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Viegas R, Guerreiro MP, Duarte-Ramos F, Mendes R, da Costa FA. The role of community pharmacists and pharmacies in physical activity promotion: an interdisciplinary e-Delphi study. Int J Clin Pharm 2024:10.1007/s11096-024-01731-z. [PMID: 38662124 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-024-01731-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical activity has a key role in the prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases. Community pharmacists are an accessible source to provide brief advice to people on how to be more physically active. Nonetheless, there is a limited understanding of stakeholders' perspectives on their role in promoting physical activity, to inform policy and practice. The present study addresses this gap. AIM To determine consensus from different health professionals on the role of pharmacists and pharmacies in brief physical activity counselling in Portugal. METHOD This cross-sectional study used a two-round e-Delphi panel. The questionnaire was organised into four domains of physical activity promotion and comprised 37 items. Interdisciplinary experts rated their level of agreement using a 5-point Likert scale. Consensus was set at the outset as 75% or more of participants scoring 4 or 5 (consensus "in") or 1 or 2 (consensus "out"). RESULTS Forty-two health professionals involved in promoting physical activity in the ambulatory setting in Portugal were selected through purposive quota sampling. Eighteen out of 37 items were consensual in the first round and five more achieved consensus after the second round (62.2%). Physical activity promotion was seen as the role of all healthcare workforce and pharmacies were considered as suitable spaces for service provision, regardless of remuneration. CONCLUSION This study endorses a set of roles for physical activity promotion in community pharmacy from an interdisciplinary perspective. Consensually established perspectives can inform policy making and practice, streamlining the coordination of pharmacies with the national health service.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Viegas
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon - Imed, Research Institute for Medicines, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mara Pereira Guerreiro
- Egas Moniz Center for Interdisciplinary Research (CiiEM), Egas Moniz School of Health and Science, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Filipa Duarte-Ramos
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon - Imed, Research Institute for Medicines, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisbon, Portugal
- EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Romeu Mendes
- EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratório para a Investigação Integrativa e Translacional em Saúde Populacional (ITR), Porto, Portugal
- Unidade Local de Saúde de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Filipa Alves da Costa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon - Imed, Research Institute for Medicines, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisbon, Portugal.
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Laskowitz M, Roller JS, Mun H, Ferreri SP, Beznos B, Annis IE, Garcia N, Campbell W, Sleath B. Provision of Patient Care Services and Goals for Expansion in Community and Ambulatory Care Pharmacies in Southeastern North Carolina. Innov Pharm 2023; 14:10.24926/iip.v14i1.5091. [PMID: 38035324 PMCID: PMC10686673 DOI: 10.24926/iip.v14i1.5091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In February 2022, the North Carolina legislature expanded pharmacist dispensing authority without a prescription. We conducted a cross-sectional interview of currently licensed pharmacy managers of outpatient pharmacies located in five counties in southeastern North Carolina. Pharmacy managers were eligible to participate if their pharmacy was either a community pharmacy, clinic-based pharmacy, or outpatient health system pharmacy. Forty-four of 116 eligible pharmacy managers participated (38% response rate). The most common services offered by pharmacies included medication synchronization services (93.2%), on-site immunizations (90.9%), and refill reminders (88.6%). The least common services offered include INR screens (0%), A1c screens (7%), and 'incident-to' billing services associated with CPT codes: annual wellness visits (0%), chronic care management (0%), transitional care management (0%), and remote patient monitoring (2.4%). The services that pharmacy managers wanted to learn more about through continuing education included: oral/transdermal contraceptives (60.5%), administration of long-acting injectables (LAIs) (36.8%), and dispensing of HIV post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) (23.7%).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica S. Roller
- Division of Practice Advancement and Clinical Education, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy
| | - Haley Mun
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Stefanie P. Ferreri
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Bethany Beznos
- Division of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy
| | - Izabela E. Annis
- Division of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy
| | - Nacire Garcia
- Division of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy
| | - William Campbell
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Betsy Sleath
- Division of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy
