dr Gravitt, Mr Hunt, and Dr Wheeler); the Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville (Dr Stoler); the Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland (Dr Ronnett); the Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco (Dr Darragh); and Sacramento, California (Dr Kinney)
| | - Teresa M Darragh
- From Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York (Dr Castle); Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom (Ms Adcock and Dr Cuzick); Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (Drs Wentzensen and Schiffman); the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Cancer Center, Albuquerque (Ms Torrez-Martinez, Dr Torres, Dr Joste, Dr Gravitt, Mr Hunt, and Dr Wheeler); the Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville (Dr Stoler); the Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland (Dr Ronnett); the Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco (Dr Darragh); and Sacramento, California (Dr Kinney)
| | - Patti E Gravitt
- From Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York (Dr Castle); Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom (Ms Adcock and Dr Cuzick); Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (Drs Wentzensen and Schiffman); the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Cancer Center, Albuquerque (Ms Torrez-Martinez, Dr Torres, Dr Joste, Dr Gravitt, Mr Hunt, and Dr Wheeler); the Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville (Dr Stoler); the Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland (Dr Ronnett); the Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco (Dr Darragh); and Sacramento, California (Dr Kinney)
| | - Mark Schiffman
- From Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York (Dr Castle); Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom (Ms Adcock and Dr Cuzick); Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (Drs Wentzensen and Schiffman); the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Cancer Center, Albuquerque (Ms Torrez-Martinez, Dr Torres, Dr Joste, Dr Gravitt, Mr Hunt, and Dr Wheeler); the Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville (Dr Stoler); the Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland (Dr Ronnett); the Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco (Dr Darragh); and Sacramento, California (Dr Kinney)
| | - William C Hunt
- From Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York (Dr Castle); Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom (Ms Adcock and Dr Cuzick); Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (Drs Wentzensen and Schiffman); the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Cancer Center, Albuquerque (Ms Torrez-Martinez, Dr Torres, Dr Joste, Dr Gravitt, Mr Hunt, and Dr Wheeler); the Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville (Dr Stoler); the Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland (Dr Ronnett); the Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco (Dr Darragh); and Sacramento, California (Dr Kinney)
| | - Walter K Kinney
- From Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York (Dr Castle); Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom (Ms Adcock and Dr Cuzick); Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (Drs Wentzensen and Schiffman); the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Cancer Center, Albuquerque (Ms Torrez-Martinez, Dr Torres, Dr Joste, Dr Gravitt, Mr Hunt, and Dr Wheeler); the Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville (Dr Stoler); the Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland (Dr Ronnett); the Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco (Dr Darragh); and Sacramento, California (Dr Kinney)
| | - Cosette M Wheeler
- From Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York (Dr Castle); Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom (Ms Adcock and Dr Cuzick); Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (Drs Wentzensen and Schiffman); the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Cancer Center, Albuquerque (Ms Torrez-Martinez, Dr Torres, Dr Joste, Dr Gravitt, Mr Hunt, and Dr Wheeler); the Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville (Dr Stoler); the Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland (Dr Ronnett); the Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco (Dr Darragh); and Sacramento, California (Dr Kinney)
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10
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Organista-Nava J, Gómez-Gómez Y, Ocadiz-Delgado R, García-Villa E, Bonilla-Delgado J, Lagunas-Martínez A, Tapia JSO, Lambert PF, García-Carrancá A, Gariglio P. The HPV16 E7 oncoprotein increases the expression of Oct3/4 and stemness-related genes and augments cell self-renewal. Virology 2016; 499:230-242. [PMID: 27693927 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Oct3/4 is a transcription factor involved in maintenance of the pluripotency and self-renewal of stem cells. The E7 oncoprotein and 17β-estradiol (E2) are key factors in cervical carcinogenesis. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the effect of the HPV16 E7 oncoprotein and E2 on the expression pattern of Oct3/4, Sox2, Nanog and Fgf4. We also determined whether the E7 oncoprotein is associated with cell self-renewal. The results showed that Oct3/4, Sox2, Nanog and Fgf4 were upregulated by the E7 oncoprotein in vivo and in vitro and implicate E2 in the upregulation of these factors in vivo. We also demonstrated that E7 is involved in cell self-renewal, suggesting that the HPV16 E7 oncoprotein upregulates Oct3/4, Sox2, Nanog and Fgf4 expression to maintain the self-renewal capacity of cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Organista-Nava
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Instituto de Fisiología Celular (IFC), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México 04510, México; Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Ciudad de México 07360, México
| | - Yazmín Gómez-Gómez
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Instituto de Fisiología Celular (IFC), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México 04510, México; Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Ciudad de México 07360, México
| | - Rodolfo Ocadiz-Delgado
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Ciudad de México 07360, México
| | - Enrique García-Villa
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Ciudad de México 07360, México
| | - José Bonilla-Delgado
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Juárez de México, Ciudad de México 07760, México
| | - Alfredo Lagunas-Martínez
- División de Biología Molecular de Patógenos, CISEI, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Jesús Santa-Olalla Tapia
- Unidad de Diagnóstico y Medicina Molecular, "Dr. Ruy Pérez Tamayo", Hospital del Niño y el Adolescente Morelense, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México; Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonóma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Paul F Lambert
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Alejandro García-Carrancá
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) and División de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan), Secretaría de Salud, Ciudad de México 14080, México.
| | - Patricio Gariglio
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Ciudad de México 07360, México.
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