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Albert K, Couture-Carron A, Schneiderhan E. Non-Physical and Ambient Sexual Harassment of Women Undergraduate University Students in Canada: A Diary Study. Violence Against Women 2024; 30:2345-2370. [PMID: 36714976 PMCID: PMC11145923 DOI: 10.1177/10778012231153369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Using a 60-day daily e-diary tool, 117 women undergraduate students reported sexual harassment on a Canadian university campus (4,283 diary surveys, collectively). Participants reported 181 incidents of both ambient sexual harassment (witnessing 40 incidents, hearing 106 unwelcomed sexual jokes/remarks) and targeted personal experiences of non-physical sexual harassment (35 incidents). Qualitative data document students' descriptions of these encounters and contextualize how these are part of everyday student life. Findings show that students experience this harassment almost daily-in an ongoing, persistent, and normalized way-and that university can be a hostile environment where the possibility of daily unwanted sexual experiences is a lived, endemic reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelin Albert
- Department of Sociology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
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2
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Nicholas J, Bresin K. Everyday Sexual and Gender Minority Stress and Health: A Systematic Review of Experience Sampling Studies. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2024; 53:1221-1243. [PMID: 38172351 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-023-02779-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Sexual and gender minority stress is associated with negative physical and mental health outcomes, such as hypertension and depression. Expanding on previous reviews of the literature on cross-sectional and long-term prospective associations between sexual and gender minority stress and health outcomes, the current systematic review synthesizes the evidence on how everyday sexual and gender minority stress relates to momentary changes in health. The findings of 53 experience sampling studies published between 2007 and 2022 suggest that daily and momentary within-persons fluctuations in minority stressors are associated with cognitive-emotional (e.g., affect, suicidality), behavioral (e.g., substance use), social (e.g., relationship satisfaction), and physical health outcomes (e.g., somatic symptoms). These findings suggest that sexual and gender minority stress is a dynamic process that can vary within individuals over time and significantly impact everyday mental and physical health. We discuss the implications of these findings for minority stress theory, LGBTQ+ health research, LGBTQ+ affirming therapy, and prevention initiatives. The current experience sampling literature is limited by a lack of attention to gender minority stress and a focus on a limited range of health outcomes. Methodological and theoretical considerations for future experience sampling research are discussed in light of these limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Nicholas
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Louisville, 317 Life Sciences Building, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA.
| | - Konrad Bresin
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Louisville, 317 Life Sciences Building, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
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Nahum-Shani I, Rabbi M, Yap J, Philyaw-Kotov ML, Klasnja P, Bonar EE, Cunningham RM, Murphy SA, Walton MA. Translating strategies for promoting engagement in mobile health: A proof-of-concept microrandomized trial. Health Psychol 2021; 40:974-987. [PMID: 34735165 PMCID: PMC8738098 DOI: 10.1037/hea0001101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mobile technologies allow for accessible and cost-effective health monitoring and intervention delivery. Despite these advantages, mobile health (mHealth) engagement is often insufficient. While monetary incentives may increase engagement, they can backfire, dampening intrinsic motivations and undermining intervention scalability. Theories from psychology and behavioral economics suggest useful nonmonetary strategies for promoting engagement; however, examinations of the applicability of these strategies to mHealth engagement are lacking. This proof-of-concept study evaluates the translation of theoretically-grounded engagement strategies into mHealth, by testing their potential utility in promoting daily self-reporting. METHOD A microrandomized trial (MRT) was conducted with adolescents and emerging adults with past-month substance use. Participants were randomized multiple times daily to receive theoretically-grounded strategies, namely reciprocity (the delivery of inspirational quote prior to self-reporting window) and nonmonetary reinforcers (e.g., the delivery of meme/gif following self-reporting completion) to improve proximal engagement in daily mHealth self-reporting. RESULTS Daily self-reporting rates (62.3%; n = 68) were slightly lower than prior literature, albeit with much lower financial incentives. The utility of specific strategies was found to depend on contextual factors pertaining to the individual's receptivity and risk for disengagement. For example, the effect of reciprocity significantly varied depending on whether this strategy was employed (vs. not employed) during the weekend. The nonmonetary reinforcement strategy resulted in different outcomes when operationalized in various ways. CONCLUSIONS While the results support the translation of the reciprocity strategy into this mHealth setting, the translation of nonmonetary reinforcement requires further consideration prior to inclusion in a full scale MRT. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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Ventuneac A, John SA, Whitfield THF, Mustanski B, Parsons JT. Preferences for Sexual Health Smartphone App Features Among Gay and Bisexual Men. AIDS Behav 2018; 22:3384-3394. [PMID: 29948335 PMCID: PMC6148366 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-018-2171-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Given the popularity of geosocial networking applications ("apps") among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (GBMSM), this study sought to examine GBMSM's willingness to use sexual health and behavior tracking features if integrated within apps they are already using to meet sexual partners. Most GBMSM (91%) recruited on a popular app reported interest in one or more sexual health app features, including features to find LGBT-friendly providers (83%), receive lab results (68%), schedule appointment reminders (67%), chat with a healthcare provider (59%), and receive medication reminder alerts (42%). Fewer GBMSM were interested in tracking and receiving feedback on their sexual behavior (35%) and substance use (24%). Our data suggest that integrating sexual health and behavior tracking features for GBMSM who use apps could be promising in engaging them in HIV prevention interventions. Further research is needed on GBMSM's perspectives about potential barriers in using such features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Ventuneac
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Steven A John
- The Center for HIV/AIDS Educational Studies & Training (CHEST), New York, NY, USA
| | - Thomas H F Whitfield
- The Center for HIV/AIDS Educational Studies & Training (CHEST), New York, NY, USA
- Health Psychology and Clinical Science Doctoral Program, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York (CUNY), New York, NY, USA
| | - Brian Mustanski
- Department of Medical Social Sciences and Institute for Sexual and Gender Minority Health and Wellbeing, Northwestern University, 625 N Michigan Ave, Suite 1400, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
| | - Jeffrey T Parsons
- The Center for HIV/AIDS Educational Studies & Training (CHEST), New York, NY, USA
- Health Psychology and Clinical Science Doctoral Program, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York (CUNY), New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College of the City University of New York (CUNY), New York, NY, USA
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Newcomb ME, Swann G, Mohr D, Mustanski B. Do Diary Studies Cause Behavior Change? An Examination of Reactivity in Sexual Risk and Substance Use in Young Men Who Have Sex with Men. AIDS Behav 2018; 22:2284-2295. [PMID: 29332235 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-018-2027-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Behavioral diaries are frequently used for observing sexual and substance use behaviors, but participating in diary studies may cause behavior change. This study examined change in sexual and substance use behaviors among young men who have sex with men (YMSM) in a two-month diary study compared to control. An analytic sample of 324 YMSM was randomized to receive daily diaries, weekly diaries, or no diaries (control) for 2 months. Half of the diary participants were randomized to receive automated weekly feedback. Between-subjects analyses found no evidence of change in sexual or substance use behaviors from baseline to 2-month follow-up when comparing the diary conditions to control. Within-persons growth mixture models of all diary data showed significant decreases in condomless anal sex (CAS) and illicit drug use. Weekly automated feedback had no effect on behavior change. Findings provide evidence of change in CAS and illicit drug use amongst diary participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Newcomb
- Institute for Sexual and Gender Minority Health and Wellbeing, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 625 N. Michigan Ave., Suite 2700, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
| | - Gregory Swann
- Institute for Sexual and Gender Minority Health and Wellbeing, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 625 N. Michigan Ave., Suite 2700, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - David Mohr
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Center for Behavioral Intervention Technologies, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Brian Mustanski
- Institute for Sexual and Gender Minority Health and Wellbeing, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 625 N. Michigan Ave., Suite 2700, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
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Swann G, Newcomb ME, Mustanski B. Validation of the HIV Risk Assessment of Sexual Partnerships (H-RASP): Comparison to a 2-Month Prospective Diary Study. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2018; 47:121-131. [PMID: 28733826 PMCID: PMC5756508 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-017-1033-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The HIV Risk Assessment of Sexual Partnerships (H-RASP) was developed in order to create a retrospective measure of sexual risk-taking that can account for the differing contexts of sexual partnership(s) within a specified period of time. In order to validate the H-RASP relative to other methods of measuring sexual risk-taking, measurements from the H-RASP were compared to data from a prospective diary study of 95 young men who have sex with men over the same two-month period. We found that the H-RASP was not significantly different at measuring participants' total number of sexual partners and total number of anal sex partners in comparison with the diaries. The two measures were significantly different in measurement of total number of condomless anal sex (CAS) partners and number of CAS acts within partnerships, such that participants on average estimated more CAS partners and acts in the H-RASP. The two measures shared 40.8% of variance on measurement of CAS partners and 44.6% of variance on CAS acts within partnerships. These results suggest that even though the H-RASP is not a perfect replication of prospective diary data, it captures a moderate proportion of the same variance, and, in the case of CAS acts within partnerships, a proportion of the variance that likely would not be measured by retrospective measures that do not ask about behaviors specific to partnerships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Swann
