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Kumar M, Deshmukh P, Kumar M, Bhatt A, Sinha AH, Chawla P. Vitamin E Supplementation and Cardiovascular Health: A Comprehensive Review. Cureus 2023; 15:e48142. [PMID: 38046702 PMCID: PMC10692867 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.48142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This article conducts a thorough investigation into the potential role of vitamin E in preventing cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in the context of shifting mortality patterns from infectious diseases to the continued prominence of CVDs in modern medicine. The primary focus is on vitamin E's antioxidant properties and its specific ability to counter lipid peroxidation, a pivotal process in the early stages of atherosclerosis, a precursor to CVDs. The research spans a wide range of methodologies, including in vitro, in vivo, clinical, and experimental studies, examining how vitamin E affects critical aspects of cardiovascular health, such as signaling pathways, gene expression, inflammation, and cholesterol metabolism. It also explores vitamin E's influence on complex processes like smooth muscle cell development, oxidative stress reduction, foam cell formation, and the stability of atherosclerotic plaques. In the context of clinical studies, the article presents findings that both support and yield inconclusive results regarding the impact of vitamin E supplementation on CVDs. It acknowledges the intricate interplay of factors such as patient selection, pathophysiological conditions, and genetic variations, all of which can significantly influence the efficacy of vitamin E. The article underscores the need for ongoing research, with a specific focus on understanding the regulatory metabolites of vitamin E and their roles in modulating cellular processes relevant to CVDs. It highlights the potential for innovative therapeutic approaches based on a deeper comprehension of vitamin E's multifaceted effects. However, it also candidly addresses the challenges of translating clinical trial findings into practical applications and emphasizes the importance of considering diverse variables to optimize therapeutic outcomes. In summary, this meticulously conducted study provides a comprehensive examination of vitamin E's potential as a preventive agent against CVDs, recognizing the complexity of the subject and the need for continued research to unlock its full potential in cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayank Kumar
- Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Prasad Deshmukh
- Otolaryngology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Mayank Kumar
- Community Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Asmi Bhatt
- Surgery, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Arya Harshyt Sinha
- Anatomy, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Parth Chawla
- Pathology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
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2
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Dhalla NS, Bhullar SK, Shah AK. Future scope and challenges for congestive heart failure: Moving towards development of pharmacotherapy. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2022; 100:834-847. [PMID: 35704943 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2022-0154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Heart failure is invariably associated with cardiac hypertrophy and impaired cardiac performance. Although several drugs have been developed to delay the progression of heart failure, none of the existing interventions have shown beneficial effects in reducing morbidity and mortality. In order to determine specific targets for future drug development, we have discussed different mechanisms involving both cardiomyocytes and non-myocyte (extracellular matrix) alterations for the transition of cardiac hypertrophy to heart failure as well as for the progression of heart failure. We have emphasized the role of oxidative stress, inflammatory cytokines, metabolic alterations and Ca2+-handling defects in adverse cardiac remodeling and heart dysfunction in hypertrophied myocardium. Alterations in the regulatory process due to several protein kinases as well as participation of mitochondrial Ca2+-overload, activation of proteases and phospholipases and changes in gene expression for subcellular remodeling have also been described for the occurrence of cardiac dysfunction. Association of cardiac arrhythmia with heart failure has been explained as a consequence of catecholamine oxidation products. Since these multifactorial defects in extracellular matrix and cardiomyocytes are evident in the failing heart, it is a challenge for experimental cardiologists to develop appropriate combination drug therapy for improving cardiac function in heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naranjan S Dhalla
- University of Manitoba, 8664, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Winnipeg, Canada;
| | - Sukhwinder K Bhullar
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St.Boniface Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada;
| | - Anureet Kaur Shah
- School of Kinesiology, Nutrition and Food Science, California State University, Los Angeles, CA 900032, USA., Los Angeles, United States;
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Antioxidants in Arrhythmia Treatment—Still a Controversy? A Review of Selected Clinical and Laboratory Research. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11061109. [PMID: 35740006 PMCID: PMC9220256 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11061109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Antioxidants are substances that can prevent damage to cells caused by free radicals. Production of reactive oxygen species and the presence of oxidative stress play an important role in cardiac arrhythmias. Currently used antiarrhythmic drugs have many side effects. The research on animals and humans using antioxidants (such as vitamins C and E, resveratrol and synthetic substances) yields many interesting but inconclusive results. Natural antioxidants, such as vitamins C and E, can reduce the recurrence of atrial fibrillation (AF) after successful electrical cardioversion and protect against AF after cardiac surgery, but do not affect the incidence of atrial arrhythmias in critically ill patients with trauma. Vitamins C and E may also effectively treat ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation and long QT-related arrhythmias. Another natural antioxidant—resveratrol—may effectively treat AF and ventricular arrhythmias caused by ischaemia–reperfusion injury. It reduces the mortality associated with life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias and can be used to prevent myocardial remodelling. Statins also show antioxidant activity. Their action is related to the reduction of oxidative stress and anti-inflammatory effect. Therefore, statins can reduce the post-operative risk of AF and may be useful in lowering its recurrence rate after successful cardioversion. Promising results also apply to polyphenols, nitric oxide synthase inhibitors and MitoTEMPO. Although few clinical trials have been conducted, the use of antioxidants in treating arrhythmias is an interesting prospect.
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Rostamzadeh F, Najafipour H, Jafarinejad-Farsangi S, Ansari-Asl Z. Beneficial effects of PEGylated graphene quantum dot on arrhythmias induced by myocardial infarction. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2021; 69:2222-2228. [PMID: 34766653 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Arrhythmias are one of the leading causes of early death following myocardial infarction (MI) and heart failure. Graphene derivatives have emerged as an therapeutic target that have electrical conductivity. The study aimed to evaluate the impacts of polyethylene glycol-graphene quantum dots (GQDs-PEG) on arrhythmias created by MI in the rat. Animals were randomly assigned to five groups of sham, MI, and MI + GQDs-PEG at doses of 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg. MI was induced by the closure of the left anterior descending artery. The day after MI, animals were administered vehicle (phosphate buffered saline) or GQDs-PEG at different doses every other day for 2 weeks. On day 15, electrocardiogram (ECG), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and heart contractility indices were recorded by the PowerLab data acquisition system. GQDs-PEG 20 mg/kg increased contractility and improved the reduction of MAP in the MI group. The prolonged QT and QTc intervals, inverted T wave, and deviated ST segment were modified by GQDs-PEG 10 and 20 mg/kg in rats with MI. The amplitude of the Q wave was also decreased in a dose-dependent manner in the GQDs-PEG-treated rats. The results demonstrated that 2 weeks of treatment with GQDs-PEG normalized ECG abnormalities and improved left ventricular dysfunction in rats with MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Rostamzadeh
- Physiology Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Hamid Najafipour
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Saeideh Jafarinejad-Farsangi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Zeinab Ansari-Asl
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
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Shah AK, Dhalla NS. Effectiveness of Some Vitamins in the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: A Narrative Review. Front Physiol 2021; 12:729255. [PMID: 34690803 PMCID: PMC8531219 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.729255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
