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DeFazio C, Moyers-Kinsella SI, Claydon EA, Hand MD, Lilly C, Zullig KJ, Davidov DM. A Scoping Review of Bystander-Based Sexual Violence Prevention Training for College Students in Fraternities and Sororities. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 21:797. [PMID: 38929043 PMCID: PMC11204108 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21060797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Bystander-based sexual violence (SV) prevention trainings are offered on college campuses across the United States to meet federal Title IX requirements, as they have proven to be an effective strategy for violence prevention. Greek-affiliated students (fraternity and sorority members) are at a higher risk of sexual assault than their peers; however, few trainings consider the specific needs of this population, and program adaptations for this high-risk group may be needed. This scoping review identifies and describes the bystander trainings delivered to Greek-affiliated students in the US and Canada. An eight-database search was conducted following PRISMA-ScR guidelines. The review identified 81 unique sources, with 18 meeting the inclusion criteria. Eleven specific training programs were identified, encompassing qualitative, quantitative, and mixed-method studies. The thematic analysis revealed best practices, including the importance of peer leaders, interactive sessions, and tailored content to Greek culture, as well as barriers such as a lack of engagement and an inadequate session length. The review underscores the need for tailored interventions to effectively address the unique cultural characteristics and high-risk nature of Greek-affiliated students. These findings provide valuable insights for improving the design and implementation of bystander interventions to enhance their efficacy in preventing sexual violence within this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina DeFazio
- Department of Social and Behavioral Health Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth A. Claydon
- Department of Social and Behavioral Health Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Michelle D. Hand
- Department of Social Work, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Christa Lilly
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Keith J. Zullig
- Department of Social and Behavioral Health Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Danielle M. Davidov
- Department of Social and Behavioral Health Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
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2
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Kerschner DJ, Allan EJ. We Don't Haze: Testing the Effectiveness of a Video-Based Hazing Prevention Training for College Students. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2024:8862605241254140. [PMID: 38770803 DOI: 10.1177/08862605241254140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
This research reports findings from a study to explore the efficacy of a video-based training with college students to determine the extent to which the training shifted student perceptions of hazing, increased willingness and ability to intervene in situations where hazing is occurring, and altered student perceptions of hazing social norms. The study included two experimental groups and a control group at each of the three data-gathering sessions at three U.S. universities. Each of the universities belonged to the Hazing Prevention Consortium and had demonstrated a willingness to prevent hazing on their campuses. The 17-minute hazing prevention documentary We Don't Haze, developed using a bystander intervention framework, was administered in two experimental conditions: video-only and video plus facilitated discussion. Participants (n = 318) were members of a leadership development program, resident advisors, and club sport athletes and were randomly assigned to one of the two treatment groups or the control group. Students who viewed the video-based training and students who viewed the video and engaged in a follow-up facilitated discussion significantly shifted their perceptions of hazing and indicated an increased willingness and ability to intervene and help others who are experiencing or have experienced hazing, compared to students who viewed a general leadership video. The results of this study indicate that the tested hazing prevention trainings-both the stand-alone video, We Don't Haze, and the video plus discussion-hold promise for strengthening knowledge of the full range of harm associated with hazing, while amplifying perceptions that support hazing prevention and diminishing perceptions that contribute to normalizing hazing.
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Behl R, Umunna I, Edem B, Mphamba D, Baiocchi M, Sarnquist C. Acceptability and feasibility of implementing the Enhanced Assess, Acknowledge, Act (EAAA) sexual assault prevention intervention on a U.S. university campus: Themes from qualitative interviews and written reflections. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2024:1-8. [PMID: 38754093 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2024.2351411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Objectives: Assess the acceptability of and self-reported behavioral change from participation in a sexual assault prevention intervention on a U.S. university campus. Participants: Thirty-one undergraduate students who identified as women and opted-in to participating in both the intervention and research. Methods: In-depth interviews and written reflections were collected. Analysis was thematic with three investigators coding and reaching consensus. Results: The EAAA program was well-liked by most participants, with positive behavior changes reported. Five key themes reflecting strengths of EAAA were identified, including improved verbal communication, reduced sexual assault myths, empowerment, recognizing and responding to danger cues, and learning about healthy sexuality. Three key themes reflecting challenges were identified, including time commitment, use of outdated program materials, and a single gender focus. Conclusions: EAAA translates well, with a few adaptations, to a residential campus environment in the U.S. Research is needed to assess program effectiveness in reducing sexual assault.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasika Behl
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Isioma Umunna
- Stanford Prevention Research Center (SPRC), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Blessing Edem
- Human Biology Program, Department of Humanities and Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Dumisile Mphamba
- Human Biology Program, Department of Humanities and Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mike Baiocchi
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Clea Sarnquist
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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4
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An S, Welch-Brewer C, Tadese H. Scoping Review of Intimate Partner Violence Prevention Programs for Undergraduate College Students. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2024:15248380241237201. [PMID: 38533852 DOI: 10.1177/15248380241237201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Recognizing that intimate partner violence (IPV) negatively affects college students' health and well-being, colleges offer preventive interventions to address these effects. However, scholarly evidence on this effort has been limited, such that we know little about the risk factors addressed, theoretical approaches, target outcomes, and other essential intervention characteristics. To address this gap, this study reviewed evidence-based IPV preventive interventions conducted in U.S. colleges reported in 25 peer-reviewed articles and dissertations published between 2010 and 2020. Findings showed that IPV preventive interventions for college students were designed to address multilevel risk factors of IPV, typically via bystander interventions and emerging skill-building interventions. Most IPV preventive interventions were theoretically driven primary preventions or a combination of primary and secondary preventions. Most studies of program outcomes focus on awareness of IPV and bystander roles, but 44% of the included articles measured participants' behavioral outcomes (e.g., actual bystander behavior, reaction to IPV disclosure, IPV screening behavior, social emotional skill use, or decreased rates of IPV perpetration) based on participants' use of skill-building components (e.g., bystander strategies, healthy relationship skills, conflict resolution, communication skills, empathy, and self-regulation). Student participants in the included studies were predominantly white (>60%) and only two studies included any Latinx students or students at historically Black colleges and universities. This review indicates that future IPV prevention practice, policy, and research must further define and explore how multilevel IPV prevention approaches can address the various systems level of needs among diverse student subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soonok An
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
| | | | - Helen Tadese
- North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University and University of North Carolina at Greensboro, USA
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5
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Kovalenko AG, Fenton RA. Bystander Intervention in Football and Sports. A Quasi-Experimental Feasibility Study of a Bystander Violence Prevention Program in the United Kingdom. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2024:8862605241239452. [PMID: 38529918 DOI: 10.1177/08862605241239452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, social campaigns and high-profile cases have brought increased attention to violence against women. Athletes can be role models, shaping both prosocial and antisocial attitudes. Their engagement in violence prevention could be an effective tool to tackle violence against women through bystander intervention. This part of a mixed-method feasibility study reports on the quantitative evaluation of an evidence-led bystander program, Football Onside, implemented at a football club in South West England in June 2018 to February 2020. The study employed a quasi-experimental design with intervention and control groups. Football coaches and club members (n = 50) completed measures of rape and domestic abuse myths, bystander intent and efficacy, self-reported bystander behaviors, readiness for change, perceptions of peer helping and myth acceptance, law knowledge, and program evaluation. Fidelity was also assessed. The analysis compared between- and within-group differences in mean changes over time using mixed-effects models. Participant ratings of learning outcomes were high, and fidelity was maintained throughout the intervention. Between-group comparison revealed mixed results, with greater improvements in the intervention group for bystander intent and efficacy at post-test and follow-up, domestic abuse myths at post-test, and rape myth acceptance at follow-up. Model contrasts for within intervention group revealed improvements in rape and domestic abuse myth acceptance, bystander intent and efficacy, perceived law knowledge at both time points, and perceived peer myths and helping at post-test. At follow-up, intervention participants reported significantly higher engagement in bystander behaviors. No significant effects were found for perceived importance of legal knowledge. Our research highlights the potential efficacy of a bystander program tailored for football club members. Cluster-randomized control trials are now required to examine bystander attitudes and behavior change processes among professional athletes.
