1
|
Antithrombotics from the Sea: Polysaccharides and Beyond. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17030170. [PMID: 30884850 PMCID: PMC6471875 DOI: 10.3390/md17030170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine organisms exhibit some advantages as a renewable source of potential drugs, far beyond chemotherapics. Particularly, the number of marine natural products with antithrombotic activity has increased in the last few years, and reports show a wide diversity in scaffolds, beyond the polysaccharide framework. While there are several reviews highlighting the anticoagulant and antithrombotic activities of marine-derived sulfated polysaccharides, reports including other molecules are sparse. Therefore, the present paper provides an update of the recent progress in marine-derived sulfated polysaccharides and quotes other scaffolds that are being considered for investigation due to their antithrombotic effect.
Collapse
|
2
|
Tang X, Chen M, Duan Z, Mwangi J, Li P, Lai R. Isolation and Characterization of Poecistasin, an Anti-Thrombotic Antistasin-Type Serine Protease Inhibitor from Leech Poecilobdella manillensis. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10110429. [PMID: 30373118 PMCID: PMC6265900 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10110429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antistasin, first identified as a potent inhibitor of the blood coagulation factor Xa, is a novel family of serine protease inhibitors. In this study, we purified a novel antistasin-type inhibitor from leech Poecilobdella manillensis called poecistasin. Amino acid sequencing of this 48-amino-acid protein revealed that poecistasin was an antistasin-type inhibitor known to consist of only one domain. Poecistasin inhibited factor XIIa, kallikrein, trypsin, and elastase, but had no inhibitory effect on factor Xa and thrombin. Poecistasin showed anticoagulant activities. It prolonged the activated partial thromboplastin time and inhibited FeCl₃-induced carotid artery thrombus formation, implying its potent function in helping Poecilobdella manillensis to take a blood meal from the host by inhibiting coagulation. Poecistasin also suppressed ischemic stroke symptoms in transient middle cerebral artery occlusion mice model. Our results suggest that poecistasin from the leech Poecilobdella manillensis plays a crucial role in blood-sucking and may be an excellent candidate for the development of clinical anti-thrombosis and anti-ischemic stroke medicines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Tang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming 650223, Yunnan, China.
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, Yunnan, China.
| | - Mengrou Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Zilei Duan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming 650223, Yunnan, China.
| | - James Mwangi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming 650223, Yunnan, China.
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, Yunnan, China.
| | - Pengpeng Li
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Ren Lai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming 650223, Yunnan, China.
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
Thrombosis is a complex process involving multiple pathways. Currently, therapy relies on the combination of two or more antithrombotic drugs, showing that inhibiting more than one target provides benefits in the prevention and treatment of thrombosis. This review focuses on structure-activity relationship studies of molecules possessing multiple actions against thrombosis, namely, dual inhibitors of coagulation, dual inhibitors of coagulation and platelet aggregation, and also dual inhibitors of platelet aggregation. EP217609 has just entered clinical trials, which raise the expectations on the multitarget strategy to prevent or treat thrombosis.