By virtue of their regulatory role in various metabolic and biosynthetic pathways for energy status and cellular integrity, both hydro-soluble and lipo-soluble vitamins are considered to be involved in maintaining cardiovascular function in health and disease. Deficiency of some vitamins such as vitamin A, B6, folic acid, C, D, and E has been shown to be associated with cardiovascular abnormalities whereas supplementation with these vitamins has been claimed to reduce cardiovascular risk for hypertension, atherosclerosis, myocardial ischemia, arrhythmias, and heart failure. However, the data from several experimental and clinical studies for the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease due to vitamin deficiency as well as therapy due to different vitamins are conflicting. In this article, we have attempted to review the existing literature on the role of different vitamins in cardiovascular disease with respect to their deficiency and supplementation in addition to examining some issues regarding their involvement in heart disease. Although both epidemiological and observational studies have shown some merit in the use of different antioxidant vitamins for the treatment of cardiovascular disorders, the results are not conclusive. Furthermore, in view of the complexities in the mechanisms of different cardiovascular disorders, no apparent involvement of any particular vitamin was seen in any specific cardiovascular disease. On the other hand, we have reviewed the evidence that deficiency of vitamin B6 promoted KCl-induced Ca2+ entry and reduced ATP-induced Ca2+-entry in cardiomyocytes in addition to decreasing sarcolemmal (SL) ATP binding. The active metabolite of vitamin B6, pyridoxal 5′-phosphate, attenuated arrhythmias due to myocardial infarction (MI) as well as cardiac dysfunction and defects in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+-transport in the ischemic-reperfused hearts. These observations indicate that both deficiency of some vitamins as well as pretreatments with different vitamins showing antioxidant activity affect cardiac function, metabolism and cation transport, and support the view that antioxidant vitamins or their metabolites may be involved in the prevention rather than the therapy of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anureet K Shah
- School of Kinesiology, Nutrition and Food Science, California State University, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Naranjan S Dhalla
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Max Rady College of Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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Tanzilli G, Arrivi A, Placanica A, Viceconte N, Cammisotto V, Nocella C, Barillà F, Torromeo C, Pucci G, Acconcia MC, Granatelli A, Basili S, Dominici M, Gaudio C, Carnevale R, Mangieri E. Glutathione Infusion Before and 3 Days After Primary Angioplasty Blunts Ongoing NOX2-Mediated Inflammatory Response. J Am Heart Assoc 2021; 10:e020560. [PMID: 34533039 PMCID: PMC8649545 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.120.020560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Glutathione is a water‐soluble tripeptide with a potent oxidant scavenging activity. We hypothesized that glutathione administration immediately before and after primary angioplasty (primary percutaneous coronary intervention) could be effective in modulating immune cell activation, thereby preventing infarct expansion. Methods and Results One hundred consecutive patients with ST‐segment–elevation myocardial infarction, scheduled to undergo primary percutaneous coronary intervention were randomly assigned before the intervention to receive an infusion of glutathione (2500 mg/25 mL over 10 minutes), followed by drug administration at the same doses at 24, 48, and 72 hours elapsing time or placebo. Total leukocytes, NOX2 (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 2) activation, NO bioavailability, cTpT (serum cardiac troponin T), hsCRP (high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein), and TNF‐α (tumor necrosis factor α) levels were measured. Left ventricular size and function were assessed within 120 minutes, 5 days, and 6 months from percutaneous coronary intervention. Following reperfusion, a significant reduction of neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (P<0.0001), hsCRP generation (P<0.0001), NOX2 activation (P<0.0001), TNF‐α levels (P<0.001), and cTpT release (P<0.0001) were found in the glutathione group compared with placebo. In treated patients, blunted inflammatory response was linked to better left ventricular size and function at follow‐up (r=0.78, P<0.005). Conclusions Early and prolonged glutathione infusion seems able to protect vital myocardial components and endothelial cell function against harmful pro‐oxidant and inflammatory environments, thus preventing maladaptive cardiac repair and left ventricular adverse remodeling. Registration URL: https://www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu; Unique identifier: 2014‐004486‐25.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Tanzilli
- Department of Clinical, Internal Medicine, Anesthesiology, and Cardiovascular Sciences Sapienza University of Rome Rome Italy
| | - Alessio Arrivi
- Department of Cardiology Interventional Cardiology Unit, "Santa Maria" Hospital Terni Italy
| | - Attilio Placanica
- Department of Cardiology "San Giovanni Evangelista" Hospital Tivoli Italy
| | - Nicola Viceconte
- Department of Clinical, Internal Medicine, Anesthesiology, and Cardiovascular Sciences Sapienza University of Rome Rome Italy
| | - Vittoria Cammisotto
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical Specialty Paride Stefanini Sapienza University of Rome Rome Italy
| | - Cristina Nocella
- Department of Clinical, Internal Medicine, Anesthesiology, and Cardiovascular Sciences Sapienza University of Rome Rome Italy
| | - Francesco Barillà
- Department of Clinical, Internal Medicine, Anesthesiology, and Cardiovascular Sciences Sapienza University of Rome Rome Italy
| | - Concetta Torromeo
- Department of Clinical, Internal Medicine, Anesthesiology, and Cardiovascular Sciences Sapienza University of Rome Rome Italy
| | - Giacomo Pucci
- Internal Medicine Unit, "Santa Maria" Hospital Terni Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Acconcia
- Department of Clinical, Internal Medicine, Anesthesiology, and Cardiovascular Sciences Sapienza University of Rome Rome Italy
| | | | - Stefania Basili
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine SapienzaUniversity of Rome Rome Italy
| | - Marcello Dominici
- Department of Cardiology Interventional Cardiology Unit, "Santa Maria" Hospital Terni Italy
| | - Carlo Gaudio
- Department of Clinical, Internal Medicine, Anesthesiology, and Cardiovascular Sciences Sapienza University of Rome Rome Italy
| | - Roberto Carnevale
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies Sapienza University Latina Italy.,Mediterranea Cardiocentro Napoli Italy
| | - Enrico Mangieri
- Department of Clinical, Internal Medicine, Anesthesiology, and Cardiovascular Sciences Sapienza University of Rome Rome Italy
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7
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Ziegler M, Wallert M, Lorkowski S, Peter K. Cardiovascular and Metabolic Protection by Vitamin E: A Matter of Treatment Strategy? Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E935. [PMID: 33003543 PMCID: PMC7600583 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9100935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) cause about 1/3 of global deaths. Therefore, new strategies for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular events are highly sought-after. Vitamin E is known for significant antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties, and has been studied in the prevention of CVD, supported by findings that vitamin E deficiency is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular events. However, randomized controlled trials in humans reveal conflicting and ultimately disappointing results regarding the reduction of cardiovascular events with vitamin E supplementation. As we discuss in detail, this outcome is strongly affected by study design, cohort selection, co-morbidities, genetic variations, age, and gender. For effective chronic primary and secondary prevention by vitamin E, oxidative and inflammatory status might not have been sufficiently antagonized. In contrast, acute administration of vitamin E may be more translatable into positive clinical outcomes. In patients with myocardial infarction (MI), which is associated with severe oxidative and inflammatory reactions, decreased plasma levels of vitamin E have been found. The offsetting of this acute vitamin E deficiency via short-term treatment in MI has shown promising results, and, thus, acute medication, rather than chronic supplementation, with vitamin E might revitalize vitamin E therapy and even provide positive clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Ziegler
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Internal Medicine III, University Clinic of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany;
| | - Maria Wallert
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany; (M.W.); (S.L.)
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefan Lorkowski
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany; (M.W.); (S.L.)