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Kettrey HH, Thompson MP, Marx RA, Davis AJ. Effects of Campus Sexual Assault Prevention Programs on Attitudes and Behaviors Among American College Students: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Adolesc Health 2023; 72:831-844. [PMID: 37037692 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2023.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
The US Campus Sexual Assault Violence Elimination (SaVE) Act of 2013 mandates that all higher education institutions receiving federal funds offer incoming students primary prevention and awareness programming addressing sexual violence. Yet, there is no thorough and up-to-date quantitative synthesis of the effects of campus sexual assault prevention programs on sexual assault attitudes/knowledge and behaviors. Thus, we conducted a systematic review of the literature and a meta-analysis of experimental and high-quality quasi-experimental research examining effects of college sexual assault prevention programs on sexual assault attitudes and behaviors. Our synthesis of 385 effect sizes from 80 eligible studies disseminated between 1991 and 2021 indicates campus sexual assault programs have a more pronounced effect on attitudes/knowledge than on violence. Effects on sexual assault victimization were significant but small (g = 0.15) and effects on sexual assault perpetration were nonsignificant. Moderator analyses indicate programs that use a risk reduction framework are associated with less favorable outcomes than programs that do not use a risk reduction framework. Considering the limited effect of campus sexual assault prevention programs on violence, we recommend programming efforts move beyond a focus on individuals and, instead, adopt an ecological perspective targeting individuals, social relationships, community factors, and societal factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Hensman Kettrey
- Department of Sociology, Anthropology and Criminal Justice, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina.
| | - Martie P Thompson
- Department of Public Health and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina
| | | | - Alyssa J Davis
- Department of Sociology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
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7
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Hegel J, Cummings JA, Toews K, Knowles LA, Willcott-Benoit W, Palermo AM, Deleurme KA. Women Survivors of Adolescent Dating Violence Describe the Maintenance of Their Abusive Relationships: First Person Stories via YouTube. Violence Against Women 2023; 29:817-835. [PMID: 36006920 PMCID: PMC9950597 DOI: 10.1177/10778012221099986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The current study explores the personal stories of young women on their own experiences with adolescent dating violence and focuses on their perceptions of the relevant factors that maintained the relationship over time. To this end, we analyzed seven publicly available videos on YouTube of women explaining their experiences of adolescent dating violence, including how they perceived their relationships to be maintained over time. We identified four major sources these survivors perceived as contributing to the maintenance of adolescent dating violence: the Self, the Partner, the Relational Dynamic, and Other People.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jorden A. Cummings
- University of
Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada,Jorden A. Cummings, Department of
Psychology, University of Saskatchewan, 9 Campus Dr., Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A5,
Canada.
| | - Kelsi Toews
- University of
Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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8
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Wong JS, Bouchard J, Lee C. The Effectiveness of College Dating Violence Prevention Programs: A Meta-Analysis. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2023; 24:684-701. [PMID: 34342255 PMCID: PMC10009487 DOI: 10.1177/15248380211036058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Due in part to their involvement with social activities on campus, college students experience an increased risk of dating violence. Recent legislation such as the Campus SaVE Act (which requires U.S. colleges to offer training on sexual assault, domestic violence, stalking, and sexual harassment to all incoming students) has contributed to the increase in prevention programming offered across postsecondary campuses, as well as subsequent research examining the effectiveness of these prevention efforts. The current study provides a systematic review and meta-analysis of college dating violence prevention programs. A systematic search of 28 databases and numerous gray literature sources identified an initial 14,540 articles of which 315 were deemed potentially eligible for inclusion. Studies were selected if they (1) evaluated a college dating prevention program/campaign, (2) reported one of five outcomes (knowledge, attitudes, or bystander efficacy, intentions, or behavior), (3) had a minimum sample size of 20 in the treatment group, (4) used a pre/post and/or comparison group design, and (5) were published in English or French between January 2000 and October 2020. We calculated 53 effect sizes from 31 studies and conducted separate meta-analyses on various categories of outcome measures. Findings suggest that college dating violence prevention programs are effective at increasing knowledge and attitudes toward dating violence, as well as bystander skills, but are not effective at increasing bystander behaviors. Findings from moderator analyses suggest that several program components influence the strength of treatment effects. Implications for improving the effectiveness of college dating violence prevention programs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S. Wong
- School of Criminology, Simon Fraser
University, Burnaby, British Columbia,
Canada
- Jennifer S. Wong, School of Criminology,
Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia,
Canada V5A 1S6.
| | - Jessica Bouchard
- School of Criminology, Simon Fraser
University, Burnaby, British Columbia,
Canada
| | - Chelsey Lee
- School of Criminology, Simon Fraser
University, Burnaby, British Columbia,
Canada
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9
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Bouchard J, Wong JS, Lee C. Fostering college students' responsibility as prosocial bystanders to sexual violence prevention: A meta-analysis of the Bringing in the Bystander program. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2023:1-13. [PMID: 36749891 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2022.2162825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To synthesize research examining the effectiveness of the sexual violence bystander program Bringing in the Bystander (BitB). Participants: The analytic sample included 2083 youth in the treatment group and 969 in the comparison group. Method: A search strategy that included a total of 45 search terms was applied to 28 electronic databases. Results: The systematic search yielded a final analytic sample of 14 evaluations, with 38 independent effect sizes calculated across four outcome measures: rape myth attitudes (n = 11), bystander efficacy (n = 11), bystander intentions (n = 11), and bystander behavior (n = 5). The BitB program produced significant, positive pooled effects on measures of rape-supportive attitudes, bystander efficacy, and bystander intentions. Conclusions: The overall results are promising and suggest that the BitB education program may be an effective tool for targeting sexual violence on campuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Bouchard
- School of Criminology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jennifer S Wong
- School of Criminology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Chelsey Lee
- School of Criminology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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10
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Davies RL, Rice K, Rock AJ. A systematic review of informal supporters of intimate partner violence survivors: the intimate partner violence model of informal supporter readiness. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15160. [PMID: 37187522 PMCID: PMC10178208 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a serious public health issue that consists of physical, sexual, and psychological violence perpetrated by a current or former partner. Informal supporters (e.g., family and friends) of survivors are more often witness to IPV or are the first people a survivor will disclose abuse to and are more able to provide consistent ongoing support than professional services. Therefore, greater understanding of informal supporters is warranted to aid in reducing the risks experienced by survivors. This systematic review aimed to: (1) identify factors associated with either an increase or decrease in helping behaviour toward a survivor, (2), identify the most effective self-care strategies employed by informal supporters, and (3) consider the current theoretical approaches used to understand informal supporters help-giving behavioural intention. Methods A systematic literature search was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines. The search included English language articles published between 2005 and 2021 in the databases Psych Articles, Scopus, Proquest Social Services Abstracts, and Ebscohost. Studies were included if the primary research aims explored the motivators and inhibitors of helping intention or self-care strategies of adult social network members of adult IPV survivors. Two reviewers independently screened all identified articles for inclusion suitability. Results One hundred and twenty articles were subjected to full text screening resulting in 31 articles being identified as meeting inclusion criteria. Synthesis of the findings identified the following three key areas associated with help-giving behavioural intentions: normative factors, individual factors, and situational factors. There were no articles identified that considered self-care of informal supporters. Of the 31 articles, 22 had a theoretical underpinning. None of the utilised theories explained all three of the identified factors of help-giving behavioural intention. Conclusion These results are integrated into a proposed Intimate Partner Violence Model of Informal Supporter Readiness (IPV-MISR), incorporating the identified factors associated with help-giving behavioural intention. This model provides a framework for conceptualising the readiness of an informal supporter to provide adequate support to IPV survivors. The model extends existing theoretical standpoints and has utility in both practice and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan L. Davies
- University of New England, Arimidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kylie Rice
- University of New England, Arimidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Adam J. Rock
