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McLachlan F. The Rurality of Intimate Partner Femicide: Examining Risk Factors in Queensland. Violence Against Women 2024; 30:1683-1707. [PMID: 36815208 PMCID: PMC10998431 DOI: 10.1177/10778012231158105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
While violence against women and domestic violence can be seen throughout Australia, emerging evidence suggests that intimate partner femicide (IPF) is more common in rural spaces than urban ones. This study examined 100 IPF cases to determine the rate of femicide and frequency of common risk factors in rural areas of Queensland, Australia. The study also explored how victims accessed services and the characteristics of rural IPF and male offenders. Findings indicated that IPF is more common in rural areas and associated risk factors are similar between urban and rural cases. Rural IPF was more likely to occur during a current relationship and offenders were found to be less likely to conceal their actions. These differences suggest that the physical and social isolation of rural spaces may facilitate higher rates IPF. Implications discuss the need for rural-focused policies and responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freya McLachlan
- Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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2
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Weeks LE, Stilwell C, Rothfus M, Weeks AJ, Macdonald M, Jackson LA, Dupuis-Blanchard S, Carson A, Moody E, Helpard H, Daclan A. A Review of Intimate Partner Violence Interventions Relevant to Women During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Violence Against Women 2024; 30:981-1021. [PMID: 36632707 PMCID: PMC9843156 DOI: 10.1177/10778012221150275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Women have experienced increased rates of intimate partner violence (IPV) since the onset of the COVID-19 global pandemic, and at the same time requirements for physical distancing and/or remote delivery of services have created challenges in accessing services. We synthesized research evidence from 4 systematic reviews and 20 individual studies to address how IPV interventions can be adapted within the context of the pandemic. As many interventions have been delivered via various technologies, access to technology is of particular importance during the pandemic. Our results can inform the provision of services during the remainder of the COVID-19 pandemic including how to support women who have little access to in-person services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori E. Weeks
- School of Nursing, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Aligning Health Needs and Evidence for Transformative Change (AH-NET-C): A Joanna Briggs Institute Centre of Excellence, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Christie Stilwell
- School of Nursing, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Aligning Health Needs and Evidence for Transformative Change (AH-NET-C): A Joanna Briggs Institute Centre of Excellence, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Melissa Rothfus
- Aligning Health Needs and Evidence for Transformative Change (AH-NET-C): A Joanna Briggs Institute Centre of Excellence, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- WK Kellogg Library, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Alyssa J. Weeks
- School of Nursing, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Marilyn Macdonald
- School of Nursing, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Aligning Health Needs and Evidence for Transformative Change (AH-NET-C): A Joanna Briggs Institute Centre of Excellence, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Lois A. Jackson
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | | | - Andrea Carson
- School of Nursing, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Aligning Health Needs and Evidence for Transformative Change (AH-NET-C): A Joanna Briggs Institute Centre of Excellence, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Elaine Moody
- School of Nursing, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Aligning Health Needs and Evidence for Transformative Change (AH-NET-C): A Joanna Briggs Institute Centre of Excellence, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Heather Helpard
- Rankin School of Nursing, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, NS, Canada
| | - Anika Daclan
- School of Nursing, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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Garcia-Vergara E, Almeda N, Fernández-Navarro F, Becerra-Alonso D. Artificial intelligence extracts key insights from legal documents to predict intimate partner femicide. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18212. [PMID: 37875522 PMCID: PMC10598201 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45157-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Legal documents serve as valuable repositories of information pertaining to crimes, encompassing not only legal aspects but also relevant details about criminal behaviors. To date and the best of our knowledge, no studies in the field examine legal documents for crime understanding using an Artificial Intelligence (AI) approach. The present study aims to fill this research gap by identifying relevant information available in legal documents for crime prediction using Artificial Intelligence (AI). This innovative approach will be applied to the specific crime of Intimate Partner Femicide (IPF). A total of 491 legal documents related to lethal and non-lethal violence by male-to-female intimate partners were extracted from the Vlex legal database. The information included in these documents was analyzed using AI algorithms belonging to Bayesian, functions-based, instance-based, tree-based, and rule-based classifiers. The findings demonstrate that specific information from legal documents, such as past criminal behaviors, imposed sanctions, characteristics of violence severity and frequency, as well as the environment and situation in which this crime occurs, enable the correct detection of more than three-quarters of both lethal and non-lethal violence within male-to-female intimate partner relationships. The obtained knowledge is crucial for professionals who have access to legal documents, as it can help identify high-risk IPF cases and shape strategies for preventing crime. While this study focuses on IPF, this innovative approach has the potential to be extended to other types of crimes, making it applicable and beneficial in a broader context.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nerea Almeda