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany
| | - Karlheinz Peter
- Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
- Department of Medicine and Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
- Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
- Department of Cardiology, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
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8
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Adameova A, Shah AK, Dhalla NS. Role of Oxidative Stress in the Genesis of Ventricular Arrhythmias. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124200. [PMID: 32545595 PMCID: PMC7349053 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ventricular arrhythmias, mainly lethal arrhythmias, such as ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation, may lead to sudden cardiac death. These are triggered as a result of cardiac injury due to chronic ischemia, acute myocardial infarction and various stressful conditions associated with increased levels of circulating catecholamines and angiotensin II. Several mechanisms have been proposed to underlie electrical instability of the heart promoting ventricular arrhythmias; however, oxidative stress which adversely affects ion homeostasis due to changes in the ion channel structure and function, seems to play a critical role in eliciting different types of ventricular arrhythmias. Prevention or mitigation of the severity of ventricular arrhythmias due to antioxidants has been indicated as the fundamental contribution in the field of preventive cardiology; however, novel interventions have to be developed for greater effectiveness and specificity in attenuating the adverse effects of oxidative stress. In this review, we have attempted to discuss proarrhythmic effects of oxidative stress differing in time and concentration dependence and highlight a molecular and cellular concept how it alters cardiac cell automaticity and conduction velocity sensitizing the probability of ventricular arrhythmias with resultant sudden cardiac death due to ischemic heart disease and other stressful situations. It is concluded that pharmacological approaches targeting multiple mechanisms besides oxidative stress might be more effective in the treatment of ventricular arrhythmias than current antiarrhythmic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Adameova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, and Center of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute for Heart Research, Odbojarov 10, 83232 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Correspondence:
| | - Anureet K. Shah
- Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition and Food Science, California State University, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA;
| | - Naranjan S. Dhalla
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, and Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W2, Canada;
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9
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Bardas E, Arslan YK, Polat S, Erisir M, Uslu GA, Cetin N, Cicek B. Vitamin E and Selenium Reduce Prednisolone Side Effects in Rat Hearts. INT J VITAM NUTR RES 2020; 90:309-317. [PMID: 30987549 DOI: 10.1024/0300-9831/a000582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Aim of this work was to determine the effects of dietary intake vitamin E and Se on lipid peroxidation (LPO) as Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and on the antioxidative defense mechanisms in heart tissues of rats treated with high doses of prednisolone. 250 adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 groups and fed with normal diet. Additionally groups 3, 4, and 5 received a daily supplement in their drinking water of 20 mg vitamin E, 0.3 mg Se, and a combination of vitamin E and Se (20 mg/ 0.3 mg), respectively, for 30 days. For 3 d subsequently, control group was treated with placebo, and remaining four groups were injected intramuscularly with 100 mg/kg prednisolone. After last administration of prednisolone, 10 rats from each group were killed at 4, 8, 12, 24, and 48 h and the activities of antioxidant enzymes and the levels of GSH and TBARS were measured. GSH-Px, CAT activities and GSH levels decreased starting from 4th hour to 48% and 65% of control levels by 24th hour, respectively and it reincreased to control levels at 48th hour in the prednisolone group (p < 0.001, p < 0.001). In addition, prednisolone administration led 2-fold increase in heart TBARS levels at 24th hour (p < 0.001). E vitamins and Se inhibited the increase in heart TBARS and the decrease in antioxidative enzymes levels. Therefore, It is concluded that vitamin E and Se may have a preventive role in decreasing the increase of TBARS caused by prednisolone administration in our study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebru Bardas
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Erzincan, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Kemal Arslan
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Erzincan, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Seher Polat
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Erzincan, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Mine Erisir
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Firat, Elazıg, Turkey
| | - Gözde Atila Uslu
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kafkas, Kars, Turkey
| | - Nihal Cetin
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Selcuk, Konya, Turkey
| | - Betul Cicek
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Erzincan, Erzincan, Turkey
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10
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Oxidative Stress in Cell Death and Cardiovascular Diseases. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:9030563. [PMID: 31781356 PMCID: PMC6875219 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9030563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
ROS functions as a second messenger and modulates multiple signaling pathways under the physiological conditions. However, excessive intracellular ROS causes damage to the molecular components of the cell, which promotes the pathogenesis of various human diseases. Cardiovascular diseases are serious threats to human health with extremely high rates of morbidity and mortality. Dysregulation of cell death promotes the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases and is the clinical target during the disease treatment. Numerous studies show that ROS production is closely linked to the cell death process and promotes the occurrence and development of the cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we summarize the regulation of intracellular ROS, the roles of ROS played in the development of cardiovascular diseases, and the programmed cell death induced by intracellular ROS. We also focus on anti-ROS system and the potential application of anti-ROS strategy in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
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11
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Strong V, Moittié S, Sheppard MN, Liptovszky M, White K, Redrobe S, Cobb M, Baiker K. Idiopathic Myocardial Fibrosis in Captive Chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes). Vet Pathol 2019; 57:183-191. [PMID: 31640487 DOI: 10.1177/0300985819879442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disorders and predominantly idiopathic myocardial fibrosis are frequently associated with mortality among zoo-housed chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Formalin-fixed whole hearts of deceased chimpanzees housed in zoos (n = 33) and an African sanctuary (n = 2) underwent detailed macroscopic and histopathologic examination using a standardized protocol. Archived histological slides from the hearts of 23 additional African sanctuary-housed chimpanzees were also examined. Myocardial fibrosis (MF) was identified in 30 of 33 (91%) of the zoo-housed chimpanzees but none of the 25 sanctuary-housed chimpanzees. MF was shown to be characterized by both interstitial and replacement fibrosis. Immunophenotyping demonstrated that the fibrotic lesions were accompanied by the increased presence of macrophages, alpha smooth muscle actin-positive myofibroblasts, and a minimal to mild T-cell-dominant leukocyte infiltration. There was no convincing evidence of cardiotropic viral infection or suggestion that diabetes mellitus or vitamin E or selenium deficiency were associated with the presence of the lesion. However, serum vitamin D concentrations among zoo-housed chimpanzees were found to be lower in seasons of low ultraviolet light levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Strong
- School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Southwell, Nottinghamshire, UK.,School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, University of Nottingham Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, UK.,Twycross Zoo, Atherstone, UK
| | - Sophie Moittié
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, University of Nottingham Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, UK.,Twycross Zoo, Atherstone, UK
| | - Mary N Sheppard
- Department of Cardiovascular Pathology, St George's Medical School, London, UK
| | | | - Kate White
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, University of Nottingham Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, UK
| | | | - Malcolm Cobb
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, University of Nottingham Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Kerstin Baiker
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, University of Nottingham Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, UK
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12
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Zarkasi KA, Jen-Kit T, Jubri Z. Molecular Understanding of the Cardiomodulation in Myocardial Infarction and the Mechanism of Vitamin E Protections. Mini Rev Med Chem 2019; 19:1407-1426. [DOI: 10.2174/1389557519666190130164334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
:
Myocardial infarction is a major cause of deaths globally. Modulation of several molecular
mechanisms occurs during the initial stages of myocardial ischemia prior to permanent cardiac tissue
damage, which involves both pathogenic as well as survival pathways in the cardiomyocyte. Currently,
there is increasing evidence regarding the cardioprotective role of vitamin E in alleviating the disease.
This fat-soluble vitamin does not only act as a powerful antioxidant; but it also has the ability to regulate
several intracellular signalling pathways including HIF-1, PPAR-γ, Nrf-2, and NF-κB that influence
the expression of a number of genes and their protein products. Essentially, it inhibits the molecular
progression of tissue damage and preserves myocardial tissue viability. This review aims to summarize
the molecular understanding of the cardiomodulation in myocardial infarction as well as the
mechanism of vitamin E protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khairul Anwar Zarkasi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, UKM Medical Centre, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Tan Jen-Kit
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, UKM Medical Centre, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Zakiah Jubri
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, UKM Medical Centre, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Flori L, Donnini S, Calderone V, Zinnai A, Taglieri I, Venturi F, Testai L. The Nutraceutical Value of Olive Oil and Its Bioactive Constituents on the Cardiovascular System. Focusing on Main Strategies to Slow Down Its Quality Decay during Production and Storage. Nutrients 2019; 11:E1962. [PMID: 31438562 PMCID: PMC6770508 DOI: 10.3390/nu11091962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases represent the principal cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. It is well-known that oxidative stress and inflammatory processes are strongly implicated in their pathogenesis; therefore, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory agents can represent effective tools. In recent years a large number of scientific reports have pointed out the nutraceutical and nutritional value of extra virgin olive oils (EVOO), strongholds of the Mediterranean diet, endowed with a high nutritional quality and defined as functional foods. In regard to EVOO, it is a food composed of a major saponifiable fraction, represented by oleic acid, and a minor unsaponifiable fraction, including a high number of vitamins, polyphenols, and squalene. Several reports suggest that the beneficial effects of EVOO are linked to the minor components, but recently, further studies have shed light on the health effects of the fatty fraction and the other constituents of the unsaponifiable fraction. In the first part of this review, an analysis of the clinical and preclinical evidence of the cardiovascular beneficial effects of each constituent is carried out. The second part of this review is dedicated to the main operating conditions during production and/or storage that can directly influence the shelf life of olive oil in terms of both nutraceutical properties and sensory quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Flori