- University of New England, Arimidale, New South Wales, Australia
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11
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Kirk-Provencher KT, Spillane NS, Schick MR, Chalmers SJ, Hawes C, Orchowski LM. Sexual and Gender Minority Inclusivity in Bystander Intervention Programs to Prevent Violence on College Campuses: A Critical Review. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2023; 24:110-124. [PMID: 34109862 DOI: 10.1177/15248380211021606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Sexual and gender minority (SGM) individuals are at increased risk for experiencing sexual violence. Bystander intervention training programs are a first-line prevention recommendation for reducing sexual and dating violence on college campuses. Little is known regarding the extent to which SGM individuals are represented in the content of bystander intervention programs or are included in studies examining the effectiveness of bystander intervention programs. The present critical review aimed to fill this gap in knowledge. Twenty-eight empirical peer-reviewed evaluations of bystander intervention programs aimed at reducing dating violence or sexual assault on college campuses were examined. Three studies (10.7%) described including content representing SGM individuals in the program. Personal communication with study authors indicated that-although not mentioned in the publication-many programs describe rates of violence among SGM students. When describing the study sample, six studies (21.4%) indicated that transgender, nonbinary, or students classified as "other" were included in the research. Approximately two thirds of studies (67.9%) did not describe participants' sexual orientation. No studies reported outcomes specifically among SGM individuals, and two (7.1%) mentioned a lack of SGM inclusion as a study limitation. Work is needed to better represent SGM individuals in the content of bystander intervention programs and ensure adequate representation of SGM individuals in studies examining the effectiveness of bystander intervention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nichea S Spillane
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Melissa R Schick
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Sydney J Chalmers
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Courtney Hawes
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Lindsay M Orchowski
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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12
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Karunaratne N, Harris JC. Women of Color Student Survivors' Perceptions of Campus Sexual Assault Prevention Programming. Violence Against Women 2022; 28:3801-3824. [PMID: 35019786 DOI: 10.1177/10778012211070310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
This article presents a qualitative study of 44 Women of Color undergraduate student survivors' perceptions of campus sexual assault prevention programming using the framework of standpoint theory. Participants held perceptions concerning online training prior to college, the in-person presentations they attended during new student orientation, and the lack of information relayed through prevention programs about sexual assault perpetration. Findings highlight the need for continued research investigating the standpoints of Women of Color students to better inform implementation of prevention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica C Harris
- 8783Department of Education, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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13
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Moschella-Smith EA, Moynihan MM, Stapleton JG. Sexual and Dating Violence Bystander Intervention Programs within Institutions of Higher Education: Strategies for Research and Practice. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP15020-NP15036. [PMID: 36073620 DOI: 10.1177/08862605221106190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This article presents strategies to promote researcher-practitioner collaborations in the development and evaluation of bystander intervention programs that address sexual and dating violence (SDV) at Institutions of Higher Education (IHEs). The benefits of practitioner partnerships with researchers are reviewed. We then review examples of researcher-practitioner collaborations to develop, implement, and evaluate bystander programs. Suggestions are also offered for researcher-practitioner collaborators to engage survivors of SDV and overlooked populations, such as racial, ethnic, gender, and sexual minorities, as ways to promote diversity. Lastly, we provide guidelines for researcher-practitioner collaborations to engage bystanders based on the lessons learned from these collaborations within and around the IHE community.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mary M Moynihan
- Prevention Innovations Research Center, 3067University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| | - Jane G Stapleton
- Prevention Innovations Research Center, 3067University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
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14
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Hoxmeier JC, O'Connor J, McMahon S. Sexual Violence Among Sorority Women: Victimization Experiences, Contexts, and Disclosure. Violence Against Women 2022; 29:1123-1143. [PMID: 35979617 DOI: 10.1177/10778012221108417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine and compare sexual violence (SV) victimization among sorority women and unaffiliated counterparts. Results showed sorority women were more likely than unaffiliated women to report experiencing some types of SV, consuming alcohol prior to victimization, and to identify their perpetrator as a hookup/casual partner. More women, regardless of affiliation, informally disclosed their victimization compared to formally reporting; many did not tell anyone because they did not think it was serious enough. The findings point to implications for harm reduction, bystander intervention, and primary prevention programming, as well as institutional policy to address SV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill C Hoxmeier
- Department of Health Sciences, 3197Central Washington University, Ellensburg, WA, USA
| | - Julia O'Connor
- 50616University of Central Florida School of Social Work, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Sarah McMahon
- School of Social Work, 242612Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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15
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Yoshihama M, Hammock AC, Baidoun F. Analysis of Bystander Behavior Towards Intimate Partner Violence via Peerformance. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP10196-NP10219. [PMID: 33448241 DOI: 10.1177/0886260520985482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study of a South Asian community in the midwestern USA examines what bystanders do when they witness an incident of intimate partner violence (IPV). Because of ethical and safety constraints, in lieu of observation in a natural setting, data were collected at a Peerformance, a peer-led IPV prevention program, using the forum theatre method introduced in Augusto Boal's Theatre of the Oppressed. Event attendees were invited to respond to an IPV incident enacted by peer educators in which a controlling husband's behavior escalates to the point of suggesting physical violence. Using a grounded theory approach, we analyzed the videotaped bystander actions while applying pertinent aspects of visual analysis. Event attendees responded in variety of ways, exploring and/or de-escalating the situation, providing information, and encouraging the couple to resolve their conflict and/or seek outside help. They expressed empathy, support, and (dis)agreement with the husband and the wife. Their actions encompassed a number of dimensions: introductory, investigative, supportive/empathic, informational, instructional, instrumental, and confrontational. Participants' vastly varied responses to IPV within the same scenario suggest difficulty in developing a generic IPV bystander program. The findings also suggest possible directions for developing bystander programs to address IPV. In lieu of prescribing and/or proscribing specific actions in a given risk situation, bystander training can help participants build their repertoire of actions while collectively examining the strengths and limitations of various actions in their sociocultural context. Such bystander training is complex and difficult to manualize; it will involve reflexive and critical discussions and learning and trying out various possible alternatives. A Peerformance is a site of action, a realistic and familiar milieu where community members can imagine and try out interventions that may be different from the norm of indifference and non-intervention. It can open up new possibilities for addressing IPV in diverse communities.
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16
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Woods WC, Kistler TA, Stuart GL, Cornelius TL. Bystander Intervention Behavior as Function of Victimization History, Opportunity, and Situational Context. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP8006-NP8031. [PMID: 33251909 DOI: 10.1177/0886260520975838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Preliminary research has demonstrated the utility of bystander interventions in reducing sexual assault, and initial research has begun extending this type of intervention to intimate partner violence more broadly. However, the extant research is limited by methodological issues that fail to examine opportunity for intervention relative to intervention behaviors as well as a failure to examine intervention rates across differing risk situations. Further, there are many unexplored factors that may impact bystander intervention behavior, notably previous experiences with intimate partner violence and sexual assault. Thus, the current study examined bystander opportunities and intervention across situations of varying risk to the bystander, as well as the relationship of opportunity/intervention relative to victimization history. Given the rates of sexual assault and IPV on college and university campuses, the research examined the number of times college students (N = 393) encountered a range of situations in which bystander intervention may be indicated, and their intervention behavior across varying risk levels to the bystander. Results demonstrated that individuals with a history of psychological victimization were more likely to intervene across all situation types, but sexual and physical victimization provided mixed support for hypotheses. No differences in witnessing or intervening were found as a function of gender. These results replicate previous findings, and further provide evidence for a more nuanced approach to examine bystander behavior intervention. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.