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 625 N. Michigan Ave., Suite 2700, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Northwestern University Institute for Sexual and Gender Minority Health and Wellbeing, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Michael E Newcomb
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 625 N. Michigan Ave., Suite 2700, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
- Northwestern University Institute for Sexual and Gender Minority Health and Wellbeing, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Brian Mustanski
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 625 N. Michigan Ave., Suite 2700, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Northwestern University Institute for Sexual and Gender Minority Health and Wellbeing, Chicago, IL, USA
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Ram N, Brinberg M, Pincus AL, Conroy DE. The Questionable Ecological Validity of Ecological Momentary Assessment: Considerations for Design and Analysis. RESEARCH IN HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 2017; 14:253-270. [PMID: 30613195 PMCID: PMC6317726 DOI: 10.1080/15427609.2017.1340052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Experience sampling (ESM), diary, ecological momentary assessment (EMA), ambulatory monitoring, and related methods are part of a research tradition aimed at capturing the ongoing stream of individuals' behavior in real-world situations. By design, these approaches prioritize ecological validity. In this paper, we examine how the purported ecological validity these study designs provide may be compromised during data analysis. After briefly outlining the benefits of EMA-type designs, we highlight some of the design issues that threaten ecological validity, illustrate how the typical multilevel analysis of EMA-type data can compromise generalizability to "real-life", and consider how unobtrusive monitoring and person-specific analysis may provide for more precise descriptions of individuals' actual human ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilam Ram
- Pennsylvania State University
- German Institute for Economic Research (DIW), Berlin
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Jongen PJ, Kremer IEH, Hristodorova E, Evers SMAA, Kool A, van Noort EM, Hiligsmann M. Adherence to Web-Based Self-Assessments in Long-Term Direct-to-Patient Research: Two-Year Study of Multiple Sclerosis Patients. J Med Internet Res 2017; 19:e249. [PMID: 28733272 PMCID: PMC5544895 DOI: 10.2196/jmir.6729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Direct-to-patient research via Web-based questionnaires is increasingly being used. Missed data or delayed reporting of data may negatively affect the quality of study results. It is insufficiently known to what degree patients adhere to agreed self-assessment schedule over the long term and whether questionnaires are filled out in a timely manner. Objective The objective of this study was to investigate patients’ adherence to a self-assessment schedule with low-frequency long questionnaires versus that with a high-frequency short questionnaire. Methods In this study, the 36-item MS Impact Profile (MSIP) questionnaire measured (perceived) disabilities and the 54-item MS Quality of Life-54 (MSQoL-54) questionnaire measured health-related quality of life at 6-month intervals. Additionally, the 2-item Medication and Adherence (MA) questionnaire documented medication and adherence to disease-modifying medication every month. An experienced MS nurse assessed the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score via phone. For both the self-assessment schedules, we calculated the percentage of patients who had completed all the questionnaires in the first 2 years (completion adherence), the percentage of patients who completed all the questionnaires within set time frames (interval adherence), the relationship between adherence and the EDSS score, and the timing of EDSS assessment. Results Of the 331 patients who enrolled themselves, 301 patients completed at least one questionnaire. At month six (M6), M12, M18, and M24, the MSIP was completed by 83.4% (251/301), 71.8% (216/301), 68.1% (205/301), and 58.5% (176/301) of the patients, respectively; the MSQoL-54 by 82.1% (247/301), 71.8% (216/301), 66.8% (201/301), and 57.1% (172/301), respectively; and the MA questionnaire by 80.1% (241/301), 70.4% (212/301), 62.1% (187/301), and 53.5% (161/301), respectively. For the MSIP, 56.8% (171/301) of the patients were 2-year completion adherent; 55.5% (167/301) and 53.5% (161/301) of the patients were completion adherent for the MSQoL-54 and MA questionnaires, respectively. Whereas 85.5% (142/166) of the patients were interval adherent for the MSIP and MSQoL-54, 25.5% (41/161) were interval adherent for the MA questionnaire, with 73.9% (119/161) exceeding the maximum MA monthly interassessment interval. Completion adherence for the monthly short MA questionnaire was higher in patients with moderately high disability (EDSS 5.0-5.5) than for those with no or minimal disability (EDSS 0-2.5) (OR 5.47, 95% CI 1.08-27.69; P=.040). Completion adherence was also higher in patients with EDSS assessment within 6 months after baseline than in those with later assessment (OR 1.810, 95% CI 0.999-3.280; P=.050). Conclusions The 2-year completion adherence to Web-based self-assessments did not differ between the low-frequency long questionnaires and a high-frequency short questionnaire, but the interval adherence was substantially higher for the low-frequency long questionnaires. Personal contact with a member of the research team regarding a clinically relevant professional-reported outcome early in the study might positively affect the long-term completion adherence in direct-to-patient studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Joseph Jongen