- Cecil G. Sheps Center for Health Services Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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Herbert SMC, Herbert BM, Hake KL, McGrath SH. Flip the Pharmacy's impact on comprehensive medication management performance. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2023; 63:1070-1076. [PMID: 37055010 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2023.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinically integrated networks of community pharmacies are expanding partnerships with health care payers for sustainable provision of patient care services. The Pennsylvania Pharmacists Care Network (PPCN), a part of CPESN USA, launched its first payer program in 2017 with a Medicaid managed care organization for comprehensive medication management (CMM). Some PPCN pharmacy teams have participated in Flip the Pharmacy, a national practice transformation initiative. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to determine whether pharmacy participation in Flip the Pharmacy was associated with a greater rate of CMM encounters than in nonparticipating pharmacies within a statewide clinically integrated network. METHODS This project was a retrospective quantitative study. CMM encounter data including total number of encounters and total number of eligible members were extracted from monthly reports. Generalized estimating equations were used to assess the association between Flip the Pharmacy participation and CMM encounter rates. RESULTS Of 103 pharmacies that participated in the CMM program in 2019 and 2020, 77.7% of pharmacies (n = 80) were included in analyses. Of these, 31.3% (n = 25) participated in Flip the Pharmacy. Overall, 80 pharmacies documented 8460 patient encounters through the CMM program. On average, pharmacies participating in Flip the Pharmacy recorded 1.67 times the rate of encounters compared with non-Flip the Pharmacy pharmacies (95% CI 1.10-2.54), controlling for single versus multiple pharmacy sites and weekend hours. On average, pharmacies participating in Flip the Pharmacy recorded 1.18 times the rate of initial encounters (95% CI 0.84-1.59) and 2.06 times the rate of follow-up encounters (95% CI 1.22-3.48) compared with non-Flip the Pharmacy pharmacies. CONCLUSION Participation in Flip the Pharmacy in Pennsylvania was associated with greater engagement and completion of encounters within a payer program for CMM. Continued practice transformation efforts are needed to ensure the sustainability of community pharmacy practice as it continues to expand into payment for patient care services.
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Yakovchenko V, Morgan TR, Chinman MJ, Powell BJ, Gonzalez R, Park A, Malone PS, Chartier M, Ross D, Rogal SS. Mapping the road to elimination: a 5-year evaluation of implementation strategies associated with hepatitis C treatment in the veterans health administration. BMC Health Serv Res 2021; 21:1348. [PMID: 34922538 PMCID: PMC8684191 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-021-07312-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While few countries and healthcare systems are on track to meet the World Health Organization's hepatitis C virus (HCV) elimination goals, the US Veterans Health Administration (VHA) has been a leader in these efforts. We aimed to determine which implementation strategies were associated with successful national viral elimination implementation within the VHA. METHODS We conducted a five-year, longitudinal cohort study of the VHA Hepatic Innovation Team (HIT) Collaborative between October 2015 and September 2019. Participants from 130 VHA medical centers treating HCV were sent annual electronic surveys about their use of 73 implementation strategies, organized into nine clusters as described by the Expert Recommendations for Implementing Change taxonomy. Descriptive and nonparametric analyses assessed strategy use over time, strategy attribution to the HIT, and strategy associations with site HCV treatment volume and rate of adoption, following the Theory of Diffusion of Innovations. RESULTS Between 58 and 109 medical centers provided responses in each year, including 127 (98%) responding at least once, and 54 (42%) responding in all four implementation years. A median of 13-27 strategies were endorsed per year, and 8-36 individual strategies were significantly associated with treatment volume per year. Data warehousing, tailoring, and patient-facing strategies were most commonly endorsed. One strategy-"identify early adopters to learn from their experiences"-was significantly associated with HCV treatment volume in each year. Peak implementation year was associated with revising professional roles, providing local technical assistance, using data warehousing (i.e., dashboard population management), and identifying and preparing champions. Many of the strategies were driven by a national learning collaborative, which was instrumental in successful HCV elimination. CONCLUSIONS VHA's tremendous success in rapidly treating nearly all Veterans with HCV can provide a roadmap for other HCV elimination initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Yakovchenko
- Center for Healthcare Organization and Implementation Research, VA Bedford Healthcare System, Bedford, MA, USA
| | - Timothy R Morgan
- Gastroenterology Section, VA Long Beach Healthcare System, Long Beach, CA, USA
| | - Matthew J Chinman
- Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, University Drive (151C), Building 30, Pittsburgh, PA, 15240, USA
- RAND Corporation, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Byron J Powell
- Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rachel Gonzalez
- Gastroenterology Section, VA Long Beach Healthcare System, Long Beach, CA, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Sierra Pacific Veterans Integrated Service Network, Pharmacy Benefits Management, Mather, CA, USA
| | - Angela Park
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Office of Healthcare Transformation, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Patrick S Malone
- Sanford School of Public Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Maggie Chartier
- HIV, Hepatitis, and Related Conditions Programs, Office of Specialty Care Services, Veterans Health Administration, Washington, DC, USA
| | - David Ross
- HIV, Hepatitis, and Related Conditions Programs, Office of Specialty Care Services, Veterans Health Administration, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Shari S Rogal
- Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, University Drive (151C), Building 30, Pittsburgh, PA, 15240, USA.