Collapse
|
4
|
Kong Y, Chen H, Wang YQ, Meng L, Wei JF. Direct thrombin inhibitors: patents 2002-2012 (Review). Mol Med Rep 2014; 9:1506-14. [PMID: 24604304 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute vascular diseases and other thromboses of the blood system constitute major health risks in developing countries. Thrombin plays a central role in blood coagulation, which is a crucial process involved in thrombosis. Direct thrombin inhibitors (DTIs) such as argatroban, dabigatran, dabigatran etexilate, lepirudin, desirudin and bivalirudin, which bind to thrombin and block its enzymatic activity, are widely and effectively used in the treatment of thromboembolic diseases. DTIs appear to overcome the disadvantages of indirect thrombin inhibitors such as unfractionated heparins (UFH). Although these DTIs show specific advantages over indirect inhibitors, they still present limitations, such as a narrow therapeutic window, and bleeding and anaphylaxis as side-effects. Novel anticoagulant drugs need thus to be developed to overcome these limitations. In the search for additional candidate agents with improved efficacy, safety and high bioavailability in oral administration, a high number of compounds has been identified, such as those derived from the tripeptide template D-Phe-Pro-Arg, aptamers and peptides isolated from blood-sucking animals. These candidates may prove the new agents of choice for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Kong
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Hao Chen
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Qing Wang
- Research Division of Clinical Pharmacology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Ling Meng
- Research Division of Clinical Pharmacology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Ji-Fu Wei
- Research Division of Clinical Pharmacology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Frenkel EP, Shen YM, Haley BB. The Direct Thrombin Inhibitors: Their Role and Use for Rational Anticoagulation. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2005; 19:119-45, vi-vii. [PMID: 15639111 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2004.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Major clinical advantages are achieved when direct thrombin inhibitors are used in venous thromboembolism. These agents provide more reliable anticoagulant response patterns because they are not significantly bound to plasma proteins and few, if any, drug-drug interactions are seen. The studies to date confirm that not all direct thrombin inhibitors are the same. The new reversible, short-acting catalytic site-specific drugs provide an excellent safety profile and high degree of efficacy for the prophylaxis and treatment of venous thromboembolism and pulmonary embolic states. The availability of the oral prodrug ximelagatran allows reproducible, effective, and safe direct thrombin inhibition without the requirement for coagulation laboratory monitoring; it appears destined to be the oral anticoagulant of the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eugene P Frenkel
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, 2201 Inwood Road, Dallas, TX 75235-8852, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mende K, Petoukhova O, Koulitchkova V, Schaub GA, Lange U, Kaufmann R, Nowak G. Dipetalogastin, a potent thrombin inhibitor from the blood-sucking insect. Dipetalogaster maximus cDNA cloning, expression and characterization. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1999; 266:583-90. [PMID: 10561601 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.1999.00895.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A cDNA coding for the thrombin inhibitor dipetalogastin has been isolated from a stomach library of Dipetalogaster maximus, a blood-sucking insect. The open reading frame of the cloned inhibitor cDNA codes for a protein of 344 amino-acid residues. Sequence analysis reveals the existence of three repeated homologous main regions, indicating that the inhibitor consists of three domains. Each domain shows a double-headed structure with an internal sequence homology like rhodniin, the thrombin inhibitor from the blood-sucking insect Rhodnius prolixus. Peptide sequence comparisons of the deduced amino-acid sequence exhibit a high homology of the domains I and II to the natural inhibitor dipetalogastin from the stomach content of D. maximus and to rhodniin, respectively. Significant sequence similarities to Kazal-type inhibitors, like the conserved sequence CGXDXXTYXNXC and several cysteine residues, indicate that the thrombin inhibitor from D. maximus is a further blood-sucking insect which belongs to the Kazal-type family (besides rhodniin). A biologically active recombinant protein corresponding to domain II of the dipetalogastin cDNA was expressed in Escherichia coli. The isolated recombinant dipetalogastin with a molecular mass of 12.91 kDa has proved to be a specific thrombin inhibitor similar to its natural counterpart as well as rhodniin and hirudin. The Ki value of the recombinant dipetalogastin was determined to be 49.3 +/- 22.28 fM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Mende
- Research Unit Pharmacological Hemostaseology, Medical Faculty, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhu K, Bowman AS, Brigham DL, Essenberg RC, Dillwith JW, Sauer JR. Isolation and characterization of americanin, a specific inhibitor of thrombin, from the salivary glands of the lone star tick Amblyomma americanum (L.). Exp Parasitol 1997; 87:30-8. [PMID: 9287955 DOI: 10.1006/expr.1997.4175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A thrombin (EC 3.4.21.5) inhibitor (americanin) was isolated from the salivary glands of the lone star tick Amblyomma americanum (L.) using reversed-phase chromatography and anion-exchange chromatography. Americanin did not inhibit any other protease tested, including factor Xa, plasmin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, papain, pepsin, and carboxypeptidase. The inhibition of thrombin by americanin decreased dramatically with dilution of the reaction mixture including thrombin, its substrate, and americanin. When thrombin assays were performed in the presence of americanin, the reaction curve showed a time-dependent inhibition. Significant inhibition was observed when americanin concentration was approximately equal to that of thrombin, with a Ki of 0.073 nM. The results suggest that americanin is a specific, reversible, competitive, slow, tight-binding inhibitor of thrombin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Zhu
- Department of Entomology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater 74078, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|