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Waterman EA, Edwards KM, Rodriguez LM, Ullman SE, Dardis CM. Predictors of uptake and retention in an intervention to improve social reactions to disclosures of sexual assault and partner abuse. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2022; 70:199-208. [PMID: 32240060 PMCID: PMC7529735 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2020.1739054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Objective Examine uptake (e.g., initial session participation) and retention (e.g., booster session participation) in an intervention about responding to sexual assault and partner abuse disclosures. Participants: Participants were 836 students (primarily White; upper-middle class) at a medium-sized university. Method: Participants completed baseline surveys, were invited to a two-session intervention, and responded to a follow-up survey. Results: Initial session attendance was 36.2% (n = 303); of those, 83.1% (n = 252) attended the booster. Female, sexual minority students, and students with fewer prior negative reactions, and higher initial session satisfaction were more likely to attend than other students. Participants' reported reasons for not attending included scheduling problems and topic discomfort. Participants reported that remote attendance and higher cash incentives would have made attendance more likely. Conclusion: Findings indicate the draw of cash incentives, a need to reach high-risk students and integrate into existing organizations, and the potential for individualized prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Waterman
- Nebraska Center for Research on Children, Youth, Families, and Schools, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Prem S. Paul Research Center at Whittier School, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Katie M Edwards
- Nebraska Center for Research on Children, Youth, Families, and Schools, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Prem S. Paul Research Center at Whittier School, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
- Educational Psychology, Nebraska Center for Research on Children, Youth, Families, and Schools, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Lindsey M Rodriguez
- Psychology, University of South Florida-St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg, Florida, USA
| | - Sarah E Ullman
- Department of Criminology, Law and Justice, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Haynes-Baratz MC, Metinyurt T, Li YL, Gonzales J, Bond MA. Bystander training for faculty: A promising approach to tackling microaggressions in the academy. NEW IDEAS IN PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.newideapsych.2021.100882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Cadaret MC, Johnson NL, Devencenzi ML, Morgan EM. A Quasiexperimental Study of the Bystander Plus Program for Changing Rape Culture Beliefs. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:NP10156-NP10177. [PMID: 31478437 DOI: 10.1177/0886260519872981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Sexual violence is considered a public health crisis and is particularly a problem on college campuses. Efforts for rape prevention at the collegiate level have included decreasing rape myth acceptance and increasing prosocial bystander behaviors. Although bystander models vary in regard to format and target population (e.g., male, female, or combined programs), they hold the same goals and underlying principles: to teach individuals how to effectively, and safely, intervene before, during, and after potential rape scenarios. In line with this research, the current study examined the efficacy of a bystander plus program, that goes beyond single session bystander focused programs to include a stronger focus on culture change and consciousness-raising across two sessions. The program was offered to undergraduate students (n = 23), the intervention group, over two sequential weeks. The first session was based on a modified version of Bringing in the Bystander, called Empowering the Bystander (ETB). ETB is a 60-min interactive session in which presenters provide information and lead discussions and activities aimed to address rape myths, to increase sexual assault survivor empathy, to learn prosocial bystander behaviors, and to increase awareness of rape culture at large. We followed this with a consciousness-raising group called Define It! that asked participants to define and operationalize concepts such as sexual assault and rape culture in their own lives. Students in an introductory psychology course served as a control group (n = 58) and did not receive the intervention. Both students within the intervention and control groups completed demographics and the Rape Culture Inventory (RCI) at pre-, post-, and 1-month postintervention. Results revealed a decrease in personal and perceived college endorsement of rape culture beliefs among intervention versus control participants. We discuss the implications of these results with concern to bystander programming and future directions for bystander plus program development.
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O'Brien KM, Sauber EW, Kearney MS, Venaglia RB, Lemay EP. Evaluating the Effectiveness of an Online Intervention to Educate College Students About Dating Violence and Bystander Responses. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:NP7516-NP7546. [PMID: 30755066 DOI: 10.1177/0886260519829769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to conduct a randomized controlled trial to assess the efficacy of STOP Dating Violence, an online intervention developed to educate students about dating violence and appropriate bystander interventions on college campuses. College students (N = 317) were randomly assigned to one of the three conditions: (a) the STOP Dating Violence intervention, (b) a website containing information about dating violence, or (c) a control condition. Participants completed pre- and posttest quantitative and qualitative measures to assess knowledge of warning signs and appropriate bystander behaviors, attitudes about intervening as a bystander, willingness to intervene, and self-efficacy regarding intervening. The results indicated that students who participated in the STOP Dating Violence intervention were the most knowledgeable about jealous warning signs of dating violence and appropriate bystander interventions, had the greatest intent to assist a victim of dating violence, and were the most confident in their ability to intervene in dating violence situations, when compared with participants in the website and control conditions. Those who participated in the intervention also demonstrated greater knowledge regarding appropriate bystander behaviors 1 month following the intervention. No differences were found in attitudes regarding helping someone in an abusive dating relationship or engagement in bystander behaviors at follow-up. Qualitative analyses provided further support for the efficacy of STOP Dating Violence in increasing knowledge of barriers to bystander intervention and appropriate bystander intervention strategies in dating violence situations. Overall, the STOP Dating Violence intervention has the potential to educate undergraduates about dating violence and bystander interventions on college campuses.
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Yoshihama M, Hammock AC, Baidoun F. Peerformance: Bystanders Enacting and Challenging Gender Norms in Community-Based Theater to Prevent Domestic Violence. Violence Against Women 2021; 28:922-945. [PMID: 34160319 DOI: 10.1177/10778012211014556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the gender beliefs and norms expressed by South Asian community members when intervening as bystanders in Peerformance, a publicly performed scene depicting a husband's controlling behavior toward his wife enacted by a peer-led theater group. Using a grounded theory approach, inductive coding and reiterative visual analysis of videotaped bystander interactions revealed that, while most community members confronted the husband, beliefs about gender roles and relations impacted how these confrontations occurred. The complexity of gender norms in bystanders' interventions calls for sociocultural tailoring; bystander programs must attend to the rich, within-group variations in community members' attitudes and beliefs.
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Swan LET, Mennicke A, Magnuson A, MacConnie L. Social Risk Factors for Interpersonal Violence Victimization among College Students: Findings from a Mixed-Gender Sample. JOURNAL OF AGGRESSION, MALTREATMENT & TRAUMA 2021; 30:605-624. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2020.1832170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura E. T. Swan
- School of Social Work, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Annelise Mennicke
- School of Social Work, The University of North Carolina, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Amy Magnuson
- University Health Services, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Lindsey MacConnie
- School of Social Work, The University of North Carolina, Charlotte, NC, USA
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Waterman EA, Edwards KM, Banyard VL, Chang H. Age and Sexual Orientation Moderated the Effects of a Bystander-Focused Interpersonal Violence Prevention Program for High School Students. PREVENTION SCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR PREVENTION RESEARCH 2021; 23:96-107. [PMID: 33893572 DOI: 10.1007/s11121-021-01245-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the current paper was to identify moderating factors of a bystander-focused violence prevention program for adolescents, Bringing in the Bystander-High School Curriculum. Participants were 2,403 high school students from 25 schools in northern New England (M age = 15.8 years; 50.9% female; 85.1% White, 84.5% heterosexual) who participated in a cluster-randomized controlled trial. We examined impact among different social groups (i.e., by race, gender, age, poverty, sexual orientation) using moderation analyses. The intervention effects for the past 12-month sexual harassment and stalking perpetration were stronger for younger participants and heterosexual participants; poverty, race, and gender did not moderate any program effects. Findings indicate that future prevention research should consider additional targets for older adolescents that may improve intervention program efficacy. An urgent need exists for interventions that are effective for sexual minority adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Waterman
- Bennington College, 1 College Drive, Bennington, VT, 05201, USA.