- Department of Psychology, Universidad Loyola Andalucía, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - David Becerra-Alonso
- Department of Quantitative Methods, Universidad Loyola Andalucía, Sevilla, Spain
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Lagdon S, Klencakova L, Schubotz D, Shannon C, Tully MA, Armour C, Jordan JA. Young People's Understanding of Coercive Control in Northern Ireland. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT TRAUMA 2023; 16:537-545. [PMID: 37593053 PMCID: PMC10427570 DOI: 10.1007/s40653-022-00508-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Coercive control and related research have progressed significantly in the past number of years, with an ever-growing evidence base adding to its construct. However, currently there is a lack of evidence on young people's knowledge and understanding of coercive control. We included a module of questions in the 2020 Northern Ireland Young Life and Life and Times survey (n = 2,069) with the aim of capturing baseline measurable data on understanding of coercive control within intimate relationships among 16-year olds. Only 16% (n = 325) of respondents had heard of the term coercive control and knew what it meant. Findings also revealed that females, compared to males, were less likely to have heard of coercive control. When the victim being subjected to the behaviours was portrayed as female as opposed to male there was stronger recognition of the associated risks, need for support, and the seriousness of the situation. Our study findings call to question young people's knowledge of unhealthy intimate relationship behaviours beyond blatant and deliberate acts of harm such as those described in the coercive control scenarios. Gender disparities in awareness of coercive control across the study sample also give cause for concern given the increased risk of intimate partner violence among women and girls as well as lower reporting and help seeking among male victims. Results solidify the necessity for dedicated preventative and intervention efforts which focus on intimate relationships and reflect the diverse needs and experiences of young people. Supporting young people to act on their own behalf is an important step change to empowerment within their own intimate relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Lagdon
- School of Psychology, Ulster University, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Lucia Klencakova
- School of Social Sciences, Education and Social Work, Queen’s University, Belfast, UK
| | - Dirk Schubotz
- School of Social Sciences, Education and Social Work, Queen’s University, Belfast, UK
| | - Ciaran Shannon
- IMPACT Research Centre, Northern Health and Social Care Trust, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Mark A. Tully
- School of Health Sciences, Ulster University, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Cherie Armour
- School of Psychology, Queen’s University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Julie-Ann Jordan
- IMPACT Research Centre, Northern Health and Social Care Trust, Northern Ireland, UK
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Petersson J, Strand SJM. Rural Differences in Victim Vulnerability and Revictimization of Intimate Partner Violence. VIOLENCE AND VICTIMS 2023; 38:185-202. [PMID: 37011952 DOI: 10.1891/vv-2022-0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the association between the victim vulnerability factors included in the intimate partner violence (IPV) risk assessment tool used by the Swedish police (Brief Spousal Assault Form for the Evaluation of Risk [B-SAFER]) and rates of IPV revictimization among female victims living in rural towns, countryside, or remote areas. This study also aimed to examine the interaction between rurality and IPV revictimization in relation to victim vulnerability. The sample consisted of 695 cases of male-to-female perpetrated IPV, which had been reported to the Swedish police and subjected to a B-SAFER assessment. Rates of revictimization were examined in police registers. The results demonstrated that several vulnerability factors could discriminate between IPV revictimization across rurality. There was also an interaction effect between rurality and IPV revictimization in relation to the number of victim vulnerability factors present, where revictimization was more common for victims with many vulnerability factors living in more sparsely populated areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joakim Petersson
- School of Law, Psychology and Social Work, Örebro University, Sweden
| | - Susanne J M Strand
- School of Law, Psychology and Social Work, Örebro University, Sweden
- Centre for Forensic Behavioural Science at Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
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Kozhimannil KB, Lewis VA, Interrante JD, Chastain PL, Admon L. Screening for and Experiences of Intimate Partner Violence in the United States Before, During, and After Pregnancy, 2016-2019. Am J Public Health 2023; 113:297-305. [PMID: 36701660 PMCID: PMC9932386 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2022.307195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Objectives. To measure rates of intimate partner violence (IPV) screening during the perinatal period among people experiencing physical violence in the United States. Methods. We used 2016-2019 Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System data (n = 158 338) to describe the incidence of physical IPV before or during pregnancy. We then assessed the prevalence of IPV screening before, during, or after pregnancy and predictors of receiving screening among those reporting violence. Results. Among the 3.5% (n = 6259) of respondents experiencing violence, 58.7%, 26.9%, and 48.3% were not screened before, during, or after pregnancy, respectively. Those reporting Medicaid or no insurance at birth, American Indian/Alaska Native people, and Spanish-speaking Hispanic people faced increased risk of not having a health care visit during which screening might occur. Among those attending a health care visit, privately insured people, rural residents, and non-Hispanic White respondents faced increased risk of not being screened. Conclusions. Among birthing people reporting physical IPV, nearly half were not screened for IPV before or after pregnancy. Public health efforts to improve maternal health must address both access to care and universal screening for IPV. (Am J Public Health. 2023;113(3):297-305. https://doi.org/10.2105/10.2105/AJPH.2022.307195).