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Sandra Donnini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Calderone
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Centre, Nutraceuticals and Food for Health, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Angela Zinnai
- Interdepartmental Research Centre, Nutraceuticals and Food for Health, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Isabella Taglieri
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Francesca Venturi
- Interdepartmental Research Centre, Nutraceuticals and Food for Health, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Lara Testai
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
- Interdepartmental Research Centre, Nutraceuticals and Food for Health, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
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Adameova A, Elimban V, Ganguly PK, Dhalla NS. β-1 adrenoceptors and AT1 receptors may not be involved in catecholamine-induced lethal arrhythmias. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2019; 97:570-576. [DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2018-0531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
An excessive amount of catecholamines produce arrhythmias, but the exact mechanisms of this action are not fully understood. For this purpose, Sprague–Dawley rats were treated with or without atenolol, a β1-adrenoceptor blocker (20 mg/kg per day), for 15 days followed by injections of epinephrine for cumulative doses of 4 to 128 μg/kg. Another group of animals were pretreated with losartan, an angiotensin receptor (AT1) blocker (20 mg/kg per day), for comparison. Control animals received saline. Varying degrees of ventricular arrhythmias were seen upon increasing the dose of epinephrine, but the incidence and duration of the rhythm abnormalities as well as the number of episodes and severity of arrhythmias were not affected by treating the animals with atenolol or losartan. The levels of both epinephrine and norepinephrine were increased in the atenolol-treated rats but were unchanged in the losartan-treated animals after the last injection of epinephrine; the severity of arrhythmias did not correlate with the circulating catecholamine levels. These results indicate that both β1-adrenoceptors and AT1 receptors may not be involved in the pathogenesis of catecholamine-induced arrhythmias and support the view that other mechanisms, such as the oxidation products of catecholamines, may play a crucial role in the occurrence of lethal arrhythmias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Adameova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University 832 32 Bratislava, Odbojarov 10, Slovakia
| | - Vijayan Elimban
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre and Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
| | - Paul K. Ganguly
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre and Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
| | - Naranjan S. Dhalla
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre and Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
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15
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Sozen E, Demirel T, Ozer NK. Vitamin E: Regulatory role in the cardiovascular system. IUBMB Life 2019; 71:507-515. [PMID: 30779288 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality, all around the world. Vitamin E is an important nutrient influencing key cellular and molecular mechanisms as well as gene expression regulation centrally involved in the prevention of CVD. Cell culture and animal studies have focused on the identification of vitamin E regulated signaling pathways and involvement on inflammation, lipid homeostasis, and atherosclerotic plaque stability. While some of these vitamin E functions were verified in clinical trials, some of the positive effects were not translated into beneficial outcomes in epidemiological studies. In recent years, the physiological metabolites of vitamin E, including the liver derived (long- and short-chain) metabolites and phosphorylated (α-, γ-tocopheryl phosphate) forms, have also provided novel mechanistic insight into CVD regulation that expands beyond the vitamin E precursor. It is certain that this emerging insight into the molecular and cellular action of vitamin E will help to design further studies, either in animal models or clinical trials, on the reduction of risk for CVDs. This review focuses on vitamin E-mediated preventive cardiovascular effects and discusses novel insights into the biology and mechanism of action of vitamin E metabolites in CVD. © 2019 IUBMB Life, 71(4):507-515, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdi Sozen
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Genetic and Metabolic Diseases Research and Investigation Center (GEMHAM), Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tugce Demirel
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Genetic and Metabolic Diseases Research and Investigation Center (GEMHAM), Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nesrin Kartal Ozer
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Genetic and Metabolic Diseases Research and Investigation Center (GEMHAM), Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
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16
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Dey S, DeMazumder D, Sidor A, Foster DB, O'Rourke B. Mitochondrial ROS Drive Sudden Cardiac Death and Chronic Proteome Remodeling in Heart Failure. Circ Res 2018; 123:356-371. [PMID: 29898892 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.118.312708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Despite increasing prevalence and incidence of heart failure (HF), therapeutic options remain limited. In early stages of HF, sudden cardiac death (SCD) from ventricular arrhythmias claims many lives. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been implicated in both arrhythmias and contractile dysfunction. However, little is known about how ROS in specific subcellular compartments contribute to HF or SCD pathophysiology. The role of ROS in chronic proteome remodeling has not been explored. OBJECTIVE We will test the hypothesis that elevated mitochondrial ROS (mROS) is a principal source of oxidative stress in HF and in vivo reduction of mROS mitigates SCD. METHODS AND RESULTS Using a unique guinea pig model of nonischemic HF that recapitulates important features of human HF, including prolonged QT interval and high incidence of spontaneous arrhythmic SCD, compartment-specific ROS sensors revealed increased mROS in resting and contracting left ventricular myocytes in failing hearts. Importantly, the mitochondrially targeted antioxidant (MitoTEMPO) normalized global cellular ROS. Further, in vivo MitoTEMPO treatment of HF animals prevented and reversed HF, eliminated SCD by decreasing dispersion of repolarization and ventricular arrhythmias, suppressed chronic HF-induced remodeling of the expression proteome, and prevented specific phosphoproteome alterations. Pathway analysis of mROS-sensitive networks indicated that increased mROS in HF disrupts the normal coupling between cytosolic signals and nuclear gene programs driving mitochondrial function, antioxidant enzymes, Ca2+ handling, and action potential repolarization, suggesting new targets for therapeutic intervention. CONCLUSIONS mROS drive both acute emergent events, such as electrical instability responsible for SCD, and those that mediate chronic HF remodeling, characterized by suppression or altered phosphorylation of metabolic, antioxidant, and ion transport protein networks. In vivo reduction of mROS prevents and reverses electrical instability, SCD, and HF. Our findings support the feasibility of targeting the mitochondria as a potential new therapy for HF and SCD while identifying new mROS-sensitive protein modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Dey
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (S.D., D.D., A.S., D.B.F., B.O.)
| | - Deeptankar DeMazumder
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (S.D., D.D., A.S., D.B.F., B.O.).,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, OH (D.D.)
| | - Agnieszka Sidor
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (S.D., D.D., A.S., D.B.F., B.O.)
| | - D Brian Foster
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (S.D., D.D., A.S., D.B.F., B.O.)
| | - Brian O'Rourke
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (S.D., D.D., A.S., D.B.F., B.O.)
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17
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Inhibition of rapid delayed rectifier potassium current (I Kr) by ischemia/reperfusion and its recovery by vitamin E in ventricular myocytes. J Electrocardiol 2017. [PMID: 28646979 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) induces prolongation of QT interval and action potential duration (APD), which is a major cardiac electrical disorder in patients with arrhythmias. However, the mechanism of QT interval prolongation induced by I/R remains unclear. In the present study, we hypothesized that the rapid component of delayed rectifier potassium (IKr) channel plays an important role in I/R-induced QT interval prolongation. We observed a marked attenuation of IKr and a significant prolongation of action potential duration (APD) in a simulated I/R system with sodium dithionite (Na2S2O4) in ventricular myocytes of guinea pigs. The IKr current density was inhibited by 64% and APD increased by 87% respectively. Moreover, the inhibition of IKr is primarily ascribed to overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by I/R, which can be partly reversed by antioxidant vitamin E (100μmol/L). The value of IKr tail current density increased from 0.516±0.040 pA/pF in I/R to 0.939±0.091 pA/pF when treated with vitamin E. Moreover, we also demonstrated that QTc interval was increased by I/R and reversed by Vitamin E in isolated guinea pig hearts. In conclusion, the inhibition of IKr is one of the underlying mechanisms of prolongation of QT interval and APD in I/R. Vitamin E might have a benefit in coronary reperfusion therapy.
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18
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Joyeux-Faure M, Rossini E, Ribuot C, Faure P. Fructose-Fed Rat Hearts are Protected Against Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 231:456-62. [PMID: 16565441 DOI: 10.1177/153537020623100411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
High fructose-fed (HFF) rat model is known to develop the insulin-resistant syndrome with a very similar metabolic profile to the human X syndrome. Such metabolic modifications have been associated with a high incidence of cardiovascular disease. The role of free radical attack in diabetes mellitus and its cardiovascular complications have been abundantly documented. The present study examined the susceptibility to myocardial ischemic injury and the involvement of free radical attack and/or protection in the metabolic disorders of high FF rats. Rats were divided into two experimental groups that received diet for 4 weeks: a control group (C, n = 28) receiving a standard diet and a HFF group (FF, n = 28), in which 58% of the total carbohydrate was fructose. The euglycemic clamp technique was performed to assess insulin resistance. For the ischemia-reperfusion procedure, rat hearts were isolated and perfused at constant pressure before they were subjected to a 30-min occlusion of the left coronary artery followed by 120 mins of reperfusion. Hemodynamic parameters were measured throughout the protocol. Infarct-to-risk ratio (I/R) was assessed at the end of the protocol by 2,3,4-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining and planimetric analysis. Lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzyme activity, level of vitamin E, and trace element status were measured in blood samples from both groups. Rats of the FF group developed an insulin resistance indicated by the glucose infusion rate, which was decreased by 47%. Infarct size was significantly reduced in rats from the FF group (19.9% ± 6.6%) compared to rats from the control group (34.6% ± 4.9%), and cardiac functional recovery at reperfusion was improved in the FF group. Lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress were higher in the FF group, as indicated by higher malonedialdehyde level, whereas plasma vitamin E/triacylglycerol ratio was also enhanced in this group. This study indicates that fructose feeding affords protection against in vitro ischemia-reperfusion injury, potentially implicating vitamin E.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Joyeux-Faure
- Laboratoire HP2, Hypoxie Physio-Pathologie Respiratoire et Cardiovasculaire, Faculté de Médecine-Pharmacie, Université Grenoble I, Domaine de la Merci, 38706 La Tronche, France.