| | - Katie M Edwards
- Nebraska Center for Research on Children Youth, Families, and Schools, University of Nebraska, NE, 68588, Lincoln, USA
| | | | - Hong Chang
- Tufts Medical Center, Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, 800 Washington St, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
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Mujal GN, Taylor ME, Fry JL, Gochez-Kerr TH, Weaver NL. A Systematic Review of Bystander Interventions for the Prevention of Sexual Violence. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2021; 22:381-396. [PMID: 31204606 DOI: 10.1177/1524838019849587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bystander interventions have been successful in changing bystander attitudes and behaviors to prevent sexual violence. This systematic review was performed to summarize and categorize the characteristics of sexual violence bystander intervention programs and analyze bystander intervention training approaches for the primary prevention of sexual violence and assault. METHOD From June to July 2017, the authors searched both published and unpublished American and Canadian studies from 2007 to 2017. The published sources included six major electronic databases and the unpublished sources were Google Scholar and the 40 program websites. From the 706 studies that resulted from this initial search, a total of 44 studies (that included a single bystander intervention program and assessments at both pretest and at least one posttest) were included. RESULTS Thirty-two percent of studies analyzed bystander behavior postintervention, and most found significant beneficial outcomes. The most frequently used training methods were presentation, discussion, and active learning exercises. Bringing in the Bystander and The Men's Program had the most replicated empirical support for effectiveness. DISCUSSION There has been a substantive increase in quasi-experimental and randomized controlled trial approaches to assessing the effectiveness of this type of intervention since 2014. The training methods shared between these efficacious programs may translate to bystander interventions for other victimization types, such as child abuse. CONCLUSION The use of in-person bystander training can make positive changes in attitudes and behaviors by increasing awareness of a problem and responsibility to solve it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela N Mujal
- Department of Health Management and Policy, 40272College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Meghan E Taylor
- Department of Behavioral Science and Health Education, 40272College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jessica L Fry
- Department of Behavioral Science and Health Education, 40272College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Tatiana H Gochez-Kerr
- School of Social Work, 40272College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Nancy L Weaver
- Department of Behavioral Science and Health Education, 40272College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO, USA
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Krauss A, Jouriles EN, Yule K, Grych JH, Sargent KS, Banyard VL. Adverse Consequences to Assisting Victims of Campus Violence: Initial Investigations Among College Students. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:NP1607-1624NP. [PMID: 29295036 DOI: 10.1177/0886260517746944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite growing interest in the use of bystander education programs to address the problems of sexual and relationship violence on college campuses, little knowledge exists on adverse consequences experienced by students intervening as a bystander. The current study examined the prevalence and correlates of adverse consequences of bystander intervention in two samples of first-year college students. In Study 1, 281 students completed a measure of negative consequences experienced when acting as a bystander to help someone at risk of sexual assault, relationship abuse, or stalking. Efficacy for bystander behavior was also assessed. Approximately one third of the students (97/281) reported having tried to help someone who had been at risk of violence during the previous academic year. Of these, approximately 17% (16/97) reported experiencing a negative consequence from having tried to help. Experiencing negative consequences was associated with lower levels of bystander efficacy. In Study 2, conducted at a different university, 299 students completed measures of negative consequences resulting from intervening as a bystander and efficacy for bystander behavior. Students also participated in virtual-reality simulations that provided opportunities to intervene as a bystander. Again, approximately one third of the students (99/299) reported having tried to help someone at risk of violence. Of these, 20% (20/99) reported experiencing a negative consequence. Two of the adverse consequences (physically hurt, got into trouble) were negatively associated with bystander efficacy and observed effectiveness of bystander behavior in the virtual simulations. Results of exploratory analyses suggest that training in bystander intervention might reduce the likelihood of experiencing adverse consequences.
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Gable SC, Lamb S, Brodt M, Atwell L. Intervening in a "Sketchy Situation": Exploring the Moral Motivations of College Bystanders of Sexual Assault. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:NP311-NP334. [PMID: 29294935 DOI: 10.1177/0886260517730027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This mixed-methods research explored the moral motivations of undergraduates who identified as bystanders in a situation of potential sexual assault. In the quantitative analysis, we examined the difference between interveners and noninterveners with regard to their scores on the Moral Foundations Questionnaire-30 Item (MFQ-30), which considers five moral foundations from Moral Foundations Theory (MFT) of care/harm, fairness/cheating, loyalty/betrayal, authority/subversion, and sanctity/degradation, as well as measures of bystander attitudes (BAS-R) and rape-myth acceptance (IRMA, modified). Participants who failed to intervene had significantly higher scores on the loyalty/betrayal subscale of the MFQ-30, and showed a trend toward "conservative" values comprising the latter three MFT foundations. Intervening bystanders were also more likely to endorse bystander attitudes, and less likely to endorse rape-myth supporting beliefs. The qualitative analysis examined brief narratives in which participants described their bystander experience and reasoning in the moment. Analysis found a remarkable flexibility with which each moral foundation could be used to support either intervention or abstention. We argue that emphasizing conservative values (based on loyalty, purity, and/or authority) in addition to the typical liberal (justice-based and anti-harm) reasoning may bolster bystander interventions meant to reach all students.
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Feldwisch RP, Whiston SC, Arackal IJ. Safe Sisters: A Sorority‐Based Bystander Intervention Program to Prevent Sexual Assault. JOURNAL OF COLLEGE COUNSELING 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/jocc.12170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel P. Feldwisch
- Department of Counseling and Educational Psychology Indiana University—Bloomington
- Now at Department of Counseling University of Indianapolis
| | - Susan C. Whiston
- Department of Counseling and Educational Psychology Indiana University—Bloomington
- Now retired
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Mahoney P, Gielen AC, Bailey MM, Gabel C. Applying the Haddon Matrix to evaluate sexual assault interventions on college campuses. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2020; 68:579-586. [PMID: 30908120 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2019.1583658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Objective: A Haddon Matrix analysis was used to systematically review literature evaluating college campus sexual assault prevention programs to identify research gaps and intervention opportunities. Methods: Articles included were published from January 1, 2001 to December 31, 2017; indexed in PubMed, PsycInfo, or Scopus; involving English-speaking undergraduate students in the US; with experimental or quasi-experimental design. Results: All 31 eligible studies evaluated educational programing; all relied on self-report measures; and three-quarters had follow-up periods ≤ 6 months. Significant positive effects were reported by 6 of 10 studies that measured bystander behavior, 6 of 10 that educated potential victims and assessed victimization, and one of four that educated potential perpetrators and measured perpetration. Conclusion: The Haddon Matrix analysis identified the need for interventions that address perpetrators and the post-assault period, as well as studies of the impact of enforcing existing policies and new environmental and situational approaches to sexual assault prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Mahoney
- The Johns Hopkins Center for Injury Research and Policy, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrea C Gielen
- The Johns Hopkins Center for Injury Research and Policy, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Colby Gabel
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Duval A, Lanning BA, Patterson MS. A Systematic Review of Dating Violence Risk Factors Among Undergraduate College Students. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2020; 21:567-585. [PMID: 29911506 DOI: 10.1177/1524838018782207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
College students are a vulnerable population for dating violence (DV) because of the social environment in which they live and interact with other students. Campus climate surveys are considered best practice for gathering information about the severity and cause of college DV; however, there are still unanswered questions as to why DV remains an alarming public health concern among college students. The aim of this systematic literature review was to examine DV risk factors specific to college students with a special focus on methodological factors and gaps in the literature. Databases EBSCO, Scopus, PsycINFO, MEDLINE, ERIC, and PubMed were searched for articles published between 2006 and 2016, resulting in 23 articles that met inclusion criteria for this review. Very few studies were conducted at private universities (n = 4). Most researchers used descriptive cross-sectional surveys (n = 22), while only one utilized a mixed-methods approach. Measurement scales used to collect DV rates were similar across studies, yet the definition of DV was inconsistent. Types and severity of DV varied across studies, but overall, females were more likely to perpetrate and/or experience DV than males. Individual risk factors (e.g., substance use, risky sexual behaviors) were identified more often than family risk factors (e.g., intergenerational violence) and peer and social risk factors (e.g., Greek-life or athletic team membership, relationship type). A better understanding of new college relationships is critical to identify modifiable risk factors for DV. Recommendations for future practice and research are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Duval
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Beth A Lanning
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
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Gainsbury AN, Fenton RA, Jones CA. From campus to communities: evaluation of the first UK-based bystander programme for the prevention of domestic violence and abuse in general communities. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:674. [PMID: 32404079 PMCID: PMC7218832 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-08519-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Violence against women and girls is a public health epidemic. Campus-based research has found bystander programmes show promise as effective primary prevention of sexual violence. However, evidence regarding domestic violence and abuse bystander prevention specifically, and in community settings generally, is still in development. Further, research has predominantly emanated from the US. Examining proof of concept in differing cultural contexts is required. This study evaluates the feasibility and potential for effectiveness of a domestic violence and abuse bystander intervention within UK general communities-Active Bystander Communities. METHODS Participants recruited opportunistically attended a three-session programme facilitated by experts in the field. Programme feasibility was measured using participant attendance and feedback across nine learning objectives. Myth acceptance, bystander efficacy, behavioural intent and bystander behaviours were assessed using validated scales at baseline, post-intervention, and four-month follow-up. Results were examined for potential backlash. Analyses used a paired sample t-test and effect size was quantified with Cohen's d. RESULTS 58/70 participants attended all programme sessions. Participant feedback consistently rated the programme highly and significant change (p ≤ 0·001) was observed in the desired direction across behavioural intent, bystander efficacy, and myth acceptance scores at post and follow-up. Effect size was generally large and, with the exception of Perception of Peer Myth Acceptance, improved at follow-up. Backlash was minimal. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge this is the first UK-based study to examine the potential of bystander intervention as a community-level intervention for domestic violence and abuse. Findings are promising and indicate the translatability of the bystander approach to domestic violence and abuse prevention as well as community contexts. This is likely to be of great interest to policymakers and may help shape future community-based interventions. Further research is now needed using experimental designs engaging diverse community audiences.