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Affiliation(s)
- Katy B Kozhimannil
- Katy B. Kozhimannil, Julia D. Interrante, and Phoebe L. Chastain are with the University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis. Valerie A. Lewis is with the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Lindsay Admon is with the University of Michigan Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, Ann Arbor
| | - Valerie A Lewis
- Katy B. Kozhimannil, Julia D. Interrante, and Phoebe L. Chastain are with the University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis. Valerie A. Lewis is with the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Lindsay Admon is with the University of Michigan Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, Ann Arbor
| | - Julia D Interrante
- Katy B. Kozhimannil, Julia D. Interrante, and Phoebe L. Chastain are with the University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis. Valerie A. Lewis is with the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Lindsay Admon is with the University of Michigan Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, Ann Arbor
| | - Phoebe L Chastain
- Katy B. Kozhimannil, Julia D. Interrante, and Phoebe L. Chastain are with the University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis. Valerie A. Lewis is with the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Lindsay Admon is with the University of Michigan Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, Ann Arbor
| | - Lindsay Admon
- Katy B. Kozhimannil, Julia D. Interrante, and Phoebe L. Chastain are with the University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis. Valerie A. Lewis is with the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Lindsay Admon is with the University of Michigan Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, Ann Arbor
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Garg P, Das M, Goyal LD, Verma M. Trends and correlates of intimate partner violence experienced by ever-married women of India: results from National Family Health Survey round III and IV. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:2012. [PMID: 34740337 PMCID: PMC8570022 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-12028-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study aims to estimate the prevalence of Intimate partner violence (IPV) in India, and changes observed over a decade as per the nationally representative datasets from National Family Health Surveys (NFHS) Round 3 and 4. We also highlight various socio-demographic characteristics associated with different types of IPV in India. The NFHS round 3 and 4 interviewed 124,385, and 699,686 women respondents aged 15-49 years using a multi-stage sampling method across 29 states and 2 union territories in India. For IPV, we only included ever-married women (64,607, and 62,716) from the two rounds. Primary outcomes of the study was prevalence of the ever-experience of different types of IPV: physical, emotional, and sexual violence by ever-married women aged 15 to 49 years. The secondary outcome included predictors of different forms of IPV, and changes in the prevalence of different types of IPV compared to the previous round of the NFHS survey. RESULTS As per NFHS-4, weighted prevalence of physical, sexual, emotional, or any kind of IPV ever-experienced by women were 29.2%, 6.7%, 13.2%, and 32.8%. These subtypes of IPV depicted a relative change of - 14.9%, - 30.2%, - 11.0%, - 15.7% compared to round 3. Significant state-wise variations were observed in the prevalence. Multivariate binary logistic regression analysis highlighted women's and partner's education, socio-economic status, women empowerment, urban-rural residence, partner's controlling behaviours as major significant predictors of IPV. CONCLUSIONS Our study findings suggest high prevalence of IPV with state-wise variations in the prevalence. Similar factors were responsible for different forms of IPV. Therefore, based on existing evidences, it is recommended to offer adequate screening and counselling services for the couples, especially in health-care settings so that they speak up against IPV, and are offered timely help to prevent long-term physical and mental health consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Garg
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, Punjab 151001 India
| | - Milan Das
- International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
| | - Lajya Devi Goyal
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, Punjab 151001 India
| | - Madhur Verma
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, Punjab 151001 India
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Petersson J, Thunberg S. Vulnerability Factors among Women Victimized by Intimate Partner Violence and the Presence of Children. JOURNAL OF FAMILY VIOLENCE 2021; 37:1057-1069. [PMID: 34690422 PMCID: PMC8520893 DOI: 10.1007/s10896-021-00328-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to a) examine the presence of children in relation to victim vulnerability factors and assessed risk for intimate partner violence (IPV) re-victimization, and b) examine the police response, in terms of risk management, in IPV cases with and without children, respectively. Data from a sample of 1407 women who had reported IPV victimization to the Swedish police was analyzed. The material consisted of risk assessments conducted by the police using the Swedish version of the Brief Spousal Assault Form for the Evaluation of Risk (B-SAFER) checklist, as well as the recommended risk management strategies. A series of chi-square tests of independence revealed that women with and without children, respectively, displayed different vulnerability factors to different extents. Women with children expressed more extreme fear of the perpetrator and were more likely to have an unsafe living situation, whereas women without children displayed more inconsistent attitudes or behaviors and health problems. However, binary logistic regression analyses showed that the victim vulnerability factors that were most strongly associated with an elevated risk rating for IPV re-victimization were generally the same for both groups of victims. Finally, the presence of children was related to a higher risk rating for imminent IPV re-victimization and to recommendations of more than standard levels of risk management strategies. The results indicate that the Swedish police consider the presence of children in relation to a victim's risk for re-victimization as well as in terms of recommended risk management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joakim Petersson