- Department of Community and Occupational Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.,MS4 Research Institute, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Ingrid E H Kremer
- CAPHRI Care and Public Health Research Institute, Department of Health Services Research, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Elena Hristodorova
- CAPHRI Care and Public Health Research Institute, Department of Health Services Research, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Silvia M A A Evers
- CAPHRI Care and Public Health Research Institute, Department of Health Services Research, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Anton Kool
- Curavista BV, Geertruidenberg, Netherlands
| | | | - Mickaël Hiligsmann
- CAPHRI Care and Public Health Research Institute, Department of Health Services Research, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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Feinstein BA, Newcomb ME. Event-Level Associations Among Drinking Motives, Alcohol Consumption, and Condomless Anal Sex in a Sample of Young Men Who Have Sex With Men. AIDS Behav 2017; 21:1904-1913. [PMID: 28251377 PMCID: PMC5493499 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-017-1734-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Young men who have sex with men (YMSM) are at increased risk for HIV and problematic alcohol use. Drinking motives are associated with alcohol use in cross-sectional studies, but their associations with alcohol use and condomless anal sex (CAS) at the event-level remain unclear. The current study examined these event-level associations in a sample of 189 YMSM who completed self-report measures on a daily or weekly basis for two months. Participants were recruited between August 2014 and April 2015 for a randomized trial designed to study behavioral reactivity in diary studies. YMSM consumed more alcohol on days when they drank to cope, to enhance pleasure, or to be more social. CAS with casual partners was more likely on days when they consumed more alcohol. Drinking motives were not associated with CAS. Interventions may benefit from addressing drinking motives and the influence of alcohol use on CAS in different types of relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian A Feinstein
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 625 N Michigan Ave, Suite 2700, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
- Northwestern University Institute for Sexual and Gender Minority Health and Wellbeing, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Michael E Newcomb
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 625 N Michigan Ave, Suite 2700, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Northwestern University Institute for Sexual and Gender Minority Health and Wellbeing, Chicago, IL, USA
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Puckett JA, Newcomb ME, Ryan DT, Swann G, Garofalo R, Mustanski B. Internalized Homophobia and Perceived Stigma: A Validation Study of Stigma Measures in a Sample of Young Men who Have Sex with Men. SEXUALITY RESEARCH & SOCIAL POLICY : JOURNAL OF NSRC : SR & SP 2017; 14:1-16. [PMID: 28824733 PMCID: PMC5560600 DOI: 10.1007/s13178-016-0258-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Young men who have sex with men (YMSM) experience minority stressors that impact their mental health, substance use, and sexual risk behaviors. Internalized homophobia (IH) and perceived stigma represent two of these minority stressors, and there has been limited research empirically validating measures of these constructs. We validated measures of IH and perceived stigma with a sample of 450 YMSM (mean age=18.9) and a sample of 370 YMSM (mean age=22.9). Results from exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses supported modifications to the IH and perceived stigma scales, ultimately revealing a three factor and one factor structure, respectively. Convergent and discriminant validity were examined utilizing correlations between IH, perceived stigma, and other variables related to minority stress (e.g., victimization). We evaluated predictive validity by examining relations with mental health, substance use, and risky sexual behaviors measured 12-months from baseline. There were mixed findings for IH, with subscales varying in their relations to mental health, drinking, and sexual risk variables. Perceived stigma was not related to mental health or substance use, but was associated with greater prevalence of STIs. Findings supported the use of these modified scales with YMSM and highlight the need for further measurement studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae A Puckett
- Clinical Psychology Program, University of South Dakota, 414 E. Clark St., Vermillion, SD 57069
| | - Michael E Newcomb
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 625 N. Michigan Ave., Suite 2700, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Daniel T Ryan
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 625 N. Michigan Ave., Suite 2700, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Greg Swann
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 625 N. Michigan Ave., Suite 2700, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Robert Garofalo
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Center for Gender, Sexuality and HIV Prevention, 225 E. Chicago Ave., Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Brian Mustanski
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Medical Social Sciences, 625 N Michigan Ave, Suite 2700, Chicago, IL 60657
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