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J Potter S, Fox N, Smith D, Draper N, Moschella EA, Moynihan MM. Sexual Assault Prevalence and Community College Students: Challenges and Promising Practices. HEALTH EDUCATION & BEHAVIOR 2020; 47:7S-16S. [PMID: 32250186 DOI: 10.1177/1090198120910988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recently, much research has been dedicated to understanding how to prevent and address the aftermath of sexual assault (SA) on traditional 4-year college and university campuses in the United States. However, less scholarly attention has been paid to 2-year institutions, commonly known as community colleges. This review illuminates the different situational contexts faced by community college students, compared with students at 4-year colleges. These differences are shaped by community college characteristics, student demographics, and geographic location of their students. Community colleges enroll a higher percentage of women, first-generation students, and low-income students than 4-year colleges. Furthermore, community colleges are academic homes to the most racially and ethnically diverse student population, with higher numbers of African Americans, Latinos, immigrants, and nonnative English speakers. These populations (e.g., women, racial minorities, first-generation, low-income) are at a greater risk for SA; yet, 2-year institutions have less funding and resources available to address SA on their campuses. Thus, this article reviews the problem of campus SA on community colleges and highlights the challenges that 2-year institutions face in comparison with those that 4-year institutions face when implementing SA prevention and response strategies. Then, a case study of a 3-year project on one nonresidential and seven community colleges is presented, which illustrates how 2-year institutions can forge relationships with community professionals to address SA on their campuses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicole Fox
- California State University Sacramento, CA, USA
| | | | - Nora Draper
- University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
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Amar A, Laughon K. Gender Violence Prevention in Middle School Male Athletics Programs. JAMA Pediatr 2020; 174:233-234. [PMID: 31930371 DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.5269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Amar
- University of Nevada School of Nursing, Las Vegas
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dos Santos KB, Murta SG, do Amaral Vinha LG, de Deus JS. Efficacy of a bystander intervention for preventing dating violence in Brazilian adolescents: short-term evaluation. PSICOLOGIA-REFLEXAO E CRITICA 2019; 32:20. [PMID: 32026072 PMCID: PMC6966980 DOI: 10.1186/s41155-019-0133-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Peers are the preferred source of help for Brazilian adolescents who experience dating violence. However, they are not always the best informants for effective responses for dealing with situations of violence in romantic relationships among peers. This experimental study aimed to evaluate the short-term efficacy of three aspects of a peer- and bystander approach-based intervention: the intent to offer help, empathy, and bystander attitudes in response to dating violence in a Brazilian sample of adolescents. The study's participants were 33 adolescents randomized in two groups: experimental group (EG, n = 14) and control group (CG, n = 19). The EG underwent three weekly intervention sessions of 90 min each on the healthy versus violent romantic relationships, the quality of friendship in the peer network, and the role of the bystander, while the CG received no intervention. Evaluations were performed 1 week before and two and half months after the intervention. Statistically significant differences between EG and CG at post-test were not found in intention to help, empathy, and bystander attitudes. Future studies should include evaluations of larger samples and mid- and long-term follow-ups to identify patterns of change over the long term as well as examine barriers to utilization of bystander behaviors by adolescents in Brazilian culture.
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Hébert M, Daspe MÈ, Lapierre A, Godbout N, Blais M, Fernet M, Lavoie F. A Meta-Analysis of Risk and Protective Factors for Dating Violence Victimization: The Role of Family and Peer Interpersonal Context. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2019; 20:574-590. [PMID: 29333960 DOI: 10.1177/1524838017725336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Dating violence (DV) is a widespread social issue that has numerous deleterious repercussions on youths' health. Family and peer risk factors for DV have been widely studied, but with inconsistent methodologies, which complicates global comprehension of the phenomenon. Protective factors, although understudied, constitutes a promising line of research for prevention. To date, there is no comprehensive quantitative review attempting to summarize knowledge on both family and peer factors that increase or decrease the risk for adolescents and emerging adults DV victimization. The current meta-analysis draws on 87 studies with a total sample of 278,712 adolescents and young adults to examine effect sizes of the association between various family and peer correlates of DV victimization. Results suggest small, significant effect sizes for all the family (various forms of child maltreatment, parental support, and parental monitoring) and peer factors (peer victimization, sexual harassment, affiliation with deviant peers, and supportive/prosocial peers) in the prediction of DV. With few exceptions, forms of DV (psychological, physical, and sexual), gender, and age did not moderate the strength of these associations. In addition, no difference was found between the magnitude of family and peer factors' effect sizes, suggesting that these determinants are equally important in predicting DV. The current results provide future directions for examining relations between risk and protective factors for DV and indicate that both peers and family should be part of the development of efficient prevention options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Hébert
- 1 Département de sexologie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Daspe
- 1 Département de sexologie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Andréanne Lapierre
- 2 Département de psychologie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Natacha Godbout
- 1 Département de sexologie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Martin Blais
- 1 Département de sexologie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mylène Fernet
- 1 Département de sexologie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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Hines DA, Bishop LRS, Palm Reed KM. Differential Gender Responses to an Empathy Component of a Sexual Assault Prevention Program. VIOLENCE AND VICTIMS 2019; 34:397-413. [PMID: 31171725 DOI: 10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-18-00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Although sexual assault (SA) prevention programs on college campuses are increasingly prevalent, no studies explore the influence of program components on outcomes. Empathy exercises are frequently included in such programs, with the intent of changing participant emotions and attitudes in order to change subsequent behavior. This study evaluated whether the inclusion of an empathy exercise within a SA prevention program impacted participants' emotions and attitudes, and subsequent helping behaviors in SA bystander situations. Three-hundred and seventy students (63% women) participated in an evaluation of a mandatory bystander intervention program; half the students received the program containing an empathy exercise and half received the program that did not. For women only, participation in the program with the empathy exercise led to more negative emotions and fewer attitudes condoning SA, the latter of which influenced greater prosocial bystander behaviors 6 months later.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise A Hines
- Clark University, Department of Psychology, Worcester, MA
| | - Lia R S Bishop
- Clark University, Department of Psychology, Worcester, MA
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Kettrey HH, Marx RA, Tanner‐Smith EE. Effects of bystander programs on the prevention of sexual assault among adolescents and college students: A systematic review. CAMPBELL SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS 2019; 15:e1013. [PMID: 37131477 PMCID: PMC8356505 DOI: 10.4073/csr.2019.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Heather Hensman Kettrey
- Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Criminal JusticeClemson UniversityClemsonSouth Carolina
| | - Robert A. Marx
- Department of Child and Adolescent Development, Lurie CollegeSan Jose State UniversitySan JoseCalifornia
| | - Emily E. Tanner‐Smith
- Department of Counseling Psychology and Human ServicesUniversity of OregonEugeneOregon
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Edwards KM, Banyard VL, Sessarego SN, Waterman EA, Mitchell KJ, Chang H. Evaluation of a Bystander-Focused Interpersonal Violence Prevention Program with High School Students. PREVENTION SCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR PREVENTION RESEARCH 2019; 20:488-498. [PMID: 30762156 PMCID: PMC6520113 DOI: 10.1007/s11121-019-01000-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effectiveness of a seven-session, bystander-focused, classroom-delivered curriculum (i.e., Bringing in the Bystander-High School Curriculum [BITB-HSC]) in reducing rates of interpersonal violence among high school students. High schools (N = 26) were randomly assigned to the treatment or control condition. In classrooms in treatment schools, students (n = 1081) completed a baseline survey, participated in the BITB-HSC, and completed an immediate post-test, a short-term post-test (approx. 2 months after intervention), and a long-term post-test (approx. 1 year after intervention). Youth in control schools (n = 1322) completed surveys at similar time points but did not participate in the BITB-HSC. Participants were 15.8 years old on average and largely White (85.1%) and heterosexual (84.5%). Students exposed to the BITB-HSC demonstrated significant short-term changes in victim empathy and bystander barriers/facilitators, and long-term changes in rape myths, media literacy, bystander readiness, and knowledge relative to youth in the control condition. Although the BITB-HSC had little long-term impact on actual bystander behavior, there were reductions in some forms of violence among students in the BITB-HSC condition relative to the control condition. Future research is needed to determine if, for whom, why, and in what contexts (e.g., classroom-based versus school-wide initiatives) bystander-focused violence prevention initiatives reduce violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie M Edwards
- Departments of Psychology and Prevention Innovations Research Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA.