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Facciolo F, Siracuse MV, Galt KA, Fuji KT, Bramble JD. Independent community pharmacies' provision of enhanced services: A mixed methods approach. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2021; 61:819-828.e1. [PMID: 34332888 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2021.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pharmacy profession continues to broaden toward a patient-centered care practice. Pharmacy members of formal enhanced services networks are embracing this practice. However, descriptions of how pharmacies adopt a patient-centered care practice by providing enhanced services are not widely known. OBJECTIVES To explore the pharmacy services of Nebraska independent community pharmacists within the context of the pharmacy profession's transition toward patient-centered care and determine if pharmacy participation in a formal enhanced pharmacy services network is associated with the provision of enhanced services. METHODS A mixed methods approach was used by first conducting a cross-sectional quantitative survey, followed by a small qualitative study to further explain the survey findings. The survey of 193 Nebraska independent community pharmacies included members and nonmembers of the Nebraska Enhanced Services Pharmacies (NESP) network. Data were collected on the enhanced services offered. Survey analyses used descriptive and inferential statistics. Qualitative data on reasons for offering enhanced services and their profitability were subsequently collected using a focus group of 3 independent community pharmacy owners. The interview transcript analysis used coding to generate major themes. RESULTS The survey response rate was 59%. Across all respondents, the average number of enhanced services offered was 17.3 out of 47 services studied. NESP members provided more enhanced services (x¯ = 20) than non-NESP members (x¯ = 16), P = 0.003. NESP membership was associated with the opinion that offering enhanced services increases profits, P = 0.016. The major themes were "NESP members have always been taking care of people" and "Profitability from enhanced services is key for sustainability of independent community pharmacies." CONCLUSION Independent community pharmacies provide a range of enhanced services. NESP members provided more enhanced services than non-NESP members and focused on taking care of people by providing enhanced services. NESP membership may provide opportunities for pharmacies to offer more enhanced services to patients with the intent to improve patient-centered care.
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Smith MG, Turner C, Pennington S. Advanced pharmacy practice experience students at the intersection of education and practice transformation. CURRENTS IN PHARMACY TEACHING & LEARNING 2020; 12:1360-1364. [PMID: 32867935 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2020.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Community pharmacy practice is transforming from traditional dispensing roles, and advanced pharmacy practice experiences (APPEs) could be a viable mechanism to assist pharmacies during transformation. A new type of APPE is described and the design, outcomes, and feedback from the first students and pharmacies piloting this rotation are discussed. EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITY AND SETTING A four-week elective APPE was designed to position fourth-year students as facilitators for community pharmacy transformation activities. The first transformation activity was clinical documentation using electronic care plans (eCare plans). Students spent a majority of the rotation in the pharmacy with only the first week and one day a week thereafter at the college of pharmacy. Students assessed current pharmacy workflow, developed an implementation plan, trained pharmacy staff, and created protocols and resources. FINDINGS Four student pharmacists completed the rotation during May, June, and August 2019. Student knowledge was assessed through a 12-question pre- and post-quiz on implementation science and the pharmacist eCare plan. Following orientation activities, students' scores increased from an average 44% to 86%. Course evaluations showed students learned about pharmacy business management and recognized challenges in teaching staff new concepts. All students indicated appreciation for innovative activity involvement and helping a pharmacy advance its practice. SUMMARY Early findings from this elective indicate a successful learning experience for students and pharmacy owners. The students gained skills in teaching, facilitation, and practice management, while pharmacy owners benefitted from staff training and implementation resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan G Smith
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, United States.