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19
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Siu KL, Lotz C, Ping P, Cai H. Netrin-1 abrogates ischemia/reperfusion-induced cardiac mitochondrial dysfunction via nitric oxide-dependent attenuation of NOX4 activation and recoupling of NOS. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2014; 78:174-85. [PMID: 25066694 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2014.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 07/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Despite an established role of mitochondrial dysfunction in cardiac ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, the upstream activators have remained incompletely defined. We have recently identified an innovative role of exogenously applied netrin-1 in cardioprotection, which is mediated by increased nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability. Here, we tested the hypothesis that this "pharmacological" treatment of netrin-1 preserves mitochondrial function via novel mechanisms that are NO dependent. Freshly isolated C57BL6 mouse hearts were perfused using a Langendorff system, and subjected to a 20min global ischemia/60min reperfusion, in the presence or absence of netrin-1. I/R induced marked increases in infarct size, total superoxide and hydrogen peroxide production, activity and protein abundance of NADPH oxidase (NOX) isoform 4 (NOX4), as well as impaired mitochondrial integrity and function, all of which were attenuated by netrin-1. This protective effect of netrin-1 is attributed to cGMP, a downstream effector of NO. The protein levels of NOX1 and NOX2 were however unaffected, and infarct size from NOX1 and NOX2 knockouts was not different from wild type animals. Scavenging of NO with PTIO reversed inhibitory effects of netrin-1 on NOX4, while NO donor attenuated NOX4 protein abundance. In vivo NOX4 RNAi, or sepiapterin perfusion, resulted in recoupling of NOS, decreased infarct size, and blockade of dysfunctional mitochondrial swelling and mitochondrial superoxide production. These data demonstrate that netrin-1 induces cardioprotection through inhibition of NOX4 activity, which leads to recoupling of NOS, augmented NO bioavailability, reduction in oxidative stress, and ultimately preservation of mitochondrial function. The NO-dependent NOX4 inhibition connects with our previously established pathway of DCC/ERK1/2/eNOS/NO/DCC feed-forward mechanism, to maintain NOS in the coupling state to attenuate oxidative stress to preserve mitochondrial function. These findings may promote development of novel therapeutics for cardiac I/R injury. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Mitochondria: From Basic Mitochondrial Biology to Cardiovascular Disease".
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Affiliation(s)
- Kin Lung Siu
- Divisions of Molecular Medicine and Cardiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Divisions of Molecular Medicine and Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christopher Lotz
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Peipei Ping
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hua Cai
- Divisions of Molecular Medicine and Cardiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Divisions of Molecular Medicine and Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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20
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Qin C, Yap S, Woodman OL. Antioxidants in the prevention of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2014; 2:673-95. [DOI: 10.1586/ecp.09.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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21
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Giorgi C, Agnoletto C, Bononi A, Bonora M, De Marchi E, Marchi S, Missiroli S, Patergnani S, Poletti F, Rimessi A, Suski JM, Wieckowski MR, Pinton P. Mitochondrial calcium homeostasis as potential target for mitochondrial medicine. Mitochondrion 2011; 12:77-85. [PMID: 21798374 PMCID: PMC3281195 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2011.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Revised: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are crucial in different intracellular pathways of signal transduction. Mitochondria are capable of decoding a variety of extracellular stimuli into markedly different intracellular actions, ranging from energy production to cell death. The fine modulation of mitochondrial calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis plays a fundamental role in many of the processes involving this organelle. When mitochondrial Ca2+ homeostasis is compromised, different pathological conditions can occur, depending on the cell type involved. Recent data have shed light on the molecular identity of the main proteins involved in the handling of mitochondrial Ca2+ traffic, opening fascinating and ambitious new avenues for mitochondria-based pharmacological strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Giorgi
- Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Section of General Pathology, Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Inflammation (ICSI), Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Chiara Agnoletto
- Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Section of General Pathology, Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Inflammation (ICSI), Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Angela Bononi
- Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Section of General Pathology, Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Inflammation (ICSI), Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Massimo Bonora
- Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Section of General Pathology, Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Inflammation (ICSI), Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Elena De Marchi
- Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Section of General Pathology, Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Inflammation (ICSI), Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Saverio Marchi
- Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Section of General Pathology, Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Inflammation (ICSI), Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Sonia Missiroli
- Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Section of General Pathology, Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Inflammation (ICSI), Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Simone Patergnani
- Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Section of General Pathology, Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Inflammation (ICSI), Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Federica Poletti
- Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Section of General Pathology, Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Inflammation (ICSI), Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandro Rimessi
- Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Section of General Pathology, Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Inflammation (ICSI), Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Jan M. Suski
- Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Section of General Pathology, Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Inflammation (ICSI), Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Paolo Pinton
- Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Section of General Pathology, Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Inflammation (ICSI), Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- Corresponding author at: Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Section of General Pathology, Via Borsari, 46 44100 Ferrara, Italy.