| | | | | | - Emily A Waterman
- Department of Psychology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| | - Kimberly J Mitchell
- Departments of Psychology and Crimes against Children Research Center, Durham, NH, USA
| | - Hong Chang
- Tufts Medical Center, Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, Boston, MA, USA
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Hust SJT, Rodgers KB, Cameron N, Li J. Viewers' Perceptions of Objectified Images of Women in Alcohol Advertisements and Their Intentions to Intervene in Alcohol-Facilitated Sexual Assault Situations. JOURNAL OF HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2019; 24:328-338. [PMID: 31038010 DOI: 10.1080/10810730.2019.1604911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol-facilitated sexual assault is a serious problem on college campuses, and bystander intervention has been shown to be a successful method in reducing sexual assaults. Although there are a number of factors associated with individuals' intentions to intervene in sexual assault situations, the media's cultural scripts that link alcohol consumption to sexual success may play a role. Alcohol advertisements, in particular, routinely portray women as sexual objects and often link alcohol consumption to sexual success; therefore, exposure to such content may be negatively associated with people's intentions to intervene in alcohol-facilitated sexual assault situations. Thus, the current study investigated if exposure to and perceptions of objectified images of women in alcoholic beverage advertisements were associated with college students' intentions to intervene in alcohol-facilitated sexual assault situations. Undergraduate college students (N = 1208) were randomly assigned to view three alcohol advertisements that either included highly-objectified or low-objectified women, and then they reported their perceptions of the women in each of the alcohol advertisements and their intentions to intervene in sexual assault situations. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that individuals' perceptions of alcohol advertisements moderate the relationship between exposure to objectifying alcohol advertisements and intentions to intervene in sexual assault situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey J T Hust
- a The Edward R. Murrow College of Communication , Washington State University , Pullman , WA , USA
| | | | | | - Jiayu Li
- a The Edward R. Murrow College of Communication , Washington State University , Pullman , WA , USA
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Inman EM, Chaudoir SR, Galvinhill PR, Sheehy AM. The effectiveness of the Bringing in the Bystander™ program among first-year students at a religiously-affiliated liberal arts college. JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND POLITICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.5964/jspp.v6i2.971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To address sexual assault, many universities are implementing Bringing in the Bystander™ (BitB) training, a prevention program that aims to improve participants’ bystander self-efficacy and reduce rape myth acceptance. Although growing evidence supports the efficacy of BitB, data primarily have been amassed at one large public university, the University of New Hampshire, limiting the generalizability of intervention effectiveness. To address this gap, we made modifications to training structure and assessed BitB effectiveness among first-year students at a private Jesuit Catholic liberal arts college in Massachusetts. Using a within-subjects pre-/post-test survey design, we found that students’ (N = 164) bystander self-efficacy significantly increased and rape myth acceptance significantly decreased following training. Results indicate that BitB implementation is feasible and effective on a new campus despite modest modifications to training delivery and despite differences in religious affiliation, median income, and class size between the two campuses.
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Crooks CV, Jaffe P, Dunlop C, Kerry A, Exner-Cortens D. Preventing Gender-Based Violence Among Adolescents and Young Adults: Lessons From 25 Years of Program Development and Evaluation. Violence Against Women 2018; 25:29-55. [DOI: 10.1177/1077801218815778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Effective prevention of intimate partner violence (IPV) among adolescents and young adults is a key strategy for reducing rates of gender-based violence (GBV). Numerous initiatives have been developed and evaluated over the past 25 years. There is emerging evidence about effective strategies for universal prevention of dating violence in high school settings and effective bystander interventions on university and college campuses. In addition, there have been some effective practices identified for specific groups of youth who are vulnerable to victimization (either based on past experiences of exposure to domestic violence or previous dating victimization). At the same time, though our evidence about school and college-based interventions has grown, there are significant gaps in our knowledge of effective prevention among marginalized groups. For example, there is a lack of evidence-based strategies for preventing IPV among Indigenous youth; lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, questioning+ [LGBTQ+] youth; and young women with disabilities, even though these groups are at elevated risk for experiencing violence. Our review of the current state of evidence for effective GBV prevention among adolescents and young adults suggests significant gaps. Our analysis of these gaps highlights the need to think more broadly about what constitutes evidence. We identify some strategies and a call to action for moving the field forward and provide examples from our work with vulnerable youth in a variety of settings.