- School of Law, Psychology and Social Work, Örebro University, Fakultetsgatan 1, 702 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Sara Thunberg
- School of Law, Psychology and Social Work, Örebro University, Fakultetsgatan 1, 702 82 Örebro, Sweden
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Lim YY, Wahab S, Kumar J, Ibrahim F, Kamaluddin MR. Typologies and Psychological Profiles of Child Sexual Abusers: An Extensive Review. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 8:333. [PMID: 33922985 PMCID: PMC8146192 DOI: 10.3390/children8050333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Child sexual abuse is a public health issue that has been associated with a variety of negative health outcomes. Child sexual abusers constitute a heterogeneous population of individuals. This review lays out an overview of the current understanding of typologies and psychological profiles of child sexual abusers. Typologies of child sexual abusers in general and online child sexual abusers are reviewed to summarise the existing knowledge. Psychological traits including personality traits, cognitive distortion, empathy, and impulsivity are examined to provide a wider perspective of the psycho-criminogenic factors of child sexual abuse. Although past research on child sexual abusers has provided insights into the organisation and classification of different types of child sexual abusers, the classification of these typologies has drawn widespread criticisms. In this review, we discuss the challenges and limitations pertaining to the existing typologies and studies related to the psychological profile of child sexual abusers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeong Yeong Lim
- Department of Early Childhood Studies, Faculty of Creative Industries, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang 43000, Malaysia;
- Centre for Research in Psychology and Human Well-Being, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia;
| | - Suzaily Wahab
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia;
| | - Jaya Kumar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia;
| | - Fauziah Ibrahim
- Centre for Research in Psychology and Human Well-Being, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia;
| | - Mohammad Rahim Kamaluddin
- Centre for Research in Psychology and Human Well-Being, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia;
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Afiaz A, Biswas RK, Shamma R, Ananna N. Intimate partner violence (IPV) with miscarriages, stillbirths and abortions: Identifying vulnerable households for women in Bangladesh. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236670. [PMID: 32722708 PMCID: PMC7386588 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a social problem in Bangladesh with adverse effects on maternal healthcare. This study analyzed the sociodemographic factors responsible for intimate partner violence and its overall association with reproductive healthcare–specifically miscarriages, stillbirths and induced abortions (MSA)–using Bangladesh Demographic Health Survey 2007, which contains the latest available intimate partner violence data till date, with the hypothesis that intimate partner violence is associated with miscarriages, stillbirths and induced abortions. The generalized linear regression model was fitted to 3,920 women adjusting survey weights and cluster/strata variations. The study concluded that 1 out of every 4 women who reported experiencing intimate partner violence also reported having one or more of miscarriages, stillbirths and induced abortions. The results revealed that intimate partner violence and miscarriages, stillbirths and induced abortions were significantly associated with the age of the women, residence, age of the women at their first birth, sex of household head and the household’s financial condition. Furthermore, the odds of having one or more miscarriages, stillbirths and abortions was increased by 35% for women who were victims to intimate partner violence, establishing a significant association between miscarriages, stillbirths and abortions and intimate partner violence. There appeared to be a need to address the issue in both paradigms, particularly for the poor rural women in Bangladeshi patriarchal society. These findings demand a combined intervention effort in the vulnerable cohorts, especially if Bangladesh intends to attain the goals 3.1 and 5.2 of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) by 2030.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awan Afiaz
- Institute of Statistical Research and Training, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Raaj Kishore Biswas
- Transport and Road Safety (TARS) Research Centre, School of Aviation, University of New South Wales, NSW, Australia
| | - Raisa Shamma
- Institute of Statistical Research and Training, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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