| | - Cody Turner
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, United States
| | - Samantha Pennington
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, United States
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Tran MN, Bacci JL, Dillon-Sumner L, Odegard P. Enhancing adult immunization care by community pharmacists: A qualitative analysis of Project VACCINATE. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2020; 61:e19-e25. [PMID: 33077378 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2020.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Project VACCINATE was a 1-year demonstration project conducted in 70 community pharmacies in Washington from September 1, 2016 to August 31, 2017 aimed at increasing adult vaccination and documentation in the state immunization information system (IIS). Key intervention features aligned with the Standards for Adult Immunization Practices and included incorporation of an immunization interface to facilitate proactive immunization screenings, patient engagement regarding vaccine needs, and vaccine documentation in the IIS as enhancements to the vaccination workflow. OBJECTIVE The objective of this qualitative study, a subanalysis of Project VACCINATE, was to identify community pharmacy staff members' perceptions of work system factors that influenced the implementation of key intervention features. METHODS Pharmacy staff at all Project VACCINATE locations were eligible to participate and were recruited by e-mail. Key informant interviews lasting 15-30 minutes were conducted by telephone using a semistructured interview guide. Interview transcripts were thematically analyzed using the Systems Engineering Initiative for Patient Safety (SEIPS) 2.0 model of work systems. RESULTS A total of 7 interviews were conducted with pharmacists from different pharmacy locations from September to December 2017. Nine factors emerged across all domains of the SEIPS 2.0 model regarding the implementation of the key intervention features. These factors were pharmacist-patient relationships, team culture, individualized patient education, technician involvement, electronic access to vaccine records, pharmacy layout, staff training, immunization documentation in other care settings, and insurance coverage. CONCLUSIONS Several key factors were identified that, when addressed, can enable the incorporation of proactive immunization screenings, patient engagement, and vaccine documentation as enhancements to the community pharmacy-based vaccination process. Community pharmacy organizations should consider incorporating the described factors into existing immunization programs when assessing the unique dynamics of their work system.
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A Student Pharmacist Quality Engagement Team to Support Initial Implementation of Comprehensive Medication Management within Independent Community Pharmacies. PHARMACY 2020; 8:pharmacy8030141. [PMID: 32784831 PMCID: PMC7558787 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy8030141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2017, the Pennsylvania Pharmacists Care Network (PPCN), an enhanced pharmacy services network, and STRAND Clinical Technologies partnered to launch a payor contract with a Pennsylvania Medicaid Managed Care Organization for the provision of comprehensive medication management (CMM) at PPCN pharmacies. PPCN and the Community Leadership and Innovation in Practice Center at the University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy partnered to create the Quality Engagement Team (QET), a group of student pharmacists formed with the intent to support the initial implementation of this contract. The QET supported the pharmacies through biweekly phone calls, which led to increased pharmacist engagement and produced impactful patient encounter stories that were then reported back to the payor. We utilized Active Implementation Frameworks and select implementation strategies from the Expert Recommendations for Implementing Change project throughout the implementation period. The QET supported the successful implementation of this payor contract, which saw an increase in CMM encounters completed by the pharmacists during each month of the four-month contract period. Students, pharmacists and the payor each derived meaningful benefits from this initiative. Student pharmacists can be a powerful asset in the implementation of payor programs within an enhanced pharmacy services network, resulting in the mutually beneficial and sustainable support of the network.
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Ferreri SP, Hughes TD, Snyder ME. Medication Therapy Management: Current Challenges. INTEGRATED PHARMACY RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2020; 9:71-81. [PMID: 32309200 PMCID: PMC7136570 DOI: 10.2147/iprp.s179628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Medication therapy management (MTM) services have evolved as a means for pharmacists and other providers to assist patients and caregivers in improving therapeutic outcomes and reducing health care expenditures. More than a decade has passed since the Medicare Modernization Act of 2003 provided pharmacists with the opportunity to deliver MTM services to Medicare beneficiaries. MTM continues to offer pharmacists the opportunity to use their knowledge; yet, pharmacists have reported challenges with service delivery. Identifying the challenges that affect MTM services in pharmacy practice is necessary in order to seek improvement to MTM delivery. This narrative review explores the current challenges pharmacists face with MTM delivery, summarizes potential solutions for addressing challenges, and seeks to incite further debate, service reconfiguration, and ultimately service improvement of pharmacist-provided MTM services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie P Ferreri
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7574, USA
| | - Tamera D Hughes
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7574, USA
| | - Margie E Snyder
- College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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McGivney MAS, Pope DD, Trygstad T. Unrealized potential and unrecognized value: Community-based pharmacy practice is reinventing itself-Join the movement. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF CLINICAL PHARMACY 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/jac5.1147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A. Somma McGivney
- Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics; University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy; Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
| | | | - Troy Trygstad
- CPESN USA and Community Care of North Carolina; Raleigh North Carolina
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