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Peterson K, Sharps P, Banyard V, Powers RA, Kaukinen C, Gross D, Decker MR, Baatz C, Campbell J. An Evaluation of Two Dating Violence Prevention Programs on a College Campus. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2018; 33:3630-3655. [PMID: 26976433 DOI: 10.1177/0886260516636069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Dating violence is a serious and prevalent public health problem that is associated with numerous negative physical and psychological health outcomes, and yet there has been limited evaluation of prevention programs on college campuses. A recent innovation in campus prevention focuses on mobilizing bystanders to take action. To date, bystander programs have mainly been compared with no treatment control groups raising questions about what value is added to dating violence prevention by focusing on bystanders. This study compared a single 90-min bystander education program for dating violence prevention with a traditional awareness education program, as well as with a no education control group. Using a quasi-experimental pre-test/post-test design with follow-up at 2 months, a sample of predominately freshmen college students was randomized to either the bystander ( n = 369) or traditional awareness ( n = 376) dating violence education program. A non-randomized control group of freshmen students who did not receive any education were also surveyed ( n = 224). Students completed measures of attitudes, including rape myth acceptance, bystander efficacy, and intent to help as well as behavioral measures related to bystander action and victimization. Results showed that the bystander education program was more effective at changing attitudes, beliefs, efficacy, intentions, and self-reported behaviors compared with the traditional awareness education program. Both programs were significantly more effective than no education. The findings of this study have important implications for future dating violence prevention educational programming, emphasizing the value of bystander education programs for primary dating violence prevention among college students.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Carrie Baatz
- 1 University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, CO, USA
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The Effects of Bystander Programs on the Prevention of Sexual Assault across the College Years: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Youth Adolesc 2018; 48:212-227. [DOI: 10.1007/s10964-018-0927-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Fenton RA, Mott HL. Evaluation of the Intervention Initiative: A Bystander Intervention Program to Prevent Violence Against Women in Universities. VIOLENCE AND VICTIMS 2018; 33:645-662. [PMID: 30567766 DOI: 10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-16-00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Violence against women students is increasingly recognized as a significant public health and human rights issue. The Intervention Initiative is a facilitated bystander intervention educational program commissioned by Public Health England for use by all English universities to prevent violence, abuse, and coercion. The success of the program with first-year law students at a large university in the South West of England was evaluated through course evaluation feedback and in a questionnaire study. Student experience was exceptionally good across all measures. In paired sample t tests, prosocial bystander behavior did not increase significantly from pretest to post-test immediately after taking part in the program. Rape myth acceptance, domestic abuse myth acceptance, and denial decreased significantly (p < .001; d > .599). Bystander efficacy, readiness to help, and responsibility increased significantly (p < .001; d = .408-.703), and intent to help increased significantly (p = .007, d = .248). Exposure to a concurrent social marketing campaign on campus had a significant strengthening effect on improvement of attitudes to rape myths (p = .010) but not any other outcome measures. No significant backlash was identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Fenton
- University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
- University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
| | - Helen L Mott
- University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
- University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
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Jouriles EN, Krauss A, Vu NL, Banyard VL, McDonald R. Bystander programs addressing sexual violence on college campuses: A systematic review and meta-analysis of program outcomes and delivery methods. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2018; 66:457-466. [PMID: 29405865 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2018.1431906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluates the effectiveness of bystander programs that address sexual violence on college campuses. Program effects on student attitudes/beliefs and bystander behavior were examined. Durability of program outcomes and the influence of program-delivery methods (e.g., facilitator-led programs vs. video, online or poster campaign programs) and program-parameters (e.g., program length) were also evaluated. METHODS Twenty-four studies met criteria for inclusion in the meta-analysis, and 207 separate results from these studies were coded. RESULTS Students who participated in a bystander program, compared to those who had not, had more pro-social attitudes/beliefs about sexual violence and intervening to prevent it, and engaged in more bystander behavior. Program effects diminished over time, but meaningful changes persisted for at least three months following program delivery. Longer programs had greater effects than shorter programs on attitudes/beliefs. CONCLUSIONS Bystander programs can be a valuable addition to colleges' violence prevention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest N Jouriles
- a Department of Psychology , Southern Methodist University , Dallas , Texas , USA
| | - Alison Krauss
- a Department of Psychology , Southern Methodist University , Dallas , Texas , USA
| | - Nicole L Vu
- a Department of Psychology , Southern Methodist University , Dallas , Texas , USA
| | - Victoria L Banyard
- b Department of Psychology , University of New Hampshire , Durham , New Hampshire , USA
| | - Renee McDonald
- a Department of Psychology , Southern Methodist University , Dallas , Texas , USA
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Reidy DE, Holland KM, Cortina K, Ball B, Rosenbluth B. Evaluation of the expect respect support group program: A violence prevention strategy for youth exposed to violence. Prev Med 2017; 100:235-242. [PMID: 28502578 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we assess the effects of the Expect Respect Support Groups (ERSG) on frequency of teen dating violence (TDV) and general youth violence. ERSG is a school-based violence prevention program for youth who have been exposed to violence in their home, school, or community. Boys and girls (N=1,678, Mage=14.3, S.D.=1.7, Range=11-17) from 36 schools in Texas participated in this accelerated longitudinal (7-year trajectory) study beginning in 2011. Latent growth curve analyses were conducted using three waves of data from three cross-sectional cohorts of adolescents. Among boys, the number of ERSG sessions attended related to incremental declines in psychological TDV perpetration and victimization, physical TDV victimization, sexual TDV perpetration and victimization, reactive aggression, and proactive aggression. Girls attending ERSG demonstrated reductions in reactive and proactive aggression. The present findings suggest ERSG may be an effective cross-cutting strategy to reduce TDV and other forms of violence among high-risk boys and possibly girls. This information provides valuable understanding of TDV and youth violence in high-risk populations and may be useful in tailoring future prevention efforts to different groups of teens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis E Reidy
- Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, United States.
| | - Kristin M Holland
- Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, United States
| | - Kai Cortina
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, United States
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McCaughey M, Cermele J. Changing the Hidden Curriculum of Campus Rape Prevention and Education: Women's Self-Defense as a Key Protective Factor for a Public Health Model of Prevention. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2017; 18:287-302. [PMID: 26475378 DOI: 10.1177/1524838015611674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Recent activist, policy, and government efforts to engage in campus rape prevention education (RPE), culminating in the 2014 White House Task Force recommendations to combat campus sexual assault, prompt a need to examine the concept of "prevention" in the context of sexual assault on U.S. college campuses and their surrounding community service agencies. This article reviews previous research on effective resistance to sexual assault, showing that self-defense is a well-established protective factor in a public health model of sexual assault prevention. The article goes on to show, through an examination of campus rape prevention efforts framed as "primary prevention," that self-defense is routinely excluded. This creates a hidden curriculum that preserves a gender status quo even while it strives for change. The article concludes with recommendations for how administrators, educators, facilitators, funding agencies, and others can incorporate self-defense into campus RPE for a more effective, data-driven set of sexual assault prevention efforts.
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Witte TH, Casper DM, Hackman CL, Mulla MM. Bystander interventions for sexual assault and dating violence on college campuses: Are we putting bystanders in harm's way? JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2017; 65:149-157. [PMID: 27901410 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2016.1264407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study investigated the well-being of bystanders who witness and intervene in sexual assault and dating violence situations on campus. PARTICIPANTS Participants were 321 young men and women from a large university in the southeastern United States. METHODS Participants completed a survey at the end of the Spring semester of 2015 about risky situations they had witnessed, with follow-up questions about their responses to the situations (eg, whether they intervened or not) and feelings about their responses. Participants also completed standardized measures of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression. RESULTS Over 90% of the participants reported witnessing at least 1 of the risky events presented to them, and approximately 50% reported intervening in events. Intervening was associated with positive feelings, but traumatic stress symptoms were related to witnessing events and intervening. CONCLUSIONS Results have direct implications for developing appropriate training programs for bystander intervention programs on college campuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tricia H Witte
- a Department of Human Development and Family Studies , University of Alabama , Tuscaloosa , Alabama , USA
| | - Deborah M Casper
- a Department of Human Development and Family Studies , University of Alabama , Tuscaloosa , Alabama , USA
| | - Christine L Hackman
- b Department of Kinesiology , California Polytechnic State University , San Luis Obispo , California , USA
| | - Mazheruddin M Mulla
- c Department of Clinical Psychology , University of Alabama , Tuscaloosa , Alabama , USA
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Bystander Prevention of Sexual and Dating Violence: An Experimental Evaluation of Online and In-Person Bystander Intervention Programs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1891/1946-6560.8.4.331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Rates of sexual violence (SV) and dating violence (DV) are high on college campuses; federal law mandates colleges provide SV/DV prevention programming to incoming students. Programs showing the strongest empirical support are bystander programs; however, their small group format makes it impractical to use them with large student bodies. In a pilot feasibility study, we compared in-person and e-intervention SV/DV bystander intervention programs and randomly assigned 562 students to one of the programs. Students completed measures of knowledge and attitudes at 3 points over 6 months. Both groups changed significantly in the expected direction on all measures, with no differences between groups in change over time. Results suggest that e-interventions may be a viable alternative to in-person SV/DV programs for meeting federal mandates.
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Valls R, Puigvert L, Melgar P, Garcia-Yeste C. Breaking the Silence at Spanish Universities: Findings From the First Study of Violence Against Women on Campuses in Spain. Violence Against Women 2016; 22:1519-1539. [PMID: 26825116 PMCID: PMC5051597 DOI: 10.1177/1077801215627511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The first research conducted on violence against women in the university context in Spain reveals that 62% of the students know of or have experienced situations of this kind within the university institutions, but only 13% identify these situations in the first place. Two main interrelated aspects arise from the data analysis: not identifying and acknowledging violent situations, and the lack of reporting them. Policies and actions developed by Spanish universities need to be grounded in two goals: intransigence toward any kind of violence against women, and bystander intervention, support, and solidarity with the victims and with the people supporting the victims.
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