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Nduhirabandi F, Du Toit EF, Blackhurst D, Marais D, Lochner A. Chronic melatonin consumption prevents obesity-related metabolic abnormalities and protects the heart against myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury in a prediabetic model of diet-induced obesity. J Pineal Res 2011; 50:171-82. [PMID: 21073520 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2010.00826.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Obesity, a major risk factor for ischemic heart disease, is associated with increased oxidative stress and reduced antioxidant status. Melatonin, a potent free radical scavenger and antioxidant, has powerful cardioprotective effects in lean animals but its efficacy in obesity is unknown. We investigated the effects of chronic melatonin administration on the development of the metabolic syndrome as well as ischemia-reperfusion injury in a rat model of diet-induced obesity (DIO). Male Wistar rats received a control diet, a control diet with melatonin, a high-calorie diet, or a high-calorie diet with melatonin (DM). Melatonin (4 mg/kg/day) was administered in the drinking water. After 16 wk, biometric and blood metabolic parameters were measured. Hearts were perfused ex vivo for the evaluation of myocardial function, infarct size (IFS) and biochemical changes [activation of PKB/Akt, ERK, p38 MAPK, AMPK, and glucose transporter (GLUT)-4 expression). The high-calorie diet caused increases in body weight (BW), visceral adiposity, serum insulin and triglycerides (TRIG), with no change in glucose levels. Melatonin treatment reduced the BW gain, visceral adiposity, blood TRIG, serum insulin, homeostatic model assessment index and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in the DIO group. Melatonin reduced IFS in DIO and control groups and increased percentage recovery of functional performance of DIO hearts. During reperfusion, hearts from melatonin-treated rats had increased activation of PKB/Akt, ERK42/44 and reduced p38 MAPK activation. Chronic melatonin treatment prevented the metabolic abnormalities induced by DIO and protected the heart against ischemia-reperfusion injury. These beneficial effects were associated with activation of the reperfusion injury salvage kinases pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Nduhirabandi
- Division of Medical Physiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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23
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Nrf2-dependent upregulation of antioxidative enzymes: a novel pathway for proteasome inhibitor-mediated cardioprotection. Cardiovasc Res 2009; 83:354-61. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvp107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Sethi R, Adameova A, Dhalla KS, Khan M, Elimban V, Dhalla NS. Modification of epinephrine-induced arrhythmias by N-acetyl-L-cysteine and vitamin E. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2009; 14:134-42. [PMID: 19339682 DOI: 10.1177/1074248409333855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Sprague-Dawley rats were pretreated for 21 days with N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) or vitamin E to investigate their influence on arrhythmias induced by a bolus injection or by cumulative doses of epinephrine. Electrocardiographic analysis revealed that both NAC and vitamin E decreased the duration and increased the time of onset of epinephrine-induced arrhythmias in a dose-dependent manner. The antiarrhythmic effects of NAC were comparable with those seen in the vitamin E-pretreated animals. The lipid peroxidation due to cumulative doses of epinephrine was reduced in both pretreated groups; however, NAC, unlike vitamin E, failed to decrease the basal level of malondialdehyde. Although the plasma concentrations of both norepinephrine and epinephrine were markedly increased, the level of aminochromes on epinephrine administration was decreased by both NAC and vitamin E pretreatments. The results support the view that antioxidants may prevent the catecholamine-induced heart rhythm disorders by reducing the formation of oxidized catecholamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajat Sethi
- Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Science Centre, Kingsville, Texas, USA
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25
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Dreger H, Lorenz M, Kehrer A, Baumann G, Stangl K, Stangl V. Characteristics of catechin- and theaflavin-mediated cardioprotection. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2008; 233:427-33. [PMID: 18367631 DOI: 10.3181/0710-rm-292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Catechins and theaflavins-the main polyphenolic substances of green and black tea, respectively-exert a plethora of beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system. In a model of H(2)O(2)-mediated oxidative stress, we investigated the effects of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and theaflavin-3,3'-digallate (TF3) on neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. Pretreatment with EGCG or TF3 1 hr prior to induction of oxidative stress by H(2)O(2) effectively protected cardiac myocytes as determined by measuring release of lactate dehydrogenase after 24 hrs. Longer pre-incubation times resulted in significant loss of protection. To enable further mechanistic insight, we investigated expression of antioxidative enzymes and activation of prosurvival signaling cascades. Whereas mRNA levels of glutathione peroxidase 3, superoxide dismutase 1, and catalase were not influenced by both polyphenols, heme oxygenase (HO-1) was selectively upregulated by EGCG-but not by TF3. However, inhibition of HO-1 did not diminish polyphenol-mediated cardioprotection. While EGCG and TF3 activated Akt, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, inhibition of these kinases did not attenuate polyphenol-mediated protection. Loading of cardiomyocytes with dichlorofluorescein revealed that intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species were significantly reduced after treatment with EGCG or TF3 as early as 30 mins after induction of oxidative stress. In conclusion, activation of prosurvival signaling kinases and upregulation of antioxidative enzymes do not play a major role in tea polyphenol-mediated cardioprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henryk Dreger
- Medizinische Klinik m. S. Kardiologie und Angiologie (CCM), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, D - 10117 Berlin, Germany
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26
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Yesilbursa D, Serdar A, Senturk T, Serdar Z, Sağ S, Cordan J. Effect of N-acetylcysteine on oxidative stress and ventricular function in patients with myocardial infarction. Heart Vessels 2007; 21:33-7. [PMID: 16440146 DOI: 10.1007/s00380-005-0854-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2004] [Accepted: 07/23/2005] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that postischemic myocardial dysfunction ("stunning") may be mediated by oxygen free radicals. Various studies have reported the beneficial effects of antioxidants in ischemia-reperfusion injury. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) treatment on oxidative stress, infarct size, and left ventricular (LV) function, as adjunct therapy in myocardial infarction (MI). Patients with acute MI received either 15 g NAC infused over 24 h (n = 15) or no NAC (n = 15), combined with streptokinase. Peripheral venous blood was serially sampled to measure creatine kinase (CK)-MB levels. Plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) level was measured at admission and after 4 and 24 h. Echocardiography was performed within 3 days of MI and after 3 months. At admission, plasma MDA levels were not different between the groups. In the NAC-treated patients plasma MDA levels decreased, whereas in the nontreated NAC patients MDA levels increased at 4 and 24 h (P < 0.01 and P < 0.001, respectively). Left ventricular ejection fraction was higher (P < 0.05) and LV end-systolic and end-diastolic diameters were lower (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001) in patients receiving NAC on day 3. Left ventricular wall motion score index was significantly lower in patients treated with NAC on day 3 (P < 0.05). Left ventricular diastolic parameters were not different whether patients were treated with NAC or not. No difference in reduction of infarct size was detected between the groups according to CK-MB levels. It was thus demonstrated that administration of NAC in combination with streptokinase significantly diminished oxidative stress and improved LV function in patients with acute MI. These encouraging results would justify the performance of a larger controlled study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilek Yesilbursa
- Cardiology Department, Uludag University Medical School, Kardiyoloji Anabilim Dali, Gorukle, Bursa, Turkey.
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27
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Hool LC. Reactive oxygen species in cardiac signalling: from mitochondria to plasma membrane ion channels. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2006; 33:146-51. [PMID: 16445714 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2006.04341.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
1. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been considered deleterious to cell function and there is good evidence to suggest that they play a role in the pathophysiology of a number of cardiac disease states. However, ROS are also now being recognized as important regulators of cell function by altering the redox state of proteins. 2. Possible sources of production of ROS in cardiac myocytes are the mitochondria and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-oxidase. The generation of ROS and anti-oxidant defence mechanisms in the heart are discussed. 3. The evidence for a role for ROS in the development of disease states, such as atherosclerosis, ischaemia, cardiac hypertrophy and hypertension, is presented. It is now recognized that cardiac ion channel function is regulated by ROS. Implications with respect to cardiac arrhythmia are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia C Hool
- Physiology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley and The Western Australian Institute for Medical Research, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
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28
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Abstract
Alpha-lipoic acid and vitamin E have synergistic effects, as determined in models of oxidant radical lesions. This review summarizes recent findings showing that the combination of alpha-lipoic acid plus vitamin E has beneficial effects in reducing oxidative damage in ischemic or other oxidation-related pathological events. Both antioxidants are common in the normal human diet and side effects are very rare. Therefore, alpha-lipoic acid and vitamin E can counteract oxidative processes and could have an important role in clinical medicine.
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29
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Reeve JLV, Duffy AM, O'Brien T, Samali A. Don't lose heart--therapeutic value of apoptosis prevention in the treatment of cardiovascular disease. J Cell Mol Med 2005; 9:609-22. [PMID: 16202209 PMCID: PMC6741425 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2005.tb00492.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death worldwide. Loss of function or death of cardiomyocytes is a major contributing factor to these diseases. Cell death in conditions such as heart failure and myocardial infarction is associated with apoptosis. Apoptotic pathways have been well studied in non-myocytes and it is thought that similar pathways exist in cardiomyocytes. These pathways include death initiated by ligation of membrane-bound death receptors, release of pro-apoptotic factors from mitochondria or stress at the endoplasmic reticulum. The key regulators of apoptosis include inhibitors of caspases (IAPs), the Bcl-2 family of proteins, growth factors, stress proteins, calcium and oxidants. The highly organized and predictive nature of apoptotic signaling means it is amenable to manipulation. A thorough understanding of the apoptotic process would facilitate intervention at the most suitable points, alleviating myocardium decline and dysfunction. This review summarizes the mechanisms underlying apoptosis and the mediators/regulators involved in these signaling pathways. We also discuss how the potential therapeutic value of these molecules could be harnessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice L V Reeve
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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30
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Siwik DA, Colucci WS. Regulation of matrix metalloproteinases by cytokines and reactive oxygen/nitrogen species in the myocardium. Heart Fail Rev 2004; 9:43-51. [PMID: 14739767 DOI: 10.1023/b:hrev.0000011393.40674.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of the myocardial extracellular matrix contributes to abnormal cardiac muscle function. Changes in the balance between matrix deposition and matrix degradation by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) can lead to cardiac fibrosis and dilation. In this review, we discuss the regulation of MMPs, their endogenous inhibitors (TIMPs) and collagen synthesis by inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS). Inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and ROS activate mitogen-activated protein kinases and stress-responsive protein kinases in cardiac cells. In non-cardiac tissues, inflammatory cytokine activation of these kinases is redox sensitive, suggesting ROS may also be involved in cytokine signaling in the heart. Subsequent activation of transcription factors including AP-1, Ets, and nuclear factor kappa-B leads to increased transcription of MMPs. ROS also directly activate MMPs post-translationally. In addition, inflammatory cytokines and ROS lead to decreased TIMP levels and collagen synthesis. Work in animal models suggests that inhibition of inflammatory cytokine or ROS signaling leads to less myocardial remodeling. Further study of the signaling of regulation of the cardiac extracellular matrix may lead to new approaches for the treatment of myocardial remodeling and failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A Siwik
- Myocardial Biology Unit, Boston University School of Medicine, BU Medical Center, 650 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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31
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Conti M, Renaud IM, Poirier B, Michel O, Belair MF, Mandet C, Bruneval P, Myara I, Chevalier J. High levels of myocardial antioxidant defense in aging nondiabetic normotensive Zucker obese rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2004; 286:R793-800. [PMID: 14670809 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00521.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Chronic renal failure often induces left ventricular hypertrophy. We assessed whether the heart is affected in the Zucker obese rat, a model of chronic renal failure associated with obesity, glucose intolerance, and insulin resistance without hypertension or hyperglycemia. After systemic blood pressure measurement, the heart, the aorta, and the kidneys were removed from anesthetized 9- and 13-mo-old Zucker obese and lean control male rats ( n = 33, n = 24, n = 25, and n = 21, respectively). Determination of left ventricular geometry, quantification of myocardium collagen density, and measurement of heart antioxidant enzyme activity were made, as well as aorta and kidney parameters. Mean blood pressure remained at a normal range whatever the age and group considered. Whereas kidney structure and function were severely impaired, no sign of myocardial infarction or inflammatory process was noticed. A moderate left ventricular hypertrophy was observed in 13-mo-old obese rats. While heart malondialdehyde was stable with age and among groups, antioxidant enzyme activity was higher in obese rats. In conclusion, in the absence of hypertensive or hyperglycemic disorders, the heart seems to display a sufficient line of defense against oxidative stress during the development of cardiac hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Conti
- Bicêtre Hospital, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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32
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Canbaz S, Duran E. Ischaemia-reperfusion studies and diabetes mellitus. Br J Anaesth 2003; 91:158; author reply 158-9. [PMID: 12821579 DOI: 10.1093/bja/aeg579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Cantor EJF, Mancini EV, Seth R, Yao XH, Netticadan T. Oxidative stress and heart disease: cardiac dysfunction, nutrition, and gene therapy. Curr Hypertens Rep 2003; 5:215-20. [PMID: 12724053 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-003-0023-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is defined as the imbalance between the generation of reactive oxygen species and antioxidant defense mechanisms. The cardiovascular system is a major target for reactive oxygen species. Cardiomyocytes and the vasculature of the heart can be severely damaged as a result of oxidative stress. In this paper, we discuss recent findings with respect to the role of oxidative stress in heart disease. The efficacies of treatments with vitamins and wine-derived compounds, as well as innovative gene therapeutic experiments that may potentially alleviate oxidative stress-induced disease, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliott J F Cantor
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St Boniface General Hospital Research Centre, 351 Tache Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba R2H 2A6, Canada
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Kaminski KA, Bonda TA, Korecki J, Musial WJ. Oxidative stress and neutrophil activation—the two keystones of ischemia/reperfusion injury. Int J Cardiol 2002; 86:41-59. [PMID: 12243849 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-5273(02)00189-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The widespread introduction of fibrinolytics and recently also PTCA in the treatment of myocardial infarction has changed the picture of modern cardiology. But this therapy also raises new problems and challenges. One of them is the occurrence of extensive tissue injury caused by reperfusion. Reinstitution of oxygen to the ischemic tissues initiates various processes leading to generation of reactive oxygen species (ROSs). Acting on the plasma membrane ROS damage its organization and release various proinflammatory agents. Different proteins, including receptors, ionic channels, transporters or components of transduction pathways are substrates of oxidation by ROSs. Their changed structure results in altered functioning and disruption of vital cellular processes. Another key factor of reperfusion injury is activation and infiltration of infarcted area by polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs). Multiple studies identified consecutive stages of PMN activation and substances being involved in it. Main interest lies in cellular adhesion molecules, particularly selectins and beta2 integrins, as their antagonists were repeatedly found to diminish neutrophil activation and infarct size. Nevertheless new publications strike at the foundations of the established order and confront the relation between neutrophil infiltration and infarct size. PMNs are linked by close ties to other cells involved in inflammatory response. Seemingly also in cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury, the activity of neutrophils is modulated by lymphocytes and macrophages. The article describes mutual interactions between different factors involved in the reperfusion injury that may enable preparing new treatments, hopefully as effective and successful as reperfusion therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol A Kaminski
- Department of Cardiology, Medical Academy of Bialystok, ul. M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 24a, Bialystok, Poland
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35
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Zhang J, Liu Y, Shi J, Larson DF, Watson RR. Side-stream cigarette smoke induces dose-response in systemic inflammatory cytokine production and oxidative stress. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2002; 227:823-9. [PMID: 12324664 DOI: 10.1177/153537020222700916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Side-stream cigarette smoke (SSCS), a major component of secondhand smoke, induces reactive oxygen species, which promote oxidative damage in tissues and organs. Inflammatory cytokines play an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and heart failure. The present 4-month study examined the effect of various chronic SSCS exposure levels on splenic inflammatory cytokine secretion, heart contractile function, and pathology at 60- and 120-min per day, 5 days per week, for a total of 16 weeks. Tissue vitamin E level and lipid peroxide production also were tested to estimate the oxidative stress. The study found that the pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, and IL-1beta, significantly increased in 120-min SSCS-exposed mice. Decreased stroke volume and increased peripheral arterial resistance were observed in mice exposed to 120-min SSCS per day. Heart pathology was only found in 120-min SSCS-exposed mice. Cardiac and hepatic antioxidant vitamin E levels were decreased as a result of oxidative stress. Hepatic lipid peroxides were increased upon 60-min SSCS exposure. The data also demonstrated that the cardiac alpha-tocopherol level has a strong correlation with stroke volume; splenic IL-1beta has a strong negative correlation with stroke volume; splenic TNF-alpha has a very strong negative correlation with stroke volume. In conclusion, SSCS exposure induced systemic inflammatory responses. SSCS exposure also accentuated systemic lipid peroxidation with depletion of cardiac and hepatic antioxidant vitamin E level. Finally, SSCS exposure at 120 min per day decreased stroke volume and increased vascular resistance. Systemic IL-1beta and TNF-alpha production are responsible for heart contractile dysfunction. Free radicals may be responsible for the progression to heart contractile dysfunction induced, in part, by SSCS. Oxidized lipoprotein could contribute to the vascular functional changes. Exploring the mechanism of vascular dysfunction in mice is warranted. A more precise quantification of the smoking exposure dose in mice needs to be determined as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhang
- Health Promotion Science Division, College of Public Health, and Sarver Heart Center, The University of Arizona Health Science Center, Tucson 85724, USA
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36
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Amann K, Törnig J, Buzello M, Kuhlmann A, Gross ML, Adamczak M, Buzello M, Ritz E. Effect of antioxidant therapy with dl-alpha-tocopherol on cardiovascular structure in experimental renal failure. Kidney Int 2002; 62:877-84. [PMID: 12164869 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2002.00518.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic renal failure is characterized by remodeling of the structure of the heart and the vasculature, for example, left ventricular hypertrophy, myocardial fibrosis, capillary/myocyte mismatch, as well as thickening of intramyocardial arteries and of peripheral arteries and veins. Furthermore, uremia is a state of increased oxygen stress. It was the purpose of this study to examine whether these findings are interrelated. METHODS To investigate whether antioxidative therapy with dl-alpha-tocopherol (Toco; vitamin E) interferes with the development of abnormal cardiovascular structure in experimental renal failure, 28 male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to partial renal ablation (subtotal nephrectomy, SNX) or to sham operation (sham). SNX were either left untreated or received the antioxidant Toco (2 x 1500 IE/kg BW/week in the pellets). Blood pressure was measured using tail plethysmography. The experiment was terminated after 12 weeks. Heart and left ventricular weight were determined and the following parameters were measured using morphometry and stereology: volume densities of cardiomyocytes, capillaries and non-vascular interstitium; length density and total length of cardiac capillaries, wall thickness of intramyocardial arterioles and of the aorta. RESULTS Systolic blood pressure and body weight were comparable in all groups. Treatment with Toco led to significantly increased plasma concentrations of Toco. Left ventricular weight and wall thickness of intramyocardial arteries were significantly higher in both SNX groups compared to sham controls. Volume density of the cardiac interstitial tissue was significantly higher in untreated SNX than in Toco treated SNX and sham control rats. Length density of capillaries was significantly lower in untreated SNX than in control rats; however, the values were significantly higher, and even higher than in sham controls, when SNX were treated with Toco. CONCLUSIONS Treatment with the antioxidant dl-alpha-tocopherol prevented cardiomyocyte/capillary mismatch, and to some extent also myocardial fibrosis in rats with renal failure. The results point to a role of oxidative stress in the genesis of myocardial interstitial fibrosis and capillary deficit of the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Amann
- Department of Pathology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Krankenhausstrasse 8-10, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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Chen H, Li D, Saldeen T, Romeo F, Mehta JL. Mixed tocopherol preparation is superior to alpha-tocopherol alone against hypoxia-reoxygenation injury. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 291:349-53. [PMID: 11846411 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2002.6439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia-reoxygenation (H-R) is associated with alterations in oxidant-antioxidant balance and L-arginine-nitric oxide system. Tocopherols decrease the activity of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and yet are not beneficial in clinical trials. It has been proposed that mixed tocopherols as found in nature may be more tissue protective than alpha-tocopherol alone found in commercial preparations. We compared the effect of a mixed tocopherol preparation with that of alpha-tocopherol alone on superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and iNOS expression in cultured myocytes exposed to H-R. Myocytes from Sprague-Dawley rat hearts were subjected to hypoxia for 24 h followed by reoxygenation for 3 h H-R. Parallel groups of myocytes were pretreated with alpha-tocopherol alone or a mixed-tocopherol preparation (containing alpha-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherols) (50 microM) for 30 min. H-R resulted in myocyte injury (determined by LDH release), a decrease in SOD activity and an upregulation of iNOS expression/activity. Both tocopherol preparations attenuated cell injury and markedly decreased the effects of H-R on SOD activity and iNOS expression/activity (all P < 0.05 vs H-R group, n = 5). However, mixed-tocopherol preparation was much superior to alpha-tocopherol in terms of myocyte protection from the adverse effect of H-R (P < 0.05). Lack of efficacy of commercial tocopherol preparations in clinical trials may reflect absence of gamma- and delta-tocopherols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjiang Chen
- Department of Medicine and Physiology, University of Arkansas for Medical Science and Central Arkansas Veterans Health Care System, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205-7199, USA
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38
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Hingtgen SD, Davisson RL. Gene therapeutic approaches to oxidative stress-induced cardiac disease: principles, progress, and prospects. Antioxid Redox Signal 2001; 3:433-49. [PMID: 11491655 DOI: 10.1089/15230860152409077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Heart and vascular diseases continue to rank among the most frequent and devastating disorders to affect adults in many parts of the world. Increasing evidence from a variety of experimental models indicates that reactive oxygen species can play a key role in the development of myocardial damage from ischemia/reperfusion, the development of cardiac hypertrophy, and the transition of hypertrophy to cardiac failure. The recent dramatic increase in availability of genomic data has included information on the genetic modulation of reactive oxygen species and the antioxidant systems that normally prevent damage from these radicals. Nearly simultaneously, progressively more sophisticated and powerful methods for altering the genetic complement of selected tissues and cells have permitted application of gene therapeutic methods to understand better the pathophysiology of reactive oxygen species-mediated myocardial damage and to attenuate or treat that damage. Although exciting and promising, gene therapy approaches to these common disorders are still in the experimental and developmental stages. Improved understanding of pathophysiology, better gene delivery systems, and specific gene therapeutic strategies will be needed before gene therapy of oxyradical-mediated myocardial damage becomes a clinical reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Hingtgen
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242, USA
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Kyaw M, Yoshizumi M, Tsuchiya K, Kirima K, Tamaki T. Antioxidants inhibit JNK and p38 MAPK activation but not ERK 1/2 activation by angiotensin II in rat aortic smooth muscle cells. Hypertens Res 2001; 24:251-61. [PMID: 11409648 DOI: 10.1291/hypres.24.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin II (Ang II) induces vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) hypertrophy, which results in several cardiovascular diseases. Ang II-induced cellular events have been mediated, in part, by reactive oxygen species (ROS) which also involve activation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases. Although it has been proposed that the therapeutic administration of antioxidants is useful for vascular diseases, the precise mechanisms which regulate ROS-sensitive signaling events have not been well characterized. Thus, we hypothesized that antioxidants may affect ROS-mediated MAP kinases activation induced by Ang II. The present findings showed that Ang II stimulated rapid and significant activation of ERK 1/2, JNK and p38 MAPK in cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells (RASMC). Ang II-induced ERK 1/2 activation was not affected by all antioxidants examined, whereas JNK was sensitive to all antioxidants. In contrast, p38 MAPK activation was inhibited by DPI and ascorbic acid concentration-dependently, but by NAC only at high concentration. DETC and Trolox C had no effects on p38 MAPK activation by Ang II. We further examined the effects of antioxidants on Ang II-induced increases in oxygen consumption as an index of ROS generation in RASMC. DPI strongly inhibited Ang II-induced increases in oxygen consumption. DETC also inhibited Ang II-induced oxygen consumption, whereas ascorbic acid markedly augmented it. These findings suggest that the inhibitory effects of antioxidants on MAP kinases activation in VSMC are attributable, in part, to their modulating effects on ROS generation by Ang II in VSMC. Thus, inhibition of MAP kinases by antioxidants may imply their usefulness for relief of cardiovascular diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Acetylcysteine/pharmacology
- Angiotensin II/pharmacology
- Animals
- Antioxidants/pharmacology
- Aorta, Thoracic/cytology
- Ascorbic Acid/pharmacology
- Cells, Cultured
- Chelating Agents/pharmacology
- Chromans/pharmacology
- Ditiocarb/pharmacology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Free Radical Scavengers/pharmacology
- JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
- MAP Kinase Kinase 4
- MAP Kinase Signaling System/drug effects
- MAP Kinase Signaling System/physiology
- Male
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/metabolism
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases/metabolism
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/enzymology
- Onium Compounds/pharmacology
- Oxygen Consumption/drug effects
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
- Vasoconstrictor Agents/pharmacology
- p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kyaw
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Tokushima School of Medicine, Japan
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40
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES In view of the critical role of intracellular Ca2 overload in the genesis of myocyte dysfunction and the ability of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to induce the intracellular Ca2+-overload, this article is concerned with analysis of the existing literature with respect to the role of oxidative stress in different types of cardiovascular diseases. OBSERVATIONS Oxidative stress in cardiac and vascular myocytes describes the injury caused to cells resulting from increased formation of ROS and/or decreased antioxidant reserve. The increase in the generation of ROS seems to be due to impaired mitochondrial reduction of molecular oxygen, secretion of ROS by white blood cells, endothelial dysfunction, auto-oxidation of catecholamines, as well as exposure to radiation or air pollution. On the other hand, depression in the antioxidant reserve, which serves as a defense mechanism in cardiac and vascular myocytes, appears to be due to the exhaustion and/or changes in gene expression. The deleterious effects of ROS are mainly due to abilities of ROS to produce changes in subcellular organelles, and induce intracellular Ca2+-overload. Although the cause-effect relationship of oxidative stress with any of the cardiovascular diseases still remains to be established, increased formation of ROS indicating the presence of oxidative stress has been observed in a wide variety of experimental and clinical conditions. Furthermore, antioxidant therapy has been shown to exert beneficial effects in hypertension, atherosclerosis, ischemic heart disease, cardiomyopathies and congestive heart failure. CONCLUSIONS The existing evidence support the view that oxidative stress may play a crucial role in cardiac and vascular abnormalities in different types of cardiovascular diseases and that the antioxidant therapy may prove beneficial in combating these problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Dhalla
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St Boniface General Hospital Research Centre